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The identification of the scope of the limited property law (that is transmission easement), as well as the taking of appropriate actions, has become difficult. The far from sufficient implementation of rules has led to numerous disputes, the resolution of which has been sought in court. Very generalized legal bases, interpretation of regulations and the acceptance of the rulings of common courts have made the development of operating procedures possible and have determined the persons participating in performing work related to transmission easement. The specifics and the multidimensionality of the subject requires cooperation from several experts. The methodological bases are limited, and the regulations unclear. The goal of the research is the standardization of designations of component parts and activities associated with transmission easement. The entire process is made easier by a set procedure proposed in the form of an outline. This study draws attention to individual activities and the order in which they are performed. This allows individual specialists to carry out the next stages of work, which in turn leads to sanctioning the rights of the grantee, while determining fair and satisfactory compensation for the grantor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The critically acclaimed novel Khwabnama by Akhtaruzzaman Elias is set in the 1940s and offers a "magical realist" portrayal of the lives and struggles of ordinary individuals of a rural community, with the emergence of the state of Pakistan and peasant struggles of the time serving as the backdrops. Towards the end of the novel, we see Tamiz, a landless peasant, deciding to alter the course of his journey to most likely join the rebellious farmers in their struggle for a fair share of the crops. In this paper, I analyze the character of Tamiz and the meaning and significance of his decisions and actions in the contexts of the novel and Elias' oeuvre in an effort to excavate his ideas about subaltern agency and freedom. Tamiz's action, along with the dreams and the magical elements of the novel, gestures towards barely visible and unspecified visions of freedom, which may be irreducible to languages of national liberation or class struggle, yet express Elias' affirmation of the indomitable spirit of the subaltern to reject and resist the mold of servitude in which they find themselves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Exact Sciences is the property of Master Editora and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article focuses on Judgment 76/2024 of the Constitutional Court regarding the Law of the Parliament of Galicia 7/2022. Articles 10 and 11, as well as the first transitory provision of the law, are challenged. The Court declares Article 10 unconstitutional for establishing a fifteen-year statute of limitations for the action of restitution in the coastal protection easement zone. It also declares Article 11 unconstitutional for reproducing state rules without competence. A dissenting opinion is issued in disagreement with the judgment. [Extracted from the article]

Real servitudes are property rights in foreigners' things (iura in re aliena), in which the titleholder uses others' property to benefit his property. This research aims to analyse the creation of the right of real servitude based on contract as legal title. The analysis specifically examines the provisions of the law of property and other real rights of Kosovo no. 57/2009 and the law on obligation relations of Kosovo no. 16/2012 that do not provide enough specification and clarifications for the content and this type of contract. The isolated analysis only in the provisions of Kosovo law is insufficient for clarification without comparison with the legislation of other countries. Therefore, the Kosovo law is compared with the civil codes of France, Austria, and Germany, aiming to identify similarities, differences, and legal concepts. The work is based on a literature review and normative, comparative, and empirical methods. The research results answer the questions related to the content, form, and type of the contract as a legal title. It shows that Kosovo law, even though it has some similarities with the French civil code when it comes to the conditions of the valid contract, however Kosovo law differs as follows: a) the contract is not the only condition for acquiring the right of real servitude, but the registration is also needed, b) the content of contract must be based on the interaction of provisions of the law on property and the law on obligation relations, c) the same contract is obligation relationship in nature, but it also serves for the transfer of right and registration of the real servitudes. In this sense, it is concluded that Kosovo law is closer to the Austrian Civil Code and German Civil Code. However, it is not a pure German legal concept since it requires two contracts: a contract of obligation and a contract of transfer of real rights. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Laborde contrasts Default Republicanism with Labordian Republicanism. The latter view 'answers' the Probabilistic and the Anti-Psychology Objections to Default Republicanism. The former objection holds that the mere possibility of unconstrained intervention does not matter for unfreedom, whereas the latter contends that it is by virtue of the experience-independent fact of servitude that one is unfree. I argue that people sympathetic to these objections should have reservations about Labordian Republicanism. In any case, republicans should reject the Anti-Psychology Objection. More generally, Pluralist Republicanism might be preferable to Labordian Republicanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Con-textos Kantianos: International Journal of Philosophy is the property of Con-Textos Kantianos (CTK) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

High-pressure pipelines are critical for transporting hazardous materials over long distances, but they face threats from third-party interference activities. Preventive measures are implemented, but interference accidents can still occur, making the need for high-quality detection strategies vital. This paper proposes an end-to-end Artificial Intelligence of Things (AIoT) solution to detect potential interference threats in real time. The solution involves developing a smart visual sensor capable of processing images using state-of-the-art computer vision algorithms and transmitting alerts to pipeline operators in real time. The system's core is based on the object-detection model (e.g., You Only Look Once version 4 (YOLOv4) and DETR with Improved deNoising anchOr boxes (DINO)), trained on a custom Pipeline Visual Threat Assessment (Pipe-VisTA) dataset. Among the trained models, DINO was able to achieve the best Mean Average Precision (mAP) of 71.2% for the unseen test dataset. However, for the deployment on a limited computational-ability edge computer (i.e., the NVIDIA Jetson Nano), the simpler and TensorRT-optimized YOLOv4 model was used, which achieved a mAP of 61.8% for the test dataset. The developed AIoT device captures the image using a camera, processes on the edge using the trained YOLOv4 model to detect the potential threat, transmits the threat alert to a Fleet Portal via LoRaWAN, and hosts the alert on a dashboard via a satellite network. The device has been fully tested in the field to ensure its functionality prior to deployment for the SEA Gas use-case. The AIoT smart solution has been deployed across the 10km stretch of the SEA Gas pipeline across the Murray Bridge section. In total, 48 AIoT devices and three Fleet Portals are installed to ensure the line-of-sight communication between the devices and portals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The article explains how the enforcement of racially restrictive covenant is state action in the case Shelley V. Kraemer. Topics discussed include contractual issues raised by restrictive covenants, servitudes and use of property law to explain racially restrictive covenants, Recordings Acts as the key to enforceable equitable servitudes and state action, impact of Recording Act on contractual rights, actions created by the state to benefit the state, and other discriminatory land transfers.

Copyright of Romanian Review of Private Law / Revista Română de Drept Privat is the property of Universul Juridic Publishing House and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Ius et Praxis (07172877) is the property of Universidad de Talca and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

For nearly two centuries, the law has allowed servitudes that “run with” real property while with few exceptions refusing to permit servitudes attached to personal property. That is, owners of land can establish new, specific requirements for the property that bind all future owners — but owners of chattels cannot. In recent decades, however, firms have increasingly begun relying on contract provisions that purport to bind future owners of chattels. Courts’ interpretations of copyright law enabled these developments in the context of software licensing, but these licenses have started to migrate to chattels not encumbered by software. Courts encountering these provisions have mostly missed their significance, focusing instead on questions of contract doctrine, such as whether opening shrinkwrap constitutes assent to be bound. Property concepts never enter their analysis. The result of this oversight is that courts have de facto recognized equitable servitudes on chattels — a category that the common law has long rejected except in extraordinary circumstances. Yet because courts are often unfamiliar with property law principles, and because lawyers have failed to make property-based arguments, individual contracts cases are remodeling the architecture of property rights without anyone realizing it. This Article identifies the unexpected emergence of servitudes on chattels via contract law. It explores the consequences of that development and argues that we should see it as deeply troubling. By unwittingly establishing equitable servitudes on chattels, this change in law threatens to undo longstanding precedent, disrupt settled expectations, and effectively recognize a new form of property. More generally, elevating contract over other private law doctrines disrupts the private law’s equilibrium in which a complementary suite of doctrines developed to promote economic liberty while curtailing opportunistic impulses. While the pathologies that have flourished internally in modern contract doctrine have been well studied by scholars, the way in which contract law is threatening to consume property and other areas of private law has received less attention. Using servitudes on personal property as a window into the larger problem of contract-dominated private law, this Article explores the private law’s role in shaping environmental conservation, autonomy, innovation, and the legitimacy of the law itself. Those values are all in jeopardy if contract law is allowed to encroach on property and to erode the very concept of ownership. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This is a research-based publication. It compiles an up-to-date knowledge on the issues concerning easement law in Poland. The research framework for examining the principles of determining the easement right, as one of several limited property rights occurring in the Polish legal system, allowed the authors to develop the features of easement appurtenant, personal easement, and transmission line easement in a descriptive and graphical form. The authors pay particular attention to the differences in the formal and legal principles applicable to the establishment and enforcement of different types of easements in Poland. Therefore, this paper distinguishes and extensively discusses the two most common easement cases. The first one concerns the right-of-way easement, which according to formal and legal principles is a type of easement appurtenant. The second is an easement of habitation (which is a special type of personal easement). Furthermore, the paper analyses the formal and legal prerequisites for the creation of the easement appurtenant and personal easement. The aim of the research was to draw attention to the complexity of the easement law in Poland and to provide a thematic systematisation of related concepts. Methods based on the principles of descriptive-comparative analysis allowed to achieve the research objective. For a better understanding of the presented subject by the reader, the "introduction" section includes key definitions, formal and legal principles of establishing an easement, conditions of its termination, change in the content of the right, and transfer of rights to another entity. The study is based on the current state of knowledge, supported by extensive research of the subject literature on the presented research topic and the interpretation of the binding legal regulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the present paper is to analyse the problem of cost generated by the performance of a duty to rescue. The authors consider three distinct views of this problem by confronting a scenario in which one party decides to rescue another, where providing such assistance seems to involve an infringement upon the property rights of the third party. For example, A rescues drowning B but in the process of doing so A apparently trespasses upon C's land. The question that the authors pose is: Assuming that there is a duty to rescue, who should be charged with the cost of what seems to be an infringement upon the third party's property rights? The paper analyses the following possibilities: the cost should be borne by (a) the victim of the emergency, (b) the rescuer, (c) the third party whose rights seem to have been encroached upon. Even though the authors begin with a pronouncedly libertarian assumption about the third party's absolute property rights, in the course of the discussion they come to the conclusion that it is exactly this assumption that should be further probed and ultimately relaxed in order to reach the most plausible solution to the present dilemma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Personal servitudes are property law institutes with roots in Roman Law. Contemporary property law systems in Europe have accepted this institute originating from Roman law, and have adapted it so that it can be incorporated within their national legislations. The paper aims to examine and analyze how personal servitudes have been adapted and incorporated into the national legislation of European countries and how the different trajectories of development of national legislation have affected that incorporation. Drawing from the similarities and differences in the regulation of personal servitudes in different legal systems, the paper also aims to identify the common characteristics of personal servitudes in contemporary property law systems in Europe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to the provisions of Article 34-1, Paragraph 1 of the Land Act, co-owners may dispose of, or create superficies, or servitude of real property over all the co-owned land by majority. In addition, when co-owners apply this provision of the Land Act and apply to the registration authority for registration of changes in land rights, it is common for co-owners who do not agree with the disposition or the establishment of other rights to raise objections to the registration authority. On the other hand, according to Article 57, Paragraph 1, Subparagraph 3 of the Regulations of the Land Registration, if a land registration application case involves “a dispute between obligee, obligor or the third parties who have interests in the legal relationship relating to the application for registration.” In such circumstances, the registration authority shall state in writing the reasons and legal basis and reject the registration application. Therefore, this article mainly explains the legal opinions of the Supreme Administrative Court when disputes arise regarding the application of the above-mentioned land Act and Regulations of the Land Registration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

I consider the forms of control, which went "untreated" by 1970s "revisionist" penality literature (in other words, I wonder whether the categories of human beings who are (mostly) not found in prisons have something in common). I take as starting point that the "temporary slavery" which is the punishment of imprisonment, emerged historically as related to the "free" condition of those punished. Forms of control instead for the "unfree" are not to be included in "(penal) imprisonment" and could be understood as "domestic" forms of control expressed, originally, in the idea of "Pater Familias." This form of control is not punishment but is a permanent condition deemed appropriate for given categories of human beings, such as "children," "women," "slaves," and what I call "the mad and other non-persons." I first examine how imprisonment (as punishment) emerged, after the end of servitude in Europe, as a sort of "memory of slavery," to enforce a principle of subordination dedicated to "the free." Then, I look at the mechanisms of social control for those who are not socially perceived as "free." Finally, I attempt at sketching the process of expansion of mechanisms of subordination—for the free and the unfree—beyond European borders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article utilizes a multilevel intersectional framework to analyze how Asian immigrant women workers in state-funded care provisioning make sense of and contest the relations of servitude that have long plagued low-paid domestic work. Our research, which draws on in-depth interviews with Chinese, Korean, and Filipina/o/x women in California's In-Home Supportive Services program, shows that workers across all three groups face coercive labor conditions in private homes that severely constrain their ability to refuse excessive demands on their time and tasks, including when care is publicly funded and means tested, provided by paid relatives, managed by the state, and regulated under union collective-bargaining agreements. Yet, our comparative analysis also shows that workers from different groups have varying understandings of what constitutes servitude and how it can be challenged, especially when care receiver–employers are similarly marginalized and are part of workers' families and ethnic communities. Meso-level institutions such as labor markets, immigrant networks, community organizations, and labor unions play a significant role in mediating workers' subjective understandings and group-level responses to ongoing conditions of de facto servitude. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recognizing Wrongs reflects an ongoing challenge within private law theory: once an ideal of interpersonal responsibility and accountability is recognised at private law's centre, how are these dimensions of private law to be developed in a manner that does not unduly undermine systemic predictability and clarity? This article responds to this challenge from the perspective of property law and theory. It suggests that inspiration as to the kinds of core unifying values that could clarify private law's obligational dimensions can be found in varied sources, including in Thomistic property thinking, with opportunities for identifying and developing interpersonal responsibilities already existing in property doctrine, for example in the law of servitudes. As we face urgent sustainability challenges, with their strong inter-generational dimensions, the article argues that scholars should think afresh about the need to clarify the moral basis of interpersonal responsibilities in respect of property, with the Thomistic focus on human sustenance providing one candidate for reasoning about ownership obligations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Annales Historiques de la Révolution Française is the property of Librairie Armand Colin and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article explores the topic of transforming underused golf courses into housing developments in California. It discusses the protection of golf courses through conservation easements and argues that these easements are not appropriate for golf courses, as they are artificial and harmful to the environment. The article suggests that terminating these easements would allow for housing development to address California's housing shortage. It also raises concerns about the long-term implications of perpetual conservation easements and proposes steps that the California Legislature and the courts can take to enable the termination of these easements. Overall, the article highlights the need to balance environmental conservation with the pressing need for housing development. [Extracted from the article]

This article advocates the transgression of incumbent theoretical divisions between rural and urban abodes of production and draws on new analyses of contemporary spaces of capital and labour antagonisms in Brazil. It does so to articulate a broadening of the definition of class and class struggle towards an emancipatory praxis that does not necessarily prioritise industrialised workers. The study has a particular focus on the reconfiguration of socio-spatial arrangements linked to 21st century commodity cultivation, extraction and trade and subsequent class tensions on the material and epistemological frontier between (hydro, agro and mineral) mega projects and the autonomous territories of rural subjects. The renewed degradation of conditions for a labour force that has always been precarious, the dissolving dichotomy between proletarianised and peasant labour, and the ongoing resistance to corporate capture by communities is evoked to contrast distinct metabolic relations within rural territories with the objectification of labour and nature under capitalism. The analysis reveals new configurations of class domination, tension and counter movements. Many critical scholars, particularly those in the Global South, have been attentive to alternate readings of the world by indigenous, African descendent, peasant and agro-extractivist communities that may be unfamiliar yet underpin vociferous, and often fatal, resistance to capital accumulation. The task to effectively situate these struggles within a theory of broader, heterogeneous class struggle and integrate this 'wealth' of collective struggle and knowledge towards societal transformation remains important work in progress. In this spirit, the paper offers some possibilities for making new conceptual and material connections between rural and urban productive spaces and across currently fragmented class formations and identities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Ciencia y Tecnología Agropecuaria is the property of Agrosavia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Contrairement à d’autres pays, comme la France, la République démocratique du Congo ne dispose pas d’un code traitant uniquement de l’urbanisme. Cela ne veut pas dire que cette matière n’y est pas règlementée. Bien au contraire. Il existe un corpus de normes urbanistiques, notamment le décret de 1957 sur l’urbanisme ainsi qu’un arsenal des textes épars influant sur la constructibilité. Cependant, cette nature éparse du droit de l'urbanisme constitue une grande faiblesse pour l’harmonisation des actions à entreprendre par l’Administration pour contenir les initiatives individuelles anarchiques, débouchant sur des constructions anarchiques, qui prennent le dessus sur les besoins de la collectivité. Ainsi, en vue de contrer le développement de ces initiatives individuelles, d’une part, et de remédier à la difficulté de la dispersion des textes juridiques existant, d’autre part, nous suggérons la refonte des matières éparses sur l’urbanisme, mais aussi veiller à la légalité de certaines mesures d’application.

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Based on a binary model that takes into account the physical characteristics of the watershed and the different social and economic characteristics of the Algerian city of Batna, we tried to clarify the vulnerable areas to flood risk. The study relied on geographic information systems and considered many factors that could affect the response of the watershed, namely height, slopes, permeability, proximity to major water courses, topographic wetness index, drainage density, normalized difference vegetation index, height above nearest drainage, population density, housing type, public equipment, and population. The research also considers a common area among four previous studies which was identified as a risk zone. The results indicate a high urban vulnerability in the city centre, near Al Maseel and Al-Hizam protection canals and wadi Al Gourzi. In contrast, the areas of medium vulnerability extend over large areas of the city. These results are related to the change in land use and illegal and legal expansion on non-urbanizable areas which are supposed to be subject to easement rights, and these results are mainly due to the physical properties of the watershed, as it provides suitable conditions for the emergence of runoff water, and the low-lying areas of it favor flooding, which can make it difficult to propose economic structural protection measures within the city, considered to be a drainage area for the watershed, and which will be a real obstacle for the authorities to get rid of the flooding problem in Batna. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ensuring the needs of the economy in mineral resources and their effective use is one of the main issues of modern development of Ukraine. The problem of expanding the mineral and raw material base of Ukraine as a material basis for the growth of the national economy is the lack of a balanced systemic approach, the optimal option of which is the balanced use of state and private business resources and the introduction of an innovative and investment mechanism of subsoil use. In addition, the organizational and legal mechanism related to the emergence and realization of rights to the corresponding land plots used for the needs of subsoil use remains imperfect. The importance of the study is confirmed by the fact that the imperfect legal regulation of the use of land for the needs of subsoil use prevents the increase in the search, exploration and development of oil and gas deposits, which play a decisive role in the composition of minerals and ensure the satisfaction of public interests, primarily the needs of the economy. The article examines and analyzes the latest changes to the legal acts regulating the use of land plots for the needs of subsoil use. The legal problems of the emergence and implementation of the right to use land plots for the needs of subsoil use are considered, as well as the characteristics of the use of these land plots are characterized. It has been established that the main legal form of land use for subsoil use is easement use. Considered the possibility of registration of land rights for the needs of subsoil use with such a property right as a lease. The necessity of legislative consolidation of the preliminary agreement of the land issue between the potential subsoil user and the owner of the corresponding land plot is substantiated. The peculiarity of subsoil use is that, under any conditions, the will of the holders of land rights (owner or land user) is required within the boundaries of land plots (or their parts), which will be necessary for the needs of subsoil use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The testament of Kale (in religion Maria), written in the year 1098 and transmitted by copy in the archive of Iviron Monastery on Mount Athos, constitutes one of the most remarkable documents of the Moyen Âge grec. While its contents have hitherto been analyzed through the lens of economic and rural history, her will contains exhaustive commemorative prescriptions which shed light on how Byzantine founders sought to preserve their memory. The present contribution examines this testament, along with related documents, as a remarkable expression of Maria's concern for the salvation of her soul, and that of her spouse, which she sought to realize through memorial services, charitable distributions and commemorative feasting. The testament makes clear that Maria pursued various commemorative strategies to perpetuate her own memory and that of her deceased husband: to this end, she incentivized several groups of people with bequests to pray for her after her death. A complete translation of the testament into English is offered along with an annotated commentary in an appendix. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Jacques Ellul's analysis of biblical violence is resolutely Christocentric: all manifestations of violence must be seen in the perspective of the Revelation in Christ. There are no subtypes of violence, and all manifestations of violence are expressions of necessity. In turn, violence, which stands in stark contrast with language, leads to servitude and this circle can be broken only by the freedom brought by the violence of God's unconditional love. This love is both the ultimate spiritual violence, as it is a victory over the necessity of death, and the promise of universal salvation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Chilena de Derecho Privado is the property of Fundacion Fernando Fueyo Laneri and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article discusses the landmark U.K. Supreme Court decision in the case of Basfar v Wong, which ruled that domestic servitude in a diplomatic household is not protected by diplomatic immunity. The case highlights the issue of exploitative working conditions faced by migrant domestic workers, with the added challenge of diplomatic immunity.

Human use of powerline servitude corridors for the secure transmission and distribution of electricity disturbs natural landscapes and changes vegetation patterns. We examined vegetation communities under two powerlines in the Limpopo province, South Africa (Khakhu line 22KV and Fundudzi 132KV powerlines). Twelve invasive alien species were identified in Khakhu and Fundudzi, dominated by Khaki bush Tagetes minuta, common guava Psidium guajava, black‐jack Bidens pilosa, fierce thorn apple Datura ferox and common lantana Lantana camara. Sites closest to human settlements showed high alien species richness, whilst sites located further away were dominated by alien L. camara, but had a low overall species richness. Conversely, areas away from human settlements showed lower levels of alien invasion. Weak overlaps in the principal coordinates analysis polygons for the two powerline servitudes suggest that alien plant compositions are dissimilar, with five identified species groups being identifiable among sites, and thus a high potential for invasion success from multiple taxa. The research findings showed that powerline corridors could potentially trigger invasion success via disturbance as they act as pathways for arrival and should be a focus for management efforts to prevent further spread. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates optimal grassland easement acquisition strategies with a focus on the roles of environmental benefit additionality and spatial spillover effect of grassland conversion. Numerical analysis shows that the optimal solution under a targeting strategy that does not consider any spatial spillover effect may secure less environmental benefit additionality than does a heuristic algorithm that considers spatial spillover. Moreover, heuristic algorithms that consider either conversion probability or spatial spillover can generally achieve more than 97% of environmental benefit additionality obtained under the optimal solution of a targeting strategy that considers both additionality and spatial spillover. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conservation easements (CEs) were introduced in the Chinese context to resolve the conflict between rural land use and area-based conservation measures. As conservation easements are usually set on private lands, little is known about their adaptation to the collective land tenure. We introduced a social-psychological aspect to sustainable livelihoods (SL) for an integrated decision-making mechanism to assess rural residents' motivations for granting CEs. We surveyed farmers in the Qianjiangyuan National Park pilot area in order to explore how tangible factors, i.e., the livelihood assets, and intangible factors, i.e., farmers' perceptions of the livelihood environment, affected their true feeling of conservation easements. Results suggested that CEs that were adapted to the collectively-owned forestland followed a well-established grassroots democracy but sacrificed the CE's diversity in restricted uses tailored to specific landowners and properties. Institutional capital and perception of the economic environment appeared most important to affect farmers' acceptance of CEs. Furthermore, the livelihood assets affected farmers' perception of the livelihood environment, and their acceptance of CEs affected the perception of policy outcomes. Overall, our findings demonstrate the acceptance of conservation easements as a livelihood strategic choice and strengthen the importance of securing economic rights in the changing institutional environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The inward look aimed at the idea of freedom is the sharp scrutiny of the individual melted into a human conglomerate, amorphous to the point of dissolution. How can man free himself from this suffocating si e ge? How could the spectacle of existence, magnified to the dimension of the tragic, be saved from the fall in time that perpetuates those before consciousness? How could Adam regain the Edenic homeland after his original sin? This preoccupation with the total recovery of the lost paradise, undertaken on different paths, cannot be imagined outside of the history that the young intellectuals lived in the interwar period, in various forms of exile: Mircea Eliade, Eugen Ionescu, Constantin Noica, Mihail Sebastian or Emil Cioran, eagerly assuming the destiny of the man expelled from his father's homeland through insurgency, censorship, racism, enslavement, imprisonment. This Adamic destiny proliferated a difficult but free exile. Through scepticism. To inhabit a p aradise of bitterness, cultivating the pleasure of wandering among conflicting ideas and worlds, refusing to pronounce in favour of one of the opposing sides. To prefer nothing, to practice the demonstration of the inconsistency of any judgment on things to attempt, in fact, to give a complete enumeration of all the possibilities of a statement, that would be the game taken seriously and permeated with a painful disappointment at the futility and intractability of the human condition. which would save him from suffering, would procure him happiness and, we would say, the freedom of the professional sceptic, like Emil Cioran. In the voluptuousness and tumultuous energy with which Emil Cioran consumes the passion for existence, the presentiment of nothingness also pulsates. Between the Tree of Life and the Tree of Knowledge, man did not deliberate for a single axis mundi, aiming to overcome his limits. On his way to freedom through conscience and the pulsation of a dying life, Emil Cioran makes the bitter eulogy of servitude, in different stylistic and affective registers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article will explore the historical account and political actualisation of Machiavelli and La Boétie in the work of Claude Lefort. In the 1970s, Lefort renewed the interpretation of Machiavelli and La Boétie by underlining their common 'radical humanism'. The long-overlooked insights into desire and social division of the two Renaissance thinkers underline the subversive potential of humanism against its common ideological and oligarchic uses. But the history of radical humanism cannot be separated from its topicality, as it is one of the germs of the democratic revolution. This radicalism echoes and inspires Lefort's agonistic theory of democracy. After Machiavelli and La Boétie, his work grapples with the continued dependency of the subjects on visible and invisible masters. Indeed, according to Lefort, contemporary societies long for certainty and remain haunted by servitude in the form of ideology (be it bourgeois, totalitarian or invisible). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]