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Purpose: To evaluate the reliability of various reference areas for digital alignment between 3D resting and smiling facial models. Materials and Methods: 3D posed and natural smiling faces of 33 adults were registered to the respective neutral faces, using six matching strategies with different reference matching surfaces: nose (N), nose + central forehead (NFc), nose + whole forehead (NFw), nose + chin (NC), nose + central forehead + chin (NFcC), and nose + whole forehead + chin (NFwC). The positional discrepancies of the registered images were measured at the left and right pupil centers. Results: Two-way ANOVA and post hoc multiple pairwise t test with Bonferroni correction (α = .05) were used to evaluate the measurements. As a result, the use of larger reference areas increases the trueness of image-matching, whereas there was no statistically significant difference between the matching strategies within the same smiling type. Meanwhile, the image registration of posed smiles resulted in fewer positional disparities than the natural smiles with significant differences observed for the registration using the NC and NFcC surface-based matching areas at the right pupil (P = .030 and .026, respectively). Conclusions: The findings of this study suggest that the reference surface areas and smiling types have some impact on the accuracy of 3D smiling facial image alignments. Large and evenly distributed matching surfaces are recommended for posed smiles, whereas caution should be taken when using the chin area as a reference surface for matching natural smile facial images. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To examine if there are differences in smile esthetic evaluation scores by orthodontists and prosthodontists and if there are changes in those scores when two evaluations are performed, when the time of observation is increased, and when the lips are present or absent from the images. Materials and Methods: In total, 12 individuals participated in this pilot study. Two digital images were taken from each individual. The first digital image was a smile view, and the second image was an intraoral view. Two presentation files were prepared, with two images for each individual. The smile and dental attractiveness ratings were obtained from 10 specialists. Results: Repeated measures ANOVA was applied including all four within-subject factors, the evaluator (E), the repetition (R), the time of observation (T), and the presence or not of lips (L). Factors E, T, and L each had a statistically significant main effect. E and R had a statistically significant combined effect. In particular, the esthetic score for the view with smile was overall higher than for the intraoral view. The same results were obtained when the analysis was repeated with the 10 evaluators grouped to prosthodontists and orthodontists, and the prosthodontists tended to score higher than the orthodontists. Conclusions: The evaluator and the presence of lips have a statistically significant effect. The present pilot study has found that three (E, L, R) out of four factors (T) are important for the evaluation of dental esthetics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social interaction research is lacking an experimental paradigm enabling researchers to make causal inferences in free social interactions. For instance, the expressive signals that causally modulate the emergence of romantic attraction during interactions remain unknown. To disentangle causality in the wealth of covarying factors that govern social interactions, we developed an open-source video-conference platform enabling researchers to covertly manipulate the social signals produced by participants during interactions. Using this platform, we performed a speed-dating experiment where we aligned or misaligned the facial smiles of participants in real time with face transformation algorithms. Even though participants remained totally unaware that their faces were being manipulated, aligning their smiles causally enhanced the romantic attraction they felt toward each other, compared to unaligned scenarios. Manipulations also influenced how participants synchronized and vocally reacted to each other. This paradigm causally manipulates the emergence of romantic attraction in free social interactions. Moreover, our methodology opens the possibility to perform causal inferences during free social interactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Muscles affected by postparetic synkinesis have imbalanced tonicity that limit perioral mimetic movement and inhibit the ability to smile. The depressor anguli oris (DAO) muscle has been a common myectomy target for the treatment of perioral synkinesis. While addition of buccinator myectomies to DAO myectomies has risen, no studies have analyzed the effects of buccinator myectomies. The goal of this study was to evaluate and compare the effects of a DAO myectomy with and without concomitant buccinator myectomy through objective facial metrics and subjective patient-reported outcomes. Methods This study is a retrospective review of patients with postparetic synkinesis who underwent DAO myectomy (DAO myectomy group) or DAO myectomy with buccinator myectomy (DAO + Buccinator myectomies group). Outcomes included postoperative differences in objective smile measures (smile angle, excursion, and dental show) using validated software and patient-reported outcomes using the Facial Disability Index (FDI) questionnaire and a myectomy-specific questionnaire. Results After chart review, 18 patients were included in the DAO myectomy group and 19 in the DAO + Buccinator myectomies group. There were no significant postoperative differences between the groups in (1) smile excursion, angle, or dental show at resting, closed smile, or open smile (p > 0.05), (2) FDI physical and social scores, p = 0.198 and 0.932, respectively, or (3) myectomy-specific questionnaire responses (p > 0.05). Conclusion The addition of a buccinator myectomy to a DAO myectomy does not provide significant clinical benefit when compared with an isolated DAO myectomy, based on objective measures and subjective patient-reported outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new radical relay approach for the efficient construction of alkylsulfonated indolo[2,1-a]isoquinoline-6(5H)-ones in moderate to good yields under mild conditions via SO2 insertion/Smiles rearrangement/intramolecular cyclization is developed. This approach utilizes 4-alkyl substituted Hantzsch esters as alkyl radical sources and further undergoes in situ SO2 insertion to obtain alkylsulfonyl radical species, which avoids the use of unstable alkyl sulfonyl chlorides and highly toxic sulfonyl hydrazides. Additionally, this method for the direct assembly of alkylsulfonated polycyclic molecule skeletons displays high chemical selectivity, broad substrate scope, and step-economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study introduces a deep learning framework based on SMILES representations of chemical structures to predict drug–drug interactions (DDIs). The model extracts Morgan fingerprints and key molecular descriptors, transforming them into raw graphical features for input into a modified ResNet18 architecture. The deep residual network, enhanced with regularization techniques, efficiently addresses training issues such as gradient vanishing and exploding, resulting in superior predictive performance. Experimental results show that StructNet-DDI achieved an AUC of 99.7%, an accuracy of 94.4%, and an AUPR of 99.9%, demonstrating the model's effectiveness and reliability. These findings highlight that StructNet-DDI can effectively extract crucial features from molecular structures, offering a simple yet robust tool for DDI prediction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Here, TS‐tools is presented, a Python package facilitating the automated localization of transition states (TS) based on a textual reaction SMILES input. TS searches can either be performed at xTB or DFT level of theory, with the former yielding guesses at marginal computational cost, and the latter directly yielding accurate structures at greater expense. On a benchmarking dataset of mono‐ and bimolecular reactions, TS‐tools reaches an excellent success rate of 95% already at xTB level of theory. For tri‐ and multimolecular reaction pathways ‐ which are typically not benchmarked when developing new automated TS search approaches, yet are relevant for various types of reactivity, cf. solvent‐ and autocatalysis and enzymatic reactivity ‐ TS‐tools retains its ability to identify TS geometries, though a DFT treatment becomes essential in many cases. Throughout the presented applications, a particular emphasis is placed on solvation‐induced mechanistic changes, another issue that received limited attention in the automated TS search literature so far. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The severe gummy smile and a skeletal class II profile pose challenges in treatment. This case report outlines an effective alternative for addressing these problems in a patient with skeletal class II division 2, class II molar relationship, retroclination of upper incisors, and lip protrusion. Treatment objectives included normalizing the overjet and overbite, improving the gummy smile, and establishing a satisfactory occlusion. A three-dimensional simulation was performed to consult with the patient, assess possible results, and predict treatment biomechanics. The treatment involved the use of two zygomatic and one inter-radicular temporary anchorage devices, along with botulinum toxin. After the 2-year follow-up, a satisfactory dental occlusion, aesthetic improvement, and adequate function were achieved. This approach offers a viable alternative to orthognathic surgery for adults with skeletal class II malocclusion and a severe gummy smile due to hypermobile lip. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although a smile can serve as an expression of genuine happiness, it can also be generated to conceal negative emotions. The traces of negative emotion present in these types of smiles can produce micro-expressions, subtle movements of the facial muscles manifested in the upper or lower half of the face. Studies examining the judgment of smiles masking negative emotions have mostly employed dichotomous rating measures, while also assuming that dichotomous categorization of a smile as happy or not is synonymous with judgments of the smile's authenticity. The aim of the two studies was to explore the judgment of enjoyment and masking smiles using unipolar and bipolar continuous rating measures and examine differences in the judgment when instruction varied between judgments of happiness and authenticity. In Experiment 1, participants rated smiles on 7-point scales on perceived happiness and authenticity. In Experiment 2, participants rated the smiles on bipolar 7-point scales between happiness and a negative emotion label. In both studies, similar patterns were observed: faces with traces of fear were rated significantly less happy/authentic and those with traces of anger in the brows were rated significantly happier/more authentic. Regarding varied instruction type, no effect was found for the two instruction types, indicating that participants perceive and judge enjoyment and masking smiles similarly according to these two instructions. Additionally, the use of bipolar scales with dimensions between a negative emotion label and happiness were not consistently effective in influencing the judgement of the masking smile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Laboratory and field research has reported that the appearance of infants causes observers to smile. The current study examined whether this smiling response is modulated by the observer's task and evaluative dimension. Thirty‐nine young nulliparous women were asked to rate the cuteness or beauty levels of 6‐month‐old infants' faces using a 7‐point scale in different blocks. Facial electromyograms (EMGs) were recorded of participants' facial muscles related to both smiling (the zygomaticus major [ZM] and orbicularis oculi [OO]) and frowning (the corrugator supercilii [CS]). The results showed that cuteness and beauty ratings were highly correlated with each other (r =.90), indicating that these evaluations were based on similar attractiveness‐related physical features. Facial EMG responses on the smiling muscle sites, ZM and OO, increased significantly from the baseline when participants rated the faces' cuteness, and the responses were larger than when participants rated the faces' beauty. CS activity was not found to have any effect. The perceived cuteness level of the infant faces did not affect the facial EMG responses. Moreover, the magnitude of the smiling response was shown to be much smaller than that associated with voluntary smiling. These findings suggest that facial expressions while viewing infant faces do not exhibit a fixed pattern but are modulated by observers' tasks and that considering cuteness, which is based on more affective evaluations than beauty, can enhance smiling responses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective The aim of this study was to assess the ability to smile following a hypoglossal–facial nerve transfer (N12–N7). Design This is a retrospective chart review. Setting National tertiary referral center for skull base pathology. Participants Seventeen patients. Main Outcome Measures The ability to smile following an N12–N7 transfer was assessed by five medical doctors on photographs of the whole face and frontal, orbital, and oral segments. The (segmented) photographs were scored for the symmetry, asymmetry, and correct or incorrect assessment of the affected side. Results Seventeen patients were analyzed by 5 assessors providing 85 assessments. The whole face at rest was judged symmetrical in 26% of the cases and mildly asymmetrical in 56%. Frontal, orbital, and oral segments were symmetrical in 63, 20, and 35%, respectively. The affected side was correctly identified in 76%. When smiling, the whole face was symmetrical in 6% and mildly asymmetric in 59%. The affected side was correctly identified in 94%. The frontal, orbital, and oral segments during smiling were symmetrical in 67, 15, and 6%, respectively. The affected side of the frontal, orbital, and buccal facial segments during smiling was correctly identified in 89, 89, and 96%, respectively. Interobserver variability with Fleiss' kappa analysis showed that the strength of the agreement during smile of the total face was good (0.771) Conclusion Following an N12–N7 transfer, a good facial symmetry at rest can be achieved. During smiling, almost all patients showed asymmetry of the face, which was predominantly determined by the orbital and oral segments. To improve the ability to smile after an N12–N7 transfer, additional procedures are needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a payload of Tianwen-1 (TW-1), the Mars Mineral Spectrometer (MMS) is tasked with acquiring hyperspectral data of the Martian surface to detect material composition. Microdeformations in optical, mechanical, and thermal components result in the MMS experiencing spectral response distortion in orbit, leading to systematic changes in pixel central wavelengths and full width at half maximum (FWHM). Known as the spectral smile, this distortion compromises the accuracy of reflectance inversion and material composition detection. This study introduces a method for detecting the spectral smile through the Martian atmospheric absorption channel, capitalizing on the distinct characteristics of the atmospheric composition and absorption patterns of Mars. A suitable technical route for in-orbit spectral smile detection was established and tested using simulation experiments and MMS-acquired hyperspectral data. Results suggest that the proposed method can attain central wavelength shifts with a maximum error of 0.32 nm and FWHM variations with a maximum error of 1.95 nm. Employing in-orbit spectral smile detection markedly enhances the correction of Martian atmospheric absorption and provides technical support for Martian surface reflectance inversion. https://github.com/wubingnote/MMS-Spectral-Smile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By investigating emotional contagion in customer–employee interactions using the emotional facial action coding system, this study offers a means to separate primitive emotional contagion from its conscious counterpart. As an empirical validation of primitive emotional contagion and its impact on customer satisfaction, the multifaceted research approach, involving an experimental laboratory study and two field studies in hospitality and retail settings, reveals consistent findings. Additionally, the influence of emotional contagion on customer satisfaction is moderated by the esthetic appeal of the interior design. This work advances the theoretical understanding of the dynamics of primitive emotional contagion; it also offers practical insights regarding the importance of interior designs and busyness for enhancing service interactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper empirically investigates whether and how the level of GVC integration of a given market may explain the presence of foreign‐owned firms. Using firm‐level data from 28 European Union countries during the period 2008–2014, we provide evidence that a greater country‐sector‐level GVC participation, via both backward and forward linkages, exerts a positive effect on a firm's likelihood to receive FDI. These findings appear particularly strong for new EU Member States and services industries when looking at the differences across countries and sectors. Interestingly, when exploring the role of country‐sector position along the GVC, we find that FDI gains from backward GVC integration are more prominent if the markets are associated with the final stages of the supply chain, whereas those from forward GVC integration are greater when the markets are associated with the initial stages, in line with the smile curve hypothesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Laboratory and field research has reported that the appearance of infants causes observers to smile. The current study examined whether this smiling response is modulated by the observer's task and evaluative dimension. Thirty‐nine young nulliparous women were asked to rate the cuteness or beauty levels of 6‐month‐old infants' faces using a 7‐point scale in different blocks. Facial electromyograms (EMGs) were recorded of participants' facial muscles related to both smiling (the zygomaticus major [ZM] and orbicularis oculi [OO]) and frowning (the corrugator supercilii [CS]). The results showed that cuteness and beauty ratings were highly correlated with each other (r =.90), indicating that these evaluations were based on similar attractiveness‐related physical features. Facial EMG responses on the smiling muscle sites, ZM and OO, increased significantly from the baseline when participants rated the faces' cuteness, and the responses were larger than when participants rated the faces' beauty. CS activity was not found to have any effect. The perceived cuteness level of the infant faces did not affect the facial EMG responses. Moreover, the magnitude of the smiling response was shown to be much smaller than that associated with voluntary smiling. These findings suggest that facial expressions while viewing infant faces do not exhibit a fixed pattern but are modulated by observers' tasks and that considering cuteness, which is based on more affective evaluations than beauty, can enhance smiling responses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A gummy smile is the visualization of more than 3 mm of gingiva above the maxillary incisors. This study aimed to evaluate the long-term effects on aesthetics and patient satisfaction of a new hyaluronic acid infiltration technique in reducing the gummy smile. Fifty patients with gummy smiles were treated using hyaluronic acid infiltration points by applying 0.1 mL per injection at specific points. Post-treatment evaluations were performed one week, one month, three months, six months, and 12 months later. A questionnaire assessed patient satisfaction, willingness to recommend the treatment, and side effects (pain and bruising during and after treatment). An average reduction of 2.5 mm in gingival exposure during smiling was observed. After one week, the reduction was constant. At six months, 40% of the original gingival exposure was recovered, and recovery was complete at 12 months. Patient satisfaction was 82.1%, and 100% of patients would recommend the treatment. Bruising, swelling, and pain decreased to 0% from the first month. In conclusion, this technique is a safe and effective option to improve the smile's appearance with minimal complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A gummy smile, defined as excessive gingival exposure while smiling, is an esthetic and functional condition affecting an individual's quality of life. Despite its prevalence and impact, the classification and treatment of the gummy smile remain challenging in clinical practice. The problem lies in (1) the fact that the etiology of this pathology is multifactorial, and these factors sometimes go unnoticed, (2) the lack of consensus on the classification criteria, which, together, create (3) challenges in designing an optimal treatment plan for each patient. This article reviews the etiologic factors of this condition as the main basis for understanding the existing classifications of the gummy smile. It highlights the importance of muscle dynamics in the genesis and treatment of this clinical condition. We present a new, treatment-oriented classification that integrates the muscle hyperactivity present within the classification criteria and explore the implication of this interaction in the design of effective treatments. The ultimate goal of this present work is to improve the clinical understanding of the gingival smile and offer more personalized treatment strategies, through a more complete classification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We study an extension of the Heston stochastic volatility model that incorporates rough volatility and jump clustering phenomena. In our model, named the rough Hawkes Heston stochastic volatility model, the spot variance is a rough Hawkes‐type process proportional to the intensity process of the jump component appearing in the dynamics of the spot variance itself and the log returns. The model belongs to the class of affine Volterra models. In particular, the Fourier‐Laplace transform of the log returns and the square of the volatility index can be computed explicitly in terms of solutions of deterministic Riccati‐Volterra equations, which can be efficiently approximated using a multi‐factor approximation technique. We calibrate a parsimonious specification of our model characterized by a power kernel and an exponential law for the jumps. We show that our parsimonious setup is able to simultaneously capture, with a high precision, the behavior of the implied volatility smile for both S&P 500 and VIX options. In particular, we observe that in our setting the usual shift in the implied volatility of VIX options is explained by a very low value of the power in the kernel. Our findings demonstrate the relevance, under an affine framework, of rough volatility and self‐exciting jumps in order to capture the joint evolution of the S&P 500 and VIX. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To evaluate the changes in buccal corridor and smile index, with respect to age and gender, in a randomly selected sample of the North Indian population. Materials and Methods: Perioral musculature of 195 subjects (divided into three age groups) was recorded using standardized videographic method. The frame representing subject's "widest posed smile," was selected and analyzed to evaluate selected smile parameters. Results: Buccal corridor decreased significantly for overall as well as female sample population, whereas it was fairly unchanged for males. No significant variation was noted for smile index. Conclusions: As a person ages, the smile gets narrower vertically as well as transversely, with the change being greater in the transverse dimension. Age-related changes must be considered for delivering long-lasting orthodontic results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Constructivist theories of emotions and empirical studies have been increasingly stressing the role of contextual information and cultural conventions in emotion recognition. We propose a new account of emotion recognition and attribution that systematically integrates these aspects, and argue that emotion recognition is part of the general process of person impression formation. To describe the structural organization and the role of background information in emotion recognition and attribution, we introduce situation models and personal models. These models constitute the top‐level structures in a complex hierarchy of dimensions which considers different types of basic emotion cues. Thus, we propose a multidimensional account of emotion recognition which enables us to integrate the top‐down and bottom‐up processes involved: basic emotion cues in certain contexts can trigger situation models and person models, which influence emotion recognition which, in turn, reinforce or modify these models. We argue that this kind of loop deeply affects the way emotions enter our social interactions. Our account is in line with the “normative turn” of social cognition, that stresses the way social expectations actively shape the patterns we recognize, and make, in our social world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Objective Clinical Considerations Conclusions Clinical Significance This article introduces the smile design and space (SDS) concept for managing the vertical dimension of occlusion (VDO) in full‐mouth reconstructions and its influence on the selection of esthetic restorative materials. Limitations of traditional VDO adjustment methods are being addressed through a facially driven treatment approach that enhances esthetics improves function and minimizes invasiveness.The SDS concept involves detailed evaluations of the incisal edges of the maxillary central incisors in relation to the upper lip at rest and at full smile. This includes analyzing variations in incisal exposure due to differing lip mobility, which can significantly impact gingival esthetics, particularly in cases with gingival exposure during smiling. The concept employs a strategic formula to determine the necessary alterations in VDO based on specific dental relationships and wear patterns.The SDS concept provides guidelines for full‐mouth reconstructions, emphasizing minimal invasiveness and the integration of esthetics with functional dynamics to enhance the predictability of clinical outcomes and reduce complications associated with traditional restoration techniques.The SDS concept enhances the precision of full‐mouth reconstructions through individualized adjustment of the VDO, tailored to the esthetic and functional requirements of each patient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work proposes a novel approach for drug molecule design using data-assisted techniques. This approach leverages a generation-based framework to expedite the drug discovery process, aiming to identify candidate molecules suitable for production while minimizing development timelines and regulatory hurdles. The core of the proposed method is a conditional variational autoencoder (CVAE) for molecule generation, employing NCSMILES string representation. The framework involves three key stages: (1) molecule generation using the CVAE, (2) filtering based on a scoring function, and (3) identification of the optimal molecule from the generated pool. To enhance the latent space representation, we incorporate molecule properties alongside conditional selection criteria. The performance of the proposed scheme is comprehensively evaluated on standard benchmark datasets using various metrics, including validity, diversity, usefulness, and novelty. The method demonstrates superior performance compared to existing state-of-the-art approaches, attributable to several key improvements, including intermediary optimizations and condition-based selection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Smiling expresses emotions and affects interpersonal relationships, influencing self‐esteem and social life. Nowadays, concerns about aesthetics and access to the Internet have made people more informed and demanding about treatments for gingival smile. Excessive gingival display (EGD) is caused by a variety of factors that can act alone or in combination. These factors may include altered passive eruption (APE), vertical maxillary excess, a short upper lip, and hyperactive upper lip, among other factors that cause gingival hyperplasia. In this case report, the EGD was caused by vertical maxillary excess, hypermobility of the upper lip, and APE. The proposed treatment included two procedures: the Modified Lip Repositioning Surgery (Modified LipStat) Technique, with internal sutures to attempt to restrict the traction of the upper lip elevator muscles, and Esthetic Crown Lengthening (ECL) from the right first premolar to the left first premolar for the treatment of APE. The result provided an aesthetic improvement of the smile, with harmonization in relation to the size of the teeth. The mobility of the upper lip in spontaneous smiles remained reduced up to 6 months of follow‐up; however, there was a partial relapse in the position of the upper lip during spontaneous smiling at the end of 6 years of follow‐up. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Visual quality after corneal refractive surgery is linked to the postoperative effective optical zone (EOZ). This study aims to compare long-term changes in the EOZ following small incision lenticule extraction (SMILE) and femtosecond laser-assisted in-situ keratomileusis (FS-LASIK) for moderate and high myopia. Methods: This study included 42 patients (72 eyes) who underwent either SMILE (36 eyes) or FS-LASIK (36 eyes). A custom software program based on the tangential curvature difference map of the Pentacam HR (Oculus Optikgeräte GmbH) was used to define the EOZ at 3 and 7 years postoperatively. The EOZ, its chronological changes compared to the programmed optical zone (POZ), and the corneal wavefront aberrations following SMILE and FS-LASIK were analyzed. Correlations between the EOZ changes and relevant parameters were evaluated. Results: Three years postoperatively, EOZ following SMILE and FS-LASIK were 5.13 ± 0.27 mm and 4.70 ± 0.24 mm (P < 0.001), respectively. Seven years postoperatively, EOZ following SMILE and FS-LASIK decreased to 5.03 ± 0.28 mm and 4.63 ± 0.23 mm (P < 0.001), respectively. At postoperative 7 years, the percentages of EOZ/POZ were negatively correlated with Q-value changes (β = -5.120, P = 0.009) following SMILE and positively correlated with the cylinder correction (β = 1.184, P = 0.004) following FS-LASIK. The induced spherical aberrations in the SMILE group were less than those in the FS-LASIK group (P < 0.05) and were negatively correlated with the EOZ/POZ (β = -16.653, P < 0.001). Conclusions: The EOZ following SMILE was larger than that following FS-LASIK in the long postoperative term for moderate and high myopia. Furthermore, a continual reduction in the EOZ was noted after both surgical modalities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background In facial reanimation, dual-innervated gracilis free functional muscle transfers (FFMTs) may have amalgamated increases in tone, excursion, synchroneity, and potentially spontaneity when compared with single innervation. The ideal staging of dual-innervated gracilis FFMTs has not been investigated. We aim to compare objective long-term outcomes following one- and two-stage dual-innervated gracilis FFMTs. Methods Included were adult patients with facial paralysis who underwent either one- (one-stage group) or two-stage (two-stage group) dual-innervated gracilis FFMT with ≥1 year of postoperative follow-up. Facial measurements were obtained from standardized photographs of patients in repose, closed-mouth smile, and open-mouth smile taken preoperatively, 1 year postoperatively, and 3 years postoperatively. Symmetry was calculated from the absolute difference between the paralyzed and healthy hemiface; a lower value indicates greater symmetry. Results Of 553 facial paralysis patients, 14 were included. Five and nine patients were in the one- and two-stage groups, with mean follow-up time, respectively, being 2.5 and 2.6 years. Within-group analysis of both groups, most paralyzed-side and symmetry measurements significantly improved over time with maintained significance at 3 years postoperatively in closed and open-mouth smile (all p ≤ 0.05). However, only the two-stage group had maintained significance in improvements at 3 years postoperatively in paralyzed-side and symmetry measurements in repose with commissure position (median change [interquartile range, IQR], 7.62 [6.00–10.56] mm), commissure angle (median change [IQR], 8.92 [6.18–13.69] degrees), commissure position symmetry (median change [IQR], −5.18 [−10.48 to −1.80] mm), commissure angle symmetry (median change [IQR], −9.78 [−11.73 to −7.32] degrees), and commissure height deviation (median change [IQR], −5.70 [−7.19 to −1.64] mm; all p ≤ 0.05). In the between-group analysis, all measurements were comparable in repose, closed-mouth smile, and open-mouth smile (all p > 0.05). Conclusion Long-term outcomes demonstrate that both one- and two-stage dual-innervated gracilis FFMTs significantly improve excursion, but only two-stage reconstruction significantly improves resting tone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to compare the smile's attractiveness in patients submitted to the treatment of gummy smiles with botulinum toxin or maxillary impaction surgery. The retrospective sample comprised 26 patients divided into two groups: Group 1 (BTX): 13 patients (12 females and 1 male) with a mean age of 28.06 years (s.d. = 6.09) and mean gingival exposure during smile of 5.18 mm (s.d. = 1.51) treated with botulinum toxin; Group 2 (SURGICAL): 13 patients (9 females and 4 males) with a mean age of 30.59 years (s.d. = 5.72) and mean gingival exposure during smile of 5.21 mm (s.d. = 1.55) treated with orthognathic maxillary impaction surgery. The group of evaluators comprised 317 participants, divided into 143 orthodontists (85 females and 58 males) with a mean age of 41.40 (s.d. = 9.30); 62 dentists (47 female and 15 male) with a mean age of 35.44 (s.d. = 10.44), and 112 lay people (74 female and 38 male) with a mean age of 46, 91 (s.d. = 10.11) in a questionnaire on Google Forms. Without knowing the therapy used, the evaluators assigned scores to the photographs of the posed smile taken before (T1) and after (T2) treatment. Intergroup comparison of smile attractiveness was performed using the t-independent, one-way ANOVA, and Tukey tests. There was a significant improvement in smile attractiveness with treatment in both groups; however, the improvement was significantly better in the surgical group than in the BTX group. Orthodontists rated smile attractiveness significantly higher than dentists and laypersons for the final phase of the BTX and surgical groups. There was a significant improvement in the smile attractiveness with botulinum toxin application and orthodontic-surgical treatment. However, orthognathic surgery promoted a greater improvement in smile attractiveness than the application of botulinum toxin. • The overall perception of smile attractiveness was evaluated for 2 types of gummy smile treatment. • There was a significant improvement in smile attractiveness with surgical orthodontic treatment and application of botulinum toxin. • Orthognathic surgery promoted a greater improvement in smile attractiveness than the application of botulinum toxin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Abstract Background The present study assessed the impact of oral health on the daily lives of children and mothers living in a rural area in Northwestern Egypt. Methods A cross-sectional household survey including children between 6 and 12 years old and their mothers was conducted in rural Egypt, 2019–2020. Data were collected using clinical examination and interview-based questionnaires of children and mothers. Three binary logistic regression models were used to assess the relationship between the dependent variables (oral health impact (yes, no) on avoiding smiling, chewing problems, and missing school (children) and avoiding social events (mothers)), and the explanatory variables: oral health (clinically-assessed caries experience and self-reported oral health) controlling for sociodemographic profile (child age and sex, mother’s education), daily toothbrushing and village of residence. Results A total of 211 households with 355 children and 211 mothers were included (91.5% response rate). About 54% of the children were girls, mean (SD) age = 8.7 (2.05) years and 82.3% did not brush their teeth daily. Mother’s mean (SD) age was 31.70 (5.45) years. Because of dental problems, 31.3% of children reported chewing difficulties, 31% avoided smiling compared to 76.3% and 43.6% of mothers. Also, 30.4% of children missed school and 76.8% of mothers reported reduced participation in social activities. In children, the number of decayed anterior teeth was associated with significantly higher odds of avoiding smiling (AOR = 1.22, 95%CI: 1.03, 1.44). In mothers, a greater number of posterior missing teeth was associated with significantly higher odds of chewing difficulties (AOR = 1.21, 95%CI: 1.01, 1.45), and a greater number of all missing teeth was associated with significantly higher odds of reduced participation in social events (AOR = 1.30, 95%CI: 1.30, 1.57). Good/ very good reported oral health in children and mothers was associated with lower odds of avoiding smiling and chewing problems (p

Introduction: Smiling during conversation occurs interactively between people and is known to build good interpersonal relationships. However, whether and how much the amount that an individual smiles is influenced by the other person's smile has remained unclear. This study aimed to quantify the amount of two individuals' smiles during conversations and investigate the dependency of one's smile amount (i.e., intensity and frequency) on that of the other. Method: Forty participants (20 females) engaged in three-minute face-toface conversations as speakers with a listener (male or female), under three conditions, where the amount of smiling response by listeners was controlled as "less," "moderate," and "greater." The amount of the smiles was quantified based on their facial movements through automated facial expression analysis. Results: The results showed that the amount of smiling by the speaker changed significantly depending on the listener's smile amount; when the listeners smiled to a greater extent, the speakers tended to smile more, especially when they were of the same gender (i.e., male-male and female-female pairs). Further analysis revealed that the smiling intensities of the two individuals changed in a temporally synchronized manner. Discussion: These results provide quantitative evidence for the dependence of one's smile on the other's smile, and the differential effect between gender pairs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Smile aesthetics is an important factor to consider during orthodontic treatment planning. The aim of the present study is to assess the predictability of Invisalign SmileView for digital AI smile simulation in comparison to actual smile treatment outcomes, using various smile assessment parameters. A total of 24 adult subjects (12 females and 12 males; mean age 22 ± 5.2 years) who chose to be treated using Invisalign were prospectively recruited to have their pretreatment smiles captured using the Invisalign SmileView to simulate their new smiles before treatment was started. Patients were then treated using upper and lower Invisalign aligners with average treatment time of 18 ± 6 months. Full post-treatment records were obtained and full smile frame images of simulated smile and actual final smile of each subject were evaluated by an independent examiner using an objective assessment sheet. Ten smile variants were used to assess the characteristics of the full smile images. Significance level was set at P < 0.05. The ICC for the quantitative parameters showed that there was an overall excellent & good internal consistency (alpha value > 0.7 & > 0.9). The Independent t test was performed amongst the quantitative variables. The P value was not significant for all except maxillary inter canine width (P = 0.05), stating that for the five variables namely; philtrum height, commissure height, smile width, buccal corridor and smile index, actual mean values were similar to the simulation mean values. For the qualitative variables, the Kappa value ranged between 0.66 and − 0.75 which showed a substantial level of agreement between the examiners. Additionally, the Chi square test for the qualitative variables, revealed that the P value was found to be significant in all except lip line. This implies that only the lip line values are comparable. More optimal lip lines, straighter smile arcs and more ideal tooth display were achieved in actual post treatment results in comparison to the initially predicted smiles. Five quantitative smile assessment parameters i.e., philtrum height, commissure height, smile width, buccal corridor, and smile index, could be used as reliable predictors of smile simulation. Maxillary inter canine width cannot be considered to be a reliable parameter for smile simulation prediction. A single qualitative parameter, namely the lip line, can be used as a reliable predictor for smile simulation. Three qualitative parameters i.e., most posterior tooth display, smile arc, and amount of lower incisor exposure cannot be considered as reliable parameters for smile prediction. Trial Registration number and date: NCT06123585, (09/11/2023) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractBackgroundMethodsResultsDiscussionConclusionTwo experiments (E1 and E2; N = 44 and N = 52, respectively) investigated the effect of positive (PI) and neutral information (NI) about a dental procedure, and if the delivery of the information by the treatment team (open administration) or unbeknownst to the treatment team (hidden administration), affected pain.Using a mixed design, patients undergoing drilling in a molar were randomized to the NI or PI groups. Before, during, and after treatment, patients reported their pain and stress levels. In E1 the treatment team delivered the information. In E2, an assistant not engaged in the treatment delivered the information.In the PI group in E1, pain was reduced by 50 % compared to the NI group, and the effects of stress on pain were mitigated. These effects were abolished in E2. The dentist reported having displayed positive nonverbal behaviours (e.g. smiling and longer eye contact) in the PI group in E1, but not in E2.Positive information reduced pain only when administrated openly. There was no effect of positive information administrated hidden from the treatment team. As information was similar in both experiments, factors other than the information most likely reduced pain in the PI group in E1.Delivering positive information by the treatment team may generate behavioural cues which generate placebo effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores whether and in what situation the smiling face emoji will influence the interpretation of an utterance in a virtual context. The researchers drew examples from daily WeChat communication and posted them to participants in the experiment. Experimental studies found that the smiling face emoji decreases the politeness of an utterance but does not mitigate the illocutionary force of an impolite utterance. Further studies demonstrate that the interpretation is related to two features of WeChat: the interactant's identity (age) and the situation of communication. For one thing, utterances with smiling face emoji may be interpreted as disrespectful by younger Chinese rather than the older. For another, the smiling face emoji is always interpreted as impolite when the utterances are related to the interactants' feelings. We also infer from the findings that older people might respect the feelings of the addresser more than younger people in WeChat communication. This paper will help avoid miscommunication and contribute to understanding the socio-cultural features of interpersonal interaction in a virtual context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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In the past, conventional Czerny–Turner spectrometers were usually designed to achieve high resolution while often ignoring astigmatism in the sagittal direction. In contrast, by replacing the focusing mirror with a freeform surface in the structure, we can obtain a Czerny–Turner spectrometer with low keystone distortion by controlling the astigmatism. At the same time, the area sensor can receive all of the spectrum from the optical system. In this paper, we briefly describe the formation of keystone distortion and smile in a plane grating. Additionally, the validity of the method is verified through simulation. Finally, we evaluated the smile and keystone distortion of both the initial and final systems. The keystone and smile were reduced to 1.77 μm and 8.3 μm, respectively, over the wavelength range of 535 nm to 630 nm. Concurrently, the resolution achieved was 0.4 nm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To evaluate the content and quality of videos on Youtube about the gummy smile. Materials and Methods: The keyword “gummy smile” was searched on Youtube.Videos were categorized as useful, misleading or personal experience based on their content. Videos were analysed to evaluate the quality and scientific reliability of the information using Global Quality Scale (GQS) and DISCERN criteria; and the understandability of this information using a tailormade custom comprehensiveness index (CI). The source and user interaction information for each video were recorded. Results: A total of 98 videos were included for analysis. The videos of 64 (65.3%) were considered as useful, 18 (18.4%) provided by misleading information, and 16 (16.3%) described personal experiences. The source of the videos was 66 (67.3%) of dentists/specialist, 8 (8.2%) of clinics/hospitals, 8 (8.2%) of TV channel/news agencies and 16 (16.3%) of were other. The GQS was <4 in most of the videos (92.9%). Based on 0-2 CI scores, 36, 51 and 11videos had a score of 0, 1 and 2, respectively. 87 (88.8%) and 71 (72.4%) videos showed clear aims and reliable sources of information according to DISCERN criteria, respectively. The mean GQS and CI were significantly higher in useful video content compared to misleading and personal experience videos (p<0.001). The mean GQS and CI in dentist-sourced videos were significantly higher than in TV and other-sourced videos (p<0.001). Conclusions: Although most of the videos were uploaded by dentists and contain accurate information, the content and quality of the information were insufficient. This study demonstrated that Youtube could still not be considered as a fully reliable source of information for patients on gummy smile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The present study assessed the impact of oral health on the daily lives of children and mothers living in a rural area in Northwestern Egypt. Methods: A cross-sectional household survey including children between 6 and 12 years old and their mothers was conducted in rural Egypt, 2019–2020. Data were collected using clinical examination and interview-based questionnaires of children and mothers. Three binary logistic regression models were used to assess the relationship between the dependent variables (oral health impact (yes, no) on avoiding smiling, chewing problems, and missing school (children) and avoiding social events (mothers)), and the explanatory variables: oral health (clinically-assessed caries experience and self-reported oral health) controlling for sociodemographic profile (child age and sex, mother's education), daily toothbrushing and village of residence. Results: A total of 211 households with 355 children and 211 mothers were included (91.5% response rate). About 54% of the children were girls, mean (SD) age = 8.7 (2.05) years and 82.3% did not brush their teeth daily. Mother's mean (SD) age was 31.70 (5.45) years. Because of dental problems, 31.3% of children reported chewing difficulties, 31% avoided smiling compared to 76.3% and 43.6% of mothers. Also, 30.4% of children missed school and 76.8% of mothers reported reduced participation in social activities. In children, the number of decayed anterior teeth was associated with significantly higher odds of avoiding smiling (AOR = 1.22, 95%CI: 1.03, 1.44). In mothers, a greater number of posterior missing teeth was associated with significantly higher odds of chewing difficulties (AOR = 1.21, 95%CI: 1.01, 1.45), and a greater number of all missing teeth was associated with significantly higher odds of reduced participation in social events (AOR = 1.30, 95%CI: 1.30, 1.57). Good/ very good reported oral health in children and mothers was associated with lower odds of avoiding smiling and chewing problems (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Decayed anterior teeth in children have a negative impact on smiling whereas missing teeth in mothers affect the ability to chew food and socialize. The psychological, functional, and social impacts of caries in this rural setting needs to be mitigated by improving oral health literacy and access to care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To evaluate the validity of the Golden Proportion, Golden Percentage, and Recurring Esthetic Dental (RED) Proportion among Kenyans of African descent with naturally well‐aligned teeth. Materials and Methods: Standardized frontal photographic images of the smiles of 175 participants aged 18–35 years were obtained, and Adobe Photoshop was used to analyze and measure the frontal widths of the maxillary central and lateral incisors and canines in triplicate. The average teeth widths were calculated to determine the existence of the Golden Proportion, Golden Percentage, and RED Proportion, and their validity using independent sample t‐tests to compare the differences in the mean teeth widths at α < 0.05. Results: The number of male and female participants was 107 (61.1%) and 68 (38.9%), respectively. The Golden Proportion between the maxillary central and lateral incisors was found in 4.0% on the right and 2.8% on the left of all the participants, but between the maxillary lateral incisors and canines was found in only 0.6% on the right of male participants (p < 0.0001). The RED Proportion between the maxillary lateral and central incisors was in the range of 67%–70%, and between the canines and lateral incisors was 82%–84% (p < 0.0001). The proportion of RED was not constant, and gradually increased distally. The Golden Percentage of 15% was observed in the lateral incisors bilaterally; however, in the central incisors and the canines, the Golden Percentage was 22% and 12%, respectively. Conclusion: The Golden and RED Proportions were invalid determinants of anterior teeth proportions. The Golden Percentage existed only in the lateral incisors. The Golden Proportion, RED Proportion, and Golden Percentage theories may not be applicable to all populations when designing smiles. Racial and ethnic backgrounds are important considerations to establish objective quantifiable values of anterior tooth proportions that are beneficial for esthetic restorations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Image aesthetics quality assessment has received extensive research in recent years, but there are still few studies on the aesthetic quality evaluation of group photograph of humans. In this work, we designed a set of high-level aesthetic features based on the experience and principles of group photography, including opened-eye, gaze, smile, facial occluded, facial orientation, facial blur, character center. Then we combined them and 83 generic aesthetic features to build two aesthetic assessment models. A large dataset of group photographs - GPD- annotated with the aesthetic score was constructed. The experimental result on the GPD shows that our features perform well for categorizing professional photos and snapshots and predicting the distinction of multiple group photographs of diverse human states under the same scene.The classification accuracy reached 70.97%, the discrimination metric we proposed reached 1.368, which was higher than the negative discrimination value of other methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Motivation: Retrosynthesis planning poses a formidable challenge in the organic chemical industry, particularly in pharmaceuticals. Single-step retrosynthesis prediction, a crucial step in the planning process, has witnessed a surge in interest in recent years due to advancements in AI for science. Various deep learning-based methods have been proposed for this task in recent years, incorporating diverse levels of additional chemical knowledge dependency. Results: This paper introduces UAlign, a template-free graph-to-sequence pipeline for retrosynthesis prediction. By combining graph neural networks and Transformers, our method can more effectively leverage the inherent graph structure of molecules. Based on the fact that the majority of molecule structures remain unchanged during a chemical reaction, we propose a simple yet effective SMILES alignment technique to facilitate the reuse of unchanged structures for reactant generation. Extensive experiments show that our method substantially outperforms state-of-the-art template-free and semi-template-based approaches. Importantly, our template-free method achieves effectiveness comparable to, or even surpasses, established powerful template-based methods. Scientific contribution: We present a novel graph-to-sequence template-free retrosynthesis prediction pipeline that overcomes the limitations of Transformer-based methods in molecular representation learning and insufficient utilization of chemical information. We propose an unsupervised learning mechanism for establishing product-atom correspondence with reactant SMILES tokens, achieving even better results than supervised SMILES alignment methods. Extensive experiments demonstrate that UAlign significantly outperforms state-of-the-art template-free methods and rivals or surpasses template-based approaches, with up to 5% (top-5) and 5.4% (top-10) increased accuracy over the strongest baseline. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This presentation will explore the theoretical foundations of humour, laughter and what constitutes a joke. It will touch on the effects that laughter has in our brain. In the therapy room humour, when used appropriately, can serve as a powerful tool in navigating existential dilemmas and fostering therapeutic growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To report the preliminary experience and initial clinical results following SMILE for the treatment of mixed astigmatism. Methods: Thirteen eyes of nine patients with a mean age of 27 ± 4.36 years were included in the series. In 8/13 eyes, myopic SMILE license and in 4/13 eyes, hyperopic SMILE license (available as part of an open/research software) was used for the treatment. The mean follow‑up was 9.5 ± 8.7 (0.5–24) months, and the median follow‑up was 6 months. Setting: Nethradhama Superspeciality Eye Hospital, Bangalore, India. Design: Exploratory study. Results: The mean preoperative sphere, cylinder, and spherical equivalent (SE) were 1.44 ± 1.63, −2.70 ± 2.30, and −0.24 ± 1.14 D, which changed to −0.03 ± 0.30, −0.28 ± 0.48, and −0.18 ± 0.49 D, respectively, 6 months postoperatively. Furthermore, 85% (11/13) eyes were within ± 0.50 D, 92% (12/13) eyes were within ± 1.00 D, while all eyes were within ± 1.50 D of SE correction. All eyes were within ± 1.00 D of cylinder correction. In addition, 92% (12/13) eyes had UDVA better than 20/32, with 54% (7/13) eyes having UDVA 20/20 or better. Safety and efficacy indices were 1.08 and 0.92, respectively. No eyes lost more than 1 line of CDVA. The mean corneal higher order aberrations (HOA) increased from 0.111 ± 0.048 to 0.209 ± 0.056 (P < 0.001). The mean objective scatter index (OSI) did not show a significant change (pre = 0.71 ± 0.69, 6 months = 0.89 ± 0.20; P = 0.35). Conclusion: Early experience showed that SMILE was feasible for the management of eyes with mixed astigmatism, without any intraoperative complications, unique to the procedure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many patients pursue attractive smiles, and surgical-orthodontic treatment is a common method. We aimed to analyze the changes in smile parameters after surgical-orthodontic treatment in patients with skeletal Class III pattern and identify factors influencing postoperative outcomes. This retrospective study comprised 34 patients with skeletal Class III malocclusion and pure mandible prognathism who received surgical-orthodontic treatment. Hard and soft tissue parameters were assessed through lateral cephalometry, and smile esthetics were evaluated through extraoral photography. Postoperative changes in smile parameters and between-parameter correlations were analyzed. Random forest and decision tree deep learning models were used to identify factors influencing postoperative changes. Substantial postoperative changes were observed in the buccal corridor, upper lip height, and smile index. Significant between-sex differences were noted in the upper midline and right chelion. Strong, positive correlations were found between upper lip height and upper lip ratio and between lower lip height and lower lip ratio. By contrast, strong negative correlations were observed between lower teeth exposure and smile index and between interlabial gap and smile index. The highest degrees of postoperative changes were noted in asymmetry-associated smile parameters: lower lip area, interlabial gap, smile index, buccal corridor, and arc ratio. Considerable changes were noted in skeletal, dental, and soft tissue parameters after surgical-orthodontic treatment. However, the changes in smile esthetics were less prominent from the frontal view. As for chin asymmetry, the most to least prominent changes were in the lower lip area, interlabial gap, smile index, buccal corridor, and arc ratio, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using elaboration of likelihood model, this study examines how syntactic structure (structural and lexical simplicity) and nonverbal cues (smiling and professional attire) interact to influence crowdfunding performance. By studying 209 crowdfunding projects, we show that both structural simplicity and lexical simplicity are positively related to crowdfunding performance. Further, professional attire strengthens the simplicity and performance relationship. However, smiling shows mixed effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Knowing the morphological, kinematic, and electrophysiological parameters of the smile in healthy individuals may contribute to evaluating, planning, and monitoring the smile reanimation. This study aimed to determine the correlation between 3D morphometric changes, movement kinematics, and muscle activity in the facial soft tissue of healthy individuals. Method: In this cohort study, 20 volunteers were selected from healthy individuals with no facial disorders. During smiling, three‐dimensional face scanning, facial motion capture, and surface electromyography (sEMG) were performed. The average displacement, velocity, and acceleration during facial movements were measured. The mean change in 3D surface morphometry and activation of the zygomaticus major were determined. Results: The volunteers, comprising 10 males and 10 females, had a mean age of 24 ± 10 years; for female, mean age was 23 ± 5 years and for men 26 ± 13 years. Significant correlations were found between kinematic and morphometric data (r = 0.51, p < 0.001), sEMG and morphometric (r = 0.50, p < 0.001) data, and sEMG and kinematic data (r = 0.49, p < 0.002). The maximum acceleration occurred during approximately 65% of the muscle activation time and 64% of the peak muscle activation value. Additionally, the maximum velocity was reached at around 73% of the muscle activation time and 67% of the peak muscle activation value. Furthermore, the maximum displacement values were observed at approximately 88% of the muscle activation time and 76% of the peak muscle activation value. Conclusion: The findings may provide insights into the smile's functional parameters, contribute to understanding facial muscle‐related disorders, and aid in improving the diagnosis and treatment of the smile. Level of Evidence: NA Laryngoscope, 134:3112–3119, 2024 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]