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The sima inscription is an edict issued by the king as a gift given to certain parties. One of the reasons for its bestowment is as a reward to those who have shown him loyalty. This paper studies the forms of loyalty shown by the Ancient Javanese People to the king and the factors that influenced it. The study aims to give an understanding of the relationship that existed between the Ancient Javanese people and the king in the XIII–XV Centuries AD. The results of this research provides new insight for the effort to reconstruct the life of the Ancient Javanese people. The method used in this study consists of data collection, data analysis, and interpretation. Based on this series of studies, it can be determined that there are multiple forms of loyalties shown by the Ancient Javanese people to the king and multiple factors that influenced its formation.

Purpose: This paper aims to explore accounting and accountability in sima policies during the Medang Kingdom era. Methodology/approach: Accounting and accountability was viewed using Foucault's Power-Knowledge perspective Findings: Accountability during the Medang Kingdom was rooted in eight practices in the lives of leaders known as Astabrata. Sima's policy as a reflection of Astabrata is closely related to the functions of accounting, accountability and control. Evidence shows that accounting power is manifested in many ways, including determining the size of the sima, business limits, determining pasek-pasek, the rights and obligations of sima leaders regarding reporting, and recording on inscriptions and palm leaves. This paper argues that accounting plays a role in legitimizing power through knowledge that develops in society through these eight life practices Practical and Theoretical contribution/Originality: Accountability studies taken from the royal period are relatively rare, so that research can be carried out by using a knowledge of power perspective as a tool to reveal the accountability of sima policies Research Limitation: The limitations of the research lie in the data source, namely the research inscription may not be able to provide a complete picture of accounting and accountability practices at that time

With the translation of Kevin Lynch’s book, the “Image of the City”, new literature was added to Iranian architecture and urban planning. In this book, Image, the picture (or perception) of the city was translated to “Sima” regardless of its linguistic roots. With the introduction of the landscape architecture discipline, a new theoretical framework was added to the architecture and urban planning literature. Later, “Chesm Andaz” was also used by some experts as an equivalent for the term “landscape”. The use of these three words interchangeably has caused confusion in the translation of the concept of landscape or narrowed down its real meanings. This comparative study drew upon the European Commission’s definition of landscape to examine the extent to which vocabulary can convey the meaning of landscape in Persian. This study employed library research and lexicographical analysis. The two basic components of the landscape are dependence on the external place and the importance of the human mind and perception in his interactions with the environment. Nazar, in the language of Iranian thinkers, is a dynamic tool used for raising new awareness based on the perception of sensations, and “Manzar” is the name of the place in which this phenomenon occurs. Compared to “Sima,” and “Chesm Andaz”, “Manzar” conveys a more complete sensory perception, and especially compared to “Chesm Andaz”, perception is distant and does not necessarily have a positive attribute. “Manzar” and “Sima” are not synonymous and interchangeable in terms of meaning. “Sima”, in the late meaning, is focused on form and does not express the subjectivity behind the form, therefore it can be considered a landscape form. The observer’s continuous conflict with the form of “Manazar” and is accompanied by its memories implies him from the image to the landscape. Compared to the stability of “Sima” and “Chem Andaz”, the level of the “Manzar” is more compatible with the dynamics of the landscape.

The effect of Strain-Induced Melt-Activated (SIMA) Process, ultrasonic treatment (UST) and Al-5Ti-1B refiner on the microstructure and globularity of Al–15%Mg2Si composite was studied. Deformation of 25% were used. After deformation the samples were heated at 560, 580 and 595 °C for 5, 10, 20 and 40 min. The composite was treated with different amounts of the Ti concentrations and ultrasonic treatment with different power. Microstructural study was carried out on the alloy. It was observed that SIMA process, ultrasonic treatment and Al-5Ti-1B refiner has caused the globular morphology of Mg2Si particles. The results showed that for the desired microstructures of the alloy during SIMA process, the optimum temperature and time are 595 °C and 20 min respectively. Optimum amount of Ti refiner is 1 wt.% and power for UST is 1800W. After applying the SIMA process, Al-5Ti-1B master alloy and ultrasonic treatment, the strength and engagement have increased. This means that tensile strength increases from 251 MPa to 303 MPa and elongation percentage improves from 2.1 to 3.4, respectively.

The effect of strain-induced melt-activated (SIMA) process, ultrasonic treatment (UST) and Al-5Ti-1B refiner on the microstructure and globularity of Al-15%Mg2Si composite was studied. Deformation of 25% were used. After deformation the samples were heated at 560, 580 and 595°C for 5, 10, 20 and 40 min. The composite was treated with different amounts of the Ti concentrations and ultrasonic treatment with different power. Microstructural study was carried out on the alloy. It was observed that SIMA process, ultrasonic treatment and Al-5Ti-1B refiner has caused the globular morphology of Mg2Si particles. The results showed that for the desired microstructures of the alloy during SIMA process, the optimum temperature and time were 595°C and 20 min, respectively. Optimum amount of Ti refiner was 1 wt.%, and power for UST was 1800 W. After applying the SIMA process, Al-5Ti-1B master alloy and ultrasonic treatment, the strength and engagement have increased. This means that tensile strength increased from 251 MPa to 303 MPa and elongation percentage improved from 2.1 to 3.4, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of the thixoforming and the precipitation hardening heat treatment on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Al-10.5Si–3Cu-0.2Mg alloy produced by the strain-induced melt activation (SIMA) process have been investigated. According to previous researches of authors, new introduced alloy has superior mechanical properties in addition to good response to aging process compared with the casting aluminum alloys. The results of the image analysis showed that by increasing the deformation from 10% to 20% and the time of semi-solid heat treatment from 10 to 20 min, the best globular structure of α(Al) grains with the grain size and shape factor of 65 μm and 0.81 were obtained at 15 min for 20% pre-deformation, respectively. The thixoforming process increased the ultimate tensile strength of the alloy about 29%, the yield strength about 37% and the elongation about 6%, compared to the as cast condition. The 20% pre-deformed sample experienced precipitation hardening heat treatment in addition to thixoforming had the best mechanical properties having UTS, YS, elongation and hardness of 423 MPa, 331 MPa, 4.41%, and 144.24 BHN, respectively. Thixoforming plus precipitation hardening is an effective procedure to produce a particular microstructure in Al–Si–Cu–Mg system exhibiting the excellent castability and high mechanical properties.

The ZCuSn10Pb10 alloy cladding was connected to the Q235 steel substrate by melting-casting. The semi-solid treatment of ZCuSn10Pb10 alloy was carried out by strain induced melt activation (SIMA) method, which included two stages of extrusion and partial remelting. Then the as-extruded ZCuSn10Pb10 alloy was joined with the Q235 steel substrate containing the cladding layer in the partial remelting stage. The microstructure, interfacial diffusion behavior and interfacial properties of the bimetallic composite were studied. The results showed that the diffusion behavior of elements at the copper/steel interface after semi-solid and cladding treatment was mainly reflected in the increase of the thickness of the diffusion layer of Sn and Cu elements. The average shear strength of the samples treated with semi-solid and cladding layer could reach 193.0 MPa, and the fracture occurred between the copper layer and the cladding layer. For semi-solid treated composite, the energy stored during pre-deformation and semi-solid slurry formed during remelting are important factors for forming a good interface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aluminum matrix composites are candidate materials for aerospace and automotive industries owing to their specific properties such as high elastic modulus (E), improved strength and low wear rate. The effect of thixoforming process on the wear behavior of an Al-Mg2Si composite was studied in this paper. During applying thixoforming process, casting defects such as macrosegration, shrinkage and porosity are being effectively reduced. These advantages are sufficient to attract more exploration works of thixoforming operation. Thermal analysis of the composite, as-cast microstructure, wear surface and subsurface area of the thixoformed alloy were investigated. Wear behavior of the specimens were examined using a pin-on-disk machine based on ASTM-G99, at the applied loads of 25, 50 and 75 N and the constant sliding velocity of 0.25m/s. The worn surfaces and subsurfaces were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The experimental results indicated that the thixoformed specimens exhibited superior wear resistance than the as-cast alloy. Moreover, the dominant wear mechanism is an adhesive wear followed by the formation of a mechanical mixed layer (MML). However, a severer wear regime occurs in the as cast specimens compared with the thixoformed ones

Aluminum matrix composites are candidate materials for aerospace and automotive industries owing to their specific properties such as high elastic modulus (E), suitable strength and low wear rate. The effect of thixoforming process on the wear behavior of an Al-Mg2Si composite sample was studied in this paper. In thixoforming process, casting defects such as macrosegration, shrinkage and porosity are reduced significantly. These advantages are sufficient to attract further studies on thixoforming operation. Thermal analysis of the composite sample, as-cast microstructure, wear surface and subsurface area of the thixoformed alloy were investigated. Wear behavior of the specimens were examined using a pin-on-disk machine based on ASTM-G99, at the applied loads of 25, 50 and 75 N and the constant sliding velocity of 0.25m/s. The worn surfaces and subsurfaces were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The experimental results indicated that the thixoformed specimens exhibited superior wear resistance than the as-cast alloy. Moreover, the dominant wear mechanism is an adhesive wear followed by the formation of a mechanical mixed layer (MML). However, a severe wear regime occurs in the as cast specimens compared to the thixoformed counterparts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Este estudo propõe caracterizar Simá: romance histórico do Alto Amazonas (1857), de Lourenço da Silva Araújo e Amazonas, como um “romance épico”, entendido como uma variante de romance histórico distinta da escola hegemônica representada por José Alencar. Esse romance, cujos modelos literários são a Ilíada e a Eneida, elege o rapto da mameluca Simá, chamada de “Helena do Rio Negro”, como a causa imediata da Rebelião de Lamalonga (1757). O romance narra, no plano histórico, o massacre da nação indígena dos Manau pela armada portuguesa e, no plano individual, o destino trágico da protagonista, apresentada como uma vítima inocente do conflito entre Portugal e Espanha. Publicado no mesmo ano de O Guarani (1857), Simá oferece não uma narrativa mítica, como esse célebre romance, mas uma narrativa épica sobre a colonização europeia da Amazônia brasileira.

In this study, I revisit the long-standing debate over the origin of the T'ongdosa ordination platform, drawing on Daoxuan's commentary on the sīmā (monastic boundary). I argue that the initial platform was far from the type of stone structure it is now, but rather was an exposed, leveled ground built on an elevated terrace at the northwest corner of the monastery proper. In combination with the ordination facility and the Buddhist pagoda, the initial ordination platform of T'ongdosa served as an important model for those subsequently built in Unified Silla and beyond. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes to characterize Simá: a historical novel of the upper Amazon (1857), by Lourenço da Silva Araújo e Amazonas, as an "Epic Novel", which is defined as a variation of the historical novel distinct from the hegemonic school represented by José de Alencar. This novel, whose literary models are the Iliad and the Aeneid, elects the abduction of the mixed race Simá -- the "Rio Negro's Helen" --, as the immediate cause of the Lamalonga Rebellion (1757). The novel tells, in the historic sphere, the massacre of indigenous Manau nation by the Portuguese navy and, in the individual sphere, the tragic destiny of the heroine, which is presented as an innocent victim of the conflict between Portugal and Spain. The form of this pioneering novel of Brazilian Indianism is, paradoxically, inseparable from that used by earlier epics, contrary to what Lukacs' definition of a historical novel suggests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A homogeneous equiaxed grain structure is necessary for semisolid forming of aluminum alloys. One of the methods used to obtain such microstructure is strain induced melt activated process. The aim of this work is to optimize the heat treatment parameters for extruded 7075 alloy required to obtain the spheroidal grain structure suitable for thixoforging. For this purpose, 7075 was subjected to isothermal heat treatment at two different temperatures, 620 and 630 ∘C for 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35 and 40 min. Optical microscopy analysis and mechanical tests were carried out to characterize the effects of different isothermal heat treatment parameters. Optimal heat treatment parameters were determined by the change in mechanical properties and microstructure. It was found that at 630 ∘C for 25 min resulted in 564 MPa yield stress, 616 MPa tensile stress and 5.3% elongation as the highest values in the experimental work carried out in this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Strain Induced Melt Activation (SIMA) process is one of the semi-solid forming processes for preparation of non-dendritic microstructures. In current work, the effects of SIMA process on microstructure and electrochemical behavior of Al-Zn-In sacrificial anode were studied. The effect of plastic deformation on the semi-solid microstructure of Al-Zn-In alloy is investigated by applying 10–40% uniaxial compression at ambient temperature and semi-solid treatment was carried out in the range of 635–660 °C for 40 min. Investigation of the electrochemical behavior of anode and Tafel polarization test are performed in 3.5 wt% sodium chloride solution. The results indicate that microstructure of the SIMA processed specimens is finer and more spherical than that of the as-received material. The sphericity increases significantly with the increase of the compression ratio from 10 to 30%, but the variation rate of the average grain size increases and the shape factor decreases with more increase of the compression ratio up to 40%. The average size and sphericity of α-Al solid grains increase with the increase of the heat treatment temperature. Electrochemical tests results show that plastic deformation up to 30% following heat treatment at 650 °C increases the anode efficiency. Furthermore, SEM results indicated uniform corrosion under the aforementioned condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this research to interpret the phenomenon of taxation accountability at the time of ancient Bali (IX-XV AD). Through of interpretive study with Ethnoarchaeology method archaeological and ethnographic data integration, the phenomenon of taxation accountability that time can be traced. Based on the interpretation of the results, the accountability of the tax period in which the tax levied by the royal society through the tax collector (Sang mangnalila drbya haji) according to the rules applicable. Certain regions (swatantra) released his tax payments (called sima) for any reason. Tax "rotting banyu" for people who do the processing of irrigation (Subak) is set at 1 masaka. Recording various types of tax of the kingdom to the reporting and accountability by the royal treasurer to King had done.

This article aims to uncover the accounting practices of Sĩma. The archaeological context is used as a research method to collect data, to interpret and to understand a culture. The results concluded that the accounting practices of sima had purposes to: (1) give privileges to certain areas; (2) establish and balanced the powers of social religious institution. The accounting practices and the role of the accountant (called Citralekha) are visible on the ritual ceremonies of Sĩma. The values reflected in the accounting practice were the blessings and the peace of life, as well as the self purity.

This study was undertaken to investigate the influence of predeformation in rotary swaging strain induced melt activation (SIMA) process on the microstructural characteristics and mechanical properties of C5191 copper alloy. In this paper, plastic energy was utilized as an indicator to assess the value of stored energy in materials. The plastic energy of rotary swaging (RS) under different conditions was calculated by numerical simulation using FORGE 3D software and integral equations. The results showed that the plastic energy of RS was only related to the billet radial strain, and the plastic energy of each pass reduced with the increasing of the RS passes number. The twinning and dislocation distributions in the rotary swaged materials and semi-solid materials were analyzed by the electron backscatter diffraction technique. These results illustrated the migration of high-angle boundaries were migrated and defects were removed during recrystallization. Semi-solid C5191 alloy were prepared under different radial strains. It was found that the increase of plastic energy, decrease the spherical grains formation duration. Meanwhile, the high plastic energy promoted the refinement of spherical grains, the reduction of neck-grains number, and the enhancement of hardness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Semi-solid feedstock of AZ80 magnesium alloy modified by trace rare-earth Y element (0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8 wt. %) was fabricated by strain-induced melting activation (SIMA) in the form of extrusion and partial remelting. The effect of Y addition on the microstructure evolution of the extruded and isothermally heat treated alloy was observed by using an optical microscope (OM), scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and quantitative analysis. The results show that the Y addition can refine the microstructure and make the βMg17Al12 phases agglomerate. During the subsequent isothermal treatment at 570 °C, the average solid grain size, shape factor and liquid fractions increased with the prolonged soaking time. The smaller spheroidal solid grains and larger shape factor were obtained in the semi-solid microstructure due to Y addition. The coalescence and Ostwald ripening mechanism operated the coarsening process of solid grains simultaneously. The coarsening rate constants of AZ80M1 (0.2 wt. % Y addition) of 164.22 μm³⋅s-1 was approximately four times less than the un-modified AZ80 alloy of 689.44 μm³⋅s-1. In contrast, the desirable semi-solid structure featured, with fine and well globular solid grains, an appropriate liquid fraction, and shape factor was achieved in AZ80M1 alloy treated at 570 °C for 20-30 min. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The word 'Landscape1' is an ancient and widely used terminology which denotes different meanings in different school of thoughts. Even though over the course of time it has been emerged in different forms, it and all its associated forms of the word signify a single meaning. The history of Iranian linguistics and anthropology shows that people have been conscious of landscape and its conceptualization. Landscape in Persian language is equivalent to "Manzar". Landscape and its group of equivalent words in Iranian sources date back to early Islamic centuries. Attention to different layers of the meaning of the landscape and has led to Persian word coinage. Although all words apparently explain "a scene in front of an observer", they are differently conceptualized. There seems to be a hierarchy of meaning systems which begins with a neutral and non-moving image in front of a human being and ends with a dynamic, human-dependent image. The emergence of Iranian gardens since the first millennium BC, as landscape artifacts reflecting the interpretation of the nature, shows that landscape has received attention in an old and rich culture of Iran. This article reviews the pertinent literature of the word landscape in Persian language and shows how it is represented in Iranian civilization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides a theoretical specification of a case-driven methodology to develop and examine mental architectures 1 . The challenges of regular interdisciplinary collaboration are tackled by combining casuistry, use-case driven software engineering, and simulation in a novel way. A shared representation of the problem space by exemplary cases supports requirements analysis. By providing such common platform that enables perspectives for different disciplines, the case-driven methodology is able to support interdisciplinary knowledge translation. For re- quirement and model specification use-case inspired methods are used. To validate and examine mental architectures agent-based simulation is proposed, enabling us to test the specified as- sumptions and the model's plausibility. 1 Model details and simulation results are described in [8] and [6] . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microstructural and mechanical behaviors of semi-solid 7075 aluminum alloy were investigated during semi-solid processing. The strain induced melt activation (SIMA) process consisted of applying uniaxial compression strain at ambient temperature and subsequent semi-solid treatment at 600-620 °C for 5-35 min. Microstructures were characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). During the isothermal heating, intermetallic precipitates were gradually dissolved through the phase transformations of α-Al + η (MgZn2) → liquid phase (L) and then α-Al + Al2CuMg (S) + Mg2Si → liquid phase (L). However, Fe-rich precipitates appeared mainly as square particles at the grain boundaries at low heating temperatures. Cu and Si were enriched at the grain boundaries during the isothermal treatment while a significant depletion of Mg was also observed at the grain boundaries. The mechanical behavior of different SIMA processed samples in the semi-solid state were investigated by means of hot compression tests. The results indicated that the SIMA processed sample with near equiaxed microstructure exhibits the highest flow resistance during thixoforming which significantly decreases in the case of samples with globular microstructures. This was justified based on the governing deformation mechanisms for different thixoformed microstructures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]