Search

Copyright of CBÜ Beden Eğitimi & Spor Bilimleri Dergisi is the property of CBU Beden Egitimi & Spor Bilimleri Dergisi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Purpose: To perform a segmental analysis of tibial torsion in patients, with normal and increased external tibial torsion, suffering from chronic patellofemoral instability (PFI) and to investigate a possible correlation between tibial torsion and the position of the tibial tuberosity. Methods: Patients with chronic PFI who underwent torsional analysis of the lower limb using a standardized hip-knee-ankle MRI between 2016 and 2018 were included. For segmental analysis of tibial torsion, three axial levels were defined which divided the tibia into two segments: a distal, infratuberositary segment and a proximal, supratuberositary segment. Torsion was measured for the entire tibia (total tibial torsion, TTT), the proximal segment (proximal tibial torsion, PTT), and the distal segment (distal tibial torsion, DTT). Based on TTT, patients were assigned to one of two groups: Normal TTT (< 35°) or increased external TTT (> 35°). Position of the tibial tuberosity was assessed on conventional MRI scans by measuring the tibial tuberosity-trochlea groove (TT-TG) and the tibial tuberosity-posterior cruciate ligament (TT-PCL) distances. Results: Ninety-one patients (24 ± 6 years; 78% female) were included. Mean external TTT was 29.6° ± 9.1° and 24 patients (26%) had increased external TTT. Compared to patients with normal TTT, patients with increased external TTT demonstrated significantly higher values for DTT (38° ± 8° vs. 52° ± 9°; p < 0.001), whereas no difference was found for PTT (– 13° ± 6° vs. – 12° ± 6°; n.s.). Furthermore, a significant correlation was found between TTT and DTT (p < 0.001), whereas no correlation was found between TTT and PTT (n.s). With regard to TT-TG and TT-PCL distances, no significant differences were observed between the two groups (TT-TG: 15 ± 6 vs. 14 ± 4 mm, n.s.; TT-PCL: 22 ± 4 vs. 21 ± 5 mm, n.s.) and no correlation was found with TTT, DTT, or PTT (n.s.). Conclusion: In patients with chronic PFI, increased external TTT of greater than 35° is an infratuberositary deformity and does not correlate with a lateralized position of the tibial tuberosity. Level of evidence: Level III. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The developed theory of the orientational mobility of individual segments of a perfectly branched dendrimer is used to calculate the relaxation spectrum of a dendrimer. Frequency dependences of NMR relaxation 1/T1 and of the nuclear Overhauser effect have been theoretically calculated from the Brownian dynamics simulation data. The dendrimer segmental orientational mobility is governed by three main relaxation processes: (i) the rotation of the dendrimer as a whole, (ii) the rotation of the dendrimer’s branch originated from a given segment, and (iii) the local reorientation of the segment. The internal orientational mobility of an individual dendrimer segment depends only on the topological distance between this segment and the terminal shell of the dendrimer. Characteristic relaxation times of all processes and their contributions to the segmental mobility have been calculated. The influence of the number of generations and the number of the generation shell on the relaxation times has been studied. The correlation between the characteristic times and the calculated relaxation spectrum of the dendrimer has been established. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The driving force for channel formation by triheteropolymers confined in hydrophobic nanocylinders was investigated by lattice Monte Carlo simulations. A variety of conditions, such as the interactions between different kinds of segments, the interactions between segments and the nanocylindrical walls, and the structure of the polymer, were considered. It was found that for a channel to be generated, the attractive interaction between one kind of segments and the nanocylindrical wall should be larger than a minimum value. The cross-sectional radius of a channel seen from above or below the ends of the nanotube as a function of the interactions between the segments and the wall as well as of the interactions between different kinds of segments was determined. The succession in the chain of different kinds of segments (the chain connectivity) also plays a significant role in channel formation. The present treatment may provide some insight regarding the formation of protein channels in the phospholipid bilayers of the cell membrane. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Current theories of phonological development make contrasting predictions about the role of vocabulary growth and orthographic knowledge in the emergence of segmental phonological representations. Testing these predictions in children is made difficult by the metacognitive nature of tasks used to assess phonological representations. In this study, we used novel tasks to measure the sensitivity of 88 children (3 years 2 months–5 years 7 months) to phonological segments, without requiring them to have any explicit awareness of the sounds in words. We contrasted these measures with measures requiring explicit segmental analysis of word forms. Results showed that, although explicit segmental analysis is related to letter–sound knowledge, tasks measuring implicit segmental sensitivity provide evidence of segmental phonology related to vocabulary growth and not mediated by orthography. Findings highlight the importance of tapping into the structure of children's phonological representations using tasks that minimize the requirement for explicit awareness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mapping conformational changes of α‐synuclein (α‐syn) from soluble, unstructured monomers to β‐sheet‐ rich aggregates is crucial towards understanding amyloid formation. Raman microspectroscopy is now used to spatially resolve conformational heterogeneity of amyloid aggregates and monitor amyloid formation of segmentally 13C‐labeled α‐syn in real‐time. As the 13C‐isotope shifts the amide‐I stretching frequency to lower energy, the ligated construct, 13C1–8612CS87C–140‐α‐syn, exhibits two distinct bands allowing for simultaneous detection of secondary structural changes in N‐terminal 1–86 and C‐terminal 87–140 residues. The disordered‐to‐β‐sheet conformational change is first observed for the N‐terminal followed by the C‐terminal region. Finally, Raman spectroscopic changes occurred prior to Thioflavin T fluorescence enhancement, indicating that the amide‐I band is a superior probe of amyloid formation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphical abstract Highlights • Novel nanostructure coated AZ31 Mg cylindrical mesh cage developed first time. • Coated mesh cage exhibits controlled degradation and in vitro biomineralization. • Better in vitro cell viability, higher mineralized matrix and collagen deposition. • Higher mRNA expression levels observed for ALP , BMP2 , COL1 , OCN and RUNX2 genes. Abstract This current study is aimed towards the fabrication of AZ31 magnesium cylindrical mesh cage implant with circular holes for orthopedic applications. This mesh cage is coated with nanocomposite material containing polycaprolactone (PCL), pluronic F127 and nano hydroxyapatite (nHA) by electrospinning process. Morphology and composition were analyzed by various characterization techniques. Controlled degradation and weight loss of the nanocomposite coated samples in 28 days were observed when compared with uncoated samples in SBF (simulated body fluid). The nanocomposite coated material was not cytotoxic to MG63 osteosarcoma cells. The cell viability, morphology, ALP activity, calcium mineralization and collagen deposition were also better on this when compared to uncoated. Smooth and randomly deposited nanofibers on the mesh cage was observed and the contact angle indicated that the surface is hydrophilic with (initial contact angle of 55 ± 1° and after 10 s 0°) when compared to PCL (99°) coated surface. 2–5 fold higher mRNA expression levels of osteogenic genes namely ALP, BMP2, COL1 and RUNX2 was observed with nanocomposite coated scaffolds than uncoated and PCL coated samples in 14 days. These results indicate the potential use of the nanocomposite coated AZ31 cylindrical mesh cage for segmental bone defect repair and can be used as a degradable implant for orthopedic applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the histidine kinase family, the HAMP and DHp domains are considered to play an important role into the transmission of signal arising from environmental conditions to the auto-phosphorylation site and to the binding site of response regulator. Several conformational motions inside HAMP have been proposed to transmit this signal: (i) the gearbox model, (ii) α helices rotations, pistons and scissoring, (iii) transition between ordered and disordered states. In the present work, we explore by temperature-accelerated molecular dynamics (TAMD), an enhanced sampling technique, the conformational space of the cytoplasmic region of histidine kinase CpxA. Several HAMP motions, corresponding to α helices rotations, pistoning and scissoring have been detected and correlated to the segmental motions of HAMP and DHp domains of CpxA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The damage index is usually applied to evaluate the damage states of bridge structures, which is the basis of structural fragility study. The present study investigates the seismic damage index of the prefabricated segmental bridge columns (PSBC) under cyclic loading by theoretical and numerical analysis. Based on the previous pseudo-static experiments, different damage states characteristics of the monolithic cast-in-place bridge columns (MCBC) and the PSBC are discussed and analyzed to propose the limit-state capacities for each damage state of the PSBC. The limit-state capacities include four parameters: compressive strain of concrete, the tensile strain of steel, the prestress level and the residual displacement. Two finite element models of the PSBC are developed by OpenSees to carry on numerical analysis. Using the numerical results, the damage indexes for the PSBCs are obtained based on the limit-state capacities obtained above. The results indicate that the numerical results show good agreement with the experimental results of the bridge columns. The damage index formula of the PSBC, derived in this study, is reasonable and can be further applied. The maximum error between the proposed damage index and that obtained in the verified case is 20.3%. The proposed method in this paper for developing the damage index of the PSBC can be used in the seismic vulnerability analysis assessment of the bridge structures with prefabricated segmental columns [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The innovative TriLock Bridging Plate System (Medartis AG, Switzerland) was developed to reduce common complications related to conventional mandibular reconstruction plates. The novelties regarding the plating system concern the cross-strut structure in the centerpiece, the bendable side elements and the reduction of the plate's thickness to 2.0 mm 4 different models are available, which cover lateral and central segmental mandibular defects. The plating system has only been introduced at selected maxillofacial units so far and clinical assessment is still lacking. Thus, the aim of the study was to analyze the novel Bridging Plate system in terms of its clinical applicability, rate of trimming and postoperative outcomes in a first investigation over 6 months. The study includes 25 patients with segmental mandibular resection, who underwent reconstruction with TriLock Bridging Plates. According to the assessment parameters, excellent clinical applicability was stated in 48%. The overall trimming rate was found to be 88%. Mostly adaptions to the distal bendable elements of lateral plates were performed. The occurrence of postoperative complications was 16%. Plate fracture occurred in 4%. With reference to the results, the novel plating system represents a viable method for segmental mandibular reconstruction, however, further evaluation is needed, for a more detailed analyzation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: In autosomal dominant skin disorders, the well‐known type 1 segmental mosaicism reflects heterozygosity for a postzygotic new mutation. By contrast, type 2 segmental mosaicism originates in a heterozygous embryo from an early postzygotic mutational event giving rise to loss of the corresponding wild‐type allele, which results in a pronounced segmental involvement being superimposed on the ordinary, non‐segmental phenotype. Today, this concept has been proven by molecular analysis in many cutaneous traits. The purpose of this review was to seek publications of cases suggesting an extracutaneous manifestation of type 2 segmental mosaicism. Case reports documenting a pronounced extracutaneous segmental involvement were collected from the literature available in PubMed and from personal communications to the author. Pertinent cases are compared to the description of cutaneous segmental mosaicism of type 1 or type 2 as reported in a given trait. In total, reports suggesting extracutaneous type 2 segmental mosaicism were found in 14 different autosomal dominant skin disorders. In this way, clinical evidence is accumulated that extracutaneous type 2 segmental mosaicism does likewise occur in many autosomal dominant skin disorders. So far, however, molecular proof of this particular form of mosaicism is lacking. The present review may stimulate readers to inform colleagues of other specialties on this new concept, in order to initiate further research in this particular field of knowledge that has important implications for diagnosis, treatment and genetic counselling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Segmental hair analysis can be useful for estimating the time of drug intake. However, this estimation is currently only accurate to within several months. We previously conducted microsegmental analysis of a strand of hair to visualize drug distribution at a spatial resolution of 0.4 mm, which corresponds to daily hair-growth length. Herein, we describe a procedure for accurately estimating the day of drug intake by using internal temporal markers (ITMs) to mark a timescale in the analyzed strand of hair. Methods: Five drugs were administered in a single dose to the subjects, and then administration was stopped for several weeks. Two subsequent cycles of drug administration and similar withdrawal were performed. For analysis, a strand of hair was plucked from the subject's scalp. The first intake day was considered as the unknown and the drugs administered second and third were regarded as the ITMs. The first intake day was estimated based on the distance from hair root end to 3 drug peaks and 3 known days (hair sampling and 2 ITM cycles). Results: The drug concentration--hair segment curve had 3 peaks, which reflected the 3 drug cycles. The use of ITMs reduced the error of the true intake day to within 2 days, because the growth rate of the analyzed strand of hair was accounted for by the 2 ITMs. Conclusions: The estimated accuracy showed little dependency on drug and individual variation. This procedure for estimating the time of drug intake down to a particular day can be used in drug-related crimes, drug abuse and compliance, and for medical diagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we identify the linguistic and social predictors that condition onset /s/ weakening in speech data from sociolinguistic interviews with 72 Salvadoran Spanish speakers. In addition, we compare and contrast the explanatory power of instrumental and traditional segmental approaches. We find that the instrumental approach, which identifies flanking segments, stress, and region of origin of the speaker as conditioners of onset /s/ shortening and lowering of center of gravity, does not account for observed social variation in the data. Contrastingly, an ordinal logistic regression based on a combination of instrumental measures and perceived phonetic categories identifies flanking segment, region of origin, sex, and age of the speaker as predictors of onset /s/ weakening. We conclude that an exclusively instrumental analysis examining variation of onset /s/ thus obscures the potential social meaning of onset /s/ weakening in El Salvador. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent observations of the high-velocity impact response in poly (urethane urea), PUU, elastomers has inspired a new inquiry on whether enabling molecular mechanisms could benefit dynamic impedance optimization at the interface of a glass/polymer bilayer, particularly at the moment of impulse interaction. In this work, we investigate the molecular influence on dynamic impedance using microballistic measurements on two bulk elastomers, a PUU and a polyurea, PU. Upon impact at strain rates ∼10 8 /s, PUU exhibits a moderate improvement in resistance against penetration than PU, that is more pronounced at higher speeds. The variation in dynamic stiffening corroborates well with the corresponding segmental dynamics data determined via broadband dielectric relaxation. Meanwhile, we calculate the shock impedance from the shock velocity data derived from the respective shock Hugoniot to discern the efficacy of dynamic impedance optimization between PUU and glass. New insight on molecular attributes will guide glass/polymer interface designs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary Introduction Lundstrom segmental analysis is often used analysis in orthodontic diagnosis. It includes measurements of available and needed space in the arch in order to determine whether there is a lack or excess of space for proper teeth alignment. Measurements are traditionally performed on plaster study models, but with recent developments of computer-based systems, there is an increase in use of digital models in measuring process. The aim of this study was to present a photogrammetry based measurement approach that requires no specialized and expensive hardware and compare results with ones obtained on 3D scanned models. Material and method On 50 plaster study models measurements of 24 teeth, widths of 12 segments and Lundstrom segmental analysis were performed. 3D scanned study models were analyzed in the photogrammetry software Ortho-Photo4D on the set of four photographs of the study model in custom made measurement apparatus. The software corrects for finite distance of the camera and corrects errors due to perspective distortion. Results Statistical analysis performed on obtained measurements provided Bland-Altman plots that strongly suggested high degree of correspondence between the two measurements methods. Discrepancies for maxilla for individual segments were under 0.25 mm with standard deviation of up to 0.16 mm, and less than 1 mm and deviation of up to 0.4 mm for complete arch. For mandible the differences were up to 0.27 mm for segments with 0.15 mm deviation and 0.6 mm for complete arch with up to 0.24 mm deviation. Correlation coefficient was over 0.985 in all cases. Conclusions Both analyzed methods can be equally used in clinical practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To avoid iterative calculation, an explicit analytical model was developed for the deformation capacity of an unbonded post-tensioned precast segmental rocking hollow pier and divided into three statuses: decompression status, yield status and large deformation status. The pier was regarded as an equivalent reinforced concrete monolithic pier at the decompression status, and the compression zone height at the base section was computed explicitly to make deformation calculation non-iterative at the other two statuses. A verified fiber model based on the OpenSees platform was proposed. The proposed deformation capacity model was validated with existing cyclic loading tests and the verified fiber model. A parametric study was conducted to determine the effects of the main design parameters on four coefficients of the idealized flag-shaped hysteretic model based on the proposed deformation capacity model. New formulas were proposed to determine the four coefficients through regression analysis. The flag-shaped hysteretic model with the coefficients determined by the proposed formulas was validated with cyclic loading tests and dynamic history analysis based on the fiber model. The results of this research show that the proposed model for deformation capacity may be simplified into two statuses, and it can serve as a tool to provide loading-deformation curves that have good agreement with experiments and the fiber model. The flag-shaped hysteretic model with the proposed coefficients can accurately predict the maximum displacement response and conservatively predict the dissipation energy capacity for the rocking pier under a strong earthquake shock. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Masquelet technique is a strategy for management of segmental bone defects. It is a two-stage procedure that involves inducing a synovial-like membrane that can be used for a bone graft. Segmental bone defects can occur following trauma and can accompany traumatic brain injury. There is a well-documented, albeit debated, association between traumatic brain injury and increased rate of new bone formation. Here, we present a case of unexpected callus formation in a segmental femoral fracture. The patient had a traumatic brain injury and was treated with the first stage of the Masquelet technique. Owing to the amount of large callus, a second stage of the Masquelet was not required. The patient recovered well from the injury and at 16-week follow-up was able to partially weight bear. A case similar to this has not previously been reported within the literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the advancement of the tremor assessment systems, the current technology still lacks a method that can objectively characterize tremors in relative segmental movements. This paper presents a measurement system, which quantifies multi-degrees-of-freedom coupled relative motions of hand–arm tremor, in terms of joint angular displacement. In-laboratory validity and reliability tests of the system algorithm to provide joint angular displacement was carried out by using the two-degrees-of-freedom tremor simulator with incremental rotary encoder systems installed. The statistical analyses show that the developed system has high validity results and comparable reliability performances using the rotary encoder system as the reference. In the clinical trials, the system was tested on 38 Parkinson’s disease patients. The system readings were correlated with the observational tremor ratings of six trained medical doctors. The moderate to very high clinical correlations of the system readings in measuring rest, postural and task-specific tremors add merits to the degree of readiness of the developed tremor measurement system in a routine clinical setting and/or intervention trial for tremor amelioration. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The connection between pitch, phonation and plosive voicing has been observed in many of the languages of the world, including those of the Himalayas. The paper examines different analyses of largely phonetically similar data from various Tibetan and Tamangic languages, comparing and evaluating the substantially different analyses offered in different descriptive traditions, arguing that principles of economy and descriptive adequacy allow us to choose between alternative analyses for many languages that have been described with different types of contrasts involving plosive manner and pitch height. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) and Dechlorane Plus (DP) were measured in both human hair and paired serum samples from a cohort of university students in South China. Segmental analysis was conducted to explore gender difference and the relationships between the hair and serum. The concentrations of total PBDEs in the hair and serum samples were in a range of 0.28–34.1 ng/g dry weight (dw) and 0.16–156 ng/g lipid weight (lw), respectively. Concentrations of ∑DPs (sum of the syn -DP and anti -DP isomers) in all hair samples ranged from nd-5.45 ng/g dry weight. Concentrations of most PBDEs and decabromodiphenylethane (DBDPE) in distal segments (5–10 cm from the scalp) were higher than those in the proximal segments (0–5 cm from the scalp) ( t -test, p < 0.05), which could be due to the longer exposure time of distal segments. The proximal segments exhibited a unique congener profile, more close to that in the serum rather than the distal segments of hair. An obvious gender difference was found in the levels of ∑PBDEs using integrated hair samples, while the difference disappeared when considering alone the proximal segments of hair (0–5 cm from scalp) for both genders. This paper provides supplement to the current knowledge on sources of BFRs and DPs in hair and declares the importance of segmental analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several numerical approaches have been developed to address the soft tissue artefact, such as the segmental optimization and multibody kinematics optimizations using either open-loop or closed-loop chains. However, it is still not clear which method is the most efficient for scapular kinematics reconstruction. In this study, six kinematic models were compared to a silver standard, i.e. a scapula palpator, during a series of 55 postures with maximal amplitudes of both the arm and scapula performed by 15 subjects. The most accurate approaches were the multibody optimization with a closed-loop chain and the segmental optimization. They provided averaged scapula misorientations of 14.9 ± 6.7° and 16 ± 7.1, respectively. Regarding the closed-loop chain integrating a point-to-ellipsoid scapulothoracic joint, the ellipsoid providing the most accurate results was a thorax-size ellipsoid fitting the area browsed by the scapula. Eventually, considering the high implementation costs of a multibody kinematics optimization, the segmental optimization could be considered as appropriate for scapular kinematics reconstruction. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

FES induced movements from indication is promising due to encouraging results being obtained by scholars. The kinematic model usually constitute the initial phase towards achieving the segmental dynamics of any rigid body system. It can be used to ascertain that the model is capable of achieving the desired goal. The dynamic model builds on the kinematic model and is usually mathematically cumbersome depending on the number of degrees-offreedom. This paper presents a kinematic model applicable for human sit-tostand movement scenario that will be used to obtain the dynamic model the FES induced movement in a later study. The study shows that the 6 DOF conceptualized sit-to-stand movement can be achieved conveniently using 4 DOF. The 4 DOF has an additional joint compared to similar earlier works which makes more it accurate and flexible. It is more accurate in the sense that it accommodates additional joint i.e. the neck joint whose dynamics could be captured. And more flexible in the sense that if future research uncover more contributions by the segments it can be easily incorporated including that of other segments e.g. the trunk, neck and upper limbs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of the drug scopolamine in drug-facilitated crimes is known. Nevertheless, given the high potency of the drug and its rapid metabolism, analysis in blood and urine may not be sufficient for drug detection in late crime declaration, especially following a single-dose administration in drug-facilitated sexual assault (DFSA) cases. Hair may constitute an essential supplemental matrix extending the drug detection window in such cases. This case report presents quantitative data on scopolamine findings in urine and hair in a DFSA case. A young female had consumed several alcoholic drinks at a party venue when her behaviour became noticeably peculiar. Later, she woke up next to an unknown man and had no recollection of the night's events. Blood and urine samples were collected 18 h after the incident. The initial toxicological target screening using UHPLC–TOF-MS detected scopolamine in the hydrolysed urine sample, and quantification yielded 41 µg/L scopolamine in urine, while blood was negative. Segmental hair analysis using multitarget UHPLC–MS/MS was performed on three washed 2-cm segments of hair collected five weeks after the incident, yielding 0.37 pg/mg scopolamine only in the relevant hair segment. This case report provides novel insight into the concentration in hair following a single exposure of scopolamine and the feasibility of detecting scopolamine in hair by comparison to published toxicological findings. • Scopolamine detected in urine and hair after a single exposure in a DFSA case. • Blood/urine and hair were sampled 18 h and 5 weeks after the incident. • Hydrolysed urine contained 41 μg/L scopolamine, while blood was negative. • Segmental analysis found only scopolamine in the relevant hair segment at 0.37 pg/mg. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the present study was to illustrate the diagnosis and treatment of carotid body tumor (CBT) based on our experience of previous patients. A total of 58 patients (62 lesions) with CBT who received surgery between October 2003 and October 2013 were included. In total, 17 lesions were categorized into Shamblin grade I, 33 were grade II, and 12 were grade III. Surgical resection of CBT was performed for 52 lesions, resection of CBT and the external carotid artery was performed for 9 lesions, and resection of CBT and the internal carotid artery was performed for 1 lesion. No hemiplegia was observed. Hoarseness and bucking were observed in 2 patients of Shamblin grade III, and were eliminated 1 month subsequent to the administration of hormone therapy and a nerve-nurturing strategy. No relapse or mortality was observed during the follow-up. In conclusion, surgical resection of CBT is recommended following diagnosis. The evaluation of imaging features and cerebral collateral circulation is important for treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Long-distance natural gas pipelines often pass through unfavorable geological areas. Pipelines are prone to suspension due to geological disasters like earthquakes. The stress of the suspended segment is likely to exceed allowable values, causing the pipeline to rupture. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze the stress on a suspended gas pipeline and determine the ultimate length of the suspended segment. Constraint and boundary conditions can be determined for the mechanical model of the suspended pipeline and pipeline beam. A numerical simulation of a suspended pipeline was conducted. The result was compared with existing data in order to verify the reliability of the simulation. The analysis of the factors that influence the suspended pipeline, including internal pressure, soil overburden compaction multiplier (OCM), buried depth, and diameter-thickness ratio, indicates that (1) it is imperative to check peak stress during inspection of the suspended gas pipeline; (2) because of the pipeline's flexibility, a slight drop in stress is observed from the middle point of the suspended segment toward the junction of the covered segment and the suspended segment; (3) with increases in pipeline pressure or buried depth, maximum peak stress increases for pipelines with the same suspended segment length; (4) when the length of the suspended segment increases, changes in OCM-Stress show different behaviors; and (5) with increases in the length of the suspended segment, the stress tends to increase as the diameter-thickness ratio becomes more and more pronounced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Sagittal rebalancing of a fixated lumbar hypolordosis (kyphosis) is very important to gain satisfactory results. To correct a misalignment vertebral column resection or pedicle subtraction osteotomies are favored, disregarding the relatively high complication rates. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficiency and safety of a new modified transforaminal lumbar fusion technique as an alternative. Methods: We conducted a retrospective review (06/2011-06/2015) of a prospective database at an University hospital. Inclusion criteria were adult patients with a fixated lumbar hypolordosis and the need of monosegmental correction of more than 10° with an mTLIF. Exclusion criteria consisted of minor aged patients and polysegmental corrections. Study parameters were the perioperative complications and the achieved postsurgical lordosis. The follow up period was 6 months. Results: A total of 11 patients could be included. The mean segmental lordosis was -2.3° ± 12.4° (range -22° to 14°) preoperative and 15.5° ± 10.5° (range 0° to 29°) postoperative. The degree of correction was 17° ± 5.7° in mean per treated segment (range 12° to 29°). No neurologic or vascular complications occurred. No substantial loss of correction or implant failure was noted during the 6-month follow-up. Conclusion: The modified transforaminal lumbar fusion technique is a safe method to correct a fixated lumbar kyphosis. The potential of segmental correction is comparable to pedicle subtraction osteotomies but sparing potentially healthy segments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines how acoustic characteristics of vowels and consonants reflect intonational differences between polar questions and statements in Polish whispered, semi-whispered and normal speech modes, with particular focus on the spectral characteristics of voiceless consonants as a function of intonation, and across speech modes. The results reveal significant differences in spectral properties of both utterance-final vowels and consonants across statements and polar questions. Questions have higher vowel intensities and show differences in formant frequencies that vary with speech mode. Regarding the consonants, both fricatives and affricates are produced with higher intensity, spectral peaks at higher frequencies, and higher Centre of Gravity and Spectral Standard Deviation values in questions than in statements. Conversely, skewness and kurtosis are lower in questions than in statements. Some spectral features of sibilants, including spectral slopes, show greater question-statement differences in the whispered speech mode than in other speech modes. The finding that some cues are more pronounced in whispered speech suggests that they may compensate for the absence of fundamental frequency in this mode. Most generally, the study shows that speakers produce intended intonation patterns by varying the type and magnitude of cues depending on speech mode. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Back ground: Cervical spondylosis is the most common degenerative condition of the cervical spine affecting the intervertebral joints and disks. Mechanical stresses increase load which leads to formation of osteophytes as a result of the vertebral body's attempt to grow more bone for strengthening. Changes in intervertebral disks can cause spinal cord compression in advanced cases. There are many evidences found in the literature about non-invasive treatment for cervical spondylosis with the exception of manual therapy. Methodology: Single blinded, randomized clinical trial was conducted at National Hospital & Medical Center DHA Lahore with a sample of 80 patients. After randomization, the subjects were distributed into two equalgroups of 40 subjects. Group A was treated by applying kaltenborn segmental traction (KST), core stability exercises (CSE) and short wave diathermy (SWD), while Group B was treated with Mechanical cervical traction (MCT), core stability exercises (CSE) and short wave diathermy (SWD). The duration of treatment was 4 weeks with 3 sessions per week. All patients were assessed at the start of treatment and then by second and fourth week by using the neck disability index (NDI). Independent t test was used to see the comparative effect of KST and MCT in terms of functional ability with p ≤0.05 % (level of significance). Results: The results illustrate that the measured mean score of NDI before treatment for KST group was 3.97 and for MCT group was 3.92. While mean score of NDI after treatment for KST group was 1.50 and for MCT group was 2.30. It was noted that there was a difference between mean scores for KST and MCT groups after treatment with better improvement in KST group (the lower the mean value was an indication of good functional ability on NDI scale).The measured "p" value of NDI was 0.000, which was an indication of significant chan-ges proved as in mean scores. Conclusion: This study concluded that kalten born segmental traction(KST) shows more satisfactory results than mechanical cervical traction (MCT) in subjects of cervical spondylosis for resuming their functional status in terms of NDI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Overstressing of the segmental lining is a potential hazard of shielded tunnelling in squeezing rock. Due to their stiffness, segmental linings allow only very limited convergences to occur, which results in higher rock pressures than light or deformable rock supports. This paper investigates the extent to which the application range of shielded TBMs could be broadened in squeezing conditions by using linings of higher bearing capacity. Besides the obvious option of increasing segment thickness, an investigation is made into the technical and economic feasibility of double shell solutions as well as that of high performance or ultra-high performance concretes from the standpoints of structural engineering, TBM technology, process engineering, material technology and construction cost. Additionally, design aids are presented that allow a quick evaluation of the application limits of the various lining options to be made for a given geotechnical situation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper describes the main features and presents the results of a 3D finite element model for shield EPB tunnelling based on the FE code Simulia ABAQUS. The model simulates important components of the mechanised excavation process including variable muck pressure on the excavation face, cutterhead overcut, shield conicity, installation of jointed segmental lining, annular gap grouting and time-dependent setting of the grout. Advanced numerical techniques are used to model the shield - ground interface, time dependent grout setting and the configuration and stiffness of the segmental lining joints. Three lining models are investigated and compared: continuous shell without joints, shell with aligned joints (2D joint configuration) and shell with staggered (rotated) joints, which is the most realistic 3D lining model. The results of the numerical analyses highlight the importance of modelling the above features on ground deformations and internal forces of the lining. It is shown that: (1) even moderate face pressure can appreciably reduce ground loss and prevent potential face instability in very weak ground, (2) cutterhead overcut and shield conicity have a pronounced effect of ground surface settlement which can be partly compensated by increasing the grout pressure during tail grouting and (3) a continuous shell model is a reasonable approximation of segmental lining for shallow tunnels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The literature lacks comparative data regarding foot segmental mobility in rearfoot (RFS) and midfoot striking (MFS) patterns. The aim of the study is to quantify the foot segmental mobility during distinct subphases of stance in presence of both striking patterns.Methods: Twelve participants were instructed to run barefoot at a constant speed of 3.3m/s on a 10-m walkway, while adopting a RFS and a MFS pattern. Multi-segment foot mobility during the impact phase, the absorption phase and the generation phase was subsequently calculated and compared between both conditions.Results: In the impact phase of the MFS trials, a higher sagittal plane range of motion was observed between shank and calcaneus (RFS=6.2°, MFS=14.5°, p<0.0001), between calcaneus and midfoot (RFS=1.9°, MFS=5.6°, p=0.002) as well as between the calcaneus and metatarsus (RFS=2.4°, MFS=4.9°, p=0.0015). In the absorption phase of the MFS trials, a higher frontal plane range of motion (RFS=1.3°, MFS=2.1°, p=0.004) and a lower sagittal plane range of motion (RFS=6.5°, MFS=4.3°, p=0.004) was observed between the calcaneus and metatarsus.Conclusion: This study revealed that approximately 50% of the rearfoot range of motion has been observed in the midfoot when running with both striking patterns, although the highest ROM was observed in the rearfoot. This finding highlights that the rebounding effect of the human body results not only from absorption and generation within major joints of the lower limb but also from smaller joints in the foot. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aimed to map instantaneous centers of rotation (ICRs) of lumbar motion segments during a functional lifting task and examine differences across segments and variations caused by magnitude of weight lifted. Eleven healthy participants lifted loads of three different magnitudes (4.5, 9, and 13.5 kg) from a trunk-flexed (~75°) to an upright position, while being imaged by a dynamic stereo X-ray (DSX) system. Tracked lumbar vertebral (L2-S1) motion data were processed into highly accurate 6DOF intervertebral (L2L3, L3L4, L4L5, L5S1) kinematics. ICRs were computed using the finite helical axis method. Effects of segment level and load magnitude on the anterior-posterior (AP) and superior-inferior (SI) ICR migration ranges were assessed with a mixed-effects model. Further, ICRs were averaged to a single center of rotation (COR) to assess segment-specific differences in COR AP- and SI-coordinates. The AP range was found to be significantly larger for L2L3 compared to L3L4 ( p =0.02), L4L5 and L5S1 ( p <0.001). Average ICR SI location was relatively higher – near the superior endplate of the inferior vertebra – for L4L5 and L5SI compared to L2L3 and L3L4 ( p ≤0.001) – located between the mid-transverse plane and superior endplate of the inferior vertebra – but differences were not significant amongst themselves ( p >0.9). Load magnitude had a significant effect only on the SI component of ICR migration range (13.5 kg>9 kg and 4.5 kg; p =0.049 and 0.017 respectively). The reported segment-specific ICR data exemplify improved input parameters for lumbar spine biomechanical models and design of disc replacements, and base-line references for potential diagnostic applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This investigation presents an analysis of segmental angular momentum to describe segmental coordination during walking. Generating and arresting momentum is an intuitive concept, and also forms the foundation of Newton-Euler dynamics. Total segmental angular momentum is separated into separate components, translational angular momentum (TAM) and rotational angular momentum (RAM), which provide different but complementary perspectives of the segmental dynamics needed to achieve forward progression during walking. TAM was referenced to the stance foot, which provides insight into the mechanisms behind how forward progression is achieved through coordinated segmental motion relative to the foot. Translational and rotational segmental moments were calculated directly from TAM and RAM, via Euler's 1st and 2nd laws in angular momentum form, respectively, and are composed of the effects of intersegmental forces and joint moments. Using data from 14 healthy participants, the effort required to generate and arrest momentum were assessed by linking the features of segmental angular momentum and the associated segmental moments to well-known spatiotemporal and kinetic features of the gait cycle. Segmental momentum provides an opportunity to explore and understand system-wide dynamics of coordination from an alternative perspective that is rooted in fundamentals of dynamics, and can be estimated using only segmental kinematic measurements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sub-segmental analysis of excitation source may contain significant speaker-specific information pertaining to speaker verification. In this paper, the excitation source feature has been explored for design of speaker verification system (SVS). The baseline of the system is extraction of speaker-specific information from LP-residual features by modelling the speakers through different supervised and unsupervised models, based on which they will be accepted or rejected. Direct LP-residual (DLR) as well as DCT coefficients of LP-residual (DCTLR) are approximated as the excitation source features for the system. The models are processed in two different level of analysis, namely, sentence level analysis as well as voice-segment level approach (VSLA), with the variations in the frame size of the input. Effects of the change of frame size in the input vectors are observed. Studies are carried over telephonic database collected in practical environment. A comparative analysis has been presented for the combination of models, features and the two levels of analysis for the given data. The experimental study suggests that application of VSLA on unsupervised models with DCTLR as input, provides a performance which is 14.21 % better than sentence level analysis of the models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Knowledge of the average size and variability of the human spinal cord can be of importance when treating pathological conditions in the spinal cord. Data on healthy human spinal cord morphometrics have been published for more than a century using different techniques of measurements, but unfortunately, comparison of results from different studies is difficult because of the different anatomical landmarks used as reference points along the craniocaudal axis for the measurements. The aim of this review was to compute population estimates of the transverse and anteroposterior diameter of the human spinal cord by comparing and combining previously published data on a normalized craniocaudal axis. We included 11 studies presenting measurements of spinal cord cross-sectional diameters, with a combined sample size ranging from 15 to 488 subjects, depending on spinal cord level. Based on five published studies presenting data on the lengths of the segments of the spinal cord and vertebral column, we calculated the relative positions of all spinal cord neuronal segments and vertebral bony segments and mapped measurements of spinal cord size to a normalized craniocaudal axis. This mapping resulted in better alignment between studies and allowed the calculation of weighted averages and standard deviations (SDs) along the spinal cord. These weighted averages were smoothed using a generalized additive model to yield continuous population estimates for transverse and anteroposterior diameter and associated SDs. The spinal cord had the largest transverse diameter at spinal cord neuronal segment C5 (13.3 ± 2.2), decreased to segment T8 (8.3 ± 2.1), and increased slightly again to 9.4 ± 1.5 at L3. The anteroposterior diameter showed less variation in size along the spinal cord at C5 (7.4 ± 1.6), T8 (6.3 ± 2.0), and L3 (7.5 ± 1.6). All estimates are presented in millimeters ± 2 SDs. We conclude that segmental transverse and anteroposterior diameters of the healthy human spinal cord from different published sources can be combined on a normalized craniocaudal axis and yield meaningful population estimates. These estimates could be useful in routine management of patients with neurodegenerative diseases as well as for clinical research and experimental applications aimed at surgical spinal cord repair. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hair and nails are often used to prove drug intake over several months. However, it is impossible to determine the day of drug intake by conventional segmental analysis of bulk samples. To improve this segmental analysis, we prepared accurate 0.4-mm hair and 0.2-mm nail segments, which correspond to their respective growth rates of 1–2 days, using a tissue slicer. The aim of this study was to develop an efficient method to extract drugs from a single sub-millimeter segment of hair and nail. Hair and nails were collected from a subject who was administered a single dose of chlorpheniramine. Four drug extraction methods based on different principles such as sonication, microwaves, micropulverization, and alkaline dissolution were compared. Short-duration sonication followed by long-duration soaking served the aim. Drug extraction from a sub-millimeter segment was performed in three steps as follows: a segment was first washed, followed by sonication for 10 min soaking in the extraction solution for 24 h. The drug concentrations in the three extracts from each segment were quantified using high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Each concentration was displayed on a single hair strand and a single nail block so that the first, second, and third extracts corresponded to components on the surface, in the outer layer, and within the sample, respectively. The distribution of chlorpheniramine in a hair successfully reflected the intake history. This method can be used in the future to measure the detailed distribution of drugs in a single hair and nail. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigate a domain decomposed multigrid technique, termed segmental refinement, for solving general nonlinear elliptic boundary value problems. We extend the method first proposed in 1994 by analytically and experimentally investigating its complexity. We confirm that communication of traditional parallel multigrid is eliminated on fine grids, with modest amounts of extra work and storage, while maintaining the asymptotic exactness of full multigrid. We observe an accuracy dependence on the segmental refinement subdomain size, which was not considered in the original analysis. We present a communication complexity analysis that quantifies the communication costs ameliorated by segmental refinement and report performance results with up to 64K cores on a Cray XC30. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the nonlinear vibration and dynamic buckling of eccentrically stiffened functionally graded toroidal shell segments surrounded by an elastic medium in thermal environment are presented. The governing equations of motion of eccentrically stiffened functionally graded toroidal shell segments are derived based on the classical shell theory with the geometrical nonlinear in von Karman-Donnell sense and the smeared stiffeners technique. Furthermore, the dynamical characteristics of shells as natural frequencies, nonlinear frequency–amplitude relation, nonlinear dynamic responses and the nonlinear dynamic critical buckling loads evaluated by Budiansky-Roth criterion are considered. The effects of characteristics of functionally graded materials, geometrical ratios, elastic foundation, pre-loaded axial compression and temperature on the dynamical behavior of shells are investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With mechanized shield tunnelling the quality of the backfill is of significant importance for the stability of the lining. The used material affects the interaction between support and rock mass. Therefore, the choice of a proper backfilling material is of great importance for the system behaviour. Scaled model tests have been carried out investigating the relocation behaviour of pea gravel within the annular gap. The tests have shown that especially with Double shielded TBMs a distinct relocation mechanism is triggered by the regripping process. This leads to an unfavourable bedding situation immediately behind the TBM shield. Within a numerical study the influence of an incomplete bedding situation on the section forces within the lining segments has been carried out. The simulations have shown that crack propagation is more likely in unfavourable bedding situations. Nevertheless, numerical simulations have proven that cracks within the segments denote a higher utilization level but do not directly imply an acute danger to the load-bearing capacity. As observed in reality, the state of incomplete bedding represents the relevant load case. A design improvement has been introduced overcoming the temporary state of a partially bedded segmental lining. Furthermore, this approach prevents a large-scale relocation process of pea gravel within the annular gap. Bei Schildvortrieben hat die Qualität der Ringspaltverfüllung einen wesentlichen Einfluss auf die Qualität des Tübbingausbaus. Das verwendete Bettungsmaterial beeinflusst die Interaktion Gebirge-Tübbingausbau. Deshalb ist die Wahl eines geeigneten Materials für die Ringraumverfüllung von hoher Bedeutung für das Systemverhalten. Zur Untersuchung des Umlagerungsverhaltens von Perlkies innerhalb des Ringspalts wurden Laborversuche durchgeführt. Die Versuche zeigten, dass vor allem bei Doppelschildmaschinen eine ausgeprägte Tendenz zur Umlagerung des Perlkieses in Längsrichtung während des Umsetzvorgangs gegeben ist. In Folge dessen sind die Tübbingringe unmittelbar hinter dem Schildschwanz nur teilgebettet. Mittels numerischer Simulationen wurde der Einfluss der unvollständigen Bettung auf die Schnittkräfte der Tübbingsegmente untersucht. Die Simulationen haben gezeigt, dass die Rissentwicklung vor allem bei ungünstigen Bettungsszenarien bevorzugt auftritt. Weiters wurde festgestellt, dass Betonrisse lediglich auf einen erhöhten Ausnutzungsgrad innerhalb der Stahlbetonfertigteile, jedoch nicht auf eine Gefährdung der Ausbautragfähigkeit hinweisen. Wie in der Realität beobachtet, repräsentiert der Zustand der unvollständigen Bettung den maßgebenden Lastfall. Abschließend wird eine Maßnahme vorgestellt, die die temporäre Bettung gezielt verbessern soll. Zudem verhindert diese eine großräumige Umlagerung von Perlkies innerhalb des Ringspalts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In infrastructure tunnelling projects with shielded TBMs, prefabricated segmental linings are used with various systems and requirements. The required degree of accuracy in segment production and ring assembly is a considerable factor in terms of equipment, time and costs. The required tolerances for segments and ring assembly depend significantly on the segment geometry, lining system and field of application. In order to provide a reasonable basis for allowable segment and installation tolerances, a new approach has been established as part of a research initiative of the ÖBB-Infrastruktur AG with respect to the risks and consequences arising from geometrical tolerances. The paper explains the concept of 'tolerance classes' with the approach for their developments, derivation and classification. A practical application example is shown in addition. With respect to the nomenclature of tolerances, a harmonization process has been performed in collaboration with the German committees for underground structures, ZTV-ING and DAUB. The results of harmonizing and proposals of tolerance clarifications are presented within this paper. Toleranzklassen, Harmonisierung der Toleranzbegriffe und Toleranzanforderungen Erfahrungsstand 2016 Bei maschinellen Schildvortrieben kommen Tübbingauskleidungen mit unterschiedlichen Systemen und Anforderungen zum Einsatz. Die erforderliche Genauigkeit in der Herstellung der Fertigteilsegmente sowie beim Ringbau gewinnt immer mehr an Bedeutung für eine wirtschaftliche Auslegung der Auskleidung, gekoppelt an die spezifischen Anforderungen des Projekts. Das erforderliche Maß an die Genauigkeit der Tübbinge und den Einbau im Tunnel hängt im Wesentlichen von der Tübbinggeometrie, vom Tübbingsystem und vom jeweiligen Anwendungsbereich ab. Im Arbeitskreis 'TVM-Forschungsprojekt Toleranzen', einer Forschungsinitiative der ÖBB-Infrastruktur AG, wurde ein neuer Ansatz für die Herleitung zulässiger Herstell- und Einbautoleranzen unter Einbeziehung einer Risikobetrachtung entwickelt. Im vorliegenden Beitrag wird die Herangehensweise für die Entwicklung, Herleitung und Klassifizierung von Toleranzgruppen, die unter dem Namen 'Toleranzklassen' geführt werden, beschrieben. Ergänzend wird auch ein Beispiel für die Anwendung des vorgestellten Konzepts gezeigt. Im Zusammenhang mit den Toleranzklassen erfolgte eine Harmonisierung von Toleranzbegriffen in Zusammenarbeit mit deutschen Ausschüssen wie der ZTV-ING und des DAUB. Die wesentlichen Änderungen und Ergänzungen der Toleranzbegriffe sowie Erläuterungen werden im Anschluss an das erwähnte Konzept der Toleranzklassen vorgestellt. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed at testing the hypothesis that reactive biomechanical responses elicited by unexpected slipping-like perturbations delivered during steady walking are characterized by an intersegmental coordination strategy resembling that adopted during unperturbed walking. Fifteen healthy subjects were asked to manage multidirectional slipping-like perturbations delivered while they walked steadily. The planar covariation law of elevation angles related to lower limb segments was the main observed variable related to unperturbed and perturbed strides. Principal component analysis was used to verify whether elevation angles covaried, both before and after the onset of the perturbation, and, if so, the orientation of the related planes of covariation was compared. Results revealed that the planar covariation law of the unperturbed limb after onset of the perturbation was systematically similar to that seen during steady walking. This occurred despite differences in range of motion and intersubject variability of both elevation and joint angles. The analysis strongly corroborates the hypothesis that the planar covariation law emerges from the interaction between spinal neural networks and limb mechanical oscillators. In particular, fast and stereotyped reactive strategies may result from the interaction among activities of downstream neural networks encrypting well-trained motor schemes, such as those related to walking, limb dynamics, and sensory motor information gathered during the perturbation. In addition, our results allowed us to speculate that rehabilitative treatment based on unexpected perturbations and relying on the plasticity of the central nervous system may also be effective in eliciting unimpaired intralimb coordination in neurological patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This study aimed to test the effectiveness of single-session motivational intervention to stop ethanol use during pregnancy using segmental hair analysis of ethyl glucuronide to objectively verify drinking behavior before and after intervention.Methods: 168 pregnant women attending Hospital del Mar (Barcelona, Spain) for antenatal visit were included in the study and randomly assigned to one of two conditions: single-session motivational intervention (MI; N=83) or single-session educational control condition (ECC; N=85). Ethyl glucuronide was measured in maternal hair divided into three segments of 3 cm each corresponding to the three different gestation trimesters by a validated liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method. Concentrations of EtG<7 pg/mg, between 7 and 30 pg/mg and ≥30 pg/mg in each segment were used to assess total abstinence, repetitive moderate drinking and chronic excessive consumption in the previous three months.Results: About a third of pregnant women self-reporting no ethanol consumption during gestation showed hair EtG values corresponding to ethanol drinking. Single-session MI helped in decreasing alcohol consumption during pregnancy as assessed by lower hair EtG concentrations in 2nd and 3rd trimesters. However, it did not significantly increase complete abstinence in pregnant women who previously showed hair EtG compatible with ethanol consumption.Conclusions: Pregnant women did not correctly self reported ethanol consumption during gestation, while hair EtG was essential to correctly identify drinking patterns. Single-session MI was not enough to stop ethanol use during pregnancy. Interventions at any visit during pregnancy are strongly recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Context: Lumbar lordosis (LL) correlates with pelvic morphology, and it has been demonstrated that as LL increases, the inflection point and apex of lordosis move cranially. This suggests that each segment of the lumbar spine relates to pelvic morphology in a unique way.Objectives: This study aimed to establish whether there is a direct relationship between pelvic morphology and lumbar segmental angulation in the sagittal plane.Study Design: A retrospective analysis of 41 patient radiographs was carried out.Patient Sample: Inclusion criteria included patients with full length standing anterioposterior and lateral radiographs of the spine from base of occiput to proximal femora, with clearly visible vertebral end plates from T12 to S1 and a thoracic kyphosis (TK) and LL within the normal range. Patients were excluded if they had a coronal spinal deformity affecting the lumbar spine, chronic back pain, spondylolisthesis, spondylolysis, congenital scoliosis, or skeletal dysplasia.Outcome Measures: Spinopelvic radiographic parameters of pelvic incidence (PI), LL, TK, and segmental angulation at each level from L1 to the sacrum were the outcome measures.Methods: Forty-one lateral whole spine radiographs with normal sagittal profiles from the spinal deformity clinic were retrospectively reviewed. Pelvic incidence, LL, TK, and segmental angulation at each level from L1 to the sacrum were measured (from end plate to end plate), distinguishing the vertebral body and intervertebral disc contribution. Pearson correlation coefficients were used to analyze any relationship between pelvic parameters and segmental angulation.Results: A strong correlation was found between PI and LL. Pelvic incidence correlated strongly with the L1 and L2 motion segments (p=.0001, p=.03), notably at the intervertebral discs but not the L4 and L5 motion segments. The proportion of total LL contributed at L4-L5 and L5-S1 reduced as PI increased.Conclusions: Pelvic incidence can predict segmental angulation. Although the majority of LL is produced at the L4 and L5 motion segments, cephalad lumbar segments sequentially become increasingly important as PI increases. This describes a continuum where the L1 and L2 motion segments crucially fine-tune total LL according to PI. This allows segmental abnormalities to be identified when compensation in adjacent segments maintain normal total LL. It also paves the way for anatomical segmental reconstruction in degenerative adult deformity based on pelvic morphology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author comments on an article by K. Kuwayama et al which offers a method for estimation of drug-intake day through the microsegmental analysis of a single strand of hair. Topics discussed include the major advantage of hair drug analysis, basic information that should be considered to understand the full applications of hair analysis in forensic toxicology, and variation in the length and amount of hair used in segmental analysis.

Background: The detection of the glomeruli is a key step in the histopathological evaluation of microscopic images of the kidneys. However, the task of automatic detection of the glomeruli poses challenges owing to the differences in their sizes and shapes in renal sections as well as the extensive variations in their intensities due to heterogeneity in immunohistochemistry staining. Although the rectangular histogram of oriented gradients (Rectangular HOG) is a widely recognized powerful descriptor for general object detection, it shows many false positives owing to the aforementioned difficulties in the context of glomeruli detection. Results: A new descriptor referred to as Segmental HOG was developed to perform a comprehensive detection of hundreds of glomeruli in images of whole kidney sections. The new descriptor possesses flexible blocks that can be adaptively fitted to input images in order to acquire robustness for the detection of the glomeruli. Moreover, the novel segmentation technique employed herewith generates high-quality segmentation outputs, and the algorithm is assured to converge to an optimal solution. Consequently, experiments using real-world image data revealed that Segmental HOG achieved significant improvements in detection performance compared to Rectangular HOG. Conclusion: The proposed descriptor for glomeruli detection presents promising results, and it is expected to be useful in pathological evaluation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This work is a preliminary study of a stationary cardiac SPECT system. The goal of this research is to propose a stationary cardiac SPECT system using segmented slant-hole collimators and to perform computer simulations to test the feasibility. Compared to the rotational SPECT, a stationary system has a benefit of acquiring temporally consistent projections. The most challenging issue in building a stationary system is to provide sufficient projection view-angles. Methods: A GATE (GEANT4 application for tomographic emission) Monte Carlo model was developed to simulate a two-detector stationary cardiac SPECT that uses segmented slant-hole collimators. Each detector contains seven segmented slant-hole sections that slant to a common volume at the rotation center. Consequently, 14 view-angles over 180 were acquired without any gantry rotation. The NCAT phantom was used for data generation and a tailored maximum-likelihood expectation-maximization algorithm was used for image reconstruction. Effects of limited number of view-angles and data truncation were carefully evaluated in the paper. Results: Simulation results indicated that the proposed segmented slant-hole stationary cardiac SPECT system is able to acquire sufficient data for cardiac imaging without a loss of image quality, even when the uptakes in the liver and kidneys are high. Seven views are acquired simultaneously at each detector, leading to 5-fold sensitivity gain over the conventional dual-head system at the same total acquisition time, which in turn increases the signal-to-noise ratio by 19%. The segmented slant-hole SPECT system also showed a good performance in lesion detection. In our prototype system, a short hole-length was used to reduce the dead zone between neighboring collimator segments. The measured sensitivity gain is about 17-fold over the conventional dual-head system. Conclusions: The GATE Monte Carlo simulations confirm the feasibility of the proposed stationary cardiac SPECT system with segmented slant-hole collimators. The proposed collimator consists of combined parallel and slant holes, and the image on the detector is not reduced in size. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this work was to study the challenges and prospects of regional-dependent absorption in a controlled-release scenario, through the oral biopharmaceutics of the sulfonylurea antidiabetic drug glipizide. The BCS solubility class of glipizide was determined, and its physicochemical properties and intestinal permeability were thoroughly investigated, both in-vitro (PAMPA and Caco-2) and in-vivo in rats. Metoprolol was used as the low/high permeability class boundary marker. Glipizide was found to be a low-solubility compound. All intestinal permeability experimental methods revealed similar trend; a mirror image small intestinal permeability with opposite regional/pH-dependency was obtained, a downward trend for glipizide, and an upward trend for metoprolol. Yet the lowest permeability of glipizide (terminal Ileum) was comparable to the lowest permeability of metoprolol (proximal jejunum). At the colon, similar permeability was evident for glipizide and metoprolol, that was higher than metoprolol’s jejunal permeability. We present an analysis that identifies metoprolol’s jejunal permeability as the low/high permeability class benchmark anywhere throughout the intestinal tract; we show that the permeability of both glipizide and metoprolol matches/exceeds this threshold throughout the entire intestinal tract, accounting for their success as controlled-release dosage form. This represents a key biopharmaceutical characteristic for a successful controlled-release dosage form. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To determine age- and sex-specific body composition reference values and investigate age differences in these parameters for community-dwelling older Japanese men and women, using direct segmental multi-frequency bioelectrical impedance analysis. Methods: We conducted a pooled analysis of data collected in four cohort studies between 2008 and 2012: Kusatsu Longitudinal Study, Hatoyama Cohort Study, Itabashi Cohort Study, and Kashiwa Cohort Study. The pooled analysis included cross-sectional data from 4478 nondisabled, community-dwelling adults aged 65-94 years (2145 men, 2333 women; mean age: 72.9 years in men and 72.6 years in women). Body weight, fat mass (FM), percentage FM, fat-free mass (FFM), and appendicular lean soft tissue mass were measured using the InBody 720 and 430 (Biospace Co. Ltd, Seoul, Korea). The values were then normalized by height in meters squared to determine body mass index (BMI), FM index (FMI), FFM index (FFMI), and skeletal muscle mass index (SMI). Results: Simple means (standard deviation) of BMI, percentage FM, FMI, FFMI, and SMI were 23.4 (2.9) kg/m2, 24.9 (6.3)%, 5.96 (2.09) kg/m2, 17.4 (1.5) kg/m2, and 7.29 (0.76) kg/m2, respectively, in men and 22.7 (3.3) kg/m2, 31.7 (7.1)%, 7.40 (2.61) kg/m2, 15.3 (1.2) kg/m2, and 5.86 (0.67) kg/m2, respectively, in women. We then calculated quartiles and quintiles for these indices after stratifying for sex and 5-year age group. FFMI and SMI decreased significantly with age in both sexes (P < 0.001 for trends), but FFMI remained constant among the women with only a 1% decrease up to age 84 years. Percentage FM increased significantly, with age (P < 0.001 in men and P = 0.045 in women for trends), but FMI was unchanged in both sexes (P = 0.147 in men and P = 0.176 in women for trends). Conclusion: The present data should be useful in the clinical evaluation of body composition of older Japanese and for international comparisons. The small age-related decrease in FFMI may be a noteworthy characteristic of body composition change in older Japanese women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

No two persons are similar, and also no two lungs are similar and even left and right lungs of same person differ from each other. To study common pattern of human lung is very interesting, as each lung has its unique pattern. The aim of the present study was to find out common pattern of the segmental bronchi in right and left lungs and variation if any. The research involved 110 human lungs (47 right and 63 left lungs). A meticulous lobe wise dissection of both right and left lung was carried out to trace the segmental bronchi. Lung tissue and vessels were removed to clear the segmental bronchi on medial surface only. Thin coat of gelatin was given on the segmental bronchi prior to painting and photography. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Motivation: Large-scale evolutionary events such as genomic rearrange.ments and segmental duplications form an important part of the evolution of genomes and are widely studied from both biological and computational perspectives. A basic computational problem is to infer these events in the evolutionary history for given modern genomes, a task for which many algorithms have been proposed under various constraints. Algorithms that can handle both rearrangements and content-modifying events such as duplications and losses remain few and limited in their applicability. Results: We study the comparison of two genomes under a model including general rearrangements (through double-cut-and-join) and segmental duplications. We formulate the comparison as an optimization problem and describe an exact algorithm to solve it by using an integer linear program. We also devise a sufficient condition and an efficient algorithm to identify optimal substructures, which can simplify the problem while preserving optimality. Using the optimal substructures with the integer linear program (ILP) formulation yields a practical and exact algorithm to solve the problem. We then apply our algorithm to assign in-paralogs and orthologs (a necessary step in handling duplications) and compare its performance with that of the state-of-the-art method MSOAR, using both simulations and real data. On simulated datasets, our method outperforms MSOAR by a significant margin, and on five well-annotated species, MSOAR achieves high accuracy, yet our method performs slightly better on each of the 10 pairwise comparisons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]