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Na+ ⁃ K+ ⁃ 2Cl- cotransporter 1 (NKCC1) which plays an important role in the dynamic balance of Cl- ions, is one of the cation⁃chloride cotransporter. It is a membrane protein that transferred the mediates Na+ , K+ and Cl- . The expression quantity or activity of NKCC1 changes with the changes in physiological and pathological conditions, thereby regulating the intracellular concentration of Cl- and the excitability of neurons. This article reviews the NKCC1's expression and regulation mode of activity as well as the effects of NKCC1 in the pathogenesis of various neurological diseases and the effects in the treatment, aiming at providing theoretical clues for the relevant future studies. doi：10.3969/j.issn.1672⁃6731.2021.03.016

The appearance of turbidity and sedimentation during wine storage, transportation and sale, can seriously affect the sensory quality and the shelf-life of wine. Using four turbid young bottled red wines (turbid and lusterless) as test materials, the turbid types were examined by microscope, and the physicochemical indexes and sensory characteristics of the wine samples were systematically analyzed. The characteristics and possible causes of turbid in young bottled red wines were discussed. The results showed that non-biological turbidity was responsible for the turbid wine samples. Besides tartar precipitate, there were also pigmentation and iron precipitation. All four samples tested exhibited aged characteristics both in color and aroma. The samples were brownish-red in color with a prominent yellow hue (b*), and the polymeric anthocyanins accounted for 76.61% to 82.16% of the total anthocyanins, while with only 6.54% to 7.90% of the monomeric anthocyanins. Aged aromas such as toast and spice odors were dominant, and with a lack of grape varietal aromas, and oxidized and acetic acid notes in some cases. The results of correlation analysis further suggested that the aging of wine samples was largely related to the oxidation of wine samples during storage. Suitable storage conditions might be crucial to stabilize the quality of young bottled red wines.

Na+-K+-2Cl- cotransporter 1 (NKCC1) which plays an important role in the dynamic balance of Cl ions, is one of the cation-chloride cotransporter. It is a membrane protein that transferred the mediates Na+, K+ and Cl-. The expression quantity or activity of NKCC1 changes with the changes in physiological and pathological conditions, thereby regulating the intracellular concentration of Cl- and the excitability of neurons. This article reviews the NKCC1's expression and regulation mode of activity as well as the effects of NKCC1 in the pathogenesis of various neurological diseases and the effects in the treatment, aiming at providing theoretical clues for the relevant future studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mammalian oocytes within Graafian follicles are arrested at prophase I of meiosis. C-type natriuretic peptide (NPPC), secreted by mural granulosa cells (MGCs), maintains oocyte meiotic arrest via binding to its cognate receptor natriuretic peptide receptor 2 (NPR2) and producing cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP). NPR2 is most concentrated in the cumulus cells. In addition, cAMP, gap junction, inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH) and other important regulatory factors are also involved in meiotic arrest. Luteinizing hormone (LH) then rapidly decreases cGMP and induces oocyte meiotic resumption. In this paper, advances in the molecular mechanisms of meiotic arrest and LH-induced meiotic resumption were reviewed. This paper may provide new ideas for the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of related reproductive diseases.

Aim: To study the effects of caspases on cerebromicrovascular endothelial cell apoptosis induced by hypoxia in vitro., Methods: The cultured bovine cerebromicrovascular endothelial cells were exposed to NaCN in glucose-free medium. Cell viability was determined by trypan blue staining. Cell apoptosis was defined by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end-labeling (TUNEL) and flow cytometry. The expression of caspase-3 was detected by immunocytochemical method. Four caspase inhibitors were used to validate the effect of caspases on cell apoptosis., Results: NaCN in glucose-free medium initiated cerebromicrovascular endothelial cell injury markedly and typical apoptotic cells were found in this model. The expression of caspase-3 increased significantly. Four caspase inhibitors decreased the number of injured cells. Selective inhibitor of caspase-1 and -6 reduced expression of caspase-3 significantly., Conclusion: The results suggest that caspases family plays an important role in cerebromicrovascular endothelial cell apoptosis induced by NaCN and caspase-3 acts on the downstream of caspase-1 and -6 in protease cascade action to induce apoptosis.

Aim: To study the effect of puerarin on vascular endothelial cells apoptosis induced by chemical hypoxia-ischemia in vitro., Methods: The chemical hypoxia-ischemia model was performed by treating cultured bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAECs) with NaCN in glucose-free medium. Cell viability was determined by trypan blue staining. Cell apoptosis was defined by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL), flow cytometry and Hoechst 33342 staining. The expression of Caspase-3 in endothelial cells was detected by immunocytochemical method., Results: Chemical hypoxia-ischemia was shown to initiate bovine aortic endothelial cell apoptosis. Puerarin (0.5-3 mmol.L-1) was found to inhibit endothelial cell apoptosis effectively, and reduce the expression of Caspase-3 significantly., Conclusion: Puerarin can protect apoptotic endothelial cells induced by chemical hypoxia-ischemia markedly and the effect was performed partly by decreasing Caspase-3 expression.