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Phyllody associated with the presence of ‘CandidatusPhytoplasma’ strains is the most important disease, severely affecting sesame plants, either partially or completely. Seven species of sesame, namely Sesamum alatum, S. indicum, S. malabaricum, S. mulayanum, S. radiatum, S. laciniatumand S. prostratumwere studied for their resistance or susceptibility to phyllody, symptomatology and identification of the phytoplasma involved in symptom development. Symptoms viz.,phyllody and flower virescence were recorded in all the seven species of Sesamumwith varying degrees of susceptibility. Some sesame species exhibited yellowing of leaves, stunted growth, little leaves, proliferation of axillary shoots, witches’-broom, and splitting of capsules. The lowest incidence of phyllody was found in S. alatum(0–6%), followed by S. laciniatum(11–17%) and S. prostratum(16–27%). The incidence of phyllody in S. indicum, S. malabaricum, S. mulayanumand S. radiatumwas between 44–68%. In the present investigation, two phytoplasma strains, 16SrI-B (‘CandidatusPhytoplasma asteris’) and 16SrII-D (‘CandidatusPhytoplasma australasia’) were identified in phyllody affected Sesamumspecies. The perennial species S. laciniatumand S. prostratum, found only in India, are at risk of extinction due to phyllody and pose a serious threat as inoculum source for the spread of the disease. In the future, focus on genome sequencing of ‘CandidatusPhytoplasma’ strains associated with phyllody in Sesamumspecies and identification of the insect vectors involved in phytoplasma transmission are essential to clarify the phytoplasma strain identity and understand the host–pathogen-vector relationship.

Kombucha is fermented and produced with a biofilm called a symbiotic culture of bacteria and yeast, which is drunk all over the world for its beneficial effects on human health and energy levels. The metagenomic study of kombucha frequently detected microorganisms in proteobacteria, firmicutes, and actinobacteria. And also, yeast and fungi are Ascomycota and Basidiomycota is present in green leaf and sugarcane juice fermented kombucha. The kombucha extracts’ biological activities were assessed using pH, total phenolic content, antioxidant, antibacterial, and anticancer activity. Fermentation may enhance biological activity and the generation of bioactive substances. These results showed the pH −3.1 ± 0.2 and TPC −0.721 μg/mL of gallic acid equivalent. The antioxidant radicals scavenging activity of kombucha was evaluated by DPPH, ABTS, H2O2and TAC. The bioactive chemicals identified by FT-IR and HR-LC/MS analysis of Kombucha totaled 45 components. The identified compounds were further move on to perform molecular docking study against gastric cancer target proteins 4H9M, 2DQ7 and 1TVO are binding with Nequinate compounds showing best LibDock scores 105.12, 114.49, and 108.97. So, this study suggests that knowledge can potentially active bioactive compounds are present in kombucha and it’s stimulated the mechanism of gastrointestinal transit. Additionally, the metagenomic analysis gives strength to understand the bacterial and fungal distribution and its molecular mechanism from Kombucha.

This study examined genetic diversity and growth performance of thirty Terminalia chebulagenotypes from various regions of India. Seedlings were evaluated for growth attributes over 180 days after transplanting (DAT). Significant variations were observed across accessions for traits like shoot length, root length, collar diameter and volume. MHTC 04 showed superior performance, with maximum shoot length (36.23 cm) and root length (38.47 cm) at 180 DAT. KETC 05 exhibited the highest collar diameter (1.08 cm) and volume index (39.35) at 180 DAT. The genetic analysis revealed low to moderate PCV and GCV for most traits. Volume index showed the highest PCV (47.31 %) and GCV (47.23 %). High heritability (>95 %) was observed for several traits viz., root length, collar diameter and volume index. Path coefficient analysis identified collar diameter and shoot fresh weight as having the strongest positive direct effects on quality index. Cluster analysis grouped 30 genotypes into 10 clusters with cluster II being the largest (8 progenies). Quality index contributed the maximum (59.30 %) towards divergence followed by shoot dry weight (13.94 %) and volume index (8.28 %). This study identified promising genotypes and important traits for T. chebulaimprovement programmes, highlighting the potential for selective breeding to enhance the seedling quality and growth performance.

The battery temperature is one of the important factor that affects the performance of the battery and lifetime. To overcome these issues, the need and usage of an effective battery thermal management system (BTMS) is increased in recent years. The results of BTMS with conventional heat transfer fluids appears in many articles but the very few researchers developed and studied the performance of refrigerant based BTMS. In this research, a novel BTMS is developed and detailed study is conducted to analyze the impact of CuO based refrigerant (R134a) on its performance. Different quantity of CuO nanoparticles mixed with base refrigerant (R134a) and used as a heat transfer fluid. Initially, five different volume proportions (i.e. ɸ – 0.01, 0.02, 0.03, 0.04 and 0.05%) of CuO-R134a nano refrigerants are prepared and the thermophysical properties are studied. The test results reveal that the peak thermal conductivity and viscosity of about 1.28 W/mK and 0.00047 Pa-S is obtained for refrigerant with 0.05 vol.% CuO nanoparticle at 325 K and 300 K respectively. The average cell temperature of about 51 °C, 37 °C, 33 °C and 32 °C is observed for battery without cooling system, BTMS with R134a, 0.01% and 0.05% CuO/R134a respectively. From the results of this study, it can be suggested that the CuO- R134a nano refrigerant will be a promising cooling medium in the battery cooling system.

Artificial intelligence (AI) plays a major role in addressing novel coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19)-related issues and is also used in computer-aided synthesis planning (CASP). AI, including machine learning, is used by artificial neural networks such as deep neural networks and recurrent networks. AI has been used in activity predictions like physicochemical properties. Machine learning in de novo design explores the generation of fruitful, biologically active molecules toward expected or finished products. Several examples establish the strength of machine learning or AI in this field. AI techniques can significantly improve treatment consistency and decision making by developing useful algorithms. AI is helpful not only in the treatment of COVID-19-infected patients but also for their proper health monitoring. It can track the crisis of COVID-19 at different scales, such as medical, molecular, and epidemiological applications. It is also helpful to facilitate the research on this virus by analyzing the available data. AI can help in developing proper treatment regimens, prevention strategies, and drug and vaccine development. Combination with synthesis planning and ease of synthesis are feasible, and more and more automated drug discovery by computers is expected in the near future to eradicate the COVID-19 virus.

Cooling of PV module plays an important factor to increase the efficiency and life. Due to the many issues in the air cooling process, liquid-based cooling system is mainly preferred by the many researchers in recent years. In order to improve the PVT efficiency, CuO/water nanofluids were used in this experimental study. From the results, it can be seen that the PV module temperature is one of the key factor that affects the efficiency of the system. In the case of 0.05% and 0.1 vol% of CuO/water nanofluids, the electrical efficiency enhanced by 2.67%, 4.51% respectively whereas for 0.2 volume concentration, it enhanced to 5.3%. The efficiency of the thermal collector with 0.05 vol%, 0.1 vol%, 0.2 vol% of CuO/water nanofluids are enhanced by 29.41%, 39.86% and 50.01% with respect to water. The highest overall efficiency of the PVT system was obtained as 95.87% at 0.2 volume concentration. In this study the measurement uncertainty also carried out for the experimental data shows that the measurements are reliable.

This article reports the effects of CuO/water based coolant on specific fuel consumption and exhaust emissions of four stroke single cylinder diesel engine. The CuO nanoparticles of 27 nm were used to prepare the nanofluid-based engine coolant. Three different volume concentrations (i.e 0.05%, 0.1%, and 0.2%) of CuO/water nanofluids were prepared by using two-step method. The purpose of this study is to investigate the exhaust emissions (NOx), exhaust gas temperature and specific fuel consumption under different load conditions with CuO/water nanofluid. After a series of experiments, it was observed that the CuO/water nanofluids, even at low volume concentrations, have a significant influence on exhaust emissions. The experimental results revealed that, at full load condition, the specific fuel consumption was reduced by 8.6%, 15.1% and 21.1% for the addition of 0.05%, 0.1% and 0.2% CuO nanoparticles with water, respectively. Also, the emission tests were concluded that 881 ppm, 853 ppm and 833 ppm of NOxemissions were observed at high load with 0.05%, 0.1% and 0.2% volume concentrations of CuO/water nanofluids, respectively.

The feasibility of controlling peanut stem necrosis disease caused by Tobacco streak virus(TSV) in groundnut (Arachis hypogaeaL.) was explored by expressing double-stranded RNA of the replicase (Rep) gene of TSV in groundnut through genetic engineering. A hairpin (hp) RNAi construct containing 535-bp sense and antisense TSV-Repsequences flanking a 742-bp spacer sequence (Pdk intron) under the control of the constitutive Cauliflower mosaic virus35S promoter was made in the binary vector pART27. This chimeric gene construct was then mobilized into Agrobacterium tumefaciensstrain LBA4404 via triparental mating using pRK2013 as a helper. Cotyledon explants of groundnut cultivar TMV-7 were transformed with A. tumefaciensharboring the hpRNA cassette. The presence of the transgene in the transgenic plants was confirmed up to T3generation by PCR amplification of the 535-bp fragment of TSV-Repgene. The bioassay results indicated that necrotic lesions were observed on the leaves of the wild-type plants 7–9 days after inoculation with TSV and stem necrosis appeared 16–20 days after inoculation, whereas the transgenic plants did not develop symptoms until harvest. ELISA results indicated that the wild-type plants inoculated with TSV recorded the highest virus concentration as compared to the transgenic lines.

Sn–Au–ZnO was successfully synthesized by precipitation–decomposition method. The catalyst was characterized by XRD, FE-SEM, EDS, TEM, DRS, PL, XPS, TGA, DTA and BET surface area measurements. Sn–Au–ZnO is found to be more efficient than bare ZnO and other commercial catalysts at pH 11 for the mineralization of AR 18 dye under UV-A light. The effects of operational parameters on photo mineralization of AR 18 dye have been investigated. The mineralization of dye has been confirmed by COD measurements. A possible mechanism is proposed for the degradation of AR 18 under UV-A light. The catalyst is found to be reusable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

TIn this present study, the forced convection heat transfer performance of different fluids, namely, Al2O3-water, and CuO-water nanofluid has been studied experimentally in an automobile radiator. Three different concentration of nanofluid in the range of 0-1.0 vol.% have been prepared by addition of Al2O3 and CuO nanoparticles into water. The test fluid flow rate can be varied in the range of 2 l/min to 5 l/min to have a fully turbulent regime. Obtained results demonstrate that the fluid circulating rate can improve the heat transfer performance. The heat transfer performance of CuO-water nanofluid was found better than the other heat transfer fluids. Furthermore, the Nusselt number is found to increase with the increase in the nanoparticle concentration and nanofluid velocity.