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As shifting populations change suburban school enrollment, education policy trends formerly confined to urban districts have spread to suburban ones. Many suburban school districts have experienced growth in the charter school sector, as well as a rash of school closures. Suburban schools and districts reflect broader societal problems, paradigms, and possibilities. Yet, if our society is to advance equitable opportunity for all, children learning together in suburban schools must be part of the solution. In order to think clearly about what a renewed civil rights agenda entails given our complex and multiracial geography of inequality, we must understand the extent to which suburban school districts are segregated—and why. We also need to think deeply about policy responses to advance integration with equitable status for all children. This paper draws on federal enrollment data from the nation’s largest 25 metros from 2011-2020 to descriptively analyze suburban school enrollment and segregation at the school district-level, seeking to understand different district contexts and their relationship to student segregation.

Understanding crystal characteristics down to the atomistic level increasingly emerges as a crucial insight for creating solid state platforms for qubits with reproducible and homogeneous properties. Here, isotope concentration depth profiles in a SiGe/28Si/SiGe heterostructure are analyzed with atom probe tomography (APT) and time‐of‐flight secondary‐ion mass spectrometry down to their respective limits of isotope concentrations and depth resolution. Spin‐echo dephasing times T2echo=128μs$T_2^\mathbf {echo}=128 \,\umu\mathrm{s}$ and valley energy splittings EVS around 200μeV$200 \,\umu\mathrm{e\mathrm{V}}$ have been observed for single spin qubits in this quantum well (QW) heterostructure, pointing toward the suppression of qubit decoherence through hyperfine interaction with crystal host nuclear spins or via scattering between valley states. The concentration of nuclear spin‐carrying 29Si is 50 ± 20ppm in the 28Si QW. The resolution limits of APT allow to uncover that both the SiGe/28Si and the 28Si/SiGe interfaces of the QW are shaped by epitaxial growth front segregation signatures on a few monolayer scale. A subsequent thermal treatment, representative of the thermal budget experienced by the heterostructure during qubit device processing, broadens the top SiGe/28Si QW interface by about two monolayers, while the width of the bottom 28Si/SiGe interface remains unchanged. Using a tight‐binding model including SiGe alloy disorder, these experimental results suggest that the combination of the slightly thermally broadened top interface and of a minimal Ge concentration of 0.3$0.3$% in the QW, resulting from segregation, is instrumental for the observed large EVS=200μeV$E_\mathrm{VS}=200 \,\umu\mathrm{e\mathrm{V}}$. Minimal Ge additions <1%, which get more likely in thin QWs, will hence support high EVS without compromising coherence times. At the same time, taking thermal treatments during device processing as well as the occurrence of crystal growth characteristics into account seems important for the design of reproducible qubit properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

β‐Ga2O3 is an emerging ultra‐wide bandgap semiconductor with great promise for power electronics and optoelectronics. Alloys in the In2O3‐Ga2O3 system are interesting for optoelectronic applications, particularly where bandgap tuning is desirable. Herein, β‐(InxGa1–x)2O3 alloys with target compositions x = 0.025 or 0.10 are grown from the melt using the Czochralski and vertical gradient freeze techniques. Growth with 10 mol% In yields only small, needle‐like crystals, while 2.5 mol% In allows growth of centimeter‐sized single crystals. A substantial degree of indium segregation is unveiled by spatial measurements of lattice parameters and the bandgap. The bandgap decreases by a maximum of 0.28 eV in the case of the highest In content crystals. Z‐contrast transmission electron microscopy confirms a solely octahedral coordination of In in the β‐Ga2O3 lattice. With indium concentrations higher than 2.5 mol%, samples contain micron‐scale voids that impart a dark coloration. All measured crystals are electrically conductive, with carrier concentrations varying 1016–1017 cm−3 depending upon the location of the sample in the growth. Lastly, a unique luminescence with unknown origin centered around 2.0 eV is revealed by photoluminescence spectroscopy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Segregation of granular materials is a critical challenge in many industries, often aimed at being controlled or minimised. The discrete element method (DEM) offers valuable insights into this phenomenon. However, calibrating DEM models is a crucial, albeit time-consuming, step. Recently, using machine learning (ML)-based surrogate models (SMs) in the calibration process has emerged as a promising solution. Nevertheless, developing such SMs is challenging due to the high number of DEM simulations required for training. Additionally, choosing a suitable ML model is not trivial. This study aims to develop SMs that effectively link particle-particle and particle-wall DEM interaction parameters to segregation of a multi-component mixture. We evaluate several ML models, ranging from artificial neural networks to ensemble learning, that are trained on a very cost-effective dataset, employing Bayesian optimisation with cross-validation to tune their hyperparameters. Next, we introduce a novel transfer learning (TL)-based approach that leverages knowledge from a few scenarios to handle new "unseen" ones. This method enables the construction of adaptive SMs for unseen scenarios, such as a new initial configuration (IC) of granular mixtures, without the need for a full-sized dataset. Our findings indicate that Gaussian process regression (GPR) efficiently builds accurate SMs on a very small dataset. We also demonstrate that only a few samples are required to build an accurate SM for the unseen IC, which significantly reduces the data preparation burden. By incorporating one and five samples from unseen scenarios to update the TL-GPR-based surrogate model, the SM's performance (based on ) on unseen scenarios improves by 17 and 47%, respectively. The insights and methodology presented in this study will facilitate and accelerate the development of accurate SMs for DEM calibration, assisting in developing reliable DEM models in a shorter timeframe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Creating a socially sustainable city will often encompass strategies to ensure that the different communities are “cohesive” and that the many neighbourhoods are diverse to prevent residential segregation. However, the literature on diverse communities and urban diversity has detailed processes of avoidance, exclusion, and friction as well as addressed the coping mechanisms that some residents develop. In this paper, we analyse ethnographic data from Oslo, Norway, with the aim to contribute to the research on neighbourhood social sustainability and residential preferences. It is claimed that to understand such preferences, the concepts of cultural security and cultural insecurity are useful. People’s interest in “culture” may pose a challenge to policy makers’ visions for socially sustainable urban development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mediation by multiple agents can affect the relation between neighborhood deprivation and segregation indices and ovarian cancer survival. In this paper, we examine a variety of potential clinical mediators in the association between deprivation indices (DIs) and segregation indices (SIs) with all-cause survival among women with ovarian cancer in the African American Cancer Epidemiology Study (AACES). We use novel Bayesian multiple mediation structural models to assess the joint role of mediators (stage at diagnosis, histology, diagnostic delay) combined with the DIs and SIs (Yost, ADI, Kolak's URB, ICE-income) and a set of confounders with survival. The confounder set is selected in a preliminary step, and each DI or SI is included in separate model fits. When multiple mediators are included, the total impact of DIs and SIs on survival is much reduced. Unlike the single mediator examples previously reported, the Yost, ADI and ICE-income indices do not display significant direct effects. This suggests that when important clinical mediators are included, the impact of neighborhood SES indices is significantly attenuated. It is also clear that certain behavioral and demographic measures such as physical activity, smoking, or adjusted family income do not have a significant role in survival when mediated by clinical factors. Multiple mediation via clinical and diagnostic-related measures reduces the contextual effects of neighborhood measures on ovarian cancer survival. The robust association of the Kolak URB index on survival may be due to its relevance to access to care, unlike SES-based indices whose impact was significantly reduced when important clinical mediators were included. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The expansion in the wealth of the extremely wealthy has received much attention in recent public and academic debate. In political theory, the phenomenon has only recently begun to be scrutinized. This article builds on these preliminary steps, exploring the normative reasons we have to worry about extreme wealth. Looking at the issues, first, through a distributive lens, we reveal that the excess wealth of the extremely wealthy compounds the injustice of inequality and insufficiency, making the situation distinctly unjust. Through a relational lens, we see that extreme wealth may create societal segregation, which poses distinct threats to solidarity. Finally, when the two previous perspectives interact, the particular ways in which the wealthy can influence society, change rules and norms and bend existing regulation to their advantage open up the possibility of vicious societal feedback loops. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Black people represent less than 13% of the population in the United States, but over 15% of COVID-19 deaths, with a mortality rate two times higher than White people. The Black Church system has historically been in a unique position to serve Black communities, particularly during times of crisis. The deep-rooted connection of the Black Church system within Black communities was largely shaped by slavery and segregation. However, there have been questions about the relevance of the Black Church system today. The objective of this commentary is to describe the intersectionality of ministry and health that has been illuminated in a profound way during this pandemic. Those in leadership had to evaluate and disseminate COVID-19 information to congregants, recognizing mistrust of the medical and public health systems still permeates throughout Black communities. Moreover, the death of George Floyd sparked international outcry, which launched church leaders to respond to a second pandemic: systemic racism. Understanding ways the Black Church responded to COVID-19, and systemic racism, is significantly important to public health and medical communities as it addresses the relevance of this system and ways to appropriately support during another public health crisis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents the results of two projects exploring the experiences of working-class students in elite colleges. The first project is a nation-wide study that included 19 focus groups with 183 program participants of a condonable loan program, and additional interviews and focus groups with non-scholarship students, professors and administrators. The second project is an in-depth ethnographic project including 61 interviews with beneficiaries of the same condonable loan program and multiple ethnographic observations over 4 years. Two main consistent related themes appeared in the data. First, cultural capital and, more generally, social class differences are perceived as the result of personal preferences and individual choice. Second, this perception helps making social class invisible and allows the interpretation of college segregation as independent of the class structure. Both themes are related with the lack of open conversations about class in elite colleges and to the frames of abstract liberalism previously identified for the case of racism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The role of the reserve areas in both the genesis and implementation of segregation and apartheid is an especially well-worn topic in South African historiography. But much less attention has been given to the impact of the implementation of racial segregation in society in the areas set aside as rural locations and reserves in the ninteeenth and early twentieth centuries. The experiences of the Winter family of the Sekhukhuneland area provides an illuminating case study of the processes at work in the interregnum between the 1913 and 1936 Land Acts. Their family history highlights the emergence in reserve areas of networks of interconnected families spanning both old and new elites and the racial boundaries a segregationist ideology sought to entrench. It also shows how rapidly, profoundly, and painfully these emergent social forms were dismembered after 1936, long before the enforcement of apartheid policies after 1948. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Central and Eastern European countries (CEE), compared to common law countries but also other civil law countries of Europe, are known for a strikingly high representation of women within judiciaries. This, however, does not mean that equality has been achieved, as women judges do not reach leadership positions at the same rate as their male peers. Taking the Czech Republic as a case study, this contribution explores the barriers women judges face within a CEE judiciary and analyses their reflections on their positions. The interviews with women judges show that while they are well aware of what is holding them back, most of them do not perceive the structurally unequal position of men and women in Czech society and in the judiciary as a problem and accept the consequences as being part of women's destiny. This means that the system currently lacks bottom-up incentives and pressure for change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Low-Income Housing Tax Credit (LIHTC) program can potentially help expand access to neighborhoods with low poverty and economic opportunities for low-income households. Prior studies described that LIHTC units are in neighborhoods with relatively high poverty, but with improvements in recent years. Beyond cross-sectional analyses, scholars have not extensively looked at the movements of tenants. It remains unclear whether the program creates opportunities for low-income households to move into better neighborhoods than they previously lived in or reinforces segregation by encouraging moves to similarly or more disadvantaged neighborhoods. Using an extensive consumer database, I am tracking the movements of households who move into new LIHTC properties in California. The experimental findings show that residents experience, on average, increases in poverty exposure by up to six percentage points over other moved low-income renters. Tenants see lower levels of neighborhood amenities than at their previous addresses. The construction of LIHTC housing can increase the chance of households moving into minority-concentrated areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We use novel information about fixture-specific water lead levels (WLLs) in Portland, Oregon schools to explore inequalities in students' potential for exposure to lead in drinking water at school. We find that Black and Hispanic students were in classrooms with higher WLLs than white students primarily because they attended different schools. The elevated exposure of students with non-English first languages was also largely driven by sorting into different schools, although there were marginally significant differences between students within the same school. Our findings underscore the importance of broadly targeted remediation efforts like those implemented in Portland to address environmental injustices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In granular media, the crushing of individual particles is influenced by the number of contacts with neighbouring particles. This well-known phenomenon of "cushioning" shields the individual particles from crushing when the number of contacts is high. However, in open systems that involve extensive granular flow and bulk motion, like those found in industrial mills, the neighbouring particles continually exchange positions due to segregation and mixing, thereby altering the number of neighbouring contacts and their sizes, affecting the crushing of individual particles. Therefore, a critical challenge for properly modelling comminution in such systems lies in tracking the fluxes of the various particle size classes. Here, we explore the physics that governs the mechanisms of segregation and mixing within the multiscale heterarchical modelling paradigm. Building upon the framework developed in Part I, which integrated the heterarchical aspects of the physics of crushing along streamlines, we further account for segregation and mixing, and demonstrate their impact on the comminution efficiency of autogenous grinding mills. In particular, segregation is shown to greatly enhance the extent of particle crushing within the mill. Accordingly, we posit that this mechanism cannot be ignored. In summary, the new model sheds light on previously obscured dynamics within industrial mills, as well as enables the field to predict the time evolution of the particle size distribution at any point in the mill domain. This modelling capability opens the doors to new developments for estimating and improving milling efficiencies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Configurations of composite metal oxide nanoparticles are typically far off their thermodynamic equilibrium state. As such they represent a versatile but so far overlooked source material for the intergranular solid‐state chemistry inside ceramics. Here, it is demonstrated how the admixture of Fe3+ and In3+ ions to MgO nanoparticles, as achieved by flame spray pyrolysis, can be used to engage ion exsolution, phase separation, and subsequent spinel formation inside the network of diamagnetic and insulating MgO grains. Extremely high uniformity in the distribution of intergranular ferrimagnetic MgFe2O4 films and grains with resulting magnetic coercivity values that depend on the nanoparticles’ initial Fe3+ concentration is achieved. Moreover, percolating networks of semiconducting MgIn2O4 are derived from MgO nanoparticles with admixtures of 20 at% In3+ that gives rise to an enhancement of dc conductivity values by more than five orders of magnitude in comparison to the insulating MgO host. The here presented approach is general and applicable to the synthesis of a variety of functional spinel nanostructures embedded inside ceramic matrices. Nanoparticle loading with aliovalent impurity ions, the level of nanoparticle powder density after compaction, and sintering temperature are key parameters for this novel type of solid‐state chemistry in between the host grains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractThis work builds upon previous research to assess the associations between underlying dimensions of racial residential segregation and police-caused homicide of Black civilians. Previous scholars have observed that much of the existing work on residential segregation and police-caused homicide has used one measure of segregation, most commonly the dissimilarity index, although recent work has expanded the focus to include multiple indicators of segregation. Our research extends this research by computing multiple measures of racial residential segregation for a sample of U.S. Core Based Statistical Areas in 2010 and factor analyzing them to identify underlying dimensions. Measures of the resulting dimensions are merged with the Mapping Police Violence data on police-caused homicide. The analyses reaffirm and extend previous conclusions about the importance of spatial relationships within residential locations for understanding contemporary police-caused homicide, while raising questions about the underlying theoretical mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bands of interdendritic porosity and positive macrosegregation are commonly observed in pressure die castings, with previous studies demonstrating their close relation to dilatant shear bands in granular materials. Despite recent technological developments, the micromechanism governing dilatancy in the high-pressure die casting (HPDC) process for alloys between liquid and solid temperature regions is still not fully understood. To investigate the influence of fluid flow and the size of externally solidified crystals (ESCs) on the evolution of dilatant shear bands in HPDC, various filling velocities were trialled to produce HPDC samples of Al8SiMnMg alloys. This study demonstrates that crystal fragmentation is accompanied by a decrease in dilatational concentration, producing an indistinct shear band. Once crystal fragmentation stagnates, the enhanced deformation rate associated with a further increase in filling velocity (from 2.2 ms−1 to 4.6 ms−1) localizes dilatancy into a highly concentrated shear band. The optimal piston velocity is 3.6 ms−1, under which the average ESC size reaches the minimum, and the average yield stress and overall product of strength and elongation reach the maximum values of 144.6 MPa and 3.664 GPa%, respectively. By adopting the concept of force chain buckling in granular media, the evolution of dilatant shear bands in equiaxed solidifying alloys can be adequately explained based on further verification with DEM-type modeling in OpenFOAM. Three mechanisms for ESC-enhanced dilation are presented, elucidating previous reports relating the presence of ESCs to the subsequent shear band characteristics. By applying the physics of granular materials to equiaxed solidifying alloys, unique opportunities are presented for process optimization and microstructural modeling in HPDC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the process of pumping, the segregation of concrete mixture will lead to the difficulty of construction, and even the possibility of pipe blocking. There is a lack of a quickly evaluation for on‐site construction. In order to solve this problem, a rapid wet‐sieved test was proposed in this study and then its feasibility was evaluated based on concrete mixes with different water–cement ratios. Subsequently, the influence of sand ratio on the segregation degree of concrete was investigated. The test results show that a combination of 2.36 mm screen size and 20 s vibrating time did the best. The wet‐sieved mortar content and stratification degree were increased by 4.6%–25.2% and 0.3%–17.9% by pumping, respectively. With the sand ratio increasing from 0.40 to 0.60, the pumping pressure decreased by 51.9%. The linear fitting correlation between pumping pressure and wet‐sieved mortar content (0.96) is better than that between pumping pressure and stratification degree (0.85), which indicates that the proposed test method can reliably characterize the degree of segregation during the pumping of ready‐mixed concrete. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Black men and boys have been constructed as libidinous threats to white womanhood and white racial purity since the sixteenth century. In the wake of the landmark Brown decision, white citizens fused the Black male rapist trope with segregation theology to create private segregation academies to minimize Black-white contact. These schools remain more segregated than traditional public schools. The participants in this study were recruited to a private Catholic high school where the entire Black population was made up of Black boys who played a sport and whose interracial relationships with white girls triggered resistance. Drawing from qualitative data, the purpose of this paper is to highlight five Black boys' experiences with phallic-based Negrophobia in a predominantly white and private Catholic high school. Findings reveal that participants realized they were transgressing institutional boundaries to preserve a racial order, and their transgressions were constantly policed and monitored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The micro-segregation in the as-cast AA6082 aluminium alloy were investigated across a range of length scales using a combination of analytical electron microscopes. It is found that the micro-segregation bands form an inter-connected network following grain boundaries and inter-dendritic channels. The micro-segregation can be divided into major micro-segregation and minor micro-segregation; the former is mainly on the grain boundaries consisting of iron-bearing intermetallic; the latter occurs both, along the grain boundaries and inter-dendritic channels, consisting mainly of Mg and Si alloying elements. The atomic-scale imaging reveals that in the minor-segregation bands, the supersaturated solute concertation has formed precipitates that had either nucleated heterogeneously on the dislocation network or homogeneously inside the aluminium matrix. The heterogeneously nucleated precipitates in the dislocation lines are composed of a mixture of phases down the precipitation sequence meanwhile, the homogenously grown ones are discrete phases that appear at the early stages of the precipitation sequence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Waste rock segregation and heterogeneity can increase the hydrogeotechnical and geochemical instability of waste rock piles, but characterising segregation quantitatively in the field is difficult because of the large dimensions of these structures. In this study, a discrete element model (PFC3D) was calibrated on two real cases and used to simulate the flow behaviour of waste rock during disposal. The effect of the construction method, the bench height, and additional factors (e.g. mine truck payloads and push velocities) on particle segregation was investigated. Segregation degree and relative particle diameters of waste rock at different locations in the pile were compared to propose practical solutions and reduce segregation and heterogeneity during deposition. Results indicated that simulated bench heights and mine truck payloads had limited effect on segregation. A smaller proportion of large particles in the original waste rock can increase segregation. Lateral disposal and increasing the push velocity tend to reduce segregation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The structural, cohesive and magnetic properties of a symmetric Σ3(70.53)[011](11-1) tilt grain boundary in pure bcc iron and with commonly used alloying elements (Si, Co, Mn, Ti, Cu, Mo, Nb, V, Cr and Ni) by means of density functional theory calculations are studied. Solubility and segregation energies were calculated for different positions of dissolved atoms. Calculations show a tendency for impurities to segregate near the boundary. It was found that the substituting Co, Cu and Ni in the layer adjacent to the boundary have an embrittling effect, while other atoms enhance the cohesion of the grains. Magnetic moments on GB atoms are significantly higher than those on bulk atoms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Special education plays a critical role in ensuring equal educational opportunities for individuals with diverse learning needs. In the context of Jordan, the development of special education has made significant progress over the years, reflecting the country's commitment to inclusivity and diversity, with notable efforts from the government and various stakeholders to enhance the inclusivity and accessibility of education for students with disabilities (SWDs). This scoping review aims to explore the reality of special education development in Jordan, and identify the challenges faced in implementing an effective model. By conducting a comprehensive literature search, analysing relevant government and non‐government reports and studies, this research aims to shed light on historical context, policies, progress made, practices and highlight existing challenges and gaps, and propose potential solutions to enhance special education practices in the field of special education in Jordan. This study emphasizes the importance of continuous improvement and implementation of effective strategies to enhance education services for SWDs in the country. By exploring relevant literature, this research also intends to create a roadmap for policymakers and stakeholders to enhance special education services in Jordan and promote a more supportive environment for learners with diverse needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on the issues of racism and segregation in Maya Angelou's selected poems. As an African American, Maya Angelou in her poems and autobiographical novels demonstrates the historical, social and economic condition of her community, especially till the 1970's. To argue on these grounds, power structure between the white and the black, or African American is also important to discuss. In this paper, six poems of Maya Angelou which are "Still I Rise", "Caged Bird", "Alone", "Harlem Hopscotch", "Phenomenal Woman" and "My Guilt" will be discussed and analyzed to discover and rediscover the themes of racism and segregation. So, this paper examines the historical reality of Maya Angelou's community, important features, facts and information found in her poetry, along with the way of segregation in a racist society. Simultaneously, this paper explores the socio-economic context of the blacks as a base for racism and segregation and the apparent mentions of racism and segregation in Maya Angelou's poems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The continued success of any conventional sweet potato breeding program is limited by knowledge of the inheritance of the traits under study, such as flesh color and tuberous root shape, because of the difficulty of segregating color frequencies by visual separation. The objective of this study was to understand the mode of inheritance of these genetic traits. The cross blocks were established at the Research Institute of Tropical Roots and Tuber Crops (INIVIT-Cuba). Eight parental genotypes of known compatibility were selected, with contrasting phenotypic characteristics to develop segregating populations. To express color objectively, the CIE L*a*b* color space was used (L*: lightness; a* and b*: chromatic coordinates), and four morphometric variables related to the shape and dimensions of the tuberous root were evaluated. From 2419 reciprocal crosses, 2045 botanical seeds and 1764 seedlings were obtained. Incomplete dominance of the white and purple flesh colors over the orange color was observed, as well as transgressive segregation for purple, orange, and white flesh colors and for the shape of the tuberous root. The results allowed us to propose a genetic model of biparental crosses for the improvement of the flesh color of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas [L.] Lam.), as well as a predictive formula of the progeny to be selected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A low-cost carwash wastewater reclamation unit comprising a lamella settler and filtration unit was designed and fabricated in the laboratory. A newly designed lamella settler, Reflux Lamella Settler (RLS), consisting of two inclined sections, was incorporated for the first time in the reclamation unit with the objective of enhancing the sedimentation process. Furthermore, organoclay was employed as a component of the filtration unit to remove oil contents. The analysis of the reclaimed water demonstrated a notable reduction in the Total Suspended Solids (TSS), from 821 mg/L to 98 mg/L, in turbidity from 253 Nephelometric Turbidity units (NTU) to 2.70 NTU, and in the oil content from 26 mg/L to zero. This implies a substantial removal of the above substances of 88%, 98.9%, and 100%, respectively. Similarly, the concentration of hardness was reduced by 62.8%, from 321.6 to 120 mg/L, that of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) by 65.3%, from 274 mg/L to 95 mg/L, that of total solids by 65%, from 1590 mg/L to 543 mg/L, and that of total dissolved solids by 47.9%, from 769 mg/L to 400 mg/L. These results indicate that the reclaimed water was suitable for car washing. Moreover, a study on the RLS demonstrated a reduction in turbidity from 253 NTU to 175 NTU, 150 NTU, 130 NTU, and 10 NTU, respectively, after 0.5, 1, 1.5, and 24 hours. The RLS is an effective method for the removal of solid particles/sludge as a primary treatment step in carwash reclamation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrogen segregation behaviors at BCC-Fe Σ3 (111) grain boundary (GB) as well as the effects of alloying solutes were studied by the first-principles method. The segregation energy of alloying solutes at different periods presents a concave-down parabolic-like relationship with the atomic number, and the 4 d transition alloying solutes show a higher averaged segregation tendency. At the favorable trapping site, hydrogen segregation energy decreased by increasing the number of hydrogen atoms up to 0.85/Å2 in the plane vertical to the GB. Mo, Tc, Ru, Ta, W, Re, Os, and Ir strengthen GB and inhibit hydrogen segregation. Significantly, the interaction between alloying solutes and hydrogen segregation was elucidated by emphasizing the separation of the chemical and the mechanical contributions, and appropriate descriptors on hydrogen segregation energy influenced by alloying solutes were screened. This work offers theoretical backing to comprehend hydrogen segregation behaviors and the effects of alloying solutes to design advanced high-strength steels resistant to hydrogen embrittlement. • Hydrogen segregation behaviors at pure BCC Σ3 (111) grain boundary were studied. • Alloy solute segregation behaviors at pure BCC Σ3 (111) grain boundary were studied. • Interaction between alloying solutes and hydrogen at grain boundary was elucidated. • Descriptors on hydrogen segregation energy at grain boundary were screened. • Relationship between hydrogen segregation at grain boundary and HE was discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The human brain is an intricate structure composed of interconnected modular networks, whose organization is known to balance the principles of segregation and integration, enabling rapid information exchange and the generation of coherent brain states. Segregation involves the specialization of brain regions for specific tasks, while integration facilitates communication among these regions, allowing for efficient information flow. Several factors influence this balance, including maturation, aging, and the insurgence of neurological disorders like epilepsy, stroke, or cancer. To gain insights into information processing and connectivity recovery, we devised a controllable in vitro model to mimic and investigate the effects of different segregation and integration ratios over time. Methods: We designed a cross-shaped polymeric mask to initially establish four independent sub-populations of cortical neurons and analyzed how the timing of its removal affected network development. We evaluated the morphological and functional features of the networks from 11 to 18 days in vitro (DIVs) with immunofluorescence techniques and micro-electrode arrays (MEAs). Results: The removal of the mask at different developmental stages of the network lead to strong variations in the degree of intercommunication among the four assemblies (altering the segregation/integration balance), impacting firing and bursting parameters. Early removal (after 5 DIVs) resulted in networks with a level of integration similar to homogeneous controls (without physical constraints). In contrast, late removal (after 15 DIVs) hindered the formation of strong inter-compartment connectivity, leading to more clustered and segregated assemblies. Discussion: A critical balance between segregation and integration was observed when the mask was removed at DIV 10, allowing for the formation of a strong connectivity among the still-separated compartments, thus demonstrating the existence of a time window in network development in which it is possible to achieve a balance between segregation and integration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction and aim: Ethnically diverse neighborhoods encounter pronounced inequalities, including housing segregation and limited access to safe outdoor spaces. Residents of these neighborhoods face challenges related to physical inactivity, including sedentary lifestyles and obesity in adults and children. One approach to tackling health inequalities is through family-based programs tailored specifically to these neighborhoods. This study aimed to investigate parents' experiences and perceptions of the family-based Open Activities, a cost-free and drop-in program offered in ethnically diverse and low socioeconomic neighborhoods in Sweden. Methods: Researchers' engagement in 15 sessions of the Open Activities family-based program during the spring of 2022, and individual interviews with 12 participants were held. Data were analyzed using reflexive thematic analysis. Results: The analysis resulted in three main themes and seven sub-themes representing different aspects of the program's meaning to the participants as parents, their families, and communities. The main themes describe how parents feel valued by the program, which actively welcomes and accommodates families, regardless of cultural differences within these neighborhoods. The themes also show how cultural norms perceived as barriers to participation in physical activity can be overcome, especially by mothers who express a desire to break these norms and support girls' physical activity. Additionally, the themes highlight the importance of parents fostering safety in the area and creating a positive social network for their children to help them resist criminal gang-related influences. Conclusions: The program's activities allowed parents to connect with their children and other families in their community, and (re)discover physical activity by promoting a sense of community and safety. Implications for practice include developing culturally sensitive activities that are accessible to and take place in public spaces for ethnically diverse groups, including health coordinators that can facilitate communication between groups. To enhance the impact of this program, it is recommended that the public sector support the creation of cost-free and drop-in activities for families who are difficult to reach in order to increase their participation in physical activity, outreach, and safety initiatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the effects of using bagasse ash (BA) and metakaolin (MK) together as substitutes for cement in self-compacting concrete (SCC), together with the addition of glass fiber (GF), on the physical and mechanical characteristics of concrete. Eighteen SCC mixes were created, each containing different proportions of BA (0%, 10%, 15%, and 20%), MK (0%, 10%, 15%, and 20%), and BA and MK collectively (10% + 5% and 10% + 10%) as cement replacements with and without 0.1% GF. Using the results of the slump flow, T500 slump flow, V-funnel, and L-box tests, the performance of fresh SCC was determined. Furthermore, this study evaluated the strength, durability, and microstructural properties of the SCC samples. The SCC mix blended with 10% BA and 5% MK revealed better flowability as the slump flow increased from 692 mm to 715 mm. A strong linear correlation was discovered between the slump flow values (mm) and V-funnel duration (sec) and blocking ratio (H2 /H1 ) with R² = 0.8876 and R² = 0.8467, respectively. Of all test mixes, the SCC mix blended with 10% BA, 5% MK, and 0.1% GF (SCC1B10M5) demonstrated the highest degree of strength. At 56 days, the 10% BA, 5% MK, and 0.1 GF mix had 12.8%, 25.7%, and 22.2% higher compressive, flexural, and splitting tensile strengths than the control mix, respectively. SCC, combined with BA, MK, and GF, outperformed the control mix. After immersion in a 3% H2SO4 solution, the SCC mix having 10% BA, 5% MK, and 0.1% GF experienced a minimum reduction in weight loss and ultrasonic pulse velocity of 1.01% and 3.1%, respectively. Additionally, there was a decrease of 29.4% in the percentage of charges passed. The ideal composition was achieved by incorporating 10% BA, 5% MK, and 0.1% GF into the SCC mixture, resulting in a dense structure without any visible pores or cracks during the microstructural analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As liberal legal systems worldwide develop new forms of multicultural accommodation, this article identifies a noteworthy shift. Democracies have been moving from non-interference in internal illiberal community norms to a growing readiness to allow inegalitarian norms, especially norms discriminating against women, into general societal spheres, as a means for minority integration. Religious women's consent to modesty and segregation norms has been central in legitimating these novel modes of accommodation. Relying on feminist critiques of consent and using Israeli law as its case study, the article demonstrates how the liberal discourse readily embraces women's consent to sidestep difficult questions concerning harm to gender equality. Consent serves to sustain normative ambiguity about sex segregation and about the boundaries between public and private. Finally, the expansion of inegalitarian practices from the community onto the larger society further problematizes the idea of the right of exit, a core component of liberal multiculturalism theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents the results of a study of the effects of separation of spherical particles with different densities in a fast gravitational flow on a rough slope with varying flow parameters in order to increase the efficiency of the process. The determining role of the effect of quasi-diffusion separation in the process has been established, the intensive manifestation of which is facilitated by the formation of s-shaped profiles of the fraction of voids and velocity in the flow. The results of an experimental and analytical study of the efficiency of particle separation by density in a fast gravitational flow when shear deformations are activated by longitudinal pulses are presented. It has been established that when particles are exposed to the pulse effect from the open surface of the flow, its central part develops a zone with a typical s-shaped inflection in the velocity profile and void fraction, which functions like a quasi-diffusion separator that increases the efficiency of the process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Segregation is a serious defect in alloy ingots which severely deteriorates materials performance. The segregation defect in Mg-6Gd alloy is studied by coupling macro thermal-solutal-convection transport and micro dendrite growth. The macroscopic fluid dynamics and mass transfer equations are resolved to forecast the segregation behavior under conditions of continuous temperature variation during the solidification process. The numerical model is validated by testing double-diffusive natural convection in a closed square cavity. A phase field model is then applied to simulate the micro dendrite growth, using macro undercooling and liquid flow velocity as boundary conditions. Results show that the multiscale segregation behavior, including macro solute distribution and micro dendritic morphology, is strongly dependent on the temperature condition and the liquid convection, which provides guidance for reducing and eliminating the segregation defect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The atomistic structure and point-defect thermodynamics of the model Σ 5 (310) [ 001 ] grain boundary in CeO2 were explored with atomistic simulations. An interface with a double-diamond-shaped structural repeat unit was found to have the lowest energy. Segregation energies were calculated for oxygen vacancies, electron polarons, gadolinium and scandium acceptor cations, and tantalum donor cations. These energies deviate strongly from their bulk values over the same length scale, thus indicating a structural grain-boundary width of approximately 1.5 nm. However, an analysis revealed no unambiguous correlation between segregation energies and local structural descriptors, such as interatomic distance or coordination number. From the segregation energies, the grain-boundary space-charge potential in Gouy–Chapman and restricted-equilibrium regimes was calculated as a function of temperature for dilute solutions of (i) oxygen vacancies and acceptor cations and (ii) electron polarons and donor cations. For the latter, the space-charge potential is predicted to change from negative to positive in the restricted-equilibrium regime. For the former, the calculation of the space-charge potential from atomistic segregation energies is shown to require the inclusion of the segregation energies for acceptor cations. Nevertheless, the space-charge potential in the restricted-equilibrium regime can be described well with an empirical model employing a single effective oxygen-vacancy segregation energy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recognized as a prominent social phenomenon in the aftermath of homicide and death after police contact (DAPC), the social construction of blame (SCB) underscores how race and class are the primary forces that shape the experience of loss for families, but also designates blame on the victim. In this sense, victimhood is socially constructed, leading to instances where blame is apportioned to victims for their demise, at times, not stemming from their actions but instead rooted in the perceived moral value of the deceased individual. Drawing from this work, the current qualitative study seeks to understand the effect of DAPC has on neighbourhoods and the perspectives of residents who live in and near the communities where DAPC occurs. Using data collected from 41 young adults from various ethnic‐racial backgrounds and numerous parts of Minnesota—including the Minneapolis metropolitan area and adjacent suburbs, participants shared their understanding of the factors contributing to the SCB in the aftermath of George Floyd's death. Findings revealed two factors that contributed to the social construction of blame: (1) Attributions of Cause (e.g., race‐coding) and (2) Designations of Blame as identified by the participants. This research underscores the intricate connection of societal factors, like race and place in shaping the construction of blame and victimhood after tragedies like George Floyd's death. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, Germany has taken in large numbers of immigrants. We look at the places where those migrants have settled in German cities. Our focus is on their socio-spatial distribution: To what extent is the social structure of neighbourhoods associated with the influx of migrants into those neighbourhoods? Our analysis draws on data on 86 large and medium-sized German cities with a total of 3770 neighbourhoods. Using linear (multi-level) regression models, we analyze the relation between the evolution of the proportion of foreigners in these neighbourhoods between 2014 and 2017 and the neighbourhoods' social structure in 2014. We find that the proportion of foreigners has increased much more strongly in the most socially disadvantaged neighbourhoods – especially in East Germany. A detailed examination of the individual cities reveals pronounced geographical disparities. The differences between the cities may be partially explained by vacancy rates and municipal tax revenues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article investigates the relationship between income and the diversity of sociospatial networks as described by high-density mobile phone application (MPA) Global Positioning System data. Looking at the counties that contain the Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, and Los Angeles metropolitan regions in August and September 2022, this study asks the following questions: How does the racial-ethnic diversity and spatial extent of network of activity space-times—the place and time of daily activities—vary across different income levels? Given the existing literature, are more diverse networks composed of higher income classes? Are there key types of activity space-times that are more likely to be in these networks? Given that the overlap of activity spaces might lead to the formation of stronger social ties, this study aims to provide new evidence of the role of activity spaces in determining the diversity of social exposures with high-resolution spatiotemporal MPA activity. Results suggest that income is an important determinant of diversity in networks, with the highest and lowest income groups both exhibiting the least diversity in networks, whereas institutional spaces like church or school and other surprising places such as the dentist's office are the most likely activity space-times in these networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is the result of research carried out by a group of activists who advocate for the rights of children with disabilities. They are exploring new approaches to both school counselling and the fight against segregation in order to improve the situation of children in the Spanish education system. It focuses on how the psychoeducational report is a key tool for legitimising school segregation, and how deconstructing it is essential for building inclusive schools. The data analysed were collected from 100 people from all over Spain who took part in a Participatory Action Research project focused on emerging narratives on inclusive schooling. The aim of the project was to gather accounts of the experiences of pupils, families, and activist professionals who are engaged in a determined struggle to make schools inclusive. Participants were able to share their experiences, conduct their analysis through assemblies and cooperative groups, and use networking to transform existing policies, cultures, and practices. The information obtained indicates that the labels used by current psychoeducational reports are based on a clinical model and are focused on children's deficiencies. They provide limited knowledge about the individuals involved and exercise strong social and symbolic control over them and others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Why do many people underestimate economic and racial inequality and maintain that theirs is a meritocratic society? Existing work suggests that people are rationalizing, misinformed, or misled. This article proposes an additional explanation: Inequality itself makes economic and racial disparities difficult to understand. In unequal societies, individuals establish their networks at formative institutions patterned by class and race. As a result, they unwittingly condition on key causal pathways when making descriptive and causal inferences about inequality. We use a simple agent-based model to show that, under circumstances typical to highly stratified societies, individuals will underestimate the extent of economic and racial inequality, downplay the importance of inherited advantages, and overestimate the relative importance of individual ability. Moreover, we show that they will both underestimate the extent of racial discrimination and overestimate its relative importance. Because segregated social worlds bias inference in these ways, all individuals (rich and poor) have principled reasons to favor less redistribution than they would if their social worlds were more integrated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A longstanding urban sociological literature emphasizes the geographic isolation of city dwellers in residence and everyday routines, expecting exposures to neighborhood racial and socio-economic structure driven principally by city-wide segregation and the role of proximity and homophily in mobility. The compelled mobility approach emphasizes the uneven distribution of organizational and institutional resources across urban space, expecting residents of poor Black-segregated neighborhoods to exhibit non-trivial levels of everyday exposure to White, non-poor areas for resource seeking. We use two sets of location data in the hypersegregated Chicago metro to examine these two approaches: Global Positioning System (GPS) location tracking on a sample of older adults from the Chicago Health and Activity Space in Real-Time (CHART) study and travel diaries on a sample of younger adults by the Chicago Metropolitan Agency for Planning (CMAP). We introduce a novel and flexible individual-level method for assessing activity space exposures that accounts for the spatially proximate environment around home. Analyses reveal that activity space contexts mimic the racial/ethnic and socio-economic landscape of respondents' broad residential environment. However, after residential-based adjustment, Black younger (CMAP) adults from poor Black neighborhoods are disproportionately exposed to Whiter, less Black but less non-poor neighborhoods. Older (CHART) adult activity spaces align more closely with their residential areas; however, activity spaces of poor-Black-neighborhood-residing CHART Blacks are systematically poorer and, less consistently, more Black and less White after local area adjustment. Implications for understanding contextual exposures on well-being and the potential for age or cohort differences in isolation are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pavement construction monitoring and quality assurance (QA) practices are based mostly on costly, discrete, and destructive methods. Most quality assurance programs are based on pavement construction procedures encompassing in situ coring for layer thickness determination, density measurements, laboratory testing to measure volumetric properties, and smoothness measurements in the case of the availability of an inertial profiler. However, most of these practices are costly and/or destructive. Therefore, the key objective of this study was to develop a quality assurance decision-making tool that can predict pavement roughness, in terms of the International Roughness Index (IRI), and aggregate segregation based on digital image analysis, image recognition, and deep machine learning models. The developed models were trained, tested, and validated using 600 pavement surface images extracted from the Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development (LaDOTD) Pavement Management System (PMS). Furthermore, the effectiveness of the convolution neural network (CNN) model was validated using pavement surface images collected at construction sites in Louisiana a few days after paving. The roughness model predicted the International Roughness Index values with a coefficient of determination R2 of 0.98 and a RMS error (RMSE) of 3.5%. In addition, the developed image-processing model for the detection of aggregate segregation achieved acceptable accuracy. To support the implementation of these results, the models were incorporated into a computer application that can be used by site engineers for quality assurance without the need for coding software on their device. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Advocates often predict that school choice policies will expand access to high-quality schools, particularly for marginalized communities. To interrogate this assumption, we employed a sequential mixed-methods analysis examining the state of charter reform in the District of Columbia. We observed that stakeholders consistently defined equity as uniform processes, evident in data distribution and enrollment practices. We also uncovered persistent disparities in where students live versus learn. We conclude that race-neutral conceptions of equity may hinder attempts to improve school access by ignoring structural inequalities tied to race, place, and income and by overlooking privileged households' efforts to remain separate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solidification structure and segregation behavior of S31254 superaustenitic stainless steel ingot containing 0 wt% B and 0.005 wt% B are investigated. The results show that serious element segregation and massive eutectics are present in the center of the ingot. By contrast, the addition of boron reduces the secondary dendrite spacing, the degree of elemental segregation, and the σ phase. Further, the effect of boron on the solidification process is studied by using the high‐temperature confocal laser scanning microscope and combined with Thermo‐Calc thermodynamic simulation results. The results show that boron can widen the solidification temperature range and greatly retard the matrix solidification. The role of boron in refining dendrite structure and inhibiting precipitation is further confirmed. The effect of boron on the constitutive equation of S31254 superaustenitic stainless steel has also been researched through isothermal compression testing in the temperature range of 950–1200 °C and strain rate range of 0.01–10 s−1. The activation energy of the boron‐free and boron‐containing S31254 superaustenitic stainless steels based on the constitutive equation are 427.77 and 495.80 kJ mol−1, respectively. Processing maps indicate that the instability domain is significantly reduced and the hot ductility is improved after the addition of B. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Little research examines the experiences and perspectives of Asian American parents who participate in K–12 desegregation efforts, such as magnet schools. Conceptually framed by research on Asian American racialization, this qualitative case study investigates 10 Asian American parents in metropolitan Hartford, Connecticut; and the motivations underpinning their decisions to choose magnet schools for their children. I find that most parents emphasized 'diversity' over 'desegregation' when explaining their decision to choose magnet schools. This pattern demonstrates parents' limited engagement with racialized power structures and with how Asian Americans are situated within the American racial order. Findings reflect research on the invisibility and racial ambiguity of Asian Americans in policy and political discourses. Thus, findings point to the need for desegregation and other educational policies to center Asian American' nuanced backgrounds and experiences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]