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Background: Seed conditioning with bioinputs (biopriming) offers a promising and sustainable alternative to mitigate the adverse effects of salt stress on soybeans. This study aims to evaluate the potential of isolated or combined biopriming using microalgae and different microorganisms in alleviating salinity-induced stress in soybeans in early-stage. Methods: Seeds were subjected to five biopriming treatments: Parachlorella sp. microalgae culture, Bacillus subtilis, Trichoderma harzianum, Parachlorella sp. + B. subtilis, and Parachlorella sp. + T. harzianum, along with a control group without biopriming. Subsequently, the seeds were exposed to two conditions: (i) control (0.0 MPa), and (ii) salinity induced by NaCl (-0.8 MPa). Germination, photochemical indicators, and seedling performance were assessed. Results: Salinity impaired root protrusion and seed physiology, resulting in a high percentage of abnormal seedlings, thus creating a stressful condition. However, biopriming alleviated the negative effects of salinity, particularly with T. harzianum, Parachlorella sp. + B. subtilis, and Parachlorella sp. + T. harzianum, which led to high germination rates and normal seedlings. All biopriming treatments, especially the combined ones, reduced the suppression of non-photochemical quenching, thereby enhancing the maximum yield of photosystem II. Seedlings under salt stress without biopriming exhibited short lengths and low fresh and dry mass, whereas those bioprimed with Parachlorella sp. + B. subtilis and Parachlorella sp. + T. harzianum showed significantly higher values. Conclusion: Seed biopriming, especially with Parachlorella sp. microalgae culture combined with B. subtilis or T. harzianum, effectively alleviates the stressful effects of salinity on germination and early-stage growth seedling of soybeans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, returning rice straw to soil has become a common problem in wheat production because it causes decreased wheat seedling emergence. Allelopathy is an important factor affecting seed germination. However, the effects of rice straw extracts on wheat seed germination and seedling growth remain unclear. Wheat seeds and seedlings were treated with 30 g L−1 of rice leaf extracts (L1), 60 g L−1 of rice leaf extracts (L2), 30 g L−1 of rice stem extracts (S1), 60 g L−1 of rice stem extracts (S2) and sterile water (CK) to study the allelopathic effects of rice straw extracts on wheat seed germination and seedling growth. The α-amylase and antioxidant enzyme activities in wheat seeds; the agronomic traits, photosynthetic indicators, and nutrient contents of wheat seedlings; and the phenolic acids in rice stem extracts were determined. Common allelochemicals, including 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, hydrocinnamic acid, trans-cinnamic acid, vanillic acid, benzoic acid, protocatechualdehyde, caffeic acid, syringic acid, sinapic acid, and salicylic acid, were detected in rice stem extracts. Low-concentration rice leaf and stem extracts (30 g L−1) had no effect on the germination rate of wheat seeds. High-concentration (60 g L−1) rice stem and leaf extracts decreased the seed germination rate by 11.00% and 12.02%. Rice stem extract (60 g L−1) decreased the α-amylase activity, and gibberellin content of wheat seeds but increased superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, and catalase activities and malondialdehyde content in wheat seeds. Allelochemicals entered the internal tissues of wheat seeds, where they decreased the gibberellin content and α-amylase activity and increased the antioxidant enzyme activity, ultimately leading to an inhibitory effect on seed germination. Rice stem and leaf extracts decreased the SPAD value and photosynthetic indicators of wheat seedlings. Rice stem extract (60 g L−1) decreased the fresh weight and root length of wheat seedlings by 31.37% and 45.46%. Low-concentration rice leaf and stem extract (30 g L−1) had no effect on the nutrient contents of wheat seedlings. Rice leaf and stem extracts (60 g L−1) decreased the nitrogen and potassium contents of wheat seedlings. These results indicated that low-concentration rice leaf and stem extract (30 g L−1) had no effect on wheat seed germination and the high-concentration rice stem extract (60 g L−1) released allelochemicals and inhibited wheat seed germination and seedling growth. These findings provide a basis for the improvement of straw return techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Storage of desiccation-tolerant seeds is one of the most effective germplasm conservation strategies; however, various species from tropical and subtropical humid forests have seeds that are sensitive to desiccation, recalcitrant seeds, making conservation a challenge. Recalcitrant seeds deteriorate during storage due to high respiration rates and metabolic activity, and protocols employing osmoprotective solutions aim to minimize those effects to maintain seed viability for a longer period. Hancornia speciosa, a fruit tree considered a priority for research in Brazil, is a desiccation-sensitive species of biannual harvest. Thus, the objective of this study was to assess the physiological parameters of viability, vigor, and enzymatic activity of H. speciosa seeds of two harvest seasons, stored in an osmoprotective solution. Germination percentage, water content, electrical conductivity, shoot, root, and seedling length, peroxidase concentration, and heat-resistant protein concentration were all determined for seeds collected during the summer and winter harvests. In addition, gene sequences were explored through gene ontology using Blast analysis to identify the biological and molecular processes associated with enzymatic action during storage. Summer-collected seeds performed better in terms of viability and vigor, with the highest development of shoot, root, and seedling length. The summer-harvest seeds had an initial germination of 80% and maintained a 15% germination rate until 90 days of storage. The seeds collected in the winter had lower initial germination and vigor; however, improved in those parameters during storage in the protective solution, with an increase of 12.5% in germination rate after 90 days. H. speciosa seeds harvested in the summer or winter and stored in the osmoprotective solution remain viable for up to 90 days. The solution has an osmopriming effect on low-vigor seeds, increasing viability and vigor, and the summer-harvest seeds are recommended for storage in the osmoprotective solution. Peroxidase and heat-resistant proteins are active during storage in the solution; the regulation of the expression of these enzymes should be investigated further. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies to improve the use of subsurface drippers in pasture formation are needed. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the germination and emergence of Sabia grass as a function of drippers installed at different depths. The study was conducted in pots in Viçosa, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. The experiment was conducted using a completely randomized design with four replicates. The experimental layout featured split plots over time, where the main plots consisted of three cultivation cycles and the subplots represented various dripper installation depths. The three sowing dates were 26 March, 12 April, and 29 April 2022. Drip tapes were installed at seven different depths: 0 (superficial), 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 cm. The results showed that the reduction in water potential, associated with increased temperature, resulted in lower performance of Sabia grass seeds. Seed germination and parameters related to germination speed were negatively impacted by the increase in dripper installation depth, with a 30–40% reduction in germination speed observed at depths greater than 15 cm. Drippers installed at 15–20 cm depth in clayey soil were ideal, providing a balance between reducing soil water evaporation and maintaining seedling emergence rates. Compared to surface installation, this depth improved seed performance by up to 25%, while enhancing operability and minimizing water loss. It is recommended to install drippers at a depth of 15–20 cm in subsurface drip irrigation systems in clayey soil areas to achieve benefits such as decreased soil water evaporation and improved operability compared to surface systems.

Studies to improve the use of subsurface drippers in pasture formation are needed. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the germination and emergence of Sabia grass as a function of drippers installed at different depths. The study was conducted in pots in Viçosa, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. The experiment was conducted using a completely randomized design with four replicates. The experimental layout featured split plots over time, where the main plots consisted of three cultivation cycles and the subplots represented various dripper installation depths. The three sowing dates were 26 March, 12 April, and 29 April 2022. Drip tapes were installed at seven different depths: 0 (superficial), 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 cm. The results showed that the reduction in water potential, associated with increased temperature, resulted in lower performance of Sabia grass seeds. Seed germination and parameters related to germination speed were negatively impacted by the increase in dripper installation depth, with a 30–40% reduction in germination speed observed at depths greater than 15 cm. Drippers installed at 15–20 cm depth in clayey soil were ideal, providing a balance between reducing soil water evaporation and maintaining seedling emergence rates. Compared to surface installation, this depth improved seed performance by up to 25%, while enhancing operability and minimizing water loss. It is recommended to install drippers at a depth of 15–20 cm in subsurface drip irrigation systems in clayey soil areas to achieve benefits such as decreased soil water evaporation and improved operability compared to surface systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the germination requirements of 12 plant species native to the Argyle region of the east Kimberley, a biodiverse monsoonal tropical region characterized by high temperatures, high evaporation, and episodic seasonal rainfall. The research involved quality assessment of mature seeds, followed by dormancy alleviation and laboratory‐based germination to determine the responses of seeds to a range of temperatures (5–40°C) in terms of germination speed (T10), mean germination time, and maximum germination proportion. Data were then modeled to calculate the optimal temperature to support germination for each species. The results showed that germination rapidly commences in response to a wide range of temperatures typical of the wet season (November–February) in the east Kimberley, though germination for most species was still high (>50%) after exposure to temperatures as low as 15°C. Mean optimal temperature for germination across all species was 25.8 ± 1.5°C, with minimal variation between most species, the exception being Dodonaea physocarpa, which preferred cooler temperatures (Topt = 14.0°C). The speed of germination was also rapid (T10 = 1–3 days) across all species at the optimal germination temperature. The findings suggest that temperature is not a limiting factor for germination in this region and that the onset and intensity of the wet season are the most significant factors determining successful germination, emergence, and seedling establishment. The study underscores the importance of species‐specific understanding of environmental temperatures required for seed germination in seed‐based restoration efforts and informs the planning of direct seeding works, thus enhancing restoration outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study uncovers a regulatory interplay between WRINKLED1 (WRI1), a master transcription factor for glycolysis and lipid biosynthesis, and Translocator Protein (TSPO) expression in Arabidopsis thaliana seeds. We identified potential WRI1-responsive elements upstream of AtTSPO through bioinformatics, suggesting WRI1's involvement in regulating TSPO expression. Our analyses showed a significant reduction in AtTSPO levels in wri1 mutant seeds compared to wild type, establishing a functional link between WRI1 and TSPO. This connection extends to the coordination of seed development and lipid metabolism, with both WRI1 and AtTSPO levels decreasing post-imbibition, indicating their roles in seed physiology. Further investigations into TSPO's impact on fatty acid synthesis revealed that TSPO misexpression alters WRI1's post-translational modifications and significantly enhances seed oil content. Additionally, we noted a decrease in key reserve proteins, including 12 S globulin and oleosin 1, in seeds with TSPO misexpression, suggesting a novel energy storage strategy in these lines. Our findings reveal a sophisticated network involving WRI1 and AtTSPO, highlighting their crucial contributions to seed development, lipid metabolism, and the modulation of energy storage mechanisms in Arabidopsis. • WRI1 links to TSPO, steering Arabidopsis seed lipid synthesis. • WRI1 mutation lowers TSPO, affecting seed development. • WRI1 and TSPO drop post-imbibition, key in seed maturation. • TSPO boosts oil content, altering WRI1 modifications. • TSPO misexpression reduces reserve proteins, hinting new energy strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Seeds of woody plant species, such as those in the Acer genus like Norway maple (Acer platanoides L.) and sycamore (Acer pseudoplatanus L.), exhibit unique physiological traits and responses to environmental stress. Thioredoxins (Trxs) play a central role in the redox regulation of cells, interacting with other redox-active proteins such as peroxiredoxins (Prxs), and contributing to plant growth, development, and responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. However, there is limited understanding of potential variations in this system between seeds categorized as recalcitrant and orthodox, which could provide insights into adaptive strategies. Methods: Using proteomic analysis and DDA methods we investigated the Trx-h1 target proteins in seed axes. We complemented the results of the proteomic analysis with gene expression analysis of the Trx-h1, 1-Cys-Prx, and TrxR NTRA genes in the embryonic axes of maturing, mature, and stored seeds from two Acer species. Results and discussion: The expression of Trx-h1 and TrxR NTRA throughout seed maturation in both species was low. The expression of 1-Cys-Prx remained relatively stable throughout seed maturation. In stored seeds, the expression levels were minimal, with slightly higher levels in sycamore seeds, which may confirm that recalcitrant seeds remain metabolically active during storage. A library of 289 proteins interacting with Trx-h1 was constructed, comprising 68 from Norway maple and 221 from sycamore, with distinct profiles in each seed category. Recalcitrant seed axes displayed a wide array of metabolic, stress response, and signaling proteins, suggesting sustained metabolic activity during storage and the need to address oxidative stress. Conversely, the orthodox seed axes presented a protein profile, reflecting efficient metabolic shutdown, which contributes to their extended viability. The results of the study provide new insights into seed viability and storage longevity mechanisms. They enhance the understanding of seed biology and lay the foundation for further evolutionary research on seeds of different categories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• All four extracts had a negative effect on the germination of species tested. • The A. grandiflora extract inhibited the germination more effectively in all species except V. unguiculata. • A 50 % dilution of the A. grandiflora extract made it less potent. • Extracts had a stronger effect when used to irrigate the seeds rather than a pre-germination soak. Many unpopular species are useful for medicinal and food security use. However, their extracts can be used to improve seed germination and can remove unwanted vegetation by acting as herbicides. Often, such use is based on a history of traditional practices. For example, Vhavenda villages in the Limpopo province (South Africa) use Anthocleista grandiflora leaves to cover maize and millet grains during malting to stimulate germination, but few studies have tested their efficacy or even formulated extracts out of them. This study tested the allelopathic effect of aqueous leaf extracts of Aloe ferox, Aloe marlothii, Anthocleista grandiflora and shoot extracts of Pollichia campestris. The extracts were applied at a 100 or 50 % concentration through irrigating or soaking seeds of Strychnos spinosa and common vegetable seeds of Pisum sativum, Vigna unguiculata and Zea mays were used as benchmark species. The results showed that the extracts had a significant effect (P < 0.001, P < 0.002 and P < 0.010) on the germination of three species and suppressed germination instead of enhancing it. The exception was Vigna unguiculata , where extracts had a non-significant effect (P = 0.784). The highest inhibition was observed in the crude extract of Anthocleista grandiflora (100 %), which inhibited Pisum sativum germination with a percentage inhibition of 76 %. All extracts inhibited the seed germination of Zea mays and the highest germination of 52 % was achieved compared to 87 % germination in the control (no extracts applied). None of the different extract concentrations (100 or 50 %) or application methods (irrigation and soaking) improved the seed germination of species. These results suggest the tested extracts could be useful as growth suppressors (especially Anthocleista grandiflora) of Strychnos spinosa but more research is required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Environmental & Social Management Journal / Revista de Gestão Social e Ambiental is the property of Environmental & Social Management Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista de Ciências Agrárias is the property of Sociedade de Ciencias Agrarias de Portugal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Boron (B) nutrition can contribute to the conservation of seed quality during storage. Thus, it is crucial to investigate which source and amount of B applied to the soil is most suitable to increase the yield and maintain the quality of germination and carbohydrate content in soybean seeds during 180 days of storage. The cultivar Bonus 8579 Ipro® was evaluated in a field experiment in a 5 × 2 factorial scheme, with five B doses: 0, 1, 2, 4 and 8 kg ha−1, and two sources: boric acid and ulexite, arranged in randomized block design with three replicates. After harvest, the B content and accumulation of B in yield and seed quality were analyzed. Subsequently, the seeds were stored in a cold chamber at 17 °C and controlled relative humidity of 20% for 180 days. Soybean plants responded positively to the boric acid and ulexite with an increase in yield and seed quality up to the doses of 3.17 and 3.36 kg ha−1 of B, respectively. Furthermore, both sources potentiated the carbohydrate content in the seeds over the storage time. Our findings reveal that the application from 3.2 to 4.0 kg ha−1 of B using boric acid maintains high seed germination after 180 days of storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salinity accumulation poses a threat to the production and productivity of economically important crops such as tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum L.). Currently, salt tolerance breeding programs have been limited by insufficient genetic and physiological knowledge of tolerance-related traits and a lack of an efficient selection domain. For that purpose, we aimed to determine the ability of tomato cultivars to tolerate salt based on seed traits by multiple biochemical pathways. First, we tested three tomato cultivars according to their response to different sodium chloride (NaCl) concentrations (0, 6.3, 9.8, 13.0, and 15.8 dS m−1) and then we analysed their amino acids, organic acids, and phytohormones. Considering the results of germination traits, it is possible to conclude that cultivar H-2274 was more tolerant to salt stress than others. As a result, multivariate discriminant analysis including principal component analysis and two-way hierarchical clustering analyses were constructed and demonstrated that tomato cultivars were separated from each other by the amino acid, organic acid, and phytohormone contents. Considering germination traits of tomato seeds, cv. ‘H-2274’ was more tolerant to salinity than others depending on high proline (29 pmol µl−1) and citric acid (568 ng µl−1) assays. Biochemical variability offers a valuable tool for investigating salt tolerance mechanisms in tomatoes, and it will be appreciated to find high-tolerant tomato cultivar(s) to saline conditions. Also, the findings of this study have significant potential for practical applications in agriculture, particularly in developing salt-tolerant tomato cultivars to enhance productivity in saline environments and address socio-economic challenges.

In this study, we aimed to identify suitable herbicides for quinoa fields in Anhui Province and explore the value of their potential application in order to achieve the sustainable weed management of the crop and tackle the global issue of unregistered herbicides in quinoa fields. Employing a pre-emergence seed soaking method, we evaluated the effects of different herbicides, such as anilofos, prometryn, pendimethalin, and atrazine on the germination inhibition rate of quinoa seeds, as well as their impacts on the growth indicators of quinoa seedlings. Our findings show that, while these herbicides initially suppressed quinoa seed germination, this effect decreased over time, allowing for the successful germination of all seeds, suggesting the existence of a recovery mechanism in quinoa. An increase in herbicide concentration was correlated with significant decreases in the germination vigor and index of quinoa seeds, along with a decrease in plant height, root length, and fresh weight. Notably, anilofos, prometryn, pendimethalin, and atrazine demonstrated significant inhibitory effects on quinoa seedlings, thus providing critical insights into the sensitivity of quinoa to these chemicals. Greenhouse pot experiments showed that pre-emergence herbicides, such as napropamide, pretilachlor, s-metolachlor, and anilofos, and post-emergence herbicides, including fluroxypyr, penoxsulam, clethodim, quizalofop-P-ethyl, oxaziclomefone, metamifop, benzobicyclon, nicosulfuron, and pinoxaden, are safe for quinoa and suitable for further field trials, broadening the options for integrated weed management strategies. The results of the mixture experiments indicated that penoxsulam and metamifop are safe for quinoa at a ratio of 1:4.6, and their combined activities against dominant weeds in quinoa fields in Anhui Province, such as Digitaria sanguinalis, Cyperus iria, and Amaranthus viridis, were higher than those of single-agent doses, with fresh weight inhibition rates ranging from 66.98% to 92.16% and selectivity indexes ranging from 176.88 to 3282.17. Therefore, this mixture offers a promising approach to enhanced weed control in a sustainable manner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Anbar Journal of Agricultural Sciences is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Seed dormancy and germination play pivotal roles in the agronomic traits of plants, and the degree of dormancy intuitively affects the yield and quality of crops in agricultural production. Seed priming is a pre-sowing seed treatment that enhances and accelerates germination, leading to improved seedling establishment. Seed priming technologies, which are designed to partially activate germination, while preventing full seed germination, have exerted a profound impact on agricultural production. Conventional seed priming relies on external priming agents, which often yield unstable results. What works for one variety might not be effective for another. Therefore, it is necessary to explore the internal factors within the metabolic pathways that influence seed physiology and germination. This review unveils the underlying mechanisms of seed metabolism and germination, the factors affecting seed dormancy and germination, as well as the current seed priming technologies that can result in stable and better germination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and aims – Gardenia species are ecologically, culturally, and economically significant but the three native species of Gardenia in Hawai‘i are assessed as Critically Endangered. Seed banking is the most cost effective and efficient means of conserving plant material ex situ. To better understand the conservation physiology of Hawaiian and South Pacific Gardenia spp. and support their conservation, we asked 1) How do seeds respond to different temperatures and light and dark regimes? 2) What class of dormancy, if any, do seeds exhibit? 3) How does seed germinability respond over time in a seed bank? and 4) What is the conservation status and level of ex situ representation of Gardenia globally? Material and methods – To answer these questions, we used 19 accessions of fresh seeds and seeds stored for varying periods of time in the National Tropical Botanical Garden’s Conservation Seed Bank and Laboratory of Hawaiian (G. brighamii, G. remyi), New Caledonian (G. aubryi, G. oudiepe), and Tahitian (G. taitensis) species. Seeds were incubated at varying temperatures and in light, and in dark. Key results – We found that (1) seeds of all species tested germinated slowly and only at higher temperatures in the light and dark, (2) seeds have non-deep physiological dormancy, (3) seeds of the Hawaiian species are short lived at conventional seed bank conditions, and (4) only 40% of Gardenia spp. are represented in ex situ facilities, and 66% of the species have not been evaluated for the IUCN Red List. Conclusion – Seeds of Hawaiian Gardenia spp. are short lived in storage. Since seeds germinate in darkness, they are unlikely to form a persistent soil seedbank. Although seeds of all species tested are physiologically dormant, they can be easily propagated from seed at warmer temperatures, giving some hope to the conservation and restoration of the Critically Endangered Hawaiian species. Since our dataset was limited by a lack of continuous viability monitoring, we emphasize the need for initial germination testing and ongoing viability tests to better understand seed longevity. Lastly, we discuss the ecological relevance of our results in the context of the Hawaiian archipelago. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BackgroundSeeds of woody plant species, such as those in the Acer genus like Norway maple (Acer platanoides L.) and sycamore (Acer pseudoplatanus L.), exhibit unique physiological traits and responses to environmental stress. Thioredoxins (Trxs) play a central role in the redox regulation of cells, interacting with other redox-active proteins such as peroxiredoxins (Prxs), and contributing to plant growth, development, and responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. However, there is limited understanding of potential variations in this system between seeds categorized as recalcitrant and orthodox, which could provide insights into adaptive strategies.MethodsUsing proteomic analysis and DDA methods we investigated the Trx-h1 target proteins in seed axes. We complemented the results of the proteomic analysis with gene expression analysis of the Trx-h1, 1-Cys-Prx, and TrxR NTRA genes in the embryonic axes of maturing, mature, and stored seeds from two Acer species.Results and discussionThe expression of Trx-h1 and TrxR NTRA throughout seed maturation in both species was low. The expression of 1-Cys-Prx remained relatively stable throughout seed maturation. In stored seeds, the expression levels were minimal, with slightly higher levels in sycamore seeds, which may confirm that recalcitrant seeds remain metabolically active during storage. A library of 289 proteins interacting with Trx-h1 was constructed, comprising 68 from Norway maple and 221 from sycamore, with distinct profiles in each seed category. Recalcitrant seed axes displayed a wide array of metabolic, stress response, and signaling proteins, suggesting sustained metabolic activity during storage and the need to address oxidative stress. Conversely, the orthodox seed axes presented a protein profile, reflecting efficient metabolic shutdown, which contributes to their extended viability. The results of the study provide new insights into seed viability and storage longevity mechanisms. They enhance the understanding of seed biology and lay the foundation for further evolutionary research on seeds of different categories.

Seed germination is a major determinant of plant development and final yield establishment but strongly reliant on the plant's abiotic and biotic environment. In the context of global climate change, classical approaches to improve seed germination under challenging environments through selection and use of synthetic pesticides reached their limits. A currently underexplored way is to exploit the beneficial impact of the microorganisms associated with plants. Among plant microbiota, endophytes, which are micro-organisms living inside host plant tissues without causing any visible symptoms, are promising candidates for improving plant fitness. They possibly establish a mutualistic relationship with their host, leading to enhanced plant yield and improved tolerance to abiotic threats and pathogen attacks. The current view is that such beneficial association relies on chemical mediations using the large variety of molecules produced by endophytes. In contrast to leaf and root endophytes, seed-borne fungal endophytes have been poorly studied although they constitute the early-life plant microbiota. Moreover, seed-borne fungal microbiota and its metabolites appear as a pertinent lever for seed quality improvement. This review summarizes the recent advances in the identification of seed fungal endophytes and metabolites and their benefits for seed biology, especially under stress. It also addresses the mechanisms underlying fungal effects on seed physiology and their potential use to improve crop seed performance.'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exploring the effects of chlorogenic acid (CA) can allow its use in the sustainable management of natural fiber-producing grass species. Herein, the pH-dependent effect of CA on germination and the physiological response in tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) seeds in comparison to gibberellic acid (GA3) and fluridon (FD) was investigated. All CA treatments conferred significant reduction in germination index (GI), seed vigour, fresh seedling weight, coleoptile length, primary root length and root hairs compared to the control nutrient solution at pH 4. Above 2.82 mM CA, higher expression of total soluble protein, catalase and superoxide dismutase activities, lipid peroxidation, electrolyte leakage levels, and an induced prominent 28.4 KDa peptide were observed. CA (8.46 mM) significantly inhibited seed germination (50%, F = 4.56, P = 0.031, P < 0.05) at pH 4, and by contrast, conferred a strong stimulating effect at pH 6.8. The impact of pH on CA activity was significantly correlated to GI and percentage inhibitory and stimulatory effects (r = 0.96, p = 0.001). It is demonstrated that buffered CA differentially modified the expression of antioxidant enzymes activities and seed physiology thereby inhibiting seed germination at pH 4 compared to the herbicide FD (or the growth hormone) GA3. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The maize female gametophyte contains four cell types: two synergids, an egg cell, a central cell, and a variable number of antipodal cells. In maize, these cells are produced after three rounds of free-nuclear divisions followed by cellularization, differentiation, and proliferation of the antipodal cells. Cellularization of the eight-nucleate syncytium produces seven cells with two polar nuclei in the central cell. Nuclear localization is tightly controlled in the embryo sac. This leads to precise allocation of the nuclei into the cells upon cellularization. Nuclear positioning within the syncytium is highly correlated with their identity after cellularization. Two mutants are described with extra polar nuclei, abnormal antipodal cell morphology, and reduced antipodal cell number, as well as frequent loss of antipodal cell marker expression. Mutations in one of these genes, indeterminate gametophyte2 encoding a MICROTUBULE ASSOCIATED PROTEIN65-3 homolog, shows a requirement for MAP65-3 in cellularization of the syncytial embryo sac as well as for normal seed development. The timing of the effects of ig2 suggests that the identity of the nuclei in the syncytial female gametophyte can be changed very late before cellularization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seed dormancy and germination play pivotal roles in the agronomic traits of plants, and the degree of dormancy intuitively affects the yield and quality of crops in agricultural production. Seed priming is a pre-sowing seed treatment that enhances and accelerates germination, leading to improved seedling establishment. Seed priming technologies, which are designed to partially activate germination, while preventing full seed germination, have exerted a profound impact on agricultural production. Conventional seed priming relies on external priming agents, which often yield unstable results. What works for one variety might not be effective for another. Therefore, it is necessary to explore the internal factors within the metabolic pathways that influence seed physiology and germination. This review unveils the underlying mechanisms of seed metabolism and germination, the factors affecting seed dormancy and germination, as well as the current seed priming technologies that can result in stable and better germination.

Gluta travancorica Bedd. (Chenkurinji) of Anacardiaceae is a tall evergreen tree endemic to Agasthyamala Biosphere Reserve in Southern Western Ghats of Kerala and Tamil Nadu, India. Except for some scanty information, details about seed characteristics, seed storage physiology, seed germination behaviour and seedling production are wanted and these aspects were investigated to propagate this highly endemic tree species largely confined to the Shendurney region of Kollam district, and to prevent its possible extinction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ecosistemas y Recursos Agropecuarios is the property of Universidad Juarez Autonoma de Tabasco and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are excited or partially reduced forms of atmospheric oxygen, which are continuously produced during aerobic metabolism like many physiochemical processes operating throughout seed life. Previously, it was believed that ROS are merely cytotoxic molecules, however, now it has been established that they perform numerous beneficial functions in plants including many critical roles in seed physiology. ROS facilitate seed germination via cell wall loosening, endosperm weakening, signaling, and decreasing abscisic acid (ABA) levels. Most of the existing knowledge about ROS homeostasis and functions is based on the seeds of common plants or model ones. There is little information about the role of ROS in the germination process of halophyte seeds. There are several definitions for halophytic plants, however, we believed "halophytes are plants that can grow in very saline environment and complete their life cycle by adopting various phenological, morphological and physiological mechanisms at canopy, plant, organelle and molecular scales". Furthermore, mechanisms underlying ROS functions such as downstream targets, cross-talk with other molecules, and alternative routes are still obscure. The primary objective of this review is to decipher the mechanisms of ROS homeostasis in halophytes and dry seeds, as well as ROS flux in germinating seeds of halophytes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chlorophyll retention reduces the quality of soybean grain and seeds, but little is known about the relationship between this anomaly and the seed–seedling transition or classical genetic breeding. Taking this into account, we provide a new perspective about how greenish seeds are associated with genetic material. For that, we used seed–seedling transition measurements of nine commercial cultivars cultivated by different seed farmers. Our findings demonstrated that: (i) The anomaly of greening in soybean seeds seems to be more expressed as a function of thermal variation than rainfall; (ii) There are commercial cultivars with distinct sensitivity to the greening phenotype, indicating potential for classical breeding for the species; (iii) The seed–seedling transition is significantly modified by the presence of greenish seeds, and the diagnosis of their presence can be anticipated by the analysis of embryo protrusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The germination process of Polygonatum cyrtonema seeds have a special germination phenomenon of micro rhizomes formation. The purpose of explaining the changes of key genes in the germination process is to lay a foundation for related research on seed physiology, morphological structure development and so on. In this paper, based on high-throughput sequencing technology, the transcriptome sequencing and bioinformatics analysis were performed on the seeds of P. cyrtonema in different germination states. The results showed that 17 907 differentially expressed genes were identified in microrhizome formation, compared to radicle breakthrough seed coat, these genes were in significantly different expressions in terms of metabolic process, catalytic activity, protein phosphorylation, etc. Pathway significance enrichment indicated that the differential genes were mainly enriched in plant hormone signal transduction, starch and sucrose metabolism, flavonoid biosynthesis, and other pathways. Genes enriched were abundantly expressed in plant hormone signal transduction pathways. Especially, the expression genes were up-regulated in brassinosteroid biosynthesis pathway. There were 26 833 significant differences Unigenes before and after the microrhizomes turned green, mainly enriched in metabolic process, petide biosynthesis process, catalytic activity and other pathways. The differential genes were mainly enriched in, starch and sucrose metabolism, photosynthesis and other pathways by KEGG pathway enrichment analysis. The germination process of P. cyrtonema seeds is a complex regulatory network of a series of genes, and genes related with in brassinosteroid biosynthesis pathway may have an important role in the formation of microhizome. The results also provides a reference for in-depth research on the micro-rhizome formation physiology, micro-rhizome rapid expansion in production, and microhizom exploitation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seed physiology is related to functional and metabolic traits of the seed-seedling transition. In this sense, modeling the kinetics, uniformity and capacity of a seed sample plays a central role in designing strategies for trade, food, and environmental security. Thus, POMONA is presented as an easy-to-use multiplatform software designed to bring several logistic and linearized models into a single package, allowing for convenient and fast assessment of seed germination and or longevity, even if the data has a non-Normal distribution. POMONA is implemented in JavaScript using the Quasar framework and can run in the Microsoft Windows operating system, GNU/Linux, and Android-powered mobile hardware or on a web server as a service. The capabilities of POMONA are showcased through a series of examples with diaspores of corn and soybean, evidencing its robustness, accuracy, and performance. POMONA can be the first step for the creation of an automatic multiplatform that will benefit laboratory users, including those focused on image analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Persistence in the soil is a function of seed physiology, particularly non-germination and inherent lifespan. However, for seeds with mechanical dormancy, non-germination is also a function of the composition and activity of the soil microbiota. We attempted to screen out microorganisms in the soil that can specifically and rapidly decompose the hard fruit pericarps of Tilia miqueliana Maxim., a unique native tree species in China. Using the classical replica plating method, more than 100 different culturable microorganisms that could rapidly erode the pericarp were collected from the surface of pericarps under different culture conditions. At the same time, we successfully extended the concept of metagenomics and applied it to the identification of mixed artificial cultures. The decomposition process of the pericarps in soil was also simulated artificially. The physical and chemical data suggested a potential mechanism of microbial scarification and cracking in pericarp, whilst the embryos inside the eroded fruits retained good viability. Our discoveries could pave the way for the removal of physical and mechanical obstacles that prevent hard coat seeds from germinating. We anticipate that the use of this technology will improve the germination of other hard coat seeds. More research is needed to investigate the impacts on other seeds. The findings of this research can inform the design of experiments on the seed ecology of persistence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cultivated Northern Wild Rice (NWR; Zizania palustris L.) is a high‐value, small commodity crop grown in irrigated paddies, primarily in Minnesota and California. Domestication of the species began ∼60 years ago as demand for the nutritional grain outpaced hand‐harvesting efforts from lakes and rivers in the Great Lakes region of the United States and Canada. Cultivated NWR cultivars are open‐pollinated and highly heterogeneous and have primarily been bred for seed retention, yield, and seed size. As a lowland crop, NWR's life cycle, particularly its unique seed physiology, poses challenges to breeding efforts, limiting selection cycles per year, and requiring annual grow‐outs of all germplasm. Recent efforts have increased the genomic resources available to NWR researchers, including a reference genome assembly and methodology optimization for genotyping‐by‐sequencing technologies. The species' close phylogenetic relationship with white rice (Oryza sativa) also provides a unique opportunity to utilize comparative genomic approaches to identify genes conferring agronomic traits of interest in NWR, particularly domestication traits such as seed retention. Z. palustris is an enigmatic species with regional ecological, cultural, and agricultural significance in the Great Lakes. As NWR is grown in both the centers of origin and diversity, it is important for NWR plant breeders to be good stewards of our domesticated plants and include a diversity of stakeholders in our decision‐making processes. In this work, we have aimed to unpack some of the disputes regarding the breeding of cultivated NWR and the science behind our work. Additionally, we have discussed conservation efforts for natural stands of NWR which will help preserve the many ecosystem, nutritional, spiritual, and economic services provided by this important species. Core Ideas: Northern Wild Rice (NWR) is an important plant and crop within the Great Lakes region of the United States and Canada with ecological, cultural, and agricultural significance.As a recent, partially domesticated crop, there are many opportunities to learn about NWR, such as studying its unique seed physiology and the generation of genomic resources.This review addresses the significant cultural impact of NWR and steps that scientists can take towards being good stewards and integrating ideas from diverse stakeholders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tetrazolium test (TZT) can quickly evaluate in detail the viability and vigor of seeds. This study aimed to determine the optimal conditions for conducting the TZT on seeds of Handroanthus spongiosus. For this purpose, seeds from three lots were pre-soaked in water for 16 h, followed by extraction of the tegument and immersion in tetrazolium salt solutions at different concentrations (0.01–0.1%), for increasing periods (1–4 h) and at 30 °C in the dark. The experimental design was completely randomized with a 4 × 4 factorial scheme with 25 seeds per repetition. We applied generalized linear models and the Tukey test for pairwise comparisons of the means at 5% probability. The viability/vigor results were compared with data obtained from the germination test at 25 °C using a subsample of seeds from the same lots. The time (1 h to 4 h) of immersion of the seeds in tetrazolium salt solutions did not cause a clear coloration difference. The seeds subjected to all treatment concentrations for 3 h presented average viability greater than 60%, with no difference in germination percentage. The TZT at 0.01% tetrazolium salt solution for 3 h was most efficient in assessing the viability of the Handroanthus spongiosus seeds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research on seed germination and dormancy allows us to explain the life strategy of a species, its distribution and dissemination in different environments. The present work was carried out with the objective of evaluating the germination of Cyperus obtusatus seeds, aiming at a better understanding of the plant development conditions. For this, the seeds were submitted to imbibition in distilled water in the following periods: 0, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20 hours. They were sown in Gerbox’s, on substrate (germitest paper) moistened with distilled water and placed in Biochemical Oxygen Demand (B.O.D), under constant 30ºC and 16 hours of light. Seed germination was evaluated by means of the first germination count (PCG), germination speed index (IVG), germination (GER), dry mass (DM) and seedling length (COMP). The maximum or minimum point for quadratic equations was calculated from the derivative. C. obtusatus seeds did not show dormancy under the conditions of temperature, light and humidity provided in this experiment. The results treatment of 16 hours of imbibition indicate greater vigor of the seeds through the dry mass MS, IVG and PCG. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mother plants play an important role in the control of dormancy and dispersal characters of their progeny. In Arabidopsis seed dormancy is imposed by the embryo-surrounding tissues of the endosperm and seed coat. Here we show that VERNALIZATION5/VIN3-LIKE 3 (VEL3) maintains maternal control over progeny seed dormancy by establishing an epigenetic state in the central cell that primes the depth of primary seed dormancy later established during seed maturation. VEL3 colocalises with MSI1 in the nucleolus and associates with a histone deacetylase complex. Furthermore, VEL3 preferentially associates with pericentromeric chromatin and is required for deacetylation and H3K27me3 deposition established in the central cell. The epigenetic state established by maternal VEL3 is retained in mature seeds, and controls seed dormancy in part through repression of programmed cell death-associated gene ORE1. Our data demonstrates a mechanism by which maternal control of progeny seed physiology persists post-shedding, maintaining parental control of seed behaviour. Mother plants play an important role in determining the dispersal characteristics of their progeny. Here the authors show that a VEL3 histone deacetylase complex establishes a maternal epigenetic state controlling progeny seed dormancy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Germination inhibitors, which inhibit the germination of seeds, spores and other plant reproductive material, are abundant in the plant kingdom and include phenols, cyanides, alkaloids, essential oils, amino acids, etc. These inhibitors can be classified as germination destructors and germination retarders depending on whether they harm the morphology, structure and physiology of the seed. Germination retarders are closely related to seed dormancy, and exogenous retarders can be used to extend the "dormancy" period of non-dormant seeds or perishable seeds by applying the proper dosage. They have significant potential applications as preservatives for seed preservation following harvest or for the storage of long-term germplasm resources. Germination destructors, as a type of relatively high-efficiency, low-specificity "toxic chemicals", are of significant benefit in the application of effective and environmentally benign herbicides. At present, the main problems related to the research methods of germination inhibitors include difficulty in determining the specific endogenous substances and the minimum inhibitory concentration to induce dormancy, as well as whether the application of exogenous inhibitors will cause physiological damage to seeds. In the future, we should strengthen the tracking of germination inhibitors, explore the mechanisms of action of specific substances and deeper molecular mechanisms and finally explore new developments and new applications of different inhibitors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Reducing the saturate content of vegetable oils is key to increasing their utility and adoption as a feedstock for the production of biofuels. Expression of either the FAT5 16 : 0‐CoA desaturase from Caenorhabditis elegans, or an engineered cyanobacterial 16 : 0/18 : 0‐glycerolipid desaturase, DES9*, in seeds of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) substantially lowered oil saturates. However, because pathway fluxes and regulation of oil synthesis are known to differ across species, translating this transgene technology from the model plant to crop species requires additional investigation. In the work reported here, we found that high expression of FAT5 in seeds of camelina (Camelina sativa) provided only a moderate decrease in saturates, from 12.9% of total oil fatty acids in untransformed controls to 8.6%. Expression of DES9* reduced saturates to 4.6%, but compromised seed physiology and oil content. However, the coexpression of the two desaturases together cooperatively reduced saturates to only 4.0%, less than one‐third of the level in the parental line, without compromising oil yield or seedling germination and establishment. Our successful lowering of oil saturates in camelina identifies strategies that can now be integrated with genetic engineering approaches that reduce polyunsaturates to provide optimized oil composition for biofuels in camelina and other oil seed crops. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chenopodium quinoa Willd. is a crop species domesticated over 5000 years ago. This species is highly diverse, with a geographical distribution that covers more than 5000 km from Colombia to Chile, going through a variety of edaphoclimatic conditions. Quinoa grains have great nutritional quality, raising interest at a worldwide level. In this work, by using shotgun proteomics and in silico analysis, we present an overview of mature quinoa seed proteins from a physiological context and considering the process of seed maturation and future seed germination. For this purpose, we selected grains from four contrasting quinoa cultivars (Amarilla de Maranganí, Chadmo, Sajama and Nariño) with different edaphoclimatic and geographical origins. The results give insight on the most important metabolic pathways for mature quinoa seeds including: starch synthesis, protein bodies and lipid bodies composition, reserves and their mobilization, redox homeostasis, and stress related proteins like heat-shock proteins (HSPs) and late embryogenesis abundant proteins (LEAs), as well as evidence for capped and uncapped mRNA translation. LEAs present in our analysis show a specific pattern of expression matching that of other species. Overall, this work presents a complete snapshot of quinoa seeds physiological context, providing a reference point for further studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is no published information on the seed germination or seed storage physiology of Lophomyrtus bullata, Lophomyrtus obcordata, and Neomyrtus pedunculata. This lack of information is hampering conservation efforts of these critically endangered species. This study investigated the seed morphology, seed germination requirements, and long-term seed storage methods for all three species. The impact of desiccation, desiccation and freezing, as well as desiccation plus storage at 5 °C, −18 °C, and −196 °C on seed viability (germination) and seedling vigour was assessed. Fatty acid profiles were compared between L. obcordata and L. bullata. Variability in storage behaviour between the three species was investigated through differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) by comparing thermal properties of lipids. L. obcordata seed were desiccation-tolerant and viability was retained when desiccated seed was stored for 24 months at 5 °C. L. bullata seed was both desiccation- and freezing-sensitive, while N. pedunculata was desiccation-sensitive. DSC analysis revealed that lipid crystallisation in L. bullata occurred between −18 °C and −49 °C and between −23 °C and −52 °C in L. obcordata and N. pedunculata. It is postulated that the metastable lipid phase, which coincides with the conventional seed banking temperature (i.e., storing seeds at −20 ± 4 °C and 15 ± 3% RH), could cause the seeds to age more rapidly through lipid peroxidation. Seeds of L. bullata, L. obcordata and N. pedunculata are best stored outside of their lipid metastable temperature ranges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) is considered a serious agricultural pest worldwide. We explored the effects of artificial diets containing ten legumes, including broad beans (Shadan, Feyz, Saraziri, Barekat, and Mahta cultivars), white kidney beans (Dehghan cultivar), red kidney beans (Goli cultivar), common beans (Khomein cultivar), cowpeas (Mashhad and Arabi cultivars) on the feeding responses of H. armigera by quantifying specific primary and secondary metabolites in the studied legumes and determining larval nutritional indices and digestive enzyme activities. The results showed that the highest efficiency of conversion of digested food (ECD) and relative growth rate values (RGR) of whole larval instars were obtained in the Dehghan and Goli cultivars. However, the lowest values of ECD and RGR were observed in the larvae fed on the Khomein and Mahta cultivars. The highest proteolytic and amylolytic activities of larvae were found on the Dehghan and Mashhad cultivars. The highest and lowest values of standardized insect-growth index and index of plant quality were observed in larvae feeding on the Dehghan and Khomein cultivars, respectively. Additionally, significant variations in phytochemical metabolites were recorded among the studied legume cultivars. Significant negative or positive correlations were also found between feeding characteristics and enzymatic activities of H. armigera with the biochemical composition of the studied legumes. The cluster analysis results revealed that artificial diets containing Mahta and Khomein cultivars were unsuitable for H. armigera , and can be used as candidates for integrated pest management programs or for screening insect inhibitors to produce genetically modified pest-resistant plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The lifespan or longevity of a seed is the time period over which it can remain viable. Seed longevity is a complex trait and varies greatly between species and even seed lots of the same species. Our scientific understanding of seed longevity has advanced from anecdotal 'Thumb Rules,' to empirically based models, biophysical explanations for why those models sometimes work or fail, and to the profound realisation that seeds are the model of the underexplored realm of biology when water is so limited that the cytoplasm solidifies. The environmental variables of moisture and temperature are essential factors that define survival or death, as well as the timescale to measure lifespan. There is an increasing understanding of how these factors induce cytoplasmic solidification and affect glassy properties. Cytoplasmic solidification slows down, but does not stop, the chemical reactions involved in ageing. Continued degradation of proteins, lipids and nucleic acids damage cell constituents and reduce the seed's metabolic capacity, eventually impairing the ability to germinate. This review captures the evolution of knowledge on seed longevity over the past five decades in relation to seed ageing mechanisms, technology development, including tools to predict seed storage behaviour and non-invasive techniques for seed longevity assessment. It is concluded that seed storage biology is a complex science covering seed physiology, biophysics, biochemistry and multi-omic technologies, and simultaneous knowledge advancement in these areas is necessary to improve seed storage efficacy for crops and wild species biodiversity conservation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Maintaining micronutrient availability in germinating rice tissues is crucial for seedling vigour and agronomic performance. However, current methods for visualising micronutrient dynamics often require destructive sample preparation. Here we report that synchrotron-based X-ray fluorescence microscopy (XFM) could enable non-destructive, in situ visualisation and quantification of zinc (Zn) mobilisation in intact, germinating rice grains. Using XFM on whole grains of salt-tolerant Pokkali and salt-sensitive Nipponbare varieties, we generated high-resolution elemental maps revealing the spatiotemporal distribution of Zn and other micronutrients. Direct quantification by seed volume using element association window proved inaccurate due to tissue heterogeneity. However, normalisation by areal density showed Zn accumulation was highest in the embryo, followed by the aleurone layer and shoots. Zn was initially localised in the aleurone layer and embryo, with subsequent mobilisation to developing shoots and roots during germination. Calcium was predominantly detected in the hull, while potassium was enriched in growing roots and shoots. This non-destructive XFM method provides unprecedented insights into real-time micronutrient fluxes during rice germination, offering a powerful tool for studying nutrient dynamics in diverse contexts such as biofortification, stress responses, and varietal differences. Our findings contribute to understanding the mechanisms underlying micronutrient allocation during early seedling development, with potential applications in improving rice nutritional quality and seedling establishment. [Display omitted] • Non-destructive XFM reveals micronutrient dynamics of intact rice paddy. • High-resolution zinc mapping shows redistribution patterns during germination. • Areal density normalisation enables quantification of micronutrients in situ. • Salt tolerance in rice linked to distinct micronutrient mobilisation patterns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Artificial maturation has been achieved in immature cucumber seeds through after-ripening treatments. • After ripening treatments increased the viability and vigour of the immature seeds. • After-ripening treatments increased endo-β-mannanase activity and levels of IAA and SA hormone, whereas ABA levels have decreased. Also, negative correlation was noted between endo-β-mannanase and ABA. • Maturation treatments in cucumber seeds have reduced the expressions of ABI3 and DOG1 genes and increased the expressions of AMY, MAN2, and Sm1 genes. • Companies engaged in autumn production in the seed industry can benefit from After-ripening and improve their immature seed lots. Seed maturation, which involves a number of physiological and molecular events, is a crucial and intricate process in plant production. Since immature seeds can pose significant problems for both growers and producers, it is necessary to harvest them at the right maturity stage when seed viability and vigour are at their highest. Nevertheless, in the contemporary era, seed producers are compelled to engage in off-season productions in order to meet the rising demands of the market. This has led to the seeds being harvested before they reached full maturity. Considering the problems faced by the seed producers, the present study was designed to stimulate a model for seed maturation by leveraging combinations of moisture, temperature, and treatment time in two hybrid cucumber varieties harvested 40 days after anthesis in the autumn season through after-ripening treatments. Following treatments, a series of physiological, biochemical and molecular analyses were conducted in order to ascertain the efficacy of the treatments under consideration. In this context, the efficacy of the applications was evaluated not only by assessing seed viability and vigour, but also by examining the role of certain hydrolytic enzymes and endogenous hormone levels at the physiological and molecular levels in seed maturation. Accordingly, after-ripening treatments have contributed to the maturation of cucumber seeds, resulting in an increase of up to 110 % and 156 % in both total and normal germination rates, respectively. Furthermore, these treatments have been shown to provide up to 56 % faster germination. In addition, there was a notable enhancement in the endo-β-mannanase enzyme activity, which was found to be correlated with the expression of the CsMAN2 gene during the maturation process. Concerning the responses of the endogenous hormones, it was observed that abscisic acid (ABA) levels decreased with treatments, whereas indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and salicylic acid (SA) levels showed an increase. Concerning the correlation analysis, endo-β-mannanase enzyme positively correlated with viability parameters (r = 0.859 and r = 0864, P < 0.001) and negatively correlated with ABA hormone (r = 0.666, P < 0.05). Furthermore, the expression levels of the seed maturation genes CsSm1 and CsMAN2 were found to increase with the application of the treatments, while the expression levels of the CsABI3 and CsDOG1 genes were observed to decrease. Although temperature-related variations have been observed during the growing period of plants, the responses of seeds to after-ripening treatments have yielded intriguing results under different conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Humboldtia vahliana Wight. is an endangered species belonging to the family Leguminosae (subfamily Caesalpinioideae). Though the plant propagates through seeds, low seed setting, seed infestation, poor viability of seed, reduction in natural regeneration of seedlings as well as anthropogenic activities like overexploitation, habitat destruction and fragmented distribution in localities are the major factors hindering the survival of the species. Hence, strategies must be devised urgently for the conservation of this species as these recalcitrant seeds do not contribute significantly to the seed bank. The present attempt was to understand the seed physiology and biochemistry during embryogenesis and embryo desiccation. H. vahliana seeds took 120 days after anthesis to acquire full maturity. Immature seeds had higher moisture content (87.40%) which gradually reduced during maturity and reached 55.42% at the time of seed shed a true recalcitrant behavior of the seeds. Freshly fallen mature seeds showed an optimal germination percentage of 82.32% which was severely affected by the decrease in seed moisture content and the critical moisture content was found to be 33.63% in which the percentage of germination was only 30%. Cell membrane damage of seed was found to cause quick loss of seed viability. The LC-MS/MS analysis showed insignificant amounts of ribose, arabinose and trehalose but a significant accumulation of fructose in the mature embryos rather than glucose and sucrose. Embryo drying significantly reduced the level of these sugars including the stress related trehalose indicating the lack of biosynthetic machinery to counter desiccation stress in these recalcitrant seeds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nitric oxide (NO) has been recognized as a gasotransmitter in the mainstream of plant research since the beginning of the 21st century. It is produced in plant tissue and the environment. It influences plant physiology during every ontogenetic stage from seed germination to plant senescence. In this review, we demonstrate the increased interest in NO as a regulatory molecule in combination with other signalling molecules and phytohormones in the information network of plant cells. This work is a summary of the current knowledge on NO action in seeds, starting from seed pretreatment techniques applied to increase seed quality. We describe mode of action of NO in the regulation of seed dormancy, germination, and aging. During each stage of seed physiology, NO appears to act as a key agent with a predominantly beneficial effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present article aims to assess the phytotoxic effects of copper and zinc oxide nanoparticles (Cu NPs, ZnO NPs) on mung bean (Vigna radiata L.) and their possible risk on food quality and safety. We also study the molecular mechanisms underlying the toxicity of nanosized Cu and ZnO. Seeds of mung bean were germinated under increasing concentrations of Cu NPs and ZnO NPs (10, 100, 1000, 2000 mg/L). We analyzed levels of free amino acids, total soluble sugars, minerals, polyphenols and antioxidant capacity. Our results showed that depending on the concentrations used of Cu NPs and ZnO NPs, the physiology of seed germination and embryo growth were modified. Both free metal ions and nanoparticles themselves may impact plant cellular and physiological processes. At 10 mg/L, an improvement of the nutritive properties, in terms of content in free amino acids, total soluble sugars, essential minerals, antioxidant polyphenols and flavonoids, was shown. However, higher concentrations (100–2000 mg/L) caused an alteration in the nutritional balance, which was revealed by the decrease in contents and quality of phenolic compounds, macronutrients (Na, Mg, Ca) and micronutrients (Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, K). The overall effects of Cu and ZnO nanoparticles seem to interfere with the bioavailability of mineral and organic nutrients and alter the beneficial properties of the antioxidant phytochemicals, mineral compounds, phenolic acids and flavonoids. This may result in a potential hazard to human food and health, at some critical doses of nanofertilizers. This study may contribute in the guidelines to the safe use of nanofertilizers or nanosafety, for more health benefit and less potential risks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Environment is an important determinant of agricultural productivity; therefore, crops have been bred with traits adapted to their environment. It is assumed that the physiology of seed germination is optimised for various climatic conditions. Here, to understand the genetic basis underlying seed germination, we conduct a genome-wide association study considering genotype-by-environment interactions on the germination rate of Japanese rice cultivars under different temperature conditions. We find that a 4 bp InDel in one of the 14-3-3 family genes, GF14h, preferentially changes the germination rate of rice under optimum temperature conditions. The GF14h protein constitutes a transcriptional regulatory module with a bZIP-type transcription factor, OREB1, and a florigen-like protein, MOTHER OF FT AND TFL 2, to control the germination rate by regulating abscisic acid (ABA)-responsive genes. The GF14h loss-of-function allele enhances ABA signalling and reduces the germination rate. This allele is found in rice varieties grown in the northern area and in modern cultivars of Japan and China, suggesting that it contributes to the geographical adaptation of rice. This study demonstrates the complicated molecular system involved in the regulation of seed germination in response to temperature, which has allowed rice to be grown in various geographical locations. Physiology of seed germination has been optimized for various climatic conditions. Here, the authors report a 14-3-3 protein encoding gene GF14h is responsible for temperature-dependent rice germination by regulating ABA-responsive genes and contributes to the geographical adaptation of rice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scallion (Allium fistulosum) is one of the essential edible vegetables with various medicinal uses. The seeds of this plant have low germination power, which may disappear due to storage conditions. In this study, the germination characteristics of scallion seeds were experimented with a factorial arrangement based on a completely randomized design with three replications in the physiology laboratory of Khorasan Razavi Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center in 2019. The first factor was indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) at 0 (or control), 100, and 200 ppm, and the second factor was gibberellin (GA3) at the same concentrations. The results showed that the maximum germination percentage was obtained by 200 ppm of gibberellin without using IBA. The maximum rootlet dry weight (7.02 mg) was recorded with 100 ppm of GA3 and IBA. The maximum allometric coefficient was obtained using 100 ppm IBA and 200 ppm GA3. The maximum seed vigor index was observed at 100 and 200 ppm of GA3 with 0 ppm of IBA (2.18 and 2.33, respectively). The maximum seedling vigor length index (0.799) and seedling vigor weight index (6.77) were obtained when 200 ppm of GA3 was applied with 0 ppm of IBA. In general, the results showed that the use of different concentrations of gibberellin has a significant effect on increasing germination and vigor index in scallion seeds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cold plasma (CP) technology is a technique used to change chemical and morphological characteristics of the surface of various materials. It is a newly emerging technology in agriculture used for seed treatment with the potential of improving seed germination and yield of crops. Wheat seeds were treated with glow (direct) or afterglow (indirect) low-pressure radio-frequency oxygen plasma. Chemical characteristics of the seed surface were evaluated by XPS and FTIR analysis, changes in the morphology of the seed pericarp were analysed by SEM and AFM, and physiological characteristics of the seedlings were determined by germination tests, growth studies, and the evaluation of α-amylase activity. Changes in seed wettability were also studied, mainly in correlation with functionalization of the seed surface and oxidation of lipid molecules. Only prolonged direct CP treatment resulted in altered morphology of the seed pericarp and increased its roughness. The degree of functionalization is more evident in direct compared to indirect CP treatment. CP treatment slowed the germination of seedlings, decreased the activity of α-amylase in seeds after imbibition, and affected the root system of seedlings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]