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The economic impact of gastrointestinal (GI) nematode infections on livestock production is well documented worldwide. Increasing evidence supports the hypothesis that parasite colonization induces significant changes in the GI tract environment and, therefore, in the landscape where the microbiota and parasites occur. Understanding the interactions between bacterial and parasite populations in the digestive tract of livestock may be useful to design parasite control strategies based on microbiota modification. The aims of this work were to investigate the impact of the oxytetracycline-mediated manipulation of the gut microbial community on the composition of GI nematode populations in naturally infected sheep and to explore changes in the GI microbial communities after nematode population treatment with the anthelmintic compound monepantel. Extensive manipulation of the GI microbiota with a therapeutic dose of the long-acting oxytetracycline formulation did not induce significant changes in the GI nematode burden. The gut microbiota of treated animals returned to control levels 17 days after treatment, suggesting strong resilience of the sheep microbial community to antibiotic-mediated microbiota perturbation. A significant decrease of the bacterial Mycoplasmataceae family (Log2FC = -4, Padj = 0.001) and a marked increase of the Methanobacteriaceae family (Log2FC = 2.9, Padj = 0.018) were observed in the abomasum of sheep receiving the monepantel treatment. While a comprehensive evaluation of the interactions among GI mycoplasma, methanobacteria and nematode populations deserves further assessment, the bacteria-nematode population interactions should be included in future control programs in livestock production. Understanding how bacteria and parasites may influence each other in the GI tract environment may substantially contribute to the knowledge of the role of microbiota composition in nematode parasite establishment and the role of the parasites in the microbiota composition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Blood parasites pose a significant threat to livestock production in southern Egypt, yet there is a scarcity of information regarding their circulation and epidemiology in sheep in this region. This study aimed to investigate the seroprevalence of blood parasite infections in sheep in Assiut governorate, Upper Egypt. Methods: A total of 400 blood samples were collected from sheep of varying ages and genders. The preliminary screening for the presence of piroplasms, mainly Babesia and Theileria spp., via microscopic examination, followed by investigation of the potential risk factors linked with the exposure to infection. Moreover, molecular identification of both parasites on some of positive samples was performed using PCR targeting Babesia 18S rRNA and Theileria annulata Tams1 gene. Results: The microscopic examination revealed that among the examined sheep, there was an overall prevalence of blood parasites at 44% (176 out of 400), with Babesia spp. observed in 14% (56 out of 400) and Theileria spp. in 30% (120 out of 400). Furthermore, the infection rate was non-significantly higher in young animals (50%) compared to adults (38.5%) (P = 0.246). Male sheep exhibited a significantly higher vulnerability to both parasites’ infection (63.3%) compared to females (35.7%) (P = 0.011). Interestingly, the prevalence of both blood parasites was significantly higher during the cold season (66.1%) compared to the hot season (15.9%) (P = <0.001). The molecular analysis identified the presence of Babesia ovis and Theileria annulata among a subsample of the positive sheep’s bloods films. The identified species were recorded in the GenBankTM databases and assigned specific accession numbers (OQ360720 and OQ360719 for B. ovis), and (OP991838 for T. annulata). Conclusions: Taken together, this study confirms a high prevalence of piroplasmosis and oers epidemiological and molecular insights into blood parasites in sheep from Upper Egypt, highlighting the importance of detecting these parasites in various hosts and their competent vectors (ticks) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Haemonchus contortus, a blood-feeding parasite in grazing sheep, causes economic losses. Drug resistance necessitates exploring plant-based anthelmintics like Artemisia cina (Asteraceae). The plant, particularly its ethyl acetate extract, shows anthelmintic activity against H. contortus. However, there is limited information on pharmacodynamic interactions in ethyl acetate compounds. The study aims to identify pharmacodynamic interactions in the ethyl acetate extract of A. cina with anthelmintic effects on H. contortus eggs and L3 larvae using binary mixtures. Bioactive compounds were isolated via chromatography and identified using spectroscopic techniques. Pharmacodynamic interactions were assessed through binary mixtures with a main compound. Four bioactive compounds were identified: 1-nonacosanol, hentriacontane, peruvin, and cinic acid. Binary mixtures, with peruvin as the main compound, were performed. Peruvin/1-nonacosanol-hentriacontane and peruvin/cinic acid mixtures demonstrated 1.42-fold and 4.87-fold increased lethal effects in H. contortus L3 infective larvae, respectively, at a 0.50LC25/0.50LC25 concentration. In this work, we determined the synergism between bioactive compounds isolated from the ethyl acetate extract of A. cina and identified unreported compounds for the specie. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ovine haemonchosis always a possible cause of anemia or mortality in sheep, and its need much moisture to survive and is rare in dry parts of the globe. The economic important of coccidiosis of one or more species of Eimeria that cause infections in sheep, its widely thought to infect sheep until the last three decades. These parasites leading causes of anemia in sheep in several world regions. The current study was conducted to traditionally and molecularly detect Haemonchus contortus and Eimeria spp in intestinal fecal contents of slaughtered sheep in Al-Diwaniyah city, Iraq. The investigation started with collecting 170 samples of fecal contents from intestines of slaughtered sheep. The samples were exposed to microscopic examination (flotation method) and real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). The findings of the microscopic examination revealed the presence of H. contortus eggs in 63 (37.1%) samples and Eimeria spp oocysts in 39 (22.9%) samples of the intestinal contents. The RT-qPCR showed that H. contortus was detected in 49/63 (77.8%) samples and Eimeria spp in 18/39 (46.2%) positive microscopic samples of the intestinal contents. The present investigation displays significant Haemonchus contortus and Eimeria spp occurrences in the intestinal content samples of the examined sheep from Al-Diwaniyah city, Iraq.

Simple Summary: Ingesting meat from lamb or mutton containing cysts of Toxoplasma gondii can lead to human infection, defined as toxoplasmosis. Many studies worldwide reported high antibody levels to T. gondii in sheep, but this does not always indicate that tissues destined for consumption contain infectious cysts. This study aimed to understand T. gondii occurrence in sheep muscles and the correlation between seropositivity and parasite presence. Samples from 349 sheep (blood, heart and diaphragm) underwent ELISA, real-time PCR and histological testing. Despite high seroprevalence rates, T. gondii DNA was found in only 3.7% of tested sheep (13/349), all adults. Histological tests did not detect T. gondii tissue cysts in any samples tested. The results agree with previously published research and might be influenced by the uneven distribution of tissue cysts in carcasses or muscle and by the analytical methods used. Toxoplasma gondii is a zoonotic pathogen and the ingestion of tissue cysts by consumption of lamb or mutton has been identified as a possible cause of infection in humans. Many serological surveys in sheep have been performed, showing relevant serological rates; however, while the detection of antibodies indicates an exposure to T. gondii, this does not necessarily imply the presence of tissue cysts in edible tissue. The current study aims to provide further understanding on the occurrence of T. gondii in sheep muscles and the strength of correlation between serological positivity and presence of the parasite in sheep. From 349 sheep, samples (i.e., blood, heart and diaphragm) were collected and subjected to ELISA tests, real-time PCR and histological tests. Despite the high seroprevalence, T. gondii DNA was detected in the heart and/or the diaphragm from 13 out of the 349 tested sheep (3.7%); all were adults (13/191). Furthermore, the histological tests did not reveal the presence of T. gondii tissue cysts in any of the examined portions of interventricular septum. It should be considered that the likelihood of detecting genetic material of the parasite is probably influenced by the uneven distribution of the tissue cysts in the carcass as well as the methodology applied. The findings of this study support the importance of describing the uncertainty associated with the data used for risk assessment to reduce inaccurate estimation or risk overestimation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coenurus cerebralis is a metacestode larval stage of Taenia multiceps that inhabits the central nervous system of their intermediate host, especially sheep and goats. This study aimed to investigate the molecular prevalence of C. cerebralis in sheep in Iğdır province. Out of 1300 sheep brought to the slaughterhouse, 300 sheep were selected based on the clinical signs of coenurosis. After slaughtering, the sheep heads were brought to the laboratory to observe cysts' presence and collect the specimens for PCR analysis. Cysts were present in 246/300 sheep brains, with 112 cysts in the left hemisphere, 73 in the right hemisphere, 12 in the cerebellum, and 9 in the brain stem. However, 40 cysts were observed in both hemispheres. PCR analysis by amplifying COX1 gene revealed that 243 samples were truly positive for C. cerebralis. Sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of two sequences (PP713059, PP711257) showed 100% similarity with the sequence of C. cerebralis (KX547654.1) and one sequence (PP711299) showed 99.19% similarity with the sequence of C. cerebralis (KX547656.1) isolated from China. Our obtained sequences were included in the same clade with six other clade members in the phylogenetic tree. Among different parameters, it was observed that the prevalence was higher in males and animals with less than 1 year of age. Similarly, the prevalence was higher in winter, followed by autumn, spring, and summer. The current study illustrated a high rate of coenurosis infection in the sheep population of Iğdır, Turkey. Preventive measures should be followed to avoid the transmission of this parasite to healthy sheep and other intermediate hosts including humans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigated the association between 157 SNPs located in 75 candidate genes involved in the immune system and proxy traits for resistance to gastrointestinal nematodes in sheep. A total of 211 lambs from eight flocks were sampled. Nematode eggs per gram were counted and classified as: (i) Strongyles, (ii) Nematodirus spp., (iii) Trichuris spp. and (iv) Marshallagia marshalli. Single‐ and multiple‐locus models were used to test the marker–trait associations. Seven significant SNPs were identified on chromosomes OAR6, 15, 16, and 19. These findings provide insights for breeding nemarode‐resistant traits in low‐input production systems. General linear model, fixed and random model circulating probability unification, and Bayesian‐information and linkage‐disequilibrium iteratively nested keyway analyses identified a significant association between the eggs per gram of Strongyles nematodes and a specific variant of the PRLR gene. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Livestock productivity and profitability are threatened by livestock diseases. In this study, we examine farmers' revealed preferences for testing and treating gastrointestinal parasites in sheep in Sweden, taking into account the sequential structure of these decisions. We control for preventive measures, as well as the potential impact of wildlife–livestock disease transmission on farmers' decisions. A zero‐inflated ordered probit model is used to estimate the determinants of farmers' decisions, and we cross‐validate the robustness of the results to alternative model assumptions. Results from the regressions are used to calculate the consequences of these choices for farmers' profits. The results show that treatment decisions are informed by faecal testing, while both testing and treatment are influenced by the grazing practices, the size of the operation and access to information. Contrary to expectations from the conceptual framework, preventive management practices are positively correlated with treatment. Farmers take multiple risk factors into account when deciding on testing, but we do not find that the same factors affect the outcome of treatment. The economic impacts are small and suggest that treatment without prior testing is more profitable for the farmer than informed treatment. If widespread treatment increases drug resistance, this could motivate policies that encourage testing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coccidiosis, caused by apicomplexan Eimeria species, is a protozoan disease that affects various species of wild and domestic animals. However, data available on Eimeria diversity in ruminants in Saudi Arabia is meagre. Therefore, this study was designed to investigate some eimerian parasites infecting sheep (Sawakni and Harrie breeds) using microscopy and molecular methods for the first time in Saudi Arabia. Twenty‐four fecal samples were collected from sheep farms. Based on the floatation technique, eimerian oocysts were observed in 8 of the 24 (33.33%) fecal samples. The coccidian‐positive samples were subjected to fecal culture in a shallow layer of 2.5% potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7). Detected eimerian oocysts were described micromorphometrically as the basis for traditional oocyst identification. Morphologically, the sporulated oocysts were similar to those of sheep eimerian parasies; Eimeria faurei and Eimeria crandallis. PCR products from the two eimerian species detected from Sawakni and Harrie breeds were sequenced and were found to be distinct from each other with mutations at five positions. One of them clustered with E. crandallis with 99.8%–100% identity with sequences available in GenBank. E. crandallis was obtained from two Sawakni sheep and two Harrie sheep. The other sequences grouped with E. faurei with 99.8% identity with the only sequences available in GenBank. E. crandallis was detected from both Sawakni and Harrie breeds whereas E. faurei was detected only from Sawakni sheep. The findings of this study have implications for the importance of morphometric identification with advanced molecular tools to confirm the identities of sheep Eimeria species and to address the taxonomic study of this eimeriid parasite at the species level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Haemonchus spp. are considered the most important strongylid nematodes with a worldwide distribution. The parasite's blood-sucking nature can lead to severe anemia in infected animals. Despite its widespread impact, there is a dearth of comprehensive data on morphological and molecular identification methods for Haemonchus spp. in sheep from Upper Egypt. To address this gap, our current study aimed to assess the prevalence of Haemonchus spp. in 400 sheep fecal samples. Methods: We employed microscopic examination and molecular techniques, using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeting the 18S gene for precise identification. Additionally, the potential risk factors associated with the infection by the parasite in sheep were explored. Results: The study pointed out that 33.00% (132 of 400) of the examined sheep were infected with Haemonchus spp. Sheep age and seasonal variability were found to be significant factors (p < 0.05) associated with the infection. Notably, sheep under 2 years old exhibited a higher risk, with an infection rate of 43.75% (84 out of 192), than their older counterparts. Furthermore, all reported infections were exclusively observed during the cold season, constituting 58.93% (132 out of 224) of cases. By contrast, no statistically significant association (p > 0.05) was found between the sex of the examined sheep and the occurrence of haemonchosis. Employing molecular methods, we isolated and identified the parasite through PCR analysis of cultured larvae, which were then subsequently confirmed as Haemonchus contortus via phylogenetic analysis. Discussion: The study concluded that there was a relatively high occurrence of H. contortus among sheep from Upper Egypt. We recommend the implementation of stringent and effective control measures to combat the infection and safeguard livestock health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Gastrointestinal nematode (GIN) infection in sheep is a common problem affecting small and large farms worldwide. These GIN parasites will normally infect the intestine of a sheep and may lead to diarrhea, weight loss, anemia and, in some cases, the animal's death. The animals can also present a decrease in meat, wool, and milk production, which will lead to substantial economic losses. The use of anthelmintics to treat infected sheep as a single approach has resulted in worms developing resistance against the available commercial drugs. Other studies have shown that the animals resistant to GIN infection are capable of coping with the infection and have reduced health impairment caused by the GIN parasites. In this review, we summarize the results from the literature on the estimated genetic parameters for traits assessing GIN resistance in sheep. Additionally, we summarize the possible genetic gains when sheep are selected to be resistant to GIN and how genetics and genomics have impacted breeding programs in different countries. Gastrointestinal nematodes (GINs) are a major problem affecting sheep production systems worldwide. The flocks infected with GINs can undergo significant economic losses due to a decrease in productivity, the animals' deaths, and the costs associated with treatments. The over-reliance on anthelmintics in the past years to eliminate GINs has resulted in the development of resistance against the available commercial anthelmintics. Genetically resistant animals can be used in mating systems to improve the overall flock resistance. This review aimed to summarize the estimated genetic parameters for resistance traits and genetic gains through the use of genetic/genomic selection for resistance to GINs in sheep. Heritability estimates from the literature ranged from 0.00 to 0.46 for fecal egg counts, 0.12 to 0.37 for packed cell volume/hematocrit, 0.07 to 0.26 for FAffa MAlan CHArt (FAMACHA©), from 0.10 to 0.37 for blood parameters, and 0.19 for Immunoglobulin A. Genetic correlations between traits measuring resistance to GINs and production traits ranged from negative to positive values in the literature. Genetic gains are possible when genetic/genomic selection for GIN resistance is applied. Therefore, genetic/genomic selection can be used to improve flocks' resistance to GINs as a sustainable approach in sheep production systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gastrointestinal nematodes (GINs) can be a major constraint and global challenge to the sheep industry. These nematodes infect the small intestine and abomasum of grazing sheep, causing symptoms such as weight loss, diarrhea, hypoproteinemia, and anemia, which can lead to death. The use of anthelmintics to treat infected animals has led to GIN resistance, and excessive use of these drugs has resulted in residue traced in food and the environment. Resistance to GINs can be measured using multiple traits, including fecal egg count (FEC), Faffa Malan Chart scores, hematocrit, packed cell volume, eosinophilia, immunoglobulin (Ig), and dagginess scores. Genetic variation among animals exists, and understanding these differences can help identify genomic regions associated with resistance to GINs in sheep. Genes playing important roles in the immune system were identified in several studies in this review, such as the CFI and MUC15 genes. Results from several studies showed overlapping quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with multiple traits measuring resistance to GINs, mainly FEC. The discovery of genomic regions, positional candidate genes, and QTLs associated with resistance to GINs can help increase and accelerate genetic gains in sheep breeding programs and reveal the genetic basis and biological mechanisms underlying this trait. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research was conducted in the population of the Pirot's autochthonous sheep in the area of Stara Planina Mountain, East Serbia. The production characteristics of sheep, milk yield and body weight, were observed. Oestrus is most pronounced in July (58%), then in August (33%), while lambs reach a weight of 22 kg at three months. Before experiment flock from which separated animals from examination we were examined to presence of parasitic infection, with coprological examination. A total of 21 animals were examined after slaughter. We revealed same gastrointestinal helminths: Dicrocoelium dendriticum, Dictyocaulus filaria, Ostertagia circumcincta, Os.ostertagi, Trchostrongylus axe, Tr colubriformis, Nematodirus filicollis, N,spathige, Haemonchus contortu, Marshallagia marshalli, Chabertia ovina, Oesophagostomum venulosumand Bunostomum trigonocephalum. After that, from herd were separated 100 one year old sheep and individually coprological examined to confirm the presence of parasite infections. The sheep were divided into two groups of 50 animals each - experimental and control group. First group has treated with the albendazole-based anthelmintic in dose 7.5 mg/kg through food. The second group has treated after the examination with same anthelmintic. A comparison of the obtained results indicates that in the group of treated animals body weight was average higher by 4.4 kg and milk yield was average higher by 231.08 g. The parasites significantly affected the weight and daily milk yield of sheep. The conclusion is that serious prevention in terms of sheep parasites is necessary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gastrointestinal (GI) parasites in small ruminants, especially goats and sheep, have caused significant socio-economic and public health challenges worldwide. The aim of the present study was to investigate the diversity and prevalence of GI parasites in goats and sheep in Jiangsu, Shaanxi and Hunan provinces of China, and to assess whether the age of animals, sampling season and feeding mode influence the distribution and infection of GI parasites. A total of 1,081 fecal samples collected from goats (n = 835) and sheep (n = 246) were detected by saturated saline flotation technique and nylon sifter elutriation and sieving method for eggs/oocysts, respectively. Based on the morphological observation of eggs and oocysts, one tapeworm, five nematodes, three trematodes and nineteen coccidia were identified, of which seven helminths belong to zoonotic parasites. The infection rate of parasites was 83.4% (902/1081) in total samples, 91.6% (765/835) in goats, and 55.7% (137/246) in sheep. The infection rate of coccidia was 71.0% (767/1081), and that of helminths was 56.2% (607/1081). The dominant species was E. alijeri (67.3%, 562/835) in goats, E. parva (30.1%, 74/246) in sheep. The highest prevalent helminths were Trichostrongylidae spp. in goats (58.3%, 487/835), and Moniezia spp. in sheep (22.76%, 56/246). Of 902 positive samples, 825 (91.5%, 825/902) contained multiple (2-10) parasites. The feeding mode, sampling season and regions were relevant risk factors which have significant influence on the occurrence of GI parasites in goats and sheep. The risk coefficient of parasite infection in autumn was 2.49 times higher than spring (Odds ratio = 2.49, 95% CI = 1.51-4.09, p < 0.001). Compared to raising on the high beds, the goats and sheep raising on the ground had the higher risk of parasite infection (OR = 3.91, 95% CI = 2.07-7.40, p < 0.001). The risk coefficient of parasite infection in Shaanxi and Hunan was 3.78 and 1.25 times higher than that in Jiangsu (OR = 3.78, 95% CI = 2.01-7.12, p < 0.001; OR = 1.25, 95% CI = 1.21-1.29, p < 0.001). These data are significant for the development of prevention strategies to minimise economic losses from small ruminant production and to reduce the risk of water and food infecting humans as vectors of zoonotic parasitic diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Haemonchus contortus (H. contortus) is one of the most prevalent gastrointestinal nematodes, causing health problems and economic losses in ruminants. Nanotechnology holds great promise as a field of science, with potential applications in veterinary medicine. This study investigated the in vitro anthelmintic activity of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs), and pomegranate peel extract (Punica granatum; PPE) on different stages of H. contortus: eggs, larvae, and adults. The in vitro anthelmintic efficacy was evaluated using the egg hatching inhibition assay (EHA), the third larval stage paralysis assay (LPA), and the adult worm motility inhibition assay (WMI). Six dilutions of PPE were utilized for EHA, LPA, and WMI, ranging from 0.25 to 6 mg/ml. AgNPs dilutions ranged from 0.00001 to 1.0 μg/ml for EHA and LPA and 1 to 25 μg/ml for WMI. SeNPs were utilized at dilutions of 1, 5, 10, and 15 μg/ml for EHA, LPA, and WMI. The results showed that the lowest concentration of AgNPs, SeNPs, and PPE significantly inhibited egg hatching. To further assess larvicidal activity, AgNPs at the highest concentration of 1 μg/ml induced a strong larvicidal effect, as did SeNPs at the lowest concentration. On the contrary, PPE displayed a significant larvicidal effect at 1 mg/ml compared to the control. The percentage mortality of adult H. contortus was measured as follows (mortality (%) = the number of dead adult H. contortus/total number of adult H. contortus per test × 100). The death of the adult H. contortus was determined by the absence of motility. Adult H. contortus mortality percentage was also significantly affected by all three agents when compared to the control. The AgNPs, SeNPs, and PPE have effective antiparasitic activity on gastrointestinal parasitic nematodes. These results provide evidence of the excellent antiparasitic properties of AgNPs, SeNPs, and PPE, demonstrating their effectiveness in controlling eggs, larvae, and adult H. contortus in vitro. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the suitability of different sheep breeds for production in challenging environments. It highlights the resistance of indigenous fat-tailed sheep breeds to ticks and heat, making them well-suited for high-challenge conditions. The article also discusses within-breed selection in Merinos, resulting in lines that can resist challenges from internal parasites, blowfly strike, and sheep lice. The study emphasizes the importance of utilizing the variation between and within breeds to adapt sheep to challenging environments. Additionally, the article examines the impact of parasites and climate on sheep production, suggesting breeding for resistance as an alternative to chemical control. The authors call for further research to understand the biology of fitness traits and the significance of conserving indigenous livestock. [Extracted from the article]

The objective of this research was to evaluate in vitro ovicidal activity of aqueous extract (Aq-E) of 12, 6, and 3 µg/ml concentrations of Carica papaya L. (Caricaceae) latex against the sheep parasite Haemonchus contortus. The data were analyzed in a completely randomized design. Morphostructural changes of eggs exposed to the extract were observed by optical microscopy, and secondary compounds in latex were analyzed using qualitative phytochemical tests. Results showed high egg hatch inhibition activity (EHI ovicidal test) in vitro, with values near 100% (P < 0.05) at 12 µg/ml, very similar to the check. Inhibition decreased to 55.4% with 3 µg/ml concentration, indicating concentration-dependent effect. Phytochemical analysis of Aq-E showed alkaloids, and micrographs revealed significant cell damage in eggs exposed to extract compared to nonexposed eggs. Results suggested Aq-E from papaya had bioactive compounds with strong ovicidal activity in vitro, which could be a good and affordable option to control gastrointestinal nematodes in small ruminants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: In the present study, gastrointestinal parasites (GIP) prevalence in sheep and goats from India was estimated by scientometrics. Methods: The GIP prevalence studies (86) reported during 1998–2021 was obtained from online databases, and offline literatures, meta-analysis was undertaken by using "meta" package in R-Software. Results: The pooled GIP prevalence in India was 65% (95% level CI 56–74%, PI 12–96%) in sheep, 74% (95% level CI 66–80%, PI 14–98%) in goats and 68% (95% level CI 62–73%, PI 15–96%) in sheep and goats. Period-wise analysis revealed a higher GIP prevalence during 1998–2010 than the recent periods. Among the zones, GIP prevalence was higher in the Central zone (79%) in sheep, North zone (82%) in goats, and Central zone (78%) in sheep and goats. Based on the state-wise analysis, a higher GIP prevalence was observed in Haryana for sheep, Himachal Pradesh for goats, and Uttarakhand for sheep and goats. In India, a higher prevalence was reported by nematodes than other parasite classes. Based on climatic regions, a higher GIP prevalence was observed in semi-arid Steppe type region (84%). Conclusion: The high prevalence zones, states, species, sample types, parasite classes, parasite species and climate regions of GIP will be useful in decision-making and resource use efficiency by policymakers and stake holders. There is an urgent need to prevent the occurrence of GIP infections in sheep and goats by adopting scientific management practices, effective therapeutic measures, and hygienic practices on farms to augment the economic benefits to sheep and goat farmers in India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: The control of gastrointestinal parasites in sheep is often based on the integrated use of anthelmintics and pasture management. As problems with resistance to anthelmintics become more common, it is important to consider the timing of treatment. This is because one way to delay selection for anthelmintic resistance is to take into account that there are susceptible parasites in refugia that are not selected for treatment. In Sweden, stabled ewes are sometimes treated before being let out to pasture with their lambs in the spring. It is thought that this may increase selection for resistance. However, unlike in many other parts of the world, in Sweden, treatment is usually motivated by large numbers of worm eggs detected in faecal samples. In this review, we discuss whether the Swedish model is a risky strategy. In doing so, we consider the experience from several studies conducted in Sweden and abroad. We conclude that the evidence is inconclusive. Moreover, there are gaps in our knowledge, not least regarding the genetic background of resistance formation and how this is influenced by refugia. Further fundamental work is therefore needed on this topic. Gastrointestinal nematodes in grazing livestock are ubiquitous and can cause severe damage, leading to substantial losses in agricultural yields. It is undeniable that the integrated use of anthelmintics is often an essential component of successful intensive livestock management. However, anthelmintic resistance has been a major challenge for several decades, especially in pasture-based lamb production. Measures are therefore needed to reduce the risk and prevent further spread. In many countries with more extensive lamb production and pronounced resistance problems than in Sweden, the importance of keeping parasites in refugia is emphasised. To ensure that treatment is necessary, the Swedish model is based on deworming certain groups of ewes based on the parasitological results of a faecal examination and then releasing them with their lambs to safe pastures. This is intended to reduce the risk of infection, which ultimately reduces the number of subsequent treatments. Whether this preventive strategy in turn means an increased risk of resistance is debatable. In this review, we explain the importance of parasites in refugia and how they can help delay the development of resistance to anthelmintics. We also discuss how likely it is that our model contributes to an increase in resistance risk and whether there is reason to question whether it is a sustainable strategy in the long term. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sheep are highly susceptible to Toxoplasma gondii, and miscarriage is the main clinical feature. This study investigated 227 sheep samples (210 myocardial tissues from slaughterhouses, 6 ewe serum samples, 3 aborted fetuses, and 8 dead lambs from veterinary clinics) from central China for T. gondii infection. Antibodies against T. gondii were detected using the modified agglutination test (MAT). PCR was performed to detect T. gondii DNA in the tissue samples. The results showed that four samples were seropositive (MAT titer ≥ 1:100), with a seroprevalence of 1.8% (4/227). The seropositive samples included two myocardial samples from a slaughterhouse, one ewe and its aborted fetus from a veterinary clinic. The results revealed that 7 out of 207 (3.4%) sheep tissue samples were PCR-positive, including two myocardial tissue samples from slaughterhouses, three aborted fetuses, and two lambs from veterinary clinics. Toxoplasma gondii vertical transmission had occurred in two of three pairs of ewes and her pups. One viable T. gondii strain (TgSheepCHn14) was isolated from the myocardial tissues of sheep from a slaughterhouse. Tachyzoites were obtained from cell cultures at 70 days following seeding in the brains and lungs of mice. This strain was non-lethal to Swiss mice. The number of parasite brain cysts in mice decreased with time post-infection (p < 0.05). Overall, the prevalence of T. gondii in the sheep samples was low. Although the samples were scattered, and not from planned collections, the current study detected T. gondii antibodies and DNA in aborted fetuses, indicating that vertical transmission could occur and maintain the parasites in sheep herds without exogenous infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The increase in the number of sheep in herds is accompanied many times by bad practices, which lead to nutritional deficiencies, rises in parasitism and loss of homeostasis. Therefore, gastrointestinal parasites from sheep were characterized from four municipalities of the state of Campeche. Design/methodology/approach: The number of sheep studied was 243, evaluating the body weight, body condition, coloring of the eye mucosae, age, eggs per grams of feces, and family of parasites. The data were analyzed through an ANOVA and Tukey's means test (P=0.05), as well as Spearman's correlation analysis using the statistical package Statistica 7. Results: Five parasite families were found (Trichostrongyloidae, Strongyloidae, Trichuridae, Eimeriidae and Anoplocephalidae). In the production systems of the municipality of Calakmul the five families of parasites were found, with a parasite load of 3,571 hpg. The family Trichostrongyloidae presented the highest frequency in the municipalities of Champotón and Calakmul with 52 and 75%, respectively. The animals with best body condition, FAMACHA© and lowest parasite load were observed in Hecelchakán. Limitations on study/implications: It is suggested to carry out a study of anthelmintic resistance, to establish a management of prevention and control of gastrointestinal parasites. Findings/conclusions: The frequency of gastrointestinal parasites is influenced by the management and the municipality of origin within the sheep production systems in the state of Campeche. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have been used as an effective tool to understand the genetics of complex traits such as gastrointestinal parasite (GIP) resistance. The aim of this study was to understand the genetics of gastrointestinal parasite (nematodes, Moniezia spp., Eimeria spp.) resistance in Akkaraman sheep by performing genomic heritability estimations and conducting GWAS to uncover responsible genomic regions. This is one of the first studies to examine the genetic resistance of Akkaraman sheep to the tapeworm parasite. The samples from 475 animals were genotyped using the Axiom 50K Ovine Genotyping Array. Genomic heritability estimates ranged from 0.00 to 0.34 for parasite resistance traits. This indicates that measured phenotypes have low to moderate heritability estimates. A total of two genome-wide significant SNP associated with TNEM3 and ATRNL1 genes and 10 chromosome-wide significant SNPs related with 10 genes namely NELL1, ST6GALNAC3, HIPK1, SYT1, ALK, ZNF596, TMCO5A, PTH2R, LARGE1, and SCG2 were suggested as candidates for parasite resistance traits. The majority of these candidate genes were involved in several basic biological processes that are essential and important for immune system functions and cellular growth; specifically, inflammatory responses, cellular transport, cell apoptosis, cell differentiation, histone de-acetylation, and endocytosis. These results have implications for animal breeding program studies due to the effect that the genetic background has on parasite resistance, which underlies many productive, health, and wellness-related traits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Formulations of macrocyclic lactone anthelmintics such as moxidectin are regularly administered to sheep to combat parasites. A disadvantage of these pharmaceuticals are their side effects on non-target organisms when entering the environment. Little is known about anthelmintic effects on plant reproduction and whether the effects depend on environmental factors. For ecological and methodological reasons, we aimed at testing whether temperature affects the efficacy of a common moxidectin-based formulation on seed germination. We carried out a germination experiment including three typical species of temperate European grasslands (Centaurea jacea, Galium mollugo, Plantago lanceolata). We applied three temperature regimes (15/5, 20/10, 30/20°C), and a four-level dilution series (1:100–1:800) of formulated moxidectin (i.e., Cydectin oral drench). These solutions represent seed-anthelmintic contacts in the digestive tract of sheep shortly after deworming. In addition, a control was carried out with purified water only. We regularly counted emerging seedlings and calculated final germination percentage, mean germination time and synchrony of germination. Formulated moxidectin significantly reduced percentage, speed and synchrony of germination. A 1:100 dilution of the formulation reduced germination percentage by a quarter and increased mean germination time by six days compared to the control. Temperature moderated effects of the anthelmintic drug on germination in all response variables and all species, but in different patterns and magnitudes (significant anthelmintic x temperature x species interactions). In all response variables, the two more extreme temperature regimes (15/5, 30/20°C) led to the strongest effects of formulated moxidectin. With respect to germination percentage, G. mollugo was more sensitive to formulated moxidectin at the warmest temperature regime, whereas P. lanceolata showed the highest sensitivity at the coldest regime. This study shows that it is important to consider temperature dependencies of the effects of pharmaceuticals on seed germination when conducting standardised germination experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Toxoplasma gondii is the causative agent of toxoplasmosis, one of the most common parasitic infections of humans and pets. In this study, the parasite was isolated from chopped diaphragm muscles from naturally infected sheep in Basrah Province. 196 meat samples were collected from local sheep during the period from February 2020 to March 2021. The samples were examined microscopically and (115) positive samples containing the parasite were recorded. The percentage of infection was (59%). The current study included a genetic detection of T. gondii in the sheep to find out the infection rate spread of the parasite in local sheep meat and to determine the main cause of transmission of infection to humans. Nested Polymerase chain reaction technique using specific nested primers was used for genetic detection of the parasite in sheep. The PCR-positive samples recorded an infection rate of (28.8%). The DNA sequences were studied to determine the sequence of the nitrogenous bases of the DNA of the parasite. The genetic tree of these samples comparing with isolated hosts was drawn. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Members of the genus Sarcocystis (Apicomplexa: Sarcocystidae) are protozoans that have a two-host, prey–predator life cycle. These parasites are most thoroughly examined in economically important animals. Several Sarcocystis species are known to form macroscopic and microscopic sarcocysts in the muscle tissues of sheep. A previous study carried out in Lithuania has shown a maximum Sarcocystis infection prevalence in sheep and a high parasite burden; however, species were not identified. In the present study, diaphragm, oesophagus, and heart samples of 69 sheep raised in Lithuania were examined. No macrocysts were detected in the sheep muscles, while the microcysts found corresponded to two morphological types. By molecular methods, two Sarcocystis species, S. arieticanis and S. tenella, using canids as their definitive hosts, were identified for the first time in sheep from Lithuania. Both species were detected in all the studied animals. In summary, very high detection rates of S. arieticanis and S. tenella ranging from 82.61% to 100% were established in the examined diaphragm, oesophagus, and heart muscle samples of sheep. Data on the distribution of different Sarcocystis species in various muscles of sheep are scarce. In the present study, 190 diaphragm, oesophagus, and heart muscle samples of 69 sheep raised in Lithuania were examined for the presence of Sarcocystis spp. Under a light microscope, two morphological types of microcysts corresponding to S. arieticanis and S. tenella were detected. Eight and 12 sarcocysts of S. arieticanis and S. tenella, respectively, were isolated and characterised by the sequencing of a portion of cox1. The sequence comparisons revealed the highest similarity between European and Asian isolates of S. arieticanis and S. tenella obtained from domestic sheep and other wild Caprinae hosts. Based on peptic digestion, nested PCR targeting cox1, and sequencing, a 100% infection prevalence of S. arieticanis and S. tenella was observed in the 69 studied animals. The occurrence of S. tenella was significantly higher in the diaphragm than in the oesophagus (χ2 = 13.14, p < 0.001), whereas differences in the prevalence of S. arieticanis in the studied muscle types were insignificant (χ2 = 1.28, p > 0.05). Further molecularly based epidemiological studies are needed to compare the prevalence of Sarcocystis species in various muscles of sheep raised in different geographic regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista CienciaUAT is the property of Universidad Autonoma de Tamaulipas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Haemonchus contortus is a highly pathogenic blood-feeding parasite affecting sheep and goats, leading to significant economic losses. With increasing resistance to conventional anthelmintics, exploring plant-based alternatives is crucial. In vitro, studies suggest that peruvin and hentriacontane/1-nonacosanol, isolated from Artemisia cina (Asteraceae), may synergistically control Haemonchus contortus. However, their in vivo efficacy and safety are unestablished. This study evaluated these compounds' anthelmintic activity and health effects and their synergistic mixture in Meriones unguiculatus (gerbils). The compounds were isolated using open-column chromatography and identified by spectroscopic techniques. Gerbils were artificially infected with H. contortus following dexamethasone treatment to enhance infection. Anthelmintic activity was assessed by larval reduction in the stomach, blood biochemical parameters using a blood chemistry analyzer, and the anatomopathological changes in kidney and liver tissues. Peruvin (0.4 mg/kg) and hentriacontane/1-nonacosanol (2.60 mg/kg) achieved larvicidal reductions of 84.86 % and 74.05 %, respectively, while their synergistic mixture (0.08/0.0017 mg/kg) resulted in a 100 % reduction. Histopathological analysis revealed minor inflammation and albuminous degeneration, primarily affecting the liver. The peruvin-treated group showed notable kidney damage, while hepatic alterations were similar across both compounds. Although effective, further research is needed to optimize dosing and ensure safety [Display omitted] • Synergistic mixture of peruvin and hentriacontane/1-nonacosanol achieves 100 % larval reduction. • Novel isolation of compounds from Artemisia cina via open-column chromatography. • In vivo tests show peruvin and hentriacontane/1-nonacosanol mixture is highly effective against Haemonchus contortus. • Minimal kidney damage observed with synergistic mixture compared to individual compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The examination of feces for stages of parasitic helminths is the most widely used methodology for the intravital diagnosis in domestic animals of patent endoparasitism including pulmonary nematode infections. Although there is only little information on the relationship of lungworm larval excretion and corresponding parasite burdens, fecal larval counts are used as indirect measure ("biomarker") for the intensity of infection, for instance in anthelmintic efficacy studies. To assess the relationship between fecal larval and Protostrongylus rufescens parasite counts in sheep, log-transformed data of 14 naturally infected animals were analyzed. The larval excretion of the sheep was monitored in approximately weekly intervals over 6 weeks before lungworm recovery. Analyses were performed on the larval counts (at a single time point or counts averaged over several consecutive time points) relating to parasite counts. Fecal larval counts and the P. rufescens nematode burden (range, 17 to 406) were significantly and strongly correlated (p < 0.05 for all analyses; Spearman's r > 0.6) with the number of larvae excreted increasing with increasing lungworm burden. Subsequently performed regression analysis demonstrated a statistically significant strong linear relationship between P. rufescens worm and fecal larval counts (p < 0.01 for all analyses; R2, range 0.5094 to 0.8150). Analyses based on larval counts averaged over two or more consecutive time points resulted in higher Spearman's r and R2 compared with analyses based on single time point larval counts. Despite of some variability, the analyses indicate that fecal larval counts can be regarded as a useful measure of the P. rufescens burden in sheep. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) are a common problem that affects sheep health and production. There are strategies that have been used to combat these opportunistic microorganisms: chemical agents, nutraceutical plants and nutritional management to reduce the parasite load in animals. Nutrition management can increase resilience, reducing parasitism and increasing immunity to parasites in sheep. Evaluate the persistence of the infection with gastrointestinal nematodes during the fattening of stabled sheep and supplemented with virginiamycin. Methods: 27 lambs of three months of age were distributed in three groups of nine lambs; a control group (CG) and two groups supplemented with virginiamycin powder at 10 and 15 mg/kg per body weight in the diet during 75 days. Result: The supplementation with 10 and 15 g of virginiamycin in lambs crosses Pelibuey - Dorper decreases the FEC count of T. colubriformis and Strongyles spp. on days 3 and 5 of the experimental period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Trypanosoma theileri species complex includes parasites of Bovidae (cattle, sheep, goat, etc.) and Cervidae (deer) transmitted mainly by Tabanidae (horse flies and deerflies) and keds (Hippoboscidae). While morphological discrimination of species is challenging, two big clades, TthI and TthII, each containing parasites isolated from bovids and cervids, have been identified phylogenetically. To date, the development in the vector has been studied in detail only for the ked-transmitted sheep parasite T. melophagium (TthII), while the fate of trypanosomes in tabanids was described only briefly by light microscopy. Methods: We collected infected tabanids of various species and identified trypanosomes by molecular phylogenetic analysis. The morphology and development of trypanosomes was studied using the combination of statistical analyses as well as light and electron microscopy. Results: Two trypanosome species belonging to both TthI and TthII clades of the T. theileri complex were identified. The phylogenetic position of these two trypanosomes suggests that they parasitize deer. Both species were indiscernible by morphology in the vector and showed the same development in its intestine. In contrast to the previously described development of T. melophagium, both trypanosomes of tabanids only transiently infected midgut and settled mainly in the ileum, while pylorus and rectum were neglected. Meanwhile, the flagellates developing in the tabanid ileum (pyriform epimastigotes and metacyclic trypomastigotes) showed similarities to the corresponding stages in T. melophagium by morphology, mode of attachment to the host cuticle and formation of the fibrillar matrix surrounding the mass of developing parasites. In addition, for the first time to our knowledge we documented extraintestinal stages in these trypanosomes, located in the space between the epithelium and circular muscles. Conclusions: The development of different species of flagellates of the T. theileri complex in their insect vectors shows many similarities, which can be explained not only by their common origin, but also the same transmission mode, i.e. contamination of the oral mucosa with the gut content released after squashing the insect either by tongue or teeth. The observed differences (concerning primarily the distribution of developmental stages in the intestine) are associated rather with the identity of vectors than the phylogenetic position of parasites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scant information is available on the immunological aspect of Linguatula serrata causing linguatulosis in humans and animals. The present study aimed to analyze the content of crude somatic extracts and excretorysecretory products of L. serrata nymphs to detect the immune response of sheep and immunogenic proteins of the parasite. After collecting the nymphs, somatic extracts were prepared by sonication. Excretory secretory products were prepared by the incubation of nymphs in RPMI medium at 37°C with 5% CO2. Somatic and excretory-secretory proteins were isolated using SDS-PAGE. The immunogenic properties of the resulting proteins were determined using immunoblotting and positive sera from sheep infected with visceral linguatulosis. The total content of somatic extracts and excretory-secretory products of L. serrata nymphs analyzed by SDS-PAGE (12% gel) revealed two protein patterns with more than 18 and 9 strong bands, respectively. Immunoblots using sera samples of sheep infected with the parasite, somatic extracts and excretory-secretory products demonstrated 12 and 3 antigenic proteins with molecular weights mostly in the range of 24-100 kDa and an antigen more than 180 kDa. Three common immunodominant antigenic proteins with molecular weights of 38 and 57, as well as an antigen of more than 180 kDa, were detected in the somatic extracts and excretory-secretory products of L. serrata nymphs in sheep with visceral linguatulosis. These antigens can be considetered prime candidates for future serodiagnosis and immunoprotective studies of the parasite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gastrointestinal parasites have a devastating effect on the performance of small ruminants. The study was to determine the prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in sheep and goats in Shendam town of plateau state, Nigeria. A total of 600 faecal samples 300 each were collected from sheep and goats for both wet and dry season from July 2019 to March 2020. The results show a prevalence rate of 471(78.8%) gastrointestinal parasites infestation in the study area goats (90.8%) had significantly (P< 0.05) higher infection rate than sheep(71.2%). Adult goats and sheep had higher rate than the young with 65.3% and 63.6% respectively infestation rate of sheep. Sheep (100%) was significantly (P<0.05) higher than goat (93.3%) during the wet season while the reverse (40 vs. 80%) was observed during the dry season. Common gastrointestinal parasites found include; Coccidia oocyst, oesophagostomum, Trichuris, Haemonchus, Moneiza, Dicrocoelium, Fasciola and Bunostonum. Proper preventive measures such as regular deworming should be put in place in order to improve on the productivity of small ruminants particularly in the study area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: Sheep production plays a crucial role in the economy of Lesotho by increasing economic state of the rural poor. However, gastrointestinal parasites infection is the most limiting factor in sheep productivity and has a highly detrimental effect on the sheep industry. Therefore this study aimed to evaluate farmers' awareness and understanding of controlling gastrointestinal parasites of merino sheep in four Lesotho agro-ecological zones. Materials and Methods: Data were collected using a simple random sampling of 106 farmers in the lowlands, foothills, mountains, and Senqu river valley. Data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (version 20.00). Descriptive statistics were employed with cross-tabulations and tested with Chi-square and post hoc tests. Results: The majority of farmers (80%) were aware of the gastrointestinal parasites. Most farmers (70%) reported a high prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites and associated it with lamb mortality in summer and autumn. Farmers use anthelmintics for treating gastrointestinal parasites in animals, and 93% of them reported the effectiveness of the drugs. However, more than 80% of farmers routinely use anthelmintics. The results revealed that 81.5%, 66.7%, 80%, and 66.7% of farmers from the lowlands, foothills, mountains, and Senqu river valley, respectively, keep sheep in non-roofed enclosures cleaned only after rains to avoid mud. Communal grazing is used as the main source of animal feeding where different livestock species share the same rangelands. Most farmers (more than 70%) believed that grazing lands were the main source of gastrointestinal parasites transmission. Conclusion: Farmers in Lesotho are aware of gastrointestinal parasites and apply control methods to combat the gastrointestinal parasites in merino sheep. However, a need still exists for them to be empowered with skills for improving management systems and the knowledge on how the gastrointestinal parasites behave at different times of the year and in different agro-ecological zones. This will assist them in adhering to the dosing schedule designed by animal health experts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was conducted to investigate Babesia parasites infecting sheep in eight districts of Sulaimani governorate/north Iraq from April to October 2017. Forty flocks of small ruminants were selected to collect blood samples randomly from 450 sheep. The samples were examined for babesiosis by microscopic examination and PCR. Primers based on the 18S rRNA were used for Babesia diagnosis, followed by sequencing of the amplicons for confirmation of the PCR product identities. Seventy-four samples (16.44%) showed the presence of Babesia piroplasms microscopically, while 116 (25.78%) samples were positive using PCR. Results showed that B. ovis was reported in 15.78% (n = 71), and B. motasi in 10.0% (n = 45) of the samples. Also, BLAST analysis of the obtained partial sequences of the 18S rRNA gene from current study isolates revealed the existence of both B. ovis and B. motasi, with a high homology degree of nucleotide identity with other nucleotide sequences of Babesia spp. in GenBank database. Distribution of babesiosis, according to the sampling time, revealed that high-frequency rates occur during July and August. Based on the result data, babesiosis was mainly caused by B. ovis and B. motasi. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Numerous treatment agents offering prophylaxis against livestock parasites are commercially available. However, because of increasing antiparasitic drug resistance, the increased popularity of environmentally friendly lifestyle choices, and organic farming, there is more demand for new alternatives to livestock anthelmintic control strategies and medications. It is important to develop antiparasitics that are safe, effective, inexpensive, and environmentally safe. Local, traditional herbal plants such as tansy, mugwort, wormwood, and heather may serve as treatments for intestinal parasites of sheep. This overview provides knowledge of traditional Latvian plants with antiparasitic activities to establish a database for further research to develop new herbal antiparasitic drugs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This is an epidemiological study on the gastrointestinal nematode (GIN) and Eimeria coccidia infections in Kazakh sheep and the F1 and F2 generations of Kazakh × Texel sheep crosses. A total of 7599 sheep fecal samples were collected from the Zhaosu County and Nilka County in Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture in the four seasons-spring, summer, autumn, and winter of 2019. The parasite causing the infection was identified by the saturated saline floating method, and the infection intensity was calculated by the modified McMaster method. SPSS19.0 was used to evaluate the differences in the fecal egg count (FEC) of for GIN and the fecal oocyst count (FOC) value of for coccidia per sample. The results showed that there were nine types of sheep GIN infections and Eimeria coccidia in these two counties of Ililocations, with the dominant parasite species of Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus spp., and Ostertagia spp as the predominant parasites in the sheep. Most of the GIN and coccidia infections in these two regions were mild and moderate. The mean log (FEC) of GIN infection in the Zhaosu area was significantly higher than that in the Nilka area, whereas the mean log (FOC) of coccidia infection in Zhaosu was significantly lower than that of Nilka. The mean log (FEC) of GIN infection in the four seasons was the highest in spring, followed by in summer, then in autumn, and the lowest in winter. The mean log (FOC) of coccidia infection was the highest in spring, followed by in autumn, and was the lowest in summer and winter. The mean log (FEC) of GIN infection and log (FOC) of coccidia infection of Kazakh sheep was significantly higher than the F1 generation, which was then significantly higher than the F2 generation of summer. A positive correlation was found between the EPG and OPG levels in the sheep. These results showed that the GIN and coccidia infection intensities of the F1 generation sheep of Kazakh ×Texel crosses were significantly lower than that of Kazakh sheep paving the way for marker-based resistance selection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was conducted to investigate the distribution of gastrointestinal (GI) parasites and their control in sheep and goats of the three villages of Faisalabad, Pakistan. Faecal samples (n=347 each) were analyzed through McMaster egg counting technique. The comparative efficacy of the oral formulations of ivermectin (KEPROMAC ORAL® Holland) and levamisole (Nilverm® Pakistan) was evaluated at the recommended doses. Faecal samples were obtained directly from the recta at 1st, 7th, 14th and 21st day after treatment. The overall prevalence of the GI parasites was 81.27% in sheep and 54.47% in goats. Intrinsic determinants like age, sex and breed were found significantly (P=0.05) associated. Among various husbandry practices; grazing, hygienic conditions, housing systems, floor pattern and animal keeping system have shown significant effects (P=0.05). The post treatment Faecal Egg Count Reduction Test (FECRT) indicated reduction of eggs up to day 14 followed by increase at 21st day in both species. The efficacy of ivermectin was higher as compared to levamisole-treated group. However, the treated groups indicated significant reduction as compared to untreated control. The study provided the better choice of drug for preventive and/or therapeutic management of GI parasitism in sheep and goat populations of the selected villages of Faisalabad district, Punjab, Pakistan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: The third Australian national survey on control practices for internal and external parasites of sheep, following similar surveys in 2003 and 2011. Aims: To document current parasite control practices and attitudes, measure change and to provide a benchmark against which to assess future practices and attitudes. Methods: An online survey emailed to 6460 sheep producers, with a paper version supplied on request. A follow up short survey was conducted to assess non-response bias. Analysis by region and key sheep enterprise. Key results: There were 354 and 250 useable responses to the main and short surveys respectively. Mean reported rainfall of 407 mm in 2018 was 27% lower than the average for respondents and >200 mm lower than mean reported rainfall in the previous surveys. The top three methods for worm control over the past 5 years were preventative treatments (74%), preparing clean pastures by spelling paddocks (62%) and treatment on the basis of faecal worm egg count (WEC, 54%). The proportion of respondents using WEC monitoring in 2018 was 40.4%, with a mean frequency of 3.1/year, and this was unaffected by sheep class. The frequency of anthelmintic treatment for ewes and lambs and weaners was 2.1/year. Of the respondents, 36.7% had performed an anthelmintic resistance test in the previous 5 years. The most popular flystrike control methods were timing of crutching (76.4%), preventative chemical treatment (75.9%), timing of shearing (63.1%), mulesing (46.8%) and genetic selection (46.4%). Pain relief was widely used for mulesing ewes (86.6%) and weathers (90.9%). Only 17.3% used Australian Sheep Breeding Values for traits in rams. Most respondents reported 'evidence of lice' in the past 5 years (55.8%) and had treated for lice off shears (50.1%), short wool (16.6%) or long wool (6.6%), with only 26.7% having not treated at all in the period. Web-based sources of information on parasite control have become increasingly important. Conclusions: Notable changes since the earlier surveys were high rates of pain relief when mulesing, an increase in the use of Australian Sheep Breeding Values for parasite-related traits, an increase in WEC monitoring since 2011 and an increased use of web-based resources. Implications: Parasite control remains important for sheep producers and continues to evolve with new drugs and approaches. The surveys highlight the effectiveness of extension networks and identify where more attention is required. An online national survey of Australian sheep producers was undertaken to benchmark Australian sheep parasite control practices in 2018. The aims of the survey were to document wool growers' current parasite control practices and attitudes, to measure the change in producer parasite control practices from those in the previous two surveys and to provide a benchmark against which to measure future parasite control practices and attitudes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Veterinaria is the property of University of Sarajevo, Veterinary Faculty and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The present study has been conducted to know the histological changes and the effects on the skin of male sheep caused by the parasite Psoroptes ovis and treatment with cinnamon alcoholic extract as an alternative to the traditional treatment. The animals experimental were used(n=28) divided two groups control sheep that represent one group (n=7) and infected sheep (n=21) were treated with three different concentrations (10, 30, 50 mg / l) of cinnamon alcoholic extract were second group. The results indicated the highest rate of recovery from injury (100% of the animals) achieved at a daily treatment with the concentration of 50 mg/l for a period of four weeks. As for the two concentrations of 10 and 30 mg / l, the recovery rates for the same period reached 30% and 40%, respectively. The results of the longitudinal analysis of histological changes in the infected sheep confirmed that the parasite caused severe changes of altered skin layers, major epidermal distortion characterized by hyper keratinizization and sloughing of the stratum corneum and stratum granulosum, along with many burrowing mites surrounded by inflammatory infiltrates of histiocytes. We also recorded moderate dermatitis of the sub- epidermis with abnormal architecture when compared with the control animals. However, these histological abnormalities were shifted back to the normal state as a result of the treatment with 50 mg/l of cinnamon extract. We conclude that the alcoholic extract of cinnamon with a concentration of 50 mg/l is a highly efficient alternative for the treatment of mange in animals, as clearly demonstrated by the 100% recovery rate and the restoration of the normal histological architecture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to evaluate and to estimate the relationship between fecal egg counts (FECs) and FAMACHA score and the body weight of growing Katahdin rams during a parasite challenge. One of the largest factors negatively influencing reproduction and economics in the sheep industry is gastrointestinal nematode (GIN) parasites. Due to anthelmintic resistance of these parasites, animals are selected for parasite resistance using FEC and FAMACHA scores. Data were used from the Virginia Tech Southwest Agricultural Research and Extension Center Ram Test in Glade Spring, VA, from the year 2012 to 2018 in which animals were tested in 14-d intervals for 70 d. Mixed models for repeated weight measurements were made from backward stepwise selection to evaluate the relationships between weight and GIN FEC. A total of 576 animals within 23 contemporary groups derived from test year and pasture group were analyzed. Ram, contemporary group, and consignor were considered random effects, and fixed effects were birth type, test day, age, age squared, starting weight, FEC, and FAMACHA score. Pairwise contrasts were used in the statistical analysis of parameters and their interactions. Weight and age were found to have a quadratic relationship. Increased FEC was associated with weight loss at a rate of 0.00030 kg/FEC (P < 0.0001). Animals dewormed at any point during the trial weighed less than those that were not and increased with test day to a maximum difference of 4.66 kg (P < 0.001). FAMACHA score was found to be significant (P < 0.05), but a direct relationship with weight was not conclusive. Overall, rams with severe enough parasite load to require deworming had lesser weights, which could impact the profitability of sheep production and reinforced the need to select animals that had greater innate parasite resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The focus of gastro-intestinal parasite control in the sheep industry is increasingly on finding a balance between maintaining productivity of the flock whilst minimising selection for anthelmintic resistance to preserve anthelmintic efficacy for the future. Periparturient ewes represent the major source of gastro-intestinal parasites for growing lambs and are therefore a priority for parasite control. This study examines the impact on ewe faecal egg counts (FECs), lamb FECs, lamb daily live weight gains (DLWGs) and pasture larval counts of treating groups of ewes two weeks prior to lambing with either, a long-acting moxidectin treatment, short-acting doramectin or control. Six groups of twenty ewes were allocated to individual paddocks, two groups allocated to each treatment, and weekly faecal sampling was performed throughout from the ewes and from six weeks after the start of lambing in the lambs. Treatment group was found to have a significant effect on both ewe FEC (p<0.001) and lamb FEC (p = 0.001) with the group receiving the long-acting anthelmintic having the lowest ewe and lamb FECs. There was no significant effect on the DLWGs of the lambs. Pasture larval counts at the end of the study period were lowest in the long-acting wormer treatment group. The use of long-acting moxidectin may be helpful as part of a parasite control programme by reducing the worm burdens of ewes and their lambs, decreasing the number of anthelmintic treatments required in that year and by reducing pasture contamination for those sheep which will graze the pasture in the next year. However, like all anthelmintics, its use should be judicious to avoid selection for resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A cross sectional study was conducted from November 2018 to April 2019 to determine the prevalence and risk factors associated with sheep and goat gastrointestinal (GIT) parasites in and around Gondar town, Northwest of Ethiopia. A total of 384 sheep and goats fecal samples (313 sheep and 71 goats) were collected and examined using standard parasitological techniques. The present study revealed that an overall prevalence of 56.77% with prevalence rate of 185 (59.11%) and 33(46.48%) in sheep and goats respectively. From the examined samples mixed infection was recorded with about 21.35%. The parasitic species identified were Strongyle spps (22.14%), Trichuris spps (0.52%), Monezia (2.5%), Emeria spps (0.260%). Female animals were found with higher prevalence of helminthes infection rate than male animals with a prevalence of 48.98% and 61.60%, respectively. Higher prevalence was observed in young animals (69.61%) than adult animals (45.32%). Body conditions and production system also showed significance difference (P<0.05) in the occurrence of GI parasites of sheep and goats in the study area. It can be concluded that, in the study area there was high prevalence of GIT parasites in sheep and goats with age, sex, body condition and production system as important risk factors. Therefore, strategic uses of anthelmintics drugs and good management should be given for the control and prevention of GIT parasites as well as further studies to determine burden of the parasites and seasonal variation is recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]