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Cancellability – one of the most important tests for implicatures – has been attacked from different perspectives, and its reliability challenged by several cases and examples in which conversational implicatures seem to be hard or even impossible to cancel. To account for these phenomena, distinct approaches have been advanced aimed at weakening Grice's cancellability test. However, what do we exactly mean when we claim that an implicature cannot be cancelled? Grice pointed out that implicatures are triggered by a possible conflict with the cooperativeness principle, and for this reason it is always possible to opt out of the observation thereof. This theoretical possibility needs to be distinguished from the practical problem of explaining why some implicatures are intuitively less cancellable than others, or even not cancellable. To address this latter – practical – dimension of cancellability, the reasoning and the presumptive premises involved in drawing an implicature and justifying its cancellation needs to be represented and evaluated. This approach will be shown to provide a possible instrument for evaluating the reasonableness of cancellability and its costs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multiple voices warn about an analytical deadlock in the field of populism studies mainly due to an excess of description and a lack of contextualisation. Reflecting on the current responses to this impasse, this study presents a framework for contextualising populism and seeks to enrich and expand the potential of populism research. The main argument of this article is that a more dynamic and interactive analytical framework is necessary to show the contingent and fragile nature of populist discourses and complement existing research. To illustrate this approach, the case of Podemos is analysed to show how the populist discourse varies over time for the same populist actor and to what extent this variation responds to contextual pressures. The study concludes that the contingent nature of populism can be related to two main conditions: the variable power over discourse of populist mobilisation and the normative pressures within the political sphere. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the present research was to test the level of agreement between targets and observers both at any given moment and as the targets' current behavior (assessed as personality states) change across moments. Ninety-seven target participants participated in 22 different activities across 20 1-hour long sessions in a laboratory setting while reporting their current behavior, and their behavior was evaluated by 183 observers (total of 3,493 target self-reports, 2,973 of which had a corresponding observer report from at least one observer). Target–observer and observer–observer agreement was significant for all personality states (and was substantial for extraversion, conscientiousness, and openness to experience), and was observed in different situations, across all situations, and after accounting for normative agreement. The findings from this study—the first to examine within-person agreement on in-person behavioral states—provide evidence that people can accurately report their current behavior, that people agree on changes in behaviors across situations, and by extension that intensive assessment methodologies (such as experience-sampling methodology) have validity as assessments of momentary behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Doris, in his 2002 book Lack of Character and 2005 paper 'Replies: evidence and sensibility', famously argues that we lack the kinds of global character traits posited by theories of virtue, because the situationist experiments demonstrate that people do not display trait-relevant behaviour in trait-relevant situations above chance. This paper argues that some notable situationist experiments are not trait-relevant situations. By analysing which factors improve or reduce participants' chances of success (e.g. stress, lack of familiarity, ambiguity), and observing that these factors decrease agents' capacity to recognize and respond to a variety of reasons in a variety of settings, the best explanation of many subjects' failure to do the right thing is that they are affected by factors that are capacity-compromising. This matters, because settings in which agents have a reduced capacity to avoid wrongdoing are typically not apt tests of an agent's character traits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Martial styles and systems are much more than a way of fighting. They are embedded in a cultural and historical context that makes their understanding a complex topic. It is especially important to avoid contemporary biases of looking at warfare as a field were there is a constant pursuit of optimum efficacy. War is waged in a specific historical and cultural context, meaning changes and transformation of tactics are much more than an intellectual endeavour of finding the optimal way of fighting or a search for superior equipment. This paper will outline some traps of technological determinism and offer a way forward. It will be argued that there is no overarching understanding of how warfare is conducted, and a tactic is put in place. While it is possible to draw basic conclusions about how equipment is being used, further interpretations regarding the people using the equipment, and the cultural expressions of that process, requires a better understanding of a spatio-temporal context. Such an analysis will be conducted on warfare in Macedonia during the Late Iron Age and Archaic Period. Material data will be confronted with historical context and an argument regarding possible ways warfare was conducted during those periods will be put forward. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Contextology is the science of the dynamics of the conversational context. Contextology formulates laws governing how the shared information states of interlocutors evolve in response to assertion. More precisely, the contextologist attempts to construct a function which, when provided with just a conversation's pre-update context and the content of an assertion, delivers that conversation's post-update context. Most contextologists have assumed that the function governing the evolution of the context is simple: the post-update context is just the pre-update context intersected with the content of the assertion. We argue that this assumption is wrong: not only is it false, it is also incoherent given standard contextological assumptions. Moreover, it is impossible in principle to revise it to correctly describe the dynamics of context. We conclude that there can be no science of Contextology. The laws governing the evolution of the context in response to assertion must make essential reference to the private information states of interlocutors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In pursuit of a theory of expressive reasons, I focus on the practical rationality of actions such as welcoming, thanking, congratulating, saluting – I label them 'expressive actions.' How should we understand the kinds of practical reasons that count in favour of expressive actions? This question is related to the question of how to understand non-instrumental fittingness-type reasons for emotion. Expressive actions often are and should be expressions of emotion. It seems to be an important feature of such actions that the reasons that count in favour of the action are entangled with reasons of fittingness that count in favour of the relevantly connected emotion. But how should we understand this entanglement? I argue that the relevant category of reasons cannot be captured on approaches standard in normative theory. I develop a theory of sui generis expressive reasons. I argue that we have reason to perform actions that mark certain situations that contain some significant value or disvalue, independently of any reason to alter those situations. This is the role of expressive actions. Sui generis reasons for expressive actions are entangled with reasons for relevantly connected emotions because (some) emotions have the same role of marking extraordinary situations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The situationist experiments demonstrate that most people's behaviour is influenced by environmental factors much more than we expect, and that ordinary people can be led to behave very immorally. A number of philosophers have investigated whether these experiments demonstrate that subjects' responsibility-relevant capacities are impeded. This paper considers how, in practice, we can assess when agents have a reduced capacity to avoid wrongdoing. It critiques some previously offered strategies including appeals to the reasonable person standard, appeals to counterfactuals and understandability of behaviour, and appeals to base rates of wrongdoing. It then proposes we should think a certain factor impeded capacities when this is the best explanation of a change in patterns of responses. With this approach in hand, I then argue that subjects in many of the situationist experiments are (mostly) excused for their actions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Situationist social psychology shows that situational factors such as moods, time-pressure or the influence of an authority figure play a substantial part in driving human behaviour. There is a worry that such situationist pressure makes subjects incapable of responding to reasons. This is a problem because in many accounts of moral responsibility, the capacity to respond to reasons has been considered a necessary condition for agents to be morally responsible. Here, I look at recent developments of reason-based accounts that try to overcome the situationist challenge by offering situated accounts of moral responsibility. I argue that situated accounts of moral responsibility fall short of facing the situationist challenge because they do not consider the ways in which our capacities for responding to reasons are distributed beyond the individual both synchronically and diachronically. I build on cognitive science research, and I propose a distributed account that can overcome the situationist challenge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Consumer & Consumption Research / Tüketici ve Tüketim Araştırmaları Dergisi is the property of Beta Basim Yayin Dagitim and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Derived from two theoretical concepts--situation strength and trait activation--we develop and test an interactionistmodel governing the degree to which five-factormodel personality traits are related to job performance. One concept--situation strength--was hypothesized to predict the validities of all of the "Big Five" traits, while the effects of the other--trait activation--were hypothesized to be specific to each trait. Based on this interactionist model, personality--performance correlations were located in the literature, and occupationally homogeneous jobs were coded according to their theoretically relevant contextual properties. Results revealed that all five traits were more predictive of performance for jobs in which the process by which the work was done represented weak situations (e.g., work was unstructured, employee had discretion to make decisions). Many of the traits also predicted performance in job contexts that activated specific traits (e.g., extraversion better predicted performance in jobs requiring social skills, agreeableness was less positively related to performance in competitive contexts, openness was more strongly related to performance in jobs with strong innovation/ creativity requirements). Overall, the study's findings supported our interactionist model in which the situation exerts both general and specific effects on the degree to which personality predicts job performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This text intends to point out aspects of the Aristotelian moral agency, which presupposes that there is something, the character, which supports the existence of strong lines from the point of view of behavior, morals, of our moral constitution, and which ends up defining the way in which we act, and therefore operating as something that really defines us. This notion of character is the majority among Aristotle's commentators, although different interpretations can be defended about the scope of this character disposition in Aristotle. This conception has spread over time, but it has been questioned - at least its more traditional reading - by recent studies on social psychology, which attenuates or rejects the idea of a character that supports our moral agency, stating that this is not the case, but the situations that determine the action. From this perspective, we especially have Nisbet, Ross, Doris and Harman, who, based on the results concerning experimental social psychology, even claim that there would not be what we understand by character, which would imply a serious problem for the well-known ethics of virtues, as this requires, in most of its formulations, the idea of an absolutely robust character (Harman), which would allow us to predict the behavior of an agent in a given circumstance (Doris). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Personality psychology has enjoyed success with widely accepted and established taxonomies. This cannot be said for a psychology of situations, which has yet to establish a robust taxonomy of major dimensions of psychological situation characteristics across cultures and languages. We present 4 studies to uncover the dimensionality in the covariation patterns among characteristics with which participants describe situations. In Study 1, we conducted an emic lexical study in Hebrew, combined with an experience-sampling procedure using a closely representative sample of Hebrew-speaking Israelis. The procedure yielded six dimensions of situation characteristics that we call the Situational Six: Negativity, Positivity, Familiarity, Demandingness, Oddness, and Straightforwardness. We then confirmed in imposed-etic Studies 2 to 4 this 6-dimensional structure with adjectives in English among English-speaking U.S. participants. Relationships between the Situation Six and Big Five traits, emotions experienced in situ, the CAPTION model, and the DIAMONDS framework were analyzed to further interpret the meaning of the Situation Six dimensions. We discuss how this new taxonomy fits into and expands existing taxonomic models of situation characteristic dimensions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Slovak Journal for Educational Sciences / Pedagogika is the property of Slovak Academy of Sciences, Slovak Educational Research Society and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study explores the hymen's increased cultural significance, despite its non-functionality, smallness, and inconsequentiality to health. The discourse of virginity gave the hymen its importance and determined how human beings thought, lived, and even why they were killed in the name of its honor. Therefore, this study uses Michel Foucault's philosophy to analyze the body policy of virginity as a subjective way of experience and shows that western culture transforms women into subjects through virginity's discursive and non-discursive practices. This framework enables an analysis of virginity's legitimatization process as a scientific and objective reality that participates in Foucault's conception of the game of truth. In addition, I discuss some shifts in virginity's discursive and scientific practices; the possibility of avoiding this body policy; establishing women's own freedom, and allowing their recreation as a Foucauldian work of art without becoming an object of power. I follow Foucault's methodology, not explaining history in a linear/chronological fashion, but exposing the archaeology of virginity's historical development and transformation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relationship between the idyll and narration has a paradoxical nature: In its state of complete harmony, the idyll is beyond any change or development. In terms of narration, however, this poses a fundamental difficulty. This was a problem already recognized in Schiller's reflections on the idyll in the context of the philosophy of history, expounded in his essay On Naïve and Sentimental Poetry (Über naive und sentimentale Dichtung). By depicting a golden age, i. e., a state that can only ever be appreciated in retrospect, the idyll, according to Schiller, inspires, above all, the pursuit of such a state of harmony in the present. In identification of the idyllic consciousness, representation can only take the form of endangerment by external threats, and in certain cases, the successful overcoming of these threats. Conversely, it is only possible to show the idyll as a state not yet realized, still to be pursued from a perspective outside of the idyllic consciousness. Consequently, the device of a distant, masterful narrator is instrumental to the nuanced depiction of both Prague's Lesser Quarter (Malá Strana or Kleinseite) in Jan Neruda's eponymous tales and the Oblomovka country estate in Ivan Gončarov's novel Oblomov. In both instances, the narrative allows for a critique of the premature realization of pseudo-idyll. Furthermore, the idyll is put into perspective so that beyond signifying loss, its potential to inspire visions of the future is summoned. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers a new view on the philosophical heritage of Hryhorii Skovoroda in terms of natural philosophy, natural science and in particular the phenomenon of European alchemy. The study of Skovoroda's works in terms of natural philosophy reveals their natural scientific potential and the parallels with the philosophical basis of the spiritual alchemy of Late Medieval and Early Modern periods. Although Skovoroda rejects the established "material" vision of a Philosopher's Stone, one still could trace the parallels with alchemical concepts in the thinker's thought. The views of the philosopher resemble with the Freemasons' thought of those days. This fact additionally indicates the possibility of integrating Skovoroda's philosophy into the context of esoteric knowledge. Philosopher's thoughts interesting in an alchemical context are close to the natural philosophical literary tradition of the the 17th - 18th century Ukrainian Baroque, so one could suggest that the mentioned tradition in general was favorable to alchemical & natural philosophical knowledge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work concerns Walter Benjamin's theory of state of exception in the context of his philosophy of history, which is expressed above all in two important essays: Über den Begriff der Geschichte ("On the concept of history", 1942) and Zur Kritik der Gewalt ("Critique of violence", 1921). This paper tries to outline the metaphysical meaning of the distinction that Benjamin made between "state of exception" (Ausnahmezustand) as a condition of political and juridical oppression and the real state of exception (wirklich Ausnahmezustand), which instead Benjamin described as the revolutionary chance of the oppressed classes that we can think exclusively because of a Messianic conception of time (Jetztzeit) and history (historical materialism theologically interpreted). Thanks to this reconstruction of Benjamin's philosophy of history, the paper attempts to show - also through a comparison with the theories of Giorgio Agamben, Carl Schmitt, Jacob Taubes and Lenin - whether it is possible to think of a philosophy of law as a philosophy against law. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article explores the notion and peculiarities of fundamental rights of the individual in the modern, legal state. In this research, the author implements versatile, holistic, systematical (methodical) analysis of content and distinguishing features of the structural elements of the concept "legal status of the individual". Therefore, the theoretical and practical research of problems of development of fundamental human rights gives an opportunity to find new solutions in protections of relations concerning the individual's legal status. This study is also focusing on various approaches of well-known jurists on the essence, content and legislative consolidation of the fundamental rights of the individual. The author comes to a conclusion that in recent decades, the philosophy of law (with the theory of state and law) took under its active protection and guardianship man with his rights, freedoms and legitimate interests, and which have ceased to be the subject of national legislation's regulation, and moved to the international legal platform. Consequently, the government is obligated to guarantee fundamental human rights and freedoms. Hence, theoretical, methodological and practical analysis of problems of the individual' s legal status and elaboration of suggestions concerning the enhancement of national legislation, is one of the most actual problems of jurisprudence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Problems / Problemos is the property of Vilnius University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The purpose of this paper is to identify the upholders of the thesis reported by Plutarch, De Stoicorum repugnantiis 23, aimed to reject Stoic determinism. A brief introduction will be devoted to the relationship between this text and the more general context of the Stoic philosophy. Then, I will take into account the objection against Stoic determinism raised by some anonymous philosophers: according to it, causal determinism would be inconsistent with the choice among indistinguishables. Chrysippus replied that if that choice were not determined, it would occur without causes; and this would be absurd. Then I will summarize the most likely hypotheses about the identification of Chrysippus' opponents, and I will opt for Academics. Finally, I will try to conjecture the link between Plutarch's passage and the debate among Stoics and Academics about indistinguishables, as we know it from other sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Beytulhikme: An International Journal of Philosophy is the property of Beytulhikme: An International Journal of Philosophy and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article studies the origin, formation of the philosophy of science and its role as an instrument in the pursuit of scientific truth. It is emphasized on the relationship between philosophy and science in the context of finding an objective and adequate foundation of scientific knowledge through the application of methods, system of standards and principles defining the directions and objectives of scientific research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article studies the origin, formation of the philosophy of science and its role as an instrument in the pursuit of scientific truth. It is emphasized on the relationship between philosophy and science in the context of finding an objective and adequate foundation of scientific knowledge through the application of methods, system of standards and principles defining the directions and objectives of scientific research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While "special attention has been paid to affinities between Ibn Rushd and Ibn Taymiyya in respect to their" philosophical concepts, there is no exhaustive survey, to my knowledge, regarding which texts of Ibn Rushd were at the disposal of Ibn Taymiyya. Al-Shami did not recognize I Fa l al-maqal i among those works, something which misled some later scholars I . i Based on a reading of Ibn Taymiyya's I Bayan talbis al-Jahmiyya fi ta sis bida ihim al-kalamiyya, aw naqd t asis al-Jahmiyya i , one may easily discover that Ibn Taymiyya explicitly mentions this book by Ibn Rushd and quotes from it literally many times. As the latter does not exist, to my knowledge in any other available copy of I al-Kashf i , Ibn Taymiyya's I Dar i remains the only available testimony showing that it is part of Ibn Rushd's mentioned work. Assuming the availability and usefulness of the witness preserved by Ibn Taymiyya's I Dar i , and that this text where Ibn Rushd openly praised Ibn Tumart is an integral part of I al-Kashf i itself and not from another text of Ibn Rushd like his lost I Commentary on Ibn Tumart al- aqida (=al- Aqida al- umraniyya) i , one may claim that Ibn Taymiyya possessed three versions of I al-Kashf i : one is more ancient and used only in I Dar , i which seems to be more compatible with the beginnings of Ibn Rushd's career, i.e. when he was a proponent of the Ibn Tumart's creed. Al- ghiyyar elaborates here similarities between Ibn Taymiyya and Ibn Rushd, but he does not recognize any use by Ibn Taymiyya of Ibn Rushd's texts. [Extracted from the article]

Copyright of Journal of Social Sciences Institute / Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi is the property of Bingol University / Rectorate and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article offers information on the difference between Trolley-type cases and Hostage Situation of life. Topics discussed include requirement of the equal human respect and giving everyone an equal chance to be saved; contemporary philosophical discourse on life-and-death decisions matters has been dominated by Trolley-type cases; and familiar and inadequate widely prevalent perceptions of the normative field.

The present work is immersed in the context of the contemporary philosophy of science, especially of the semanticist philosophy of the structuralist metatheory. The general objective is the application of the structuralist program in philosophy of science to social sciences, especially sociology. Objectively, the work aims to reestablish the dialogue between the general philosophy of science and the special philosophy developed by scientists concerned with the foundations of their discipline, in this case, trying the influence of the research in the theory according to Robert K. Merton. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper advances the hypothesis of a theoretical affinity between alienation and shame. This attempt will be circumscribed by a narrow intention based on the work of the philosopher Rahel Jaeggi (2014). Specifically, the paper will try to outline a sociological translation of Jaeggi's thought, attempting at the same time to identify interpretive affinities between a Meadian social-theoretical reading of shame and a sociological translation of the German philosopher's theory of alienation, which is widely debated in the context of social philosophy. Shame and alienation can be associated in reference to their common twofold root: they are, at one and the same time, social events, objectified and exteriorized, and individual events, linked to subjective experience. Moreover, they both show further ambivalences. They are necessary to the stabilization of social bonds, but at the same time they can indicate the emergence of social pathologies. As we will see, a Meadian reading of shame can thus help to compensate for Jaeggi's lack of discussion of the social aspects of alienation and, at the same time, emphasize the alienation side of shame. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores the philosophical work of the Egyptian intellectual Abdel Rahman Badawi in order to uncover the meaning of the narratives of time and nothingness in his philosophy and in order to analyse the nature of the relationship between the two concepts. This relationship formed the main component governing the formation of his vision of the structure of existence as a whole. This study will be divided into three main sections. The first section will deal with Badawi's analysis of the problem of nothingness and its historical context, as well as the link between nothingness on the one hand and between the concepts of individuality and freedom on the other. The second section defines the structure of existence in his philosophy and the location of both time and nothingness. The third section will discuss the nature of the criticism presented by the Moroccan thinker Mohammed Abed al--Jabri of Badawi's reception of European existential philosophy in the context of Arab thought. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Merrill's (Education Tech Research Dev 50(3):43–59, 2002, First principles of instruction. In: Reigeluth CM, Carr-Chellman A (eds) Instructional-design theories and models: building a common knowledge base, vol III. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Hillsdale, NJ, pp 41–56, 2009) first principles have become ubiquitous in the instructional design literature and in the syllabi of instructional design graduate programs. Some consider first principles to be universal, that they are applicable to all instructional situations. To examine this closer, this research examines the galaxy question posed by Reigeluth and Carr-Chellman (Situational principles of instruction. In: Reigeluth CM, Carr-Chellman A (eds) Instructional-design theories and models: building a common knowledge base, vol III. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Hillsdale, NJ, pp 57–68, 2009a), which hypothesizes that universal principles and/or methods of instruction are unlikely. To examine the galaxy question, and to replicate and generalize instructional theory findings from previous research, this research asked two groups of instructional designers (one group from an Introductory instructional design course, and another group in a Capstone course) to rate the usefulness of 26 instructional methods for No Conditions (values), Situation (first principles), and Scenarios (rich conditions). The results show no significant difference in values about methods between the two groups, suggesting that the source of designer values comes from individual learning experiences, and not dominant group socialization as predicted. Furthermore, the results replicate and generalize findings from prior research. Overall, the results suggest that first principles are not universal, and the researcher suggests that another first principle be added to Merrill's first principles model to better represent the interests of the affective domain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Explores the vision of a British Empire of the English Renaissance polymath, John Dee (1527–1609), in its historical and intellectual contexts. • Highlights the connections between Dee's vision of a British Empire and Dee's occult, magical, and political pursuits. • Reviews how scholarship has increasingly reconstructed the centrality of Dee's "Cosmopolitics" to his worldview, biography, and era. • Suggests that further research into Dee's "esoteric imperialism" can shed light on the context, content, and networks of Dee's British Empire. The life and works of the English Renaissance polymath John Dee (1527–1609) have been traditionally treated by scholarship in the context of the history of philosophy and science. Only in recent decades have two of John Dee's most prominent and controversial endeavors - (1) his political philosophy and advocacy of a British Empire (a term he is credited with coining), and (2) his long-standing practice of angelic magic - been reconstructed in their significance to Dee's worldview. This paper highlights how Dee's visions of a British Empire and his angelic rituals were not only major landmarks in his corpus, but were intimately interconnected in Dee's ideology of "Cosmopolitics." Dee's "esoteric imperialism" is situated in the context of his intellectual, textual, and political environment, and his angelic magic is identified as fitting within the medieval Solomonic current. It is argued that both ideological trends coalesced in Dee's vision of an angelic-inspired British Empire. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The globalism objection poses two distinct challenges to Aristotelian views of virtue. On the one hand, the consistency thesis demands that a virtue is behaviorally expressed in a wide range of trait-relevant situations. On the other hand, the evaluative integration thesis suggests that the presence of one virtue increases the probability of other, similar virtues, posing a problem for Aristotle's reciprocity of the virtues thesis. I show that, by contrast to contemporary Aristotelian views and views attributed to Aristotle, Aristotle's own theory of virtue escapes the globalism objection. I address the consistency thesis by showing that each of Aristotle's moral virtues are narrower than commonly assumed. I then address the evaluative integration thesis through a discussion of practical wisdom (phronēsis), showing that Aristotle believed one could fall short of perfect virtue (the perfect possession of each virtue united by practical wisdom), while still being fully virtuous (where one's possession of practical wisdom may be local). The upshot is that, despite idealizations of virtue throughout the Nicomachean Ethics, Aristotle held a realistic account of virtue, one that is different from contemporary Aristotelian views, and one that is empirically adequate insofar as it allows for more than a few virtuous people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Epistemologists typically assume that the acquisition of knowledge from testimony is not threatened at the stage at which audiences interpret what proposition a speaker has asserted. Attention is instead typically paid to the epistemic status of a belief formed on the basis of testimony that it is assumed has the same content as the speaker's assertion. Andrew Peet has pioneered an account of how linguistic context sensitivity can threaten the assumption. His account locates the threat in contexts in which an audience's evidence under-determines which proposition a speaker is asserting. I argue that Peet's epistemic uncertainty account of the threat is mistaken and I propose an alternative. The alternative locates the threat in contexts that provide factors that give audiences a mistaken psychological certainty or confidence that a speaker has asserted a proposition she has not. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Humans achieve their goals in joint action tasks either by cooperation or competition. In the present study, we investigated the neural processes underpinning error and monetary rewards processing in such cooperative and competitive situations. We used electroencephalography (EEG) and analyzed event-related potentials (ERPs) triggered by feedback in both social situations. 26 dyads performed a joint four-alternative forced choice (4AFC) visual task either cooperatively or competitively. At the end of each trial, participants received performance feedback about their individual and joint errors and accompanying monetary rewards. Furthermore, the outcome, i.e., resulting positive, negative, or neutral rewards, was dependent on the pay-off matrix, defining the social situation either as cooperative or competitive. We used linear mixed effects models to analyze the feedback-related-negativity (FRN) and used the Threshold-free cluster enhancement (TFCE) method to explore activations of all electrodes and times. We found main effects of the outcome and social situation, but no interaction at mid-line frontal electrodes. The FRN was more negative for losses than wins in both social situations. However, the FRN amplitudes differed between social situations. Moreover, we compared monetary with neutral outcomes in both social situations. Our exploratory TFCE analysis revealed that processing of feedback differs between cooperative and competitive situations at right temporo-parietal electrodes where the cooperative situation elicited more positive amplitudes. Further, the differences induced by the social situations were stronger in participants with higher scores on a perspective taking test. In sum, our results replicate previous studies about the FRN and extend them by comparing neurophysiological responses to positive and negative outcomes in a task that simultaneously engages two participants in competitive and cooperative situations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The role of situational ethnicity in consumption behavior is examined, and the relationship between ethnicity and consumption is argued to be affected by the situational contexts in which choices are made. Situational effects are proposed to operate through changes in the level of felt ethnicity and in the relationship between felt ethnicity and behavior. An empirical study demonstrates these effects by showing the impact of two situational dimensions--social surroundings and antecedent conditions--on ethnic food choices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is argued theoretically that the attitudinal gain from advertising repetition should continue to increase rather than level off when consumers fail to generate cognitive responses to message arguments in earlier exposures. An experiment shows that repetition continues to increase brand attitudes and purchase intentions in conditions where support and counter argument production is expected to be low, but that these attitudinal gains level off under conditions in which a high level of such production is expected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Greater economy in theory and improved research design can result from integrating existing contingency approaches to organization and leadership. This article presents the conceptual and empirical basis for a possible combining of Fiedler's contingency model of leadership effectiveness and Lawrence and Lorsch's contingency organization theory.1 Using perceived environmental uncertainty as the integrating concept, in two independent studies, a measure of decision uncertainty was found to be significantly related to Fiedler's dimension of situational favorability. These results, along with a number of others, suggest that Fiedler's and Lawrence and Lorsch's work can be meaningfully joined. The implications of these findings for theory and future research are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present a problem-centered organizing framework of trust, in which prominent conceptualizations of trust and distrust from the organizational and allied social sciences are categorized based on the questions they attempt to answer. The framework we outline here is intended to complement earlier typologies by suggesting alternative strategies for employing the diverse trust literature, identifying questions that could be profitably addressed through interdisciplinary research efforts, and distinguishing disagreements where debate and research would seem to be especially worthwhile from those where such activities would appear to be much less useful. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

General and operational definitions of attitude imply assumptions that choice behavior is independent of situational factors. It is suggested that the attitude concept be redefined and choice behavior be studied as a function of the choice situation. The experiment in this article demonstrates the S-R inventory approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article attempts to prove that it is not possible to develop a general theory of management and applies an existential theory of management in the issues in dispute surrounding management theory. The discipline of ontology, which is the science of existence. is used as a framework for organizing the existential manager. Many fields of study such as mathematics and psychology have failed to consider the situational nature of the manager. Similarly, management theory in all its forms has failed to consider situationality. The ontological approach may contribute to the reconstruction of management theory by returning to the core of the subject, reconstructing from the center outward.