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In this article I seek to apply findings from recent research on rivalry relationships to firm-level competitive strategy. I integrate microlevel and macrolevel theory in arguing that certain pairs of firms can, over time, develop rivalry relationships much like those between athletic teams or universities. In turn, these rivalry relationships can drive firms' competitive behavior above and beyond current market and competitive conditions (such as resource similarity or market overlap between firms). I then connect the relational rivalry literature and competitive dynamics literature and put forth a series of propositions centered on how relational rivalry between firms affects their competitive moves vis-à-vis one another. In doing so I aim to contribute to competitive strategy research by exploring social psychological and sociological factors, particularly by emphasizing the importance of pairs of firms' histories of interaction in driving future competitive action. This work also extends the existing literature on relational rivalry by pointing to institutionalization as a key difference between interfirm and interindividual relational rivalry and by examining the consequences of relational rivalry for macrolevel strategic and competitive decisions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social tags are user-defined keywords associated with online content that reflect consumers’ perceptions of various objects, including products and brands. This research presents a new approach for harvesting rich, qualitative information on brands from user-generated social tags. The authors first compare their proposed approach with conventional techniques such as brand concept maps and text mining. They highlight the added value of their approach that results from the unconstrained, open-ended, and synoptic nature of consumer-generated content contained within social tags. The authors then apply existing text-mining and data-reduction methods to analyze disaggregate-level social tagging data for marketing research and demonstrate how marketers can utilize the information in social tags by extracting key representative topics, monitoring common dynamic trends, and understanding heterogeneous perceptions of a brand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present research finds that anthropomorphism, or attributing human characteristics to nonhuman objects, increases consumers′ preference for products with superior appearance. This effect occurs because consumers apply the belief of “ beautiful is good, ” a pervasive stereotype in person perception, to the judgment of anthropomorphized products. Seven experiments test the propositions. The results show that product anthropomorphism (vs. nonanthropomorphism) leads consumers to spend more time and money searching for information about appearance attributes (experiments 1 and 2), to indicate greater preference for products with superior appearance (experiments 4, 6, and 7), and to purchase products with superior appearance (experiments 3 and 5). The experiments also show that the effect of anthropomorphism on consumer preference is mediated by consumers‘ conviction of “beautiful is good” in person perception. This effect is alleviated when consumers‘ beliefs about the association between the attractive physical appearance of a person and the positive personal traits of this person are challenged. These results are robust across a wide range of product categories and consumers. Theoretical contributions and marketing implications are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Marketers and researchers alike typically regard products as differentiated by quality (modeled via vertical differentiation) or taste (modeled via horizontal differentiation). This research examines consumer beliefs about product differentiation. For a wide variety of product pairs, different consumers hold divergent beliefs about whether each pair is a matter of quality (such that one product is objectively better) or taste (such that one product is a better match with their own personal preferences). These beliefs have meaningful consequences. When consumers believe their chosen products are objectively better rather than better matches with their preferences: (1) they are willing to pay more for the chosen product over the alternative; (2) they self-reference less when explaining their choices; and (3) they are more likely to make transitive inferences from choices across other consumers. Observing others‘ contradictory choices increases the likelihood of believing those products differ by taste rather than quality. Understanding consumer beliefs about product differentiation has implications for understanding consumer decision delegation and decisions that are made in group contexts and for strategic decisions including customer segmentation, product positioning, and pricing policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cet article entend approfondir un modèle théorique de l'appareil psychique présenté lors d'un précédent travail, en particulier l'une de ses caractéristiques majeures : la présence, au cœur de son fonctionnement, d'une dynamique inconsciente d'association perceptive en partie héritée du processus primaire de la théorie freudienne. L'article fait un premier détour par les écrits freudiens abordant trois phénomènes psychiques : le rêve, le lapsus et le mot d'esprit. L'analyse de ces travaux laisse entrevoir une difficulté théorique touchant à l'action de deux processus (primaire et secondaire) mis en opposition par Freud, et invite à une alternative mise à profit par notre modèle. Pour illustrer et expliciter celui-ci, l'article se déplace ensuite vers les expériences fameuses menées par Alfred Binet à la fin du XIXe siècle auprès de ses patientes hystériques et mettant en scène une série de phénomènes dits de « double conscience ». Il apparaît que la dynamique inconsciente d'association perceptive anime en permanence la vie psychique, aussi bien dans les phénomènes inconscients que dans la pensée régulière. C'est elle, typiquement, qui œuvre dans la question facétieuse que nous adressons au lecteur : « Si je vous dis 'rouge', à quoi pensez-vous ?! ». Cette dynamique, semble-t-il, apporte au mécanisme naturel de pensée des propriétés de condensation et de déplacement que Freud avait déjà repérées, sous une forme plus intense, dans la formation du rêve et attribuées à son processus primaire. La pensée, plus précisément, se présente comme le produit de cette dynamique en tant qu'elle est encadrée par l'activité du champ de conscience, capable de l'actionner et de la canaliser à la fois. Il est possible que l'irruption du rêve résulte d'une sorte de basculement dans la collaboration naturelle entre champ de conscience et système inconscient durant le sommeil : l'abaissement de l'activité de conscience laisse alors le champ libre à la dynamique associative de l'inconscient quand, au contraire, elle resserre son étreinte dans la pensée vigile. Plus généralement, peut-on croire, la pensée dans toutes ses formes dépend toujours du contrôle exercé par le champ de conscience sur la dynamique associative de l'inconscient. Une grande liberté laissée à cette dernière doit par exemple être une condition de la création artistique. Notre réflexion et notre modèle empruntent très clairement à la théorie freudienne. Pourtant, de façon tout aussi claire, ils s'en écartent à plusieurs égards. Partant de la dynamique du système inconscient, cet article vient en particulier remettre en avant l'importance de l'activité de conscience quand Freud tendait au contraire à la minimiser. Sous cet angle, il n'est pas impossible que notre modèle tienne le milieu entre la pensée de Freud et celle de Janet. This article aims to deepen a theoretical model of the psychic apparatus introduced in a previous work, in particular one of its main characteristics: the presence, at the center of its functioning, of an unconscious dynamic of perceptive association partly inherited from the primary process of the Freudian theory. The article first surveys Freud's writings about three psychic phenomena: dreams, slips of the tongue, and jokes. Analyzing these works suggests a theoretical difficulty concerning two processes (primary and secondary) considered to be opposites by Freud, and leads to an alternative applied by our model. The article then moves on to the famous experiments conducted by Alfred Binet with his hysterical patients at the end of the 19th century, in which the so-called phenomenon of "double consciousness" was put on display. It appears that the unconscious dynamic of perceptive association is always a driver of psychic life, in both unconscious phenomena as well as in regular thinking. It typically operates when we facetiously ask the reader: "If I say 'red', what comes to mind?" This dynamic seems to bring to the natural mechanism of thinking some proprieties of condensation and displacement already identified by Freud, in a more intense form, in the making of dreams and attributed to his primary process. More precisely, thinking appears to be the product of this dynamic, given that it is supervised by the activity of the field of consciousness, simultaneously able to activate and channel it. The irruption of dreams possibly results from a kind of switching in the collaboration between consciousness and the unconscious system during sleep: the lowering of conscious activity then opens the way for the associative dynamic of the unconscious whereas, on the contrary, the former tightens its grips in the alert thinking. More generally, we can consider that thinking, in all its forms, always depends on the control exercised by the field of consciousness over the associative dynamic of the unconscious. A great freedom given to the latter would necessarily be a condition for artistic creation, for example. Our reflections and model clearly borrow from Freudian theory, while also clearly departing from it in several respects. Starting from the dynamic of the unconscious system, this article highlights the importance of conscious activity when Freud instead tended to minimize it. From this perspective, our model would appear to occupy a middle ground between Freud's and Janet's. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Community pharmacists play a crucial role in providing comprehensive patient education regarding contraception methods. This study aims to investigate Jordanian pharmacists' knowledge and perceptions toward male oral contraceptive pills (OCPs). A mixed-explanatory sequential method was divided into two phases. The first was a self-administered electronic survey that was distributed to community pharmacists/trainees in Jordan. The second phase was carried out through online semi-structured in-depth interviews targeting the maximum variation purposive sample of community pharmacists. A total of 158 (response rate 98%) questionnaires were included in the analysis. The majority of the participants were female (n = 118, 74.2%). In terms of knowledge, only 25% of participants acknowledged the presence of male OCPs and almost half were uncertain about the mechanism of action and the possible uses. The findings of the interviews confirmed a relatively negative perception toward male OCPs and the identified barriers to male OCPs were cultural norms, side effects, and poor compliance. It is argued that there is a negative perception toward male OCPs due to the majority of pharmacists not believing such products will be successful in Jordan. Once these pills are approved for their effectiveness and safety, men may need further education and encouragement to take an active role in family planning along with their partners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Proponents of the causal theory of perception have applied the theory to questions about which particular objects or events are perceived, which parts are perceived, and which properties are perceived. In each case, they insist that successful perception is causally dependent on what is perceived. The causal theory rests on an important insight regarding the information-carrying role of perception. In order to succeed in this role, perception cannot be grounded in spurious correlations. But we can respect this insight without embracing the idea that a successful percept must be causally dependent on what is perceived. A correlation in nature can also be genuine or lawful when it arises from a common cause. I show how successful perception is frequently achieved through correlation via a common cause. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On the traditional picture, accidents must inhere in substances in order to exist. Berkeley famously argues that a particular class of accidents—the sensible qualities—are mere ideas—entities that depend for their existence on minds. To defend this view, Berkeley provides us with an elegant alternative to the traditional framework: sensible qualities depend on a mind, not in virtue of inhering in it, but in virtue of being perceived by it. This metaphysical insight, once correctly understood, gives us the resources to solve a central problem that still plagues the philosophy of perception—the problem of how, given the power of the mind to create phenomenally rich experiences, ordinary perception can nonetheless be said to acquaint us with the mind-independent world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prior research has firmly established that consumers draw benefits from a firm's engagement in corporate social responsibility (CSR), especially the feeling of a "warm glow." These benefits positively affect several desirable outcomes, such as willingness to pay and customer loyalty. The authors propose that consumers do not blindly perceive benefits from a firm's CSR engagement but tend to suspect that a firm's prices include a markup to finance the CSR engagement. Taking customers' benefit perceptions and price markup inferences into account, the authors suggest that CSR engagement has mixed effects on consumers' evaluation of price fairness and, thus, on subsequent outcomes such as customer loyalty. The authors conduct one qualitative study and four quantitative studies leveraging longitudinal field and experimental data from more than 4,000 customers and show that customers indeed infer CSR price markups, entailing mixed effects of firms' CSR engagement on price fairness. The authors find that perception critically depends on customers' CSR attributions, and they explore the underlying psychological mechanisms. They propose communication strategies to optimize the effect of CSR engagement on perceived price fairness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drawing on theoretical work on humans' adaptive capacity, we propose that supervisors' perception of top management's high bottom-line mentality (BLM) has a dysfunctional effect on their ethical leadership practices. Specifically, we suggest that these perceptions hinder supervisors' empathy, which eventuates in less ethical leadership practices. We also investigate, in a first-stage moderated mediation model, how supervisors high in trait mindfulness are resistant to the ill effects of perceptions of top management's high BLM. Supervisors high (versus low) in this trait are less likely to respond to perceptions of top management's high BLM with reduced empathy that then hinders ethical leadership. Results from a multi-wave, multi-source sample of working adults from the Chinese high technology industry provide general support for our theoretical model. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Voice is an invaluable asset for vocal professionals such as actors, singers, dubbing artists, etc. Among these, voice-over artists have rarely been the focus of research related to voice in India. These professionals need to convey emotions solely through the voice, and their vocal training must be suited to meet these demands. This study compares vocal capability of voice-over artists to those of untrained voice users. Each of 10 participants (five voice-over artists, five untrained vocal users) were asked to verbalize a target sentence to convey four different emotions. Their voice samples were recorded and given to 30 naive listeners to investigate whether the listeners perceived the emotion being conveyed. Results revealed that although voice-over artists were recognized by listeners as trained vocal users, there was no statistically significant difference in the number of sentences where the emotion was correctly conveyed through their voice, as outlined in the study. Among the emotions studied, "excitement" was maximally perceived correctly by listeners. While highlighting a lack of training by vocologists, the study also brings into focus a relatively neglected sub-population of vocal professionals in India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Technikgeschichte is the property of Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper aims to analyze narratives about African-Brazilian beliefs and cultural manifestations as shown in the printing press in Salvador, from 1920 to 1940. The main sources consulted were the newspapers Estado da Bahia, O Imparcial, A Tarde and Diário de Notícias. This timeframe comprehends the gradual change of perception of the press on those manifestations, when religious African-Brazilian festivities are consolidated as identity symbols of the city. The sources enabled the identification of memory homogeneities and discontinuities, as well as the factors of differentiation in the power correlations among groups separated by tenuous social-cultural and religious boundaries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Consumer product returns in the United States are approaching three-hundred billion dollars annually. In the majority of cases, the returned products are perfectly functional convenience returns. Managers have a multi-billion dollar profit opportunity to reuse the products by strategically employing remanufacturing. Yet, remanufacturing has multiple barriers that must be understood and addressed. This article addresses several key managerial issues regarding remanufactured consumer products. First, will consumers buy remanufactured products? Second, will the green consumer segment desire remanufactured products? Third, will remanufactured product sales cannibalize new product sales? Finally, this article provides guidance regarding pricing and cannibalization mitigation strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reports that member of the statutory health insurance is damaged by a third party and the statutory health insurance provider has to provide congruent social benefits, the latter is entitled to recourse claims against the damaging party due to the transfer of claims in accordance. Topics include examines that the employees of the recourse departments do not have their own perceptions of the incident and in some cases cannot know that it is the fault of a third party.

The article focuses on the perception of the "Childhood Gospel of Thomas" that has changed fundamentally in recent decades. Topics include examines that this applies to both the history of the text and many aspects of content and considered the translation of the text including the introduction for the 7th edition of the "New Testament Apocrypha", the first, completely revised double volume of which only appeared a good decade later under the changed title "Ancient Christian Apocrypha".

This research investigates how observers react when they see someone else being given a compliment that is flattering but that appears sincere. Prior work suggests that to the extent the compliment is perceived to be genuine, observers will not judge the source negatively. Merging insights from social comparison research and dual attitudes theory, this article presents a novel conceptualization of observer reactions to flattery. Specifically, while observers' deliberative attitudes toward apparently sincere flattery may be positive, a spontaneous process of comparing oneself with the target will produce an implicit negative reaction rooted in the unpleasant sensation of envy. This conceptualization yields a host of related implications, successfully predicting observers' reactions toward insincere as well as sincere flattery and toward the flattery target as well its source, and also explaining how their envy-based negative reaction may ironically induce observers to behave in a manner consistent with the flatterer's interests. Convergent findings across four experiments provide a multifaceted understanding of observer reactions to flattery, while also informing the literature on social comparison and envy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de Historía da Sociedade e da Cultura is the property of Revista de Historia da Sociedade e da Cultura and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

One of the most potent ways to communicate stigma is associating a group with peril. In this study, we examine how different forms of peril representations influence specific patterns of interpersonal inclinations. We explore how key social perceptions of group warmth and competence may serve as explanatory mediating mechanisms. Although African Americans and Arab-Muslims similarly share close mediated associations with threat, an empirical examination of how interaction intentions toward both groups differ under congruent conditions is warranted. Results demonstrate support for expectations pertaining to Arab-Muslims, though not African Americans, revealing the complicated nature of threat-influenced antipathy toward these groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Serena Williams is the most accomplished tennis player in the open era of professional tennis. She is also a Black woman which figures prominently in how she is (mis)understood in tennis. Using intersectionality as an interpretive framework, we aim to show how Serena fits within the social structure of tennis which was created within the white, upper-class social milieu. Within the lineage from this historic milieu, Serena is sometimes perceived to be violent; however, that perception highlights the ways in which Serena is positioned differently in this setting than her counterparts. Her outbursts are not more egregious than those of other players; however, Serena's performance of blackness disrupts the expected tennis imaginary and attaches to her the extra imaginings of those features attached to blackness such as urban mannerisms, lack of respect for authority, and violence, which unjustly add extra weight for Serena to bear. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article argues that black workers' perceptions of racial discrimination derive not just from being in the minority, but also from their position in the organizational structure. Researchers have shown that black individuals encounter an enormous amount of racial discrimination in the workplace, including but not limited to exclusion from critical social networks, wage disparities, and hiring disadvantages. But fewer studies examine the extent to which black workers believe racial discrimination is a salient factor in their occupational mobility or the factors that might explain their divergent perceptions of racial discrimination. Based on 60 in-depth interviews with black medical doctors, nurses, and technicians in the healthcare industry, we show that black workers' status within an organizational hierarchy fundamentally informs perceptions of the nature and type of workplace racial discrimination. These findings have implications for understanding how racial dynamics at work are linked to mental health, occupational satisfaction, and organizational change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prior research has shown that television viewing cultivates perceptions of the prevalence of societal affluence through a memory-based process that relies on the application of judgmental heuristics. This article extends this research by examining (1) whether cultivation effects generalize to consumer values such as materialism and (2) whether these values judgments are also processed in a heuristic manner. Data from both a survey and an experiment suggest that television cultivates materialism through an online process in which television's influence is enhanced by active (rather than heuristic) processing during viewing. This finding stands in contrast to the cultivation of prevalence judgments, which are attenuated by active processing during judgment elicitation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the issue of 'fit' between causes, companies, products and brands in the field of Cause Related Marketing (CRM). The linking of charitable causes and commercial ventures via their branded identities has become very widespread in the last ten years. The literature states that obtaining a good 'fit', in terms of the positioning and objectives of both product and charity, is very important to the success of CRM initiatives. However, there is no empirical support for this common assertion. This paper describes an experiment that was designed to test the assumption that 'fit' is important. The results of the experiment indicate that the degree of 'fit' between products and causes does have a significant effect on consumers' evaluations of products that carry a cause 'brand identity' as part of a CRM campaign. The results also indicate that cause cues in low involvement purchase situations create their impact by disrupting existing decision heuristics, rather than by the creation of new heuristics of assessment. This finding has implications for commercial managers when they are assessing the 'fit' and potential benefits of CRM associations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The negativity effect, or the greater weighing of negative as compared with equally extreme positive information in the formation of overall evaluations, is widely believed by media planners and appears to be a well-proven phenomenon in consumer psychology. Although this effect has been extensively documented under conditions of moderate to high processing involvement in the literature, its robustness in consumer environments may be overstated. Specifically, there are important differences between the experimental settings in which this effect has typically been obtained and marketplace conditions. For instance, subjects in past studies have typically evaluated unknown or hypothetical targets with the goal of forming an accurate impression. In the marketplace, consumers may be familiar with brands and likely to process brand-related information with a variety of other processing goals, such as impression and defense motivation. Using two experiments, this re-inquiry delineates conditions under which the negativity effect is likely to emerge and those under which it may be less likely to occur. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sherry (1983) defines reformulation as the final stage of gift exchange, during which a newly presented gift can impact the relationship between giver and recipient. To date no one has examined exactly how gifts can affect relationships or what aspects of gift exchange contribute to realignment of the giver/recipient relationship. Using depth interviews and critical-incident surveys, our study explores how the recipient's perceptions of the existing relationship, the gift, the ritual context, and his or her emotional reactions converge to affect relationship realignment. We identify six relational effects of gift-receipt experiences. Further, we examine gift-receipt experiences that have a consistent impact in the short and long term, and those where the meanings and relational effects appear to change over time. Implications for future research are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the importance of urban ethnic neighborhoods as the context of everyday life, where normative influences on health are formed, modified, and maintained. Built on communication infrastructure theory, this study investigates the role of women's connections to their neighborhood storytelling network—consisting of residents, local/ethnic media, and community organizations—in shaping their descriptive normative perceptions regarding cervical cancer screening. Specifically, we explore the communication mechanisms that underlie Latinas' exposure and attention to media information about Pap tests, their discussions with health-care professionals about Pap tests, their perceptions about how normative Pap tests are among "women like them", and their compliance with cervical cancer screening guidelines. Our findings suggest that neighborhood storytelling resources hold promise for health communication research to understand not only the uptake of Pap tests but also health disparities in other domains that affect diverse populations and communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Why do fraudulent elections encourage protesting? Scholars suggest that information about fraud shapes individuals' beliefs and propensity to protest. Yet these accounts neglect the complexity of opinion formation and have not been tested at the individual level. We distinguish between the mobilizing effects of actual incidents of election fraud and individuals' subjective perceptions of fraud. While rational updating models would imply that both measures similarly affect mobilization, we argue that subjective fraud perceptions are more consistent predictors of protesting, also being shaped by attitudes, information, and community networks. Our empirical analysis uses geo-referenced individual-level data on fraud events, fraud perception, and protesting from the 2007 Nigerian elections. Our analysis yields two main findings: proximity to reported fraud has no effect on protesting and citizens perceiving elections as fraudulent are consistently more likely to protest, and more so if embedded in community networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigate how right-wing extremists use, perceive, and try to provoke news media coverage. Findings from qualitative interviews with former leaders of right-wing extremist groups in Germany, who served as key informants, show that reports on right-wing extremism are used and trigger feelings of being personally affected. Consequently, right-wing extremists show hostile-media and third-person perceptions. These perceptions influence both emotions and behaviors among right-wing extremists, for example, they cause right-wing leaders to strategically monitor news media to exploit them for political goals. Our findings are presented along with a model and are accompanied by a discussion of the implications for responsible journalism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hate crime charges offer enhanced sentences for prejudice‐motivated acts in recognition of the injury that extends beyond the victim to other members of the targeted group. The present study builds upon and extends previous work illuminating how anti‐Black prejudice influences application of free speech protections to justify criminal acts against Black (vs. White) targets, which subsequently reduces support for hate crime charges for the act by investigating the potential effects of environmental cues that increase the salience of free speech rights. The present work tested the main and interactive effects of act target (Black vs. White), anti‐Black prejudice, and the salience of freedom of speech on perceived free speech protections for a prejudice‐motivated criminal act and the consequent influence on support for hate crime charges. Replicating previous findings, greater anti‐Black prejudice predicted more perceived free speech protections for Black‐targeted acts, which predicted less support for hate crime charges. Low‐bias participants viewed Black‐ versus White‐targeted acts as less protected by free speech rights and more deserving of hate crime charges; high‐bias participants viewed the two acts similarly. Making the right to free speech (compared to protections from search and seizure) salient amplified differential perceptions of free speech protections based on prejudice and target group, which predicted support for hate crime charges. This work holds implications for justification processes and highlights the importance of studying culture‐specific values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent work has suggested that issue ownership has a competence and an associative dimension and that both dimensions are less stable than originally assumed. This study is the first attempt to directly compare the stability and change of voters' perceptions on both dimensions. Using data from the 2015 Swiss Election Study, linking data from a combined panel/rolling cross-section survey with an extensive media analysis, this study finds that voters are more likely to maintain their issue ownership perceptions if the party they identify as the issue owner before the campaign receives a higher share of media campaign coverage. This stabilizing effect is conditional on the importance of the issue for the voter, and it is stronger for voters' competence evaluations than for their party-issue associations, which proved to be more stable. Thus, the results confirm the literature's previously untested assumption that voters' associative ownership perceptions are more stable than their competence ownership evaluations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this research is to explore the process linking participative leadership to organizational identification. The study examines the relationship between participative leadership and internal CSR perceptions of employees and also investigates the role that pride in membership plays in the affiliation of CSR perceptions with organizational identification. By studying these relationships, the paper aspires to contemplate new presumed mediators in the association of participative leadership with organizational identification as well as determine a possible novel antecedent of employee CSR perceptions. Empirical evidence is provided from data that was collected through a survey distributed to employees working for small- and medium-sized enterprises in three countries in the Middle East and North Africa regions, particularly the United Arab Emirates, Lebanon, and Tunisia. Findings show that participative leadership leads to positive internal CSR perceptions of employees and that these CSR perceptions lead to pride in membership which, in turn, results in organizational identification. Implications of these findings are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aristotle claims that 'although we perceive particulars, perception is of universals; for instance of human being, not of Callias-the-human-being' (APo II.19 100a16–b1). I offer an interpretation of this claim and examine its significance in Aristotle's epistemology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Secondhand apparel shopping resides in a domain characterized by used goods traditionally associated with financially marginalized consumers. Acknowledging the elusive psychological barriers associated with preowned apparel, this study explores mechanisms that facilitate consumers' willingness to recommend online secondhand apparel shopping. Results from three experimental studies and a cross‐sectional survey of online secondhand shoppers in the United States reveal that hedonic and ethical benefits influence recommendation behavior via perceived norms, whereas economic benefit directly influences consumers' willingness to recommend. Moderated mediation analyses further demonstrate that self‐consciousness alters the strength of the indirect effects, such that consumers with lower self‐consciousness displayed greater willingness to recommend compared to highly self‐conscious consumers. Findings contribute to a greater theoretical understanding of the roles perceived norms and self‐consciousness play in facilitating or inhibiting recommendation behavior in a context that implicitly involves self‐disclosure of one's secondhand purchase behavior. Managerial implications offer insights on salient benefits that can be leveraged to influence word‐of‐mouth recommendation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article provides an introduction to the special issue on Political violence: affinity, arming, consequences, and perceptions. The issue contains panel analyses, theoretical investigations, and a quantification study. With respect to terrorism, four of the articles study perceptions regarding democratic skepticism, security effectiveness, refugee hosting risks, and financial well-being. Although much of the special issue addresses aspects of terrorism, some articles consider other political violence topics, such as UN peacekeeping, civil war, and war outbreak. This introductory article also summarizes each of the eight contributions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Six experiments examine people's updating of blame judgments and test predictions developed from a socially regulated blame perspective. According to this perspective, blame emerged in human history as a socially costly tool for regulating other's behavior. Because it is costly for both blamers and violators, blame is typically constrained by requirements for "warrant"--evidence that one's moral judgment is justified. This requirement motivates people to systematically process available causal and mental information surrounding a violation. That is, people are relatively calibrated and evenhanded in utilizing evidence that either amplifies or mitigates blame. Such systematic processing should be particularly visible when people update their moral judgments. Using a novel experimental paradigm, we test 2 sets of predictions derived from the socially regulated blame perspective and compare them with predictions from a motivated-blame perspective. Studies 1-4 demonstrate (across student, Internet, and community samples) that moral perceivers systematically grade updated blame judgments in response to the strength of new causal and mental information, without anchoring on initial evaluations. Further, these studies reveal that perceivers update blame judgments symmetrically in response to exacerbating and mitigating information, inconsistent with motivated-blame predictions. Study 5 shows that graded and symmetric blame updating is robust under cognitive load. Lastly, Study 6 demonstrates that biases can emerge once the social requirement for warrant is relaxed--as in the case of judging outgroup members. We conclude that social constraints on blame judgments render the normal process of blame well calibrated to causal and mental information, and biases may appear when such constraints are absent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

What role does horizontal social inequality play for political protest in middle-income countries? We argue that public social service provision is an important driver of state perceptions. When a state fails to deliver services in an equitable manner, trust in institutions erodes and protest becomes more likely. We use a mixed methods design to investigate this argument in South Africa. First, we combine police event records with census data to estimate correlations between service inequality and protests. Second, we draw on an opinion survey with 27,000 respondents to investigate the suggested mechanism linking social inequality to protest through political attitudes. Third, we focus on qualitative protest accounts in two areas identified by a matching approach to assess the plausibility of our quantitative findings. Throughout these analyses, we document a robust association between horizontal social inequality and protest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although women's underrepresentation in senior-level positions in the workplace has multiple causes, women's self-improvement or ''empowerment'' at work has recently attracted cultural attention as a solution. For example, the bestselling book Lean In states that women can tackle gender inequality themselves by overcoming the "internal barriers'' (e.g., lack of confidence and ambition) that prevent success. We sought to explore the consequences of this type of women's empowerment ideology. Study I found that perceptions of women's ability to solve inequality were associated with attributions of women's responsibility to do so. Studies 2, 3, 5a, and 5b experimentally manipulated exposure to women's empowerment messages, finding that while such messages increase perceptions that women are empowered to solve workplace gender inequality, they also lead to attributions that women are more responsible both for creating and solving the problem. Study 4 found a similar pattern in the context of a specific workplace problem, and found that such messages also lead to a preference for interventions focused on changing women rather than changing the system. Studies 5a and 5b sought to replicate prior studies and document the weakened effects of messages that explicitly explain that women's "internal barriers" are the products of "external barriers" obstructing women's progress. This research suggests that self-improvement messages intended to empower women to take charge of gender inequality may also yield potentially harmful societal beliefs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two professional learning experiences were added to an existing field-based soil science course. Including relevant professional learning experiences in field-based courses for non-soil science majors can provide the opportunity for these students to apply soil science skills and knowledge in the context of the profession most relevant to their area of study. As participation of government and industry requires additional logistics and resources, it is important to assess the added value to the student experience. Using an online survey, data was collected over 4 years. Students most preferred the professional-government (Pgv) learning experience followed by the academic experience (Acm) and the professional-industry (Pid) experience (55, 31, and 14%, respectively). Students perceived the Pgv experience as most relevant to their future career plans, followed by the Pid and Acm experiences (41, 32, and 27%, respectively). Student comments indicated that they valued both Pgv and Pid experiences for their authenticity. Yearly variation in the results indicated that the Pid experience was least preferred and considered least relevant to career plans in 2014 and 2015, coinciding with a crash in crude oil prices and economic downturn in western Canada. Inclusion of professional learning experiences added considerable value to the student experience, but student preferences and perceptions of these experiences can be altered by relevant employment market and economic forces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Western advertising professionals base their interpretations of advertising in the former Soviet Union on a Western model of advertising and neglect Russian perspectives on advertising. Symbolic interactionism suggests that things have different meanings for different people at different times. The author discusses the influence of Russian culture on advertising in the former Soviet Union and the problem of imposing Western concepts. A month-long research study was conducted in Moscow, Russia in May 1991. Interviews with government officials, business and advertising industry professionals, academicians, and students were audiotaped. Findings suggest that advertising in the former Soviet Union is an interaction between social and economic realities and not just a means of uncovering a new marketplace. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Global advertising succeeds when it is perceived in semiotically-equivalent ways by multicultural consumer segments. Before campaigns can be standardized, it is necessary to identify segments of consumers who share an ethos, since this represents the foundation for creating advertising executions that can be understood multiculturally. This paper develops the argument that fashion and food products - what people put on and in their bodies enable the universally-held need of self-expression, and in that sense their perceptions are thereby driven by a common ethos. Certain consumers, apart from their resident cultures, regard these products in essentially equivalent, self-relevant ways, so they are prime candidates for global, if not wholly standardized, advertising. Two multicultural segments for which these products are especially self-relevant are identified: (1) the world's economically-elite consumers (a segment which has been widely recognized); and (2) the post- World-War-II generations of consumers in Western societies (a "postmodern" segment, which is only coming into recognition). Using both content analysis and semiotic interpretation, international print advertising for fashion and food products aimed at the latter segment is illustrated, with a view toward explaining what makes it multiculturally understood (and, in that sense, "effective"). Overall, this stimulus-side analysis demonstrates the use of semiotics as a way of thinking about global advertising, particularly in an imagistic postmodern world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The self-concept literature in consumer behavior can be characterized as fragmented, incoherent, and highly diffuse. This paper critically reviews self-concept theory and research in consumer behavior and provides recommendations for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study discusses the validation of a scale designed to measure attitudes toward women as managers using a cross-section sample of 180 male and 100 female employees. The relationship of personal data (e.g., age, sex) and organizational data (e.g., salary, months since last promotion) to stereotypes also is examined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reports on the application of motivational research in the field of marketing and consumer behavior. The primary reason for this branch of marketing research is that there are critical differences between what people say and what they do. For marketing research to be effective and have purpose to the business executive, questions about motivation must be answered. Some of the most important questions asked by marketing personnel include 'why' people buy or do not buy certain products. The article is written because this is a difficult measurement to determine, and consumers' motivation and psychology are critical.

Journalists perceive 25% to 80% of their coverage to be influenced by public relations (PR). However, there is hardly any research on what factors determine where on this wide spectrum an individual journalist will fall. This study analyzed the extent and source of the perceived influence of PR on news coverage via a quantitative survey of German journalists. On average, participants perceived over one third of their work to be influenced by PR, and a number of variables were found to be associated with the degree of this impact. Role conceptions as populist mobilizers and newsroom conventions discouraging excessive reliance on PR decreased the influence of PR on news coverage. Secondary employments in the field of PR, having close personal relationships with PR professionals, and considering interests of publishers or advertisers increased the impact of PR on journalistic content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How different groups perceive climate-related problems and changes is of growing interest in research and practice, especially in relation to the adaptation of vulnerable communities to climate change. However, research on local climate perceptions to date has tended to focus on what changes are perceived, not on how those changes are interpreted in particular socio-cultural contexts and given meaning within local worldviews and systems of values and beliefs. Based on fieldwork in agro-pastoral communities in highland Cusco, Peru, this study examines climate perceptions in terms of how local community members understand and explain changing climatic conditions. Specifically, two local climate narratives are identified and found to relate to Andean re-interpretations of Catholic and Evangelical religious traditions. The Andean practice of ritual offering to the earth ( pago a la tierra ) is found to play a key role both in the shifting religious identifications encountered at the local level, and in giving meaning to changing climatic conditions. The article further explores how these perspectives are rooted in diverging ontological and epistemological foundations. While in the local Catholic view the earth is conceived of as a non-human sacred/social person ( pachamama or Santa Tierra ) with whom a relationship of reciprocity must be maintained, the local Evangelical perspective instead conceives of the earth as an object, not a subject, more closely mirroring modernist Nature/Culture dualism. More broadly, the study suggests that how people interpret changing climatic conditions cannot simply be extracted and purified from the contexts of meaning production, and proposes the concept of ‘entangled narratives’ as a way of accounting for the social and cultural embeddedness of climate perceptions. Fulfilling our obligation to address climate change in socially just ways will require deepening our understanding of its human dimensions, including taking seriously what these changes may mean to the impacted groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the conceptualization in the contents of perception. It argues the categorization behavior, highlighting the difference between perception and cognition as well as output of perception. An overview on the accomplishment of classical modularity theory through domain-specific modules, is also provided.

Conspiracy theories are woven into America's social and political fabric. While such beliefs help some individuals organize their political world, their popularity also raise concerns about the health of a democracy when those governed also suspect powerful forces work against their interests. The research here examines national survey data to demonstrate such beliefs have both partisan and individual difference explanations. Generic news media exposure offers little explanatory power, but exposure to Fox News programming predicts greater belief in theories critical of Democrats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]