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This paper discusses a qualitative and, to some extent, comparative metalexicographical case study on interjections, with an English origin, in three Nordic monolingual dictionaries. In short, the study answers the following research questions: (1) How are three well-established interjections handled in The Contemporary Dictionary of the Swedish Academy (SO) compared to corresponding entries in a Danish and a Norwegian dictionary and how can the SO descriptions be developed?; (2) How can three less-established interjections be analyzed and described in an updated version of the SO? The point of departure for answering the research questions is information types that are common in dictionary entries. Furthermore, the use of interjections in corpora and text collections for Swedish are crucial for the investigation. The study shows that interjections as a category imply several challenges for lexicographers. Finally, some suggestions are presented concerning the way in which the description of interjections in the SO may be developed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The genus Ichthyurus Westwood, 1848 is a large cantharid group consisting of approximately 200 species worldwide, with only 10 species hitherto found in China. Despite its expansive area, the Chinese fauna has historically received little attention from specialists, leading to a lack of knowledge even about some common Ichthyurus species in this region.A new species of Ichthyurus Westwood, 1848 is described under the name of I. longulus sp. nov., which is widely distributed in mainland China, including Shannxi, Gansu, Hubei, Chongqing, Guizhou and Guangxi. Although there are some variations in the pronotum colouration within the species, this new species could be easily distinguished from all others of Ichthyurus by the large-sized body, uniformly black elytra, mesotibiae each with an apical spur in male, terminal abdominal tergite of male with long and cylindrical lateral projections that are about 3/5 the length of the tergite, terminal abdominal ventrite of male saddle-shaped and deeply cleft in middle of apical 2/3 part and aedeagus with a long setifore extension that is as long as the parameres. The habitus, terminal abdominal ventrite and tergites and genitalia of both sexes are illustrated. In addition, a distribution map of this species and a list of the Ichthyurus species from mainland China are provided.

Kuruçay Stream basin, located in the Edremit district in northwest Turkey, is a small, narrow and long basin with an area of 17.3 km2, extending in the N–S direction, located on the southern slopes of Mount Ida. The study was carried out to determine the soil erosion susceptibility and distribution of Kuruçay Stream basin, as well as to estimate the annual average amount of soil loss through the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) model using Geographical Information Systems (GIS). To apply the equation to the basin, data layers for rainfall erosivity (R), soil erodibility (K), slope length (L) and slope steepness (S), landcover management (C), and support practice (P) factors were generated. The layers were then overlaid, calculations were made and erosion susceptibility classes were generated. Thus, the spatial distribution of erosion susceptibility classes and the annual estimated amount of soil loss were determined. Based on the results, the Kuruçay Stream basin was found to have five distinct erosion susceptibility levels: low, moderate, high, severe, and extremely severe. Accordingly, 76% of the basin has low, 11.3% moderate, 6% high, 2.9% severe and finally 3.7% very severe erosion susceptibility. The Kuruçay Stream basin shows similar characteristics with the neighbouring river basins in terms of erosion sensitivity.

The reported work is focused on the solubility of Rhodamine B (cationic dye), as an important methodology to investigate the extent of incorporation or penetration of dye inside the micelles spectroscopically, so the solubilised dye can be filtered via Micellar-enhanced ultrafiltration process to keep our environment safe from toxic effects of industrial effluent. Solutions were prepared by using micellar media of anionic surfactants i.e. Sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS), Sodium Oleate (SO) as well as mixed micellar media of said anionics with non-ionic surfactant i.e. Triton X-100 (TX-100). The extent of solubilisation has been, quantitatively, calculated using data of differential spectroscopy, in terms of partition coefficient Kx and Gibbs energy of partition, ∆Gp. It has been observed that mixed micellar media has better solubilisation capacity than micellar solution of individual surfactants. A better micellar solubilisation and ultimately the high Gibbs energy of partition, ∆Gp with SO/TX-100 system i.e. −40.89 as compared to SDS/TX-100 system (−37.03) has been observed due to the presence of long carbon chain in SO. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditional studies have been referring to Halliday's meta-function of language to classify the uses of "so" as a discourse marker. However, there are some overlaps in the theories that were accepted earlier. Thus, this study first seeks to explore the discourse roles of "so" in terms of where it appears (utterance-initial, -middle, and -final) in dialogues and monologues of informal English language based on the TV Corpus and AntConc tool. Second, this paper tries to explain the extended use and internal functional mapping of "so" from a logical connective to a discourse marker in spoken English by building a connection between the two uses and providing an account for its functional borrowing. The ultimate goal is to render a new perspective of presenting both the logical and the discourse functions of "so" related to the syntactical structure and pragmatic context it is in. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Old plant communities are of utmost importance for nature conservation, carbon sequestration, as well as gene pool maintenance. Shrub populations occurring in extreme environments beyond abiotic tree-lines provide diverse ecosystem services and have potential as proxy archives because they often inhabit areas with scarce and short instrumental records. We provide dendrochronological insight into one such population made up of prostrate Juniperus communis shrubs in the northern Scandinavian tundra (Norway), growing on a competition-free boulder field. We dated and provided a growth chronology of the oldest living shrub population (190 ± 148 years) from Scandinavia with the oldest individual being 683 years old. This is a conservative estimate, as shrubs in extreme environments do not form even a single row of cells in some years. The cross-dating issues of poorly growing shrubs do not fully allow to rely on climate sensitivity of the juniper population studied, although the species' potential for dendroclimatological reconstructions is generally considered high, also because the common juniper is an abundant woody species distributed globally. Old populations present an important gene source in plant recruitment, particularly in the context of the present environmental change.

Abstract The Internet of Vehicles (IoV) plays a crucial role in advancing intelligent transportation systems. However, due to limited processing power, IoV faces challenges in independently handling large volumes of data, necessitating the use of offloading as a solution. Offloading data in wireless environments raises security concerns, highlighting the need for robust data protection mechanisms. This study introduces a secure offloading (SO) scheme within the Fog-Cloud Federation for IoV. The proposed NSO-VFC scheme undergoes both informal and formal analysis using the Avispa tool, demonstrating resilience against active and passive attacks. Performance evaluations indicate that the security measures of NSO-VFC meet acceptable standards compared to similar approaches. Nonetheless, the heightened focus on security incurs higher computational and communication costs than alternative strategies. Simulation experiments using the NS3 tool involve varying numbers of IoVs (50, 70, and 100), revealing that increased IoV density correlates with enhanced packet delivery rates and throughput within the NSO-VFC scheme.

Background: Statistical analyses are a key component of quantitative research in health sciences. Objectives: To review the instructions for authors on reporting and presentation of statistical methods by all health sciences journals based in South Africa. Methods: Health sciences journals based in South Africa that publish original quanti-tative research articles were identified using three sources, namely the list of accred-ited South African journals compiled by the South African Department of Higher Education and Training in 2022, relevant journals covered in Scopus, and web pages of major health sciences publishers in South Africa. The list was cross-checked against the listing of journals in Sabinet, an online database covering South Africa, under the category ‘Collection: Medicine and Health’. The instructions for authors given by the journals were accessed through their websites. The form for recording data was based on items listed in the ‘Statistical Analyses and Methods in the Published Literature’ (SAMPL) guidelines. Results: All except one of the 52 journals could be located online. Of the 51, 13 (25%) made no mention of statistics in their instructions, and 11 (22%) made only a gen-eral statement regarding statistical content with no further guidance. The statistical item most frequently mentioned was the P value (45% of journals), whereas the rest of the items appeared in the instructions of 20% or fewer journals. Nine journals (18%) referred to the EQUATOR guidelines, mainly CONSORT (10%). Conclusion: Nearly half of the health sciences journals based in South Africa either did not mention statistics at all in their instructions for authors or made only a cur-sory reference to statistics. The study thus emphasizes that these journals, in their instructions for authors, need to cover in greater detail the reporting and presenta-tion of statistical methods in articles reporting quantitative research.

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This article proposes a combined prediction model based on a bidirectional long short-term memory (BiLSTM) neural network optimized by the snake optimizer (SO) under complete ensemble empirical mode decomposition with adaptive noise. First, complete ensemble empirical mode decomposition with adaptive noise (CEEMDAN) was used to decompose the sea ice area time series data into a series of eigenmodes and perform noise reduction to enhance the stationarity and smoothness of the time series. Second, this article used a bidirectional long short-term memory neural network optimized by the snake optimizer to fully exploit the characteristics of each eigenmode of the time series to achieve the prediction of each. Finally, the predicted values of each mode are superimposed and reconstructed as the final prediction values. Our model achieves a good score of RMSE: 1.047, MAE: 0.815, and SMAPE: 3.938 on the test set. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study traces the relationship between two erstwhile separate linguistic elements, just and so, within the framework of Functional Discourse Grammar (FDG). In keeping with FDG’s form-oriented function-to-form approach, the study proceeds semasiologically by, first, examining the uses of relatively independent forms (i.e. the focus particle just modifying so as a degree word and a manner proform), then turning to more tightly-knit structures (i.e. just so as a subordinator of purpose and condition), and finally, looking at the fixed expression just so used as a part of a pragmatic marker. Using data from the Corpus of Contemporary American English and the Corpus of Historical American English, we argue that the different meanings of just so raise a number of issues related to the analysis of modification in FDG, namely the status and function of the modifier just in the constructions under discussion and the concomitant representation of so. Furthermore, the analysis shows that FDG can model very precisely the interplay of semantic and pragmatic information in the stages when just so is still compositional, with just providing interpersonal (i.e. pragmatic) and so representational (i.e. semantic) information, as well as its development into the non-compositional and purely pragmatic discourse marker just so you know.

Wireless communication demands rapidly increase due to the increase of Internet of Things applications, which leads researchers to build secondary networks that exploit the spectrum holes of primary networks. Cognitive radio (CR) technology is adopted in ad-hoc networks (AHNs) rather than infrastructure-based networks because AHNs have lower cost, higher coverage, and easier maintenance compared to infrastructure-based networks. Moreover, in-band-full-duplex (IBFD) in CR networks (CRNs) is gaining the interest of researchers. This mix between IBFD and CRNs brings a great enhancement in the network's performance due to efficient dynamic spectrum access. Therefore, we propose an adaptive FD-CRNs routing protocol that uses a common control channel. Adaptive FD communication is conducted in our protocol where the secondary users adapt their communication mode based on the primary users' activity on the spectrum. Communication modes used in our work are FD transmit and sense, FD transmit and receive, and sensing only. The performance of our protocol was evaluated using a java language simulator for IBFD-CRNs introduced previously in the literature. Also, we compare the performance of our protocol with three previous protocols, probabilistic and deterministic path selection in cognitive radio network, and multi-cast half-duplex routing protocol and broadcast full-duplex routing protocol. The performance metrics used are throughput and total execution time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper addresses a discourse particle that typically appears in conceptually oral / colloquial interaction and instantiates one of many different functions of the lexical element so (lit. ‘so, this way’) in Present-Day German. In contrast to the modal adverb so and just as some of its other polysemous counterparts, this element appears to be utterly desemanticized and non-referential, thereby modifying the meaning of the sentence at a very abstract level. On the basis of its distributional properties, its semantic contribution to the host utterance, as well as of independent assumptions on the notion of modality, it is contended that this so is to be categorized as an interrogative modal particle whose primary role lies in managing the Common Ground in non-monologic contexts such that the speaker requires the addressee to fill a gap in their knowledge of a given situation with the additional implication that the relevant piece of information does not have to be exhaustive. The aim of this paper is not to provide a comprehensive analysis of the phenomenon, but rather to make a theoretical proposal regarding the status of this element and thereby stimulate the discussion on the defining features of modal particles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Information on soil hydraulic properties (e.g. soil moisture pressure relationships and hydraulic conductivity) is valuable for a wide range of disciplines including hydrology, ecology, environmental management and agriculture. However, this information is often not readily available as direct measurements are costly and time-consuming. Furthermore, as more complex representations of soils are being built into environmental models, users and developers often require sound hydraulic property information, while having limited access to specialist knowledge. Although indirect methods have been developed to obtain soil hydraulic properties from easily measurable or readily available soil properties via pedo-transfer functions (PTFs), few articles provide guidance for obtaining soil hydraulic properties over a wide range of geoclimatic and regional data availability contexts. The aim of this study is, therefore, to develop guidelines and an associated spatially referenced toolbox, NB_PTFs, to speed the process of acquiring sensible soil hydraulic properties for different geoclimatic and data-rich/sparse regions. The guide compiles available information about soil hydraulic properties, as well as a large number (151) of PTFs, not collated in any other guidance to date. NB_PTFs is an open-source ArcGIS toolbox which allows users to quickly get values, graphs and spatial distributions of soil hydraulic properties. The soil hydraulic properties, obtained using the guide and the toolbox, can be used as inputs for various models amongst other purposes. To demonstrate the use of the guidelines and the toolbox in different geoclimatic and data-availability contexts, the paper presents two case studies: the Vietnamese Mekong Delta and New Zealand Hurunui catchment. The Vietnamese Mekong Delta shows the use of these guidelines in a tropical, flat location with limited information on soil physical, chemical and hydraulic properties. The Hurunui catchment represents a case study for a semi-arid and hilly area in an area with detailed soil information.

The article substantiates the necessity of forming Russian social values among students in the areas of education taking into account the age and psychological needs of the individual. The influence of informational socialization on modern schoolchildren, the peculiarities of their perception of educational material (the predominance of the audiovisual way of perception instead of the verbal one, and others) are revealed.The features of the educational potential of the subjects of the socio-humanitarian, natural-scientific, and artistic-aesthetic cycles are highlighted taking into account their educational significance, the volume and level of teaching at school. The article presents the results of a survey of teachers of educational organizations in various regions of the Russian Federation, reveals the attitude of teachers to the importance of education and shows their readiness to solve educational tasks in the classroom. The conclusion is made about the relevance of the research for teachers, the need to take into account the personal and psychological characteristics of modern schoolchildren when choosing methods of education in the classroom, the importance of emphasizing their educational topics and ideas.The results of the study will serve as the basis for its next stage, which will be aimed at preparing methodological recommendations for updating the mandatory thematic content of the main subjects in the Russian school.

Copyright of Orvosképzés is the property of Semmelweis Kiado and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A discharge‐flow modulated molecular beam mass spectrometry technique has been used to determine the rate constant for the reaction of ground state oxygen atoms with C2H4S in the temperature range 220–950 K. The reaction rate constant has been determined directly by monitoring C2H4S in an excess of O atoms and through competitive reaction of oxygen atoms with C2H4S and Br2. Weak, negative temperature dependence is observed below 300 K, whereas positive temperature dependence is observed above 380 K: k = 1.13 × 10–12 (T/298)2.18 exp(733/T) cm3 molecule–1 s–1. We estimate this expression to be accurate within 15% over the investigated temperature range. SO and C2H4 have been detected as reaction products and a branching ratio of unity (with uncertainty of 10%) has been found for the channel forming these two species in the temperature range 300–900 K, confirming that the title reaction is an efficient source of SO radicals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The kinetics of the reaction of SO radicals with NO2 have been studied in a discharge flow reactor combined with an electron impact ionization quadrupole mass spectrometer at nearly 2 Torr total pressure of helium and in the temperature range 220–960 K. The reaction rate constant was determined under pseudo‐first order conditions in excess of NO2 over SO using two different methods for generation of the SO radicals: k1 = (6.7 ± 0.2) × 10−12 exp(295 ± 10)/T) cm3 molecule−1 s−1 (the uncertainties represent precision at the 2σ level, the estimated total uncertainty on the rate constant being 15% at all temperatures). The present measurements indicate that the current recommendations for k1 underestimate the rate constant at low stratospheric temperatures and overestimate it at the high temperatures characteristic of combustion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Moreira (2005, 2008) and Moreira and Alkmim (2013) observe that the form senhor and number and gender and number variants are frequently used as a vocative in constructions taken from plays written by authors from Minas Gerais in the 19th and 20th centuries. Considering the works cited above, our hypothesis is that the incidence of the use of the form senhor as a vocative in final position resulted in a process of grammaticalization that originated the reduced forms of this item: sinhô, seu, siô, sôr e sô. In this article, based on intuition and evaluation data from native speakers, we aim to describe and analyze the constructions in which the item sô is realized. We follow Hill (2007, 2014), who places the vocative in the syntactic structure, considering the pragmatic function that this item performs. As a result, we present tree configurations corresponding to the constructions in which the item sô is realized, as well as considerations about the vocative in the syntactic structure of the dialect of Minas Gerais. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

L'acústica és la branca de la física que estudia el so, però la contaminació acústica és la existencia de sons massa intensos i prolongats (soroll). L’excés de soroll, s’ha convertit en un nou problema amb el qual s’enfronta la nostra societat, ja que incidix en el nivell de qualitat de vida i té efectes nocius sobre la salut. L`objectiu d`aquesta pràctica es concienciar als alumnes de secundària que el soroll és un contaminant invisible i malauradament sovint ens adaptem a conviure amb ell, així com saber utilitzar una app d`un sonòmetre per fer alguns càlculs de nivells sonors a partir de les mesures realitzades amb aquest sonòmetre.

Resumo: Moreira (2005, 2008) e Moreira e Alkmim (2013) observam que a forma senhor e suas variantes de gênero e número são frequentemente utilizadas como vocativo em construções extraídas de peças teatrais escritas por autores mineiros nos séculos XIX e XX. Considerando os trabalhos citados, a nossa hipótese é a de que a incidência do uso da forma senhor como vocativo em posição final resultou em um processo de gramaticalização, que originou as formas reduzidas desse item: sinhô, seu, siô, sôr e sô. Neste artigo, a partir de dados de intuição e da avaliação de falantes nativos, objetiva-se descrever e analisar as construções em que o item sô se realiza. Seguimos Hill (2007, 2014) que situa o vocativo na estrutura sintática, considerando a função pragmática que este item desempenha. Como resultado, tem-se as configurações arbóreas correspondentes às construções em que o item sô se realiza e considerações sobre o vocativo na estrutura sintática do dialeto mineiro. Palavras-chave: senhor; sô; vocativo; estrutura sintática; função pragmática. Abstract: Moreira (2005, 2008) and Moreira and Alkmim (2013) observe that the form senhor and number and gender and number variants are frequently used as a vocative in constructions taken from plays written by authors from Minas Gerais in the 19th and 20th centuries. Considering the works cited above, our hypothesis is that the incidence of the use of the form senhor as a vocative in final position resulted in a process of grammaticalization that originated the reduced forms of this item: sinhô, seu, siô, sôr e sô. In this article, based on intuition and evaluation data from native speakers, we aim to describe and analyze the constructions in which the item sô is realized. We follow Hill (2007, 2014), who places the vocative in the syntactic structure, considering the pragmatic function that this item performs. As a result, we present tree configurations corresponding to the constructions in which the item sô is realized, as well as considerations about the vocative in the syntactic structure of the dialect of Minas Gerais. Keywords: senhor; sô; vocative; syntactic structure; pragmatic function.

Climate change is affecting the biodiversity, ecosystem services and the well-being of people that live in the Arctic tundra. Understanding the societal implications and adapting to these changes depend on knowledge produced by multiple disciplines. We analysed peer-reviewed publications to identify the main research themes relating to the Arctic tundra and assessed to what extent current research build on multiple disciplines to confront the upcoming challenges of rapid environmental changes. We used a topic-modelling approach, based on the Latent Dirichlet Allocation algorithm to detect topics based on semantic similarity. We found that plant and soil ecology dominate the tundra research and are highly connected to other ecological disciplines and biophysical sciences. Despite the fivefold increase in the number of publications during the past decades, the proportion of studies that address societal implications of climate change remains low. The strong scientific interest in the tundra reflects the concern of the rapid warming of the Arctic, but few studies include the cross-disciplinary approach necessary to fully assess the implications of these changes for society.

Five specimens of Gymnothorax longinquus (Whitley, 1948) were collected from a fish market and a fish landing site in Tac Cau and Ha Tien, southern Vietnam. These specimens represent the first record of G. longinquus in Vietnam, and further support a previously uncertain record in Thailand. The specimens collected are described and illustrated. Gymnothorax longinquus may prefer muddy shallow water from northern Australia to the Gulf of Thailand.

Moreira (2005, 2008) and Moreira and Alkmim (2013) observe that the form senhor and number and gender and number variants are frequently used as a vocative in constructions taken from plays written by authors from Minas Gerais in the 19th and 20th centuries. Considering the works cited above, our hypothesis is that the incidence of the use of the form senhor as a vocative in final position resulted in a process of grammaticalization that originated the reduced forms of this item: sinhô, seu, siô, sôr e sô. In this article, based on intuition and evaluation data from native speakers, we aim to describe and analyze the constructions in which the item sô is realized. We follow Hill (2007, 2014), who places the vocative in the syntactic structure, considering the pragmatic function that this item performs. As a result, we present tree configurations corresponding to the constructions in which the item sô is realized, as well as considerations about the vocative in the syntactic structure of the dialect of Minas Gerais. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Paspalum procurrens Quarin and P. volcanense Zuloaga, Morrone & Denham are two rare species of South American grasses inhabiting geographically restricted areas which are exposed to ecological degradation due to landscape transformation and biodiversity losses. We present new records for these species, from the provinces of Jujuy, Salta, Tucumán and Catamarca (Argentina) and departments of Tarija, Chuquisaca, and Santa Cruz (Bolivia). New geographic distribution maps and the biological relevance of these findings are discussed pinpointing the need for imperative and assiduous botanical explorations in biodiversity hotspots sensible to the impact of human activities. Ploidy levels in these two species are studied.

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This article aims to explore the functions of the discourse marker so in the LINDSEI-AR corpus. This corpus forms the first part of LINDSEI, representing English used by Arab learners. The participants in this study were advanced Saudi learners of English in their third and fourth years of undergraduate study. There are five discourse marker functions of so in the learner corpus, occurring with different frequencies. The most frequent use is so indicating result. The second most frequent function is so introducing a new sequence. Then, comes so marking the main idea unit. The fourth most frequent function is so marking transition. The least frequent function is so introducing a turn. Based on these results, it is possible to conclude that the analyses illustrate that the existing functions of the so found in the literature can be confirmed in the LINDSEI-AR and that Saudi English language learners, both male and female, could use the functions of so appropriately. With respect to gender, the results show no statistical significance between Saudi males and females.

While intensifiers are primarily associated with informal spoken registers, they serve important interpersonal functions also in more formal registers like academic prose. The use of intensifiers in scientific writing has accordingly been explored in Present-Day English, and previous studies have also investigated diachronic changes in this register in Middle and Early Modern English. However, the Late Modern English period remains largely unexplored, despite the fact that at least in medical writing it represents an important transition period both intellectually and textually. To follow up on the trends and developments established in previous work, this paper explores the patterns of intensification in eighteenth century medical writing using Late Modern English Medical Texts (LMEMT; Taavitsainen et al. 2019), which contains a large collection of texts representing different areas of medicine. While the intensifiers that are selected for study are ubiquitous in the data, their frequency varies considerably between individual texts, and this variation is often linked to the characteristics of individual sub-registers. At the same time, the use of intensifiers in this period is characterized by stability rather than dramatic change, despite ongoing changes in the sociocultural context of medicine. Along with providing a detailed investigation of the frequency of the main intensifiers in different categories of medical writing of the period, the analysis describes their co-selection patterns with particular adjectives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Radical scavenging activity of the extracts of Lathyrus aphaca L. var. pseudoaphaca (Boiss.) Davis, L. aureus (Stev.) Brandza, L. cicera L., L. sphaericus Retz., L. digitatus (Bieb.) Fiori in Fiori & Paol. and L. setifolius L. taxa distributed in Burdur-Isparta regio was determined. Methanol extracts of air dried aerial parts and the seeds of the plants were dissolved in water and chlorophylls and lipophilic compounds were removed from the aqueous extracts. 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl hydrazyl, superoxide and nitric oxide radical scavenging activity of aqueous and methanol extracts of the plants were tested. Gallic acid equivalent total phenolic contents of the plant extracts were also detected using Folin-Ciocalteu reagent. According to the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl hydrazyl radical scavenging activity test, the highest antioxidant activity was found in aerial parts of L. aphaca var. pseudoaphaca and highest total phenolic content was found as gallic acid equivalent in L. sphaericus seed extracts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salt (sodium chloride) was the first and the best recognised food preservative, particularly for meat. The World Health Organization strongly recommends a reduction in sodium intake in adults to less than 2 g/day sodium (5 g/day salt) to reduce blood pressure and risk of cardiovascular disease, stroke and coronary heart disease, as well a reduction in sodium intake in children to control blood pressure. The goal of this paper was to investigate the salt content as labelled on foods of animal origin from the Serbian retail market. The study reviewed a total of 395 foods, of which 16 were meat preparations, 13 were fresh sausages, 31 were finely minced cooked sausages, 16 were coarsely minced cooked sausages, 39 were patés, 21 were canned meats (luncheon meat type), 10 were pasteurised ham, 26 were pasteurised smoked meat products, 20 were bacon, 8 were semi-dry fermented sausages, 57 were dry fermented sausages, 28 were dry meat, 15 were prepared meat meals, 18 were soft cheese, 36 were semi-hard cheese, 6 were meat soups, 17 were smoked salmon and 18 were sandwiches. The highest declared salt contents are labelled on thermally untreated meat products, i.e. dry meat, bacon, dry and semi-dry fermented sausages and smoked salmon. Pasteurised and sterilised meat products have lower salt contents declared on labels. It was concluded that meat products examined in this study are important sources of dietary salt, and that consumption of 100 g of these products can largely meet daily dietary requirements for salt/sodium. Due to that, it is necessary to reduce salt/sodium content in these foods by decreasing amounts of salt used during production and by using salt substitutes, such as salt with potassium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Whether the words of the language are quoted or not, in the construction of the semantic structure of that language it is important. As words are used, meanings are established and differentiation can occur with the stages of words in the society. In some cases, depending on the frequency of use, the meanings of words, metaphor meanings become more used than the basic meaning of the same word. Depending on the language use of the society, meanings falling away from the surface structure are loaded into the deep structure of certain indicators. In this study, it will be focused on the words of so, just as, pot and table, which are dragged with popular culture, entered into the use of television, especially the young generation, and added new meanings to its deep structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Botanica Serbica is the property of University of Belgrade, Institute of Botany & Botanical Garden Jevremovac and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)