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Societal Impact Statement: This study illuminates the underappreciated role of invertebrates in seed dispersal, extending beyond the well‐documented contributions of ants. Focusing on Monotropastrum humile (銀竜草 [silver dragon plant] or 水晶蘭 [crystal orchid]), a non‐photosynthetic plant known for its minuscule, dust‐like seeds, the present research uncovers their seed dispersal roles of woodlice and earwigs in Japan. Remarkably, these invertebrates include the smallest known endozoochorous seed dispersers. Summary: Endozoochory, or internal seed dispersal through the digestive tracts of animals, has been less studied in invertebrates compared with vertebrates. Nonetheless, endozoochory is plausible whenever seeds are small enough for ingestion by frugivorous animals, suggesting a potential role for invertebrates in seed dispersal, especially for plants with minute seeds.Monotropastrum humile (Ericaceae), characterized by its fleshy fruits and dust‐like seeds, is known to utilize invertebrate agents such as camel crickets and cockroaches for seed dispersal. Here, we investigate this seed dispersal mechanism using time‐lapse photography, feeding experiments, and seed coat anatomy analysis, particularly focusing on interactions among undocumented invertebrate internal seed dispersers.Field observations indicated that in the studied population, M. humile fruits were primarily consumed by camel crickets, woodlice, and earwigs. Their effectiveness as seed dispersers varied, with camel crickets primarily acting as dispersers, whereas earwigs and woodlice were more inclined toward seed predation. Nonetheless, some seeds defecated by earwigs and woodlice remained intact, suggesting that they could also function as dispersal agents.The woodlouse Porcellio scaber is now recognized as the world's smallest internal seed dispersal agent. Combined with earlier discoveries, such as seed dispersal by camel crickets, cockroaches, and ants, and the fact that P. scaber is an exotic species in the study site, M. humile likely depends on a broad spectrum of local invertebrates. The engagement of multiple invertebrate dispersers may enhance seed dispersal across diverse habitats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of mung bean seed coat polysaccharide (PS) on the physicochemical properties and freeze-thaw stability of rice starch (RS) gel was studied. Results showed that the addition of PS at concentrations of 0.25, 0.50, and 1.0% affected the physicochemical properties of RS. The onset gelatinization temperature of RS increased and the gelatinization enthalpy decreased with increasing the concentration of PS. PS caused a decrease in peak viscosity, breakdown, and setback but increase in pasting temperature. For the textural properties, PS at the concentration of 0.25, 0.50, and 1.0% reduced changes in RS gels hardness after 5 freeze-thaw cycles by 20.76, 35.91, and 47.57%, respectively, compared to the sample without PS. The syneresis of RS gels during freeze-thaw process was also reduced by the addition of PS especially at 1.0%. It is related with the results of ice crystal size when the addition of PS. Ice crystal image showed a dramatically reduced ice crystal size and modified ice shape influenced by PS. Retrogradation measurement, microstructure, and crystallinity of RS gels after repeated freeze-thaw cycles indicated the minimizing of starch retrogradation caused by PS. These results suggested that PS was effective in preserving quality in frozen rice starch-based products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Common buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench.) is one of the most important orphan crops worldwide. Various research efforts have been done to improve cultivation methods to enhance important agronomic traits such as productivity and biotic/abiotic resistance. One important aspect is the seed trait, which has not been extensively studied due to the time-consuming and tedious nature of its examination. Despite this, understanding seed traits is crucial for meeting consumer needs and optimizing crop yields. Therefore, the aim of the study is to investigate the inheritance of common buckwheat seed traits--such as shape, size, and coat color--using an image-based approach. This method allows for the analysis of a large number of seeds with a level of accuracy and precision that was previously unattainable. The results indicate that seed coat color is inherited maternally. Notably, the parameters in size had substantial increases acting like overdominance. The number of seeds that were harvested from F1s of each cross differed a lot depending on the cross combinations and pin/thrum type. In addition, seed size had large reduction in F1s from the different seed-sized parents, especially in thrum type. These may show that there could be cross barriers. The results revealed trends of maternal inheritance for seed shape and coat color in buckwheat, an area that has not been extensively studied. These findings could support buckwheat breeding efforts, helping to address market needs and food demands in the face of significant climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article published in the New Phytologist on October 15, 2024, explores the impact of OsPHO1;2 rice mutants on grain-filling defects. The study reveals that OsPHO1;2 plays a crucial role in transferring phosphate from maternal to filial tissues in developing seeds, affecting grain quality and yield. The research suggests that the grain-filling defects in Ospho1;2 mutants are primarily due to impaired phosphate unloading from maternal tissues, challenging previous models proposed by other studies. Reciprocal crosses between Ospho1;2 mutants and wild-type rice further confirm the maternal effect contributing to the observed grain defects. [Extracted from the article]

To ensure their vital role in disseminating the species, dormant seeds have developed adaptive strategies to protect themselves against pathogens and predators. This is orchestrated through the synthesis of an array of constitutive defences that are put in place in a developmentally regulated manner, which are the focus of this review. We summarize the defence activity and the nature of the molecules coming from the exudate of imbibing seeds that leak into their vicinity, also referred to as the spermosphere. As a second layer of protection, the dual role of the seed coat will be discussed; as a physical barrier and a multi-layered reservoir of defence compounds that are synthesized during seed development. Since imbibed dormant seeds can persist in the soil for extensive periods, we address the question of whether during this time a constitutively regulated defence programme is switched on to provide further protection, via the well-defined pathogenesis-related (PR) protein family. In addition, we review the hormonal and signalling pathways that might be involved in the interplay between dormancy and defence and point out questions that need further attention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) is an important oilseed crop widely cultivated in subtropical and tropical areas. Low genetic yield potential and susceptibility to disease contribute to low productivity in sesame. However, the genetic basis of sesame yield- and disease-related traits remains unclear. Here, we represent the construction of a high-density bin map of sesame using whole genome sequencing of an F2 population derived from 'Yizhi' and 'Mingdeng Zhima'. A total of 2766 Bins were categorized into 13 linkage groups. Thirteen significant QTLs were identified, including ten QTLs related to yield, two QTLs related to Sesame Fusarium wilt (SFW) disease, and one QTL related to seed color. Among these QTLs, we found that SFW-QTL1.1 and SFW-QTL1.2 were major QTLs related to Fusarium wilt disease, explaining more than 20% of the phenotypic variation with LOD > 6. SCC-QTL1.1 was related to seed coat color, explaining 52% of the phenotypic variation with LOD equal to 25.3. This suggests that seed color traits were controlled by a major QTL. Candidate genes related to Fusarium wilt disease and seed color in the QTLs were annotated. We discovered a significant enrichment of genes associated with resistance to late blight. These genes could be spectral disease resistance genes and may have a role in the regulation of Fusarium wilt disease resistance. Our study will benefit the implementation of marker-assisted selection (MAS) for the genetic improvement of disease resistance and yield-related traits in sesame. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The level of methylesterification alters the functional properties of pectin, which is believed to influence plant growth and development. However, the mechanisms that regulate demethylesterification remain largely unexplored. Pectin with a high degree of methylesterification is produced in the Golgi apparatus and then transferred to the primary cell wall where it is partially demethylesterified by pectin methylesterases (PMEs). Here, we show that in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) seed mucilage, pectin demethylesterification is negatively regulated by the transcription factor ZINC FINGER FAMILY PROTEIN5 (ZAT5). Plants carrying null mutations in ZAT5 had increased PME activity, decreased pectin methylesterification, and produced seeds with a thinner mucilage layer. We provide evidence that ZAT5 binds to a TGATCA motif and thereby negatively regulates methylesterification by reducing the expression of PME5, HIGHLY METHYL ESTERIFIED SEEDS (HMS)/PME6, PME12, and PME16. We also demonstrate that ZAT5 physically interacts with BEL1-LIKE HOMEODOMAIN2 (BLH2) and BLH4 transcription factors. BLH2 and BLH4 are known to modulate pectin demethylesterification by directly regulating PME58 expression. The ZAT5–BLH2/4 interaction provides a mechanism to control the degree of pectin methylesterification in seed coat mucilage by modifying each transcription factor's ability to regulate the expression of target genes encoding PMEs. Taken together, these findings reveal a transcriptional regulatory module comprising ZAT5, BLH2, and BLH4, that functions in modulating the demethylesterification of homogalacturonan in seed coat mucilage. Transcription factors ZINC FINGER FAMILY PROTEIN5 and BEL1-LIKE HOMEODOMAIN 2 and 4 modulate pectin methylesterase genes to control pectin demethylesterification in Arabidopsis seed coat mucilage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flavonoids are secondary metabolites associated with plant seed coat and flower color. These compounds provide health benefits to humans as anti-inflammatory and antioxidant compounds. The expression of the late biosynthetic genes in the flavonoid pathway is controlled by a ternary MBW protein complex consisting of interfacing M YB, b eta-helix–loop–helix (bHLH), and WD 40 R epeat (WDR) proteins. P , the master regulator gene of the flavonoid expression in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), was recently determined to encode a bHLH protein. The T and Z genes control the distribution of color in bean seeds and flowers and have historically been considered regulators of the flavonoid gene expression. T and Z candidates were identified using reverse genetics based on genetic mapping, phylogenetic analysis, and mutant analysis. Domain and AlphaFold2 structure analyses determined that T encodes a seven-bladed β-propeller WDR protein, while Z encodes a R2R3 MYB protein. Deletions and SNPs in T and Z mutants, respectively, altered the 3D structure of these proteins. Modeling of the Z MYB/P bHLH/T WDR MBW complex identified interfacing sequence domains and motifs in all three genes that are conserved in dicots. One Z MYB motif is a possible beta-molecular recognition feature (β-MoRF) that only appears in a structured state when Z MYB is modeled as a component of a MBW complex. Complexes containing mutant T and Z proteins changed the interaction of members of the complex in ways that would alter their role in regulating the expression of genes in the flavonoid pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Bacterial fruit blotch (BFB), known as the 'cancer' of cucurbits, is a seed‐borne disease of melons caused by Acidovorax citrulli. Traditional chemical treatments for BFB are ineffective and adversely affect the environment. Using dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) nanosecond‐pulsed plasma technology, melon seeds were treated to promote germination and growth and to control BFB. RESULTS: Based on the evaluation parameters of seed germination, seedling growth, leaf yellowing and bacterial infection after seed plasma treatments, 9 min at 20 kV was selected as the optimal plasma discharge parameter. In this study, seedling growth was significantly improved after treating melon seeds carrying A. citrulli using this discharge parameter. The number of first true leaves measured on the eighth day was 2.3 times higher and the disease index was reduced by 60.5% compared to the control group. Attenuated total reflectance–Fourier transform infrared measurements show that plasma treatments penetrate the seed coat and denature polysaccharides and proteins in the seed kernel, affecting their growth and sterilization properties. CONCLUSION: Pre‐sowing treatment of melon seeds carrying A. citrulli using nanosecond‐pulsed plasma technology can effectively control seedling BFB disease and promote melon seedling growth by optimizing DBD parameters. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We here evaluate the conflicting recent splitter and lumper strategies concerning the generic classification system of the Eriocaulaceae, and whether Paepalanthus s.str. and its proposed segregate genera are morphologically recognizable. To this end, we examine evidence from inflorescence branching patterns, seed coat, and phylogeny in detail, and contrast circumscriptions of genera with the available data. We also indicate possible consequences of the proposed system for herbarium curators, keepers and users of large databases, and generalist users of identification keys. We argue that the morphological circumscriptions of Paepalanthus s.str. and of most of the other 11 segregate genera lack coherence. The majority of characters used as potential synapomorphies or in diagnoses are not sufficient to support the genera because they conflict with or do not represent the morphology of all the included species. The information regarding inflorescence branching patterns and seed coat are interpreted ambiguously or represent preliminary results, and some characters are known for only a limited number of species. Inflorescences are difficult to interpret in herbarium specimens, and the seed coat mostly requires SEM analysis for proper visualization, thus hindering identification. On the other hand, Paepalanthus s.l. can be identified by a combination of floral characters, as can the remaining genera of the family. We therefore endorse the recognition of Paepalanthus s.l. as a single, nomenclaturally stable, and monophyletic entity. This is the best‐fitting solution to reflect both evolutionary and morphological aspects of this recently diversified lineage. Finally, we provide a new identification key for the 7 genera of the Eriocaulaceae, characterizing Paepalanthus s.l. by floral characters that can be observed in any flowering specimen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chenopodium hircinum, the putative wild ancestor of quinoa, is a source of traits that could improve the tolerance of crop quinoa to high temperatures. However, seeds of C. hircinum have physiological dormancy (PD), which is an obstacle for plant propagation and use in breeding programs. We studied the intraspecific variability in morpho-anatomical traits of embryo covering structures and their association with PD. We also evaluated the effects of different dormancy-breaking treatments on PD alleviation and germination. Seeds were dispersed with a remnant perianth and a persistent pericarp that could be removed by scraping. The seed coat was formed by palisade cells impregnated with tannins, and the seed contained a thin layer of peripheral endosperm surrounding the embryo. In our investigation, the thickness of the pericarp (P) and/or seed coat (SC) varied among populations. Populations with higher P and/or SC thickness showed lower percentages of germination and water absorption. The combined dormancy-breaking treatment (bleach + perforated coverings + gibberellic acid) promoted dormancy release and increased germination. C. hircinum seeds showed non-deep physiological dormancy. Based on previous knowledge about quinoa, and our results, we conclude that embryo coverings, especially the seed coat, have an important role in dormancy control, imposing a mechanical restraint on radicle emergence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rice varieties with high anthocyanin content are often recognized for their vibrant colors and health benefits. The demand for rice with high anthocyanin is increasing domestically and internationally due to consumers becoming more health-conscious. However, the current increase in yield might not raise the anthocyanin content due to its location in the grain pericarp and seed coat, which are relative to the grain surface area. This study aims to develop rice lines to increase anthocyanin yield per production area by improving rice varieties with small, black, and three grains per spikelet. Accordingly, six rice recombinant inbred lines (RILs) were bred by crossing Niaw Dam Chaw Mai Pai 49 (NDCMP49) with Khao Nok (LLR059). The grain color, size, and number of grains per spikelet were selected from the F1 to the F4 population through the pedigree selection method. Six RILs and their parents were assigned in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications under field conditions during the rainy season of 2021 and 2022 in four locations. The results showed statistically significant differences in environmental conditions, affecting productivity and the yield components of rice lines. Consequently, the rice lines adapted to a specific environment, and there were significant differences in genotype. This study identified three RILs with higher yield performance (13-1 (3842 kg/ha), 374-1 (3699 kg/ha), and 903-3 (3550 kg/ha)) compared with the parent NDCMP49 (1996 kg/ha). However, the grain yields were unstable in the three top-yielding RILs due to varying environmental conditions, indicating that selective breeding requires a specific, narrow environment. Based on grain yield and grain size, the RILs performed better in the grain surface area than in the parent NDCMP49. Moreover, only two RILs (374-1 and 903-3) produced the highest anthocyanin content and yield, although this was lower than in the parent NDCMP49. However, the 374-1 and 903-3 RILs produced more grains, black grains, and three grains per spikelet with high yield and moderate anthocyanin content. They can, therefore, be backcrossed to the parent NDCMP49 to increase the accumulated anthocyanin content with a stable, high yield. This work provides a resource of small grains, black grains, and three grains per spikelet in the rice breeding line for breeding programs in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary Yellow mustard gum (YMG) is a natural hydrocolloid extracted from the viscous fraction of the seed coat, a by‐product of mustard seeds, and possesses superior emulsifying capacity in emulsions. However, there is no application of YMG for commercial products. The demand for vegan mayonnaise (VM) has increased in recent years and the challenge is to maintain the original consistency and taste while replacing eggs from conventional mayonnaise. To obtain high‐quality VM and to investigate the potential of YMG as a food additive, YMG was applied to VM at 0%, 0.2%, 0.4%, 0.6%, 0.8%, and 1.0% (w/w) in this study. The physical properties (index of stability, rheological properties and particle size characterisation), storage stability (visual stability, microstructure observation and cold tolerance) and texture of YMG‐formulated VM were measured and compared with commercial products to assess the quality and market prospects. The results showed that the VM obtained higher stability, more non‐Newtonian flow behaviour, and a smaller droplet size with higher YMG content. After 90 days of storage, no separation occurred in the YMG‐added VM. YMG improves the shelf‐life of VM, and mayonnaise formulated with YMG has comparative or better texture properties compared with commercial counterparts. Overall, YMG‐added VM could be more appealing to consumers favouring plant‐based foods and have the potential to substitute for traditional products. YMG is beneficial to vegan product development with clean‐label requirements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The depletion of medicinal plant resources leads to the irreversible loss of their genetic diversity. The preservation of medicinal plant germplasm using cryobanks is crucial for maintaining the sustainability of these resources. This study examined the efficacy of cryopreservation on 164 medicinal plant seeds, identified general principles for preserving medicinal plant seeds at ultra-low temperatures, and established a cryobank for dry-sensitive medicinal plant seeds. Over 90% of orthodox seeds were unaffected by freezing, with optimal conditions being a 5–10% moisture content and direct freezing. Intermediate seeds were best frozen with a 7–15% moisture content, and those with a lower initial moisture content were best suited to direct freezing. While recalcitrant seeds' freezing was most influenced by moisture content, there was no specific range. Direct freezing is appropriate for recalcitrant seeds possessing a hard seed coat and a firm seed kernel, whereas seeds with a brittle or soft seed coat are better suited for vitrification or stepwise freezing methods. There was no significant correlation between alterations in physiological and biochemical indicators and microscopic structures of seeds before and following liquid nitrogen freezing, as well as their storage characteristics. The findings of this research offer evidence in favor of the extended conservation of plant seeds and the extensive utilization of ultra-low temperature technology and provides an example of protecting the genetic diversity of plant resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In breeding programs, stress memory in plants can develop drought stress tolerance. Memory stress, as an approach, can keep stress data by activating tolerance mechanisms. This research was conducted to evaluate some physiologically effective mechanisms in inducing memory drought stress in the seeds that were exposed to water stress three times in four treatments including rainfed, 33%, 66%, and 100% of field capacity (FC). After the production of the seeds, the third-generation seeds were placed under different irrigation treatments, seed and seedling traits, starch to carbohydrate ratio in seed, protein concentration and glutathione reductase were investigatied in a factorial format based on a randomized complete block design with three replications. Results showed that percentage of changes from the lowest to the highest value for traits including seed vigor, seed endosperm weight, seed coat weight, accelerated aging, cold test, seedling biomass and seedling length were 25, 37, 65, 65, 55, 77, 55, 65 and 79, respectively and germination uniformity was 3.9 times higher than the lowest amount. According to the deterioration percentage, seed vigor and the percentage of seed germination in cold test data, it can be reported that seed production by 100% FC was not appropriate for rainfed plots. However, considering the the appropriate results in the percentage of germination for a cold test, germination uniformity percentage, and the lowest accelerated aging seeds, seed production under the rainfed conditions with 33% FC watering can be recommended. In-silico analysis was coducted on Glutathione reductase (GR) enzymes in Gossypium hirsutum. It is clear that GR has a Redox-active site and NADPH binding, and it interacts with Glutathione S transferase (GST). So, memory drought stress through inducing physiological drought tolerance mechanisms such as starch-to-carbohydrate ratio and GR can determine the suitable pattern for seed production for rainfed and low rainfall regions in a breeding program. Our study thus illustrated that seed reprduction under 33% FC equipped cotton with the tolerance against under draught stress from the seedling stage. This process is done through activating glutathione reductase and balancing the ratio of starch to carbohydrates concentration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Bean common mosaic disease (BCMD) caused by Bean common mosaic virus (BCMV) has been regarded as one of the most important seed-borne and aphid vector transmitted destructive disease of cowpea not only affecting its yield but also reducing its grain quality globally. Since the dawn of crop improvement, germplasm served as the source of resistance for various biotic stresses. Currently, host plant resistance is the best, reliable, economic and environmental friendly practice of virus disease management. The objective of this study was to assess the response of diverse cowpea germplasm against BCMV under natural and controlled conditions followed by serological and molecular detection. Methods: In this study, 85 cowpea germplasm accessions and one known BCMV susceptible (C152) and one resistant (CP55) varieties are evaluated for their response to the BCMD in augmented block design (ABD). The reaction of cowpea accessions were assessed using percent disease incidence (PDI). Transmission Electron microscopy (TEM), Direct Antigen Coating-Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay (DAC-ELISA) and Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) were used for confirming the BCMV. Result: Natural and controlled condition screening data analysis revealed a significant difference among diverse cowpea germplasm for BCMV diseases incidence. Based on field screening at Ranchi and New Delhi (2019 and 2020) and artificial confirmation. 24 out of 85 accessions were found to be immune and confirmed through DAC-ELISA and RT-PCR. As a consequence these accessions could be a potential new source of disease resistance for BCMV in breeding programs.Further, DAC ELISA of seed coat and Embryo revealed the presence of virus in 5% and 15% of samples tested. Accession IC418505 recorded highest disease incidence (40.0%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seedling growth is one of the most important stages for the establishment of natural and artificial regeneration. For the first time, the initial growth and biomass allocation of seedlings germinated from cryostored seeds of Parkia nitida were analyzed. P. nitida is an economically and ecologically important timber tree species distributed in Central and South America. Cryostored seeds germinated quickly after priming by scarifying a part of the seedcoat with emery paper, reaching a germination percentage of 94%. Thirteen weeks after germination, the seedlings grew to a height of 16.5 to 60.0 cm. The results of our study, under different day/night alternating culture temperatures, showed that culture temperature had a direct correlation with seedling growth, total biomass allocation, and biomass partitioning. The greatest growth (height, diameter, and number of node sections) and greatest biomass allocation (leaf, stem, and root weight) were recorded under alternating temperatures of 30/25 °C, and these decreased with decreasing culture temperatures to 25/20 °C and 20/15 °C. Shoot:Root (S:R) ratios also decreased with decreasing culture temperatures, but a statistically significant difference (p < 0.05) was only observed between 20/15 °C and 30/25 °C. However, significant differences were not observed in Photosynthetic:Non-photosynthetic organ ratios among the different alternating culture temperatures. This study provides fundamental information for the production of good-quality seedlings of the fast-growing tropical trees of the legume family. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fusarium spp. can cause root rot in alfalfa, leading to the death of the whole plant, which seriously affects the yield and quality of alfalfa. This study used a Fusarium acuminatum strain labeled with green fluorescent protein (GFP) to observe the infection process of F. acuminatum on alfalfa by confocal fluorescence microscopy. The aim of this study was to reveal the infection mechanism of alfalfa Fusarium root rot at the cellular histological level. The results showed that conidia of F. acuminatum attached to the surface of the root and germinated at one day post-inoculation, the mycelium then entered the vascular bundle tissue of the alfalfa root at 5 days post-inoculation, reached the base of the plant stem at 14 days post-inoculation, and colonized the stem of the first and second compound leaf at 28 and 49 days post-inoculation, respectively. Moreover, the experiment, which sprayed a spore suspension, showed that the conidia of F. acuminatum could spread through the air to infect the pericarp and seed coat tissue of the pod. For the first time, we report the infection process of alfalfa Fusarium root rot caused by F. acuminatum and clarify that F. acuminatum can initially infect the root tissue of alfalfa, colonize the bottom stem of the plant through systematic infection, and eventually cause the plant to wilt and die. The results reveal the infection mechanism of F. acuminatum at the cell level via histology and provide theoretical support for the development of control strategies and key control technologies for alfalfa root rot. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The persistence of a soil seed bank influences weed management options. However, for many species, the degree of persistence of a soil seed bank is unknown. We assessed how long seeds remain in the soil for two invasive weeds, Chrysanthemoides monilifera subsp. monilifera (boneseed) and C. monilifera subsp. rotundata (bitou bush), as seeds of these species were predicted to have different longevity in the soil associated with differences in seed coat thickness. Seeds of both subspecies were buried at two depths at two sites in eastern Australia. Seeds were tested for germinability and viability regularly over an 8‐year period. Freshly collected seeds had quite low viability, and there was a rapid decline in viability in the first couple of years after burial, with C. m. rotundata declining faster than C. m. monilifera. Some seeds, however, remained viable in the soil at some sites for up to 8 years, with high site‐to‐site variability. The variability in viability from site to site may be due to the length of time soils remain moist: a combination of rainfall quantity and humidity levels. The low numbers of seeds remaining viable at 8 years indicate progressively lower probabilities of recruitment at sites following weed control but also suggest that monitoring for both subspecies needs to occur for a long period to minimize the risk of reinfestation from the seed bank. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SUMMARY: Proanthocyanidins (PAs), a group of flavonoids, are found in leaves, flowers, fruits, and seed coats of many plant species. PAs are primarily composed of epicatechin units in the seed coats of the model legume species, Medicago truncatula. It can be synthesized from two separate pathways, the leucoanthocyanidin reductase (MtLAR) pathway and the anthocyanidin synthase (MtANS) pathway, which produce epicatechin through anthocyanidin reductase (MtANR). These pathways are mainly controlled by the MYB–bHLH–WD40 (MBW) ternary complex. Here, we characterize a class IV homeodomain‐leucine zipper (HD‐ZIP IV) transcription factor, GLABRA2 (MtGL2), which contributes to PA biosynthesis in the seed coat of M. truncatula. Null mutation of MtGL2 results in dark brown seed coat, which is accompanied by reduced PAs accumulation and increased anthocyanins content. The MtGL2 gene is predominantly expressed in the seed coat during the early stages of seed development. Genetic and molecular analyses indicate that MtGL2 positively regulates PA biosynthesis by directly activating the expression of MtANR. Additionally, our results show that MtGL2 is strongly induced by the MBW activator complexes that are involved in PA biosynthesis. Taken together, our results suggest that MtGL2 acts as a novel positive regulator in PA biosynthesis, expanding the regulatory network and providing insights for genetic engineering of PA production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, cold plasma treatments are employed to modify peanuts. This study systematically investigates the effects of various plasma treatment conditions, including power, duration, and gas type, on the microstructure of peanut seed coats and embryos. Observations under a scanning electron microscope (SEM) reveal that as plasma treatment power increases from 100 W to 500 W, the etching level of peanut seed coats significantly intensifies, surface roughness deepens, and concavities become more pronounced. Additionally, micro-pores on the seed coat gradually enlarge and form cracks. Specifically, when the plasma treatment is set at 200 W for 60 s, the oxygen (O2) treatment group shows interconnected cracks on the peanut seed coat surface, with lipid particles exuding and protein particles and polymers decomposing. In contrast, the helium (He) treatment group displays clear cell structures and deep grooves, with no noticeable lipid particles exuding around surface cracks. The argon (Ar) treatment group exhibits a distinct rectangular cell structure with clear boundaries, and although surface cracks form, only a few protein particles escape from the cracks. The embryo surface structure becomes looser after plasma treatment, leading to the disintegration of lipid particles, protein particles, and polymers, affecting the fusion and migration of large and small lipid bodies within the peanut's internal structure. Increasing treatment duration intensifies the etching phenomenon, resulting in more lipid particles exuding, which indicates a positive correlation between lipid particles exuding and treatment duration. This study sheds light on the mechanisms underlying changes in peanut microstructure due to cold plasma treatment, providing scientific evidence for improving peanut quality, enhancing oil extraction efficiency, and optimizing food processing techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Consumer acceptance of common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) belonging to the Carioca commercial group depends on the color of the seed. Therefore, producers seek bean cultivars that have a light seed coat after storage. This trait is very important for common bean breeding programs dedicated to produce a high market demand. Therefore, the objective was to propose and assess the use of a computer vision-based methodology for assessing common bean color at harvest and after storage. A total of 70 carioca bean cultivars were visually assessed using a grading scale and computer vision after harvest and 90 days after the first assessment. The images allowed the cultivars to be discriminated according to the seed coat color. The accuracies with both assessment methodologies were >0.90. In addition, the correlations between these methodologies were ≤−0.72. The coefficients of variation for computer vision were lower than 6.50, while for the visual assessment, they were >10.08. Therefore, computer vision applied to assess the seed coat color of carioca bean grains is precise and accurate and allows for better discrimination than the visual assessment. Therefore, image analysis will assist in selecting better cultivars in breeding programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) production is important for the economy of the Texas High Plains (THP). This region of Texas is semi‐arid and regularly experiences harsh weather conditions that can be difficult to predict. Some years, a cold front will pass through the area before local cotton crops have reached maturity and there are concerns that fiber maturation stops after these cold weather events. In 2020, fiber samples were collected at two locations on the THP (representing northern and southern cotton producing regions) before, during, and after a cold front (<10°C) moved through the area in September, which is a critical period for fiber maturation. Single boll samples were taken at New Deal, TX (representing a southern location) in the first position from nodes 5, 8, and 11. At Etter, TX (representing a northern location), 30‐boll bulk samples were taken from first position bolls on nodes 5, 8, and 11. Advanced fiber information system testing determined the fiber quality of single boll samples. Lint weight in both locations continued to increase despite the cool temperatures. At New Deal, upper quartile length, length, short fiber content, seed coat neps, fineness, and maturity all saw significant improvements from before to after the cold front. This indicates that the bolls continued developing after exposure to cool temperatures on the THP. Core Ideas: In field research conducted to determine the impacts of late‐season cool temperatures on cotton boll development.The data suggest that late‐season temperatures dipping below 10°C do not permanently halt boll development.Lint weight and advanced fiber information system parameters measured all continued to improve despite the weather. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The traditional alkaline peeling method generates high‐salinity wastewater, posing significant environmental risks. To avoid water waste and chemical use, a dry method using high‐temperature thermal radiation was explored for removing walnut skins. The mechanism of the high‐temperature thermal radiation dry method for removing walnut skins was revealed by studying the physical properties of walnut kernels. Research on the performance of the peeling device identified the optimal parameters: an infrared emitter surface temperature of 600°C, a radiation time of 20.7 seconds, and a distance of 129.46 mm between emitters, achieving a 95.18% skin removal rate with only 0.8% moisture loss and a quality score of 96.82. Raman spectroscopy showed that this method increased the unsaturated fatty acid content of walnut kernels by 27.26%, greatly enhancing their quality. SEM analysis revealed different microstructural changes between skins removed by infrared and alkaline methods, revealing the differences in their peeling mechanisms. These findings provide a scientific foundation for developing thermal radiation dry peeling technology and devices. Practical applications: The removal of walnut skins is an essential process for enhancing the added value of products. However, current industrial peeling methods such as hot alkaline peeling and steam peeling are water and energy‐intensive industries, generating large amounts of wastewater that negatively impact the environment. There is an urgent need to develop an efficient, green, and environmentally friendly dry peeling technology for walnut kernels in the food industry to replace traditional chemical peeling methods. The high‐temperature thermal radiation dry peeling technology provides a new approach that avoids the use of water and chemical reagents while maintaining high product quality after peeling. Research focuses on the theoretical study and several key points of dry peeling technology for achieving walnut kernel peeling. The research results provide scientific basis for the replacement of traditional alkaline peeling with high‐temperature thermal radiation dry peeling technology and offer theoretical support and reference for the development and optimization of related equipment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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SUMMARY Seed colors and color patterns are critical for the survival of wild plants and the consumer appeal of crops. In common bean, a major global staple, these patterns are also essential in determining market classes, yet the genetic and environmental control of many pigmentation patterns remains unresolved. In this study, we genetically mapped variation for several important seed pattern loci, including T, Bip, phbw, and Z, which co‐segregated with candidate genes PvTTG1, PvMYC1, PvTT8, and PvTT2, respectively. Proteins encoded by these genes are predicted to work together in MYB‐bHLH‐WD40 (MBW) complexes, propagating flavonoid biosynthesis across the seed coat as observed in Arabidopsis. Whole‐genome sequencing of 37 accessions identified mutations, including seven unique parallel mutations in T (PvTTG1) and non‐synonymous SNPs in highly conserved residues in bipana (PvMYC1) and z (PvTT2). A 612 bp intron deletion in phbw (PvTT8) eliminated motifs conserved since the Papilionoideae origin and corresponded to a 20‐fold reduction in transcript abundance. In multi‐location field trials of seven varieties with partial seed coat pigmentation patterning, the pigmented seed coat area correlated positively with ambient temperature, with up to 11‐fold increases in the pigmented area from the coolest to the warmest environments. In controlled growth chamber conditions, an increase of 4°C was sufficient to cause pigmentation on an average additional 21% of the seed coat area. Our results shed light on key steps of flavonoid biosynthesis in common bean. They will inform breeding efforts for seed coat color/patterning to improve consumer appeal in this nutritious staple crop. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Native seeds are a finite resource, and their inclusion in revegetation is vital for supporting restoration outcomes that are both effective and scalable. Pelletized seed enhancement technologies (SETs) offer a promising solution to improve seed use efficiency in ecological restoration. Yet, knowledge of how diverse suites of native species perform when pelletized is required to optimize the application of SETs to the many species and ecosystems where restoration is required. Using a greenhouse trial of 64 Australian plant species, we assessed species performance to pelleting by evaluating (1) overall species amenability to pelleting based on total emergence and survival and (2) how pelleting modifies the rate of emergence based on average time to emergence, emergence rate index, and time spread of emergence. We investigated the potential for using morphological seed traits (seed endosperm:seed ratio, seed length, seed area, and seed coat thickness) to predict performance outcomes, by identifying traits that may aid in the prediction of species amenability to pelleting and emergence speed when pelletized. We found that some species demonstrate high amenability to pelleting and that pelleting can modify the emergence rates for many species. This work advances our understanding of the applicability of SETs for diverse native species, demonstrating the application of such technologies for meeting ecological restoration goals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

B-box (BBX) proteins, a subfamily of zinc-finger transcription factors, are involved in various environmental signaling pathways. In this study, we conducted a comprehensive analysis of BBX family members in Brassica crops. The 482 BBX proteins were divided into five groups based on gene structure, conserved domains, and phylogenetic analysis. An analysis of nonsynonymous substitutions and (Ka)/synonymous substitutions (Ks) revealed that most BBX genes have undergone purifying selection during evolution. An analysis of transcriptome data from rapeseed (Brassica napus) organs suggested that BnaBBX3d might be involved in the development of floral tissue-specific RNA-seq expression. We identified numerous light-responsive elements in the promoter regions of BnaBBX genes, which were suggestive of participation in light signaling pathways. Transcriptomic analysis under shade treatment revealed 77 BnaBBX genes with significant changes in expression before and after shading treatment. Of these, BnaBBX22e showed distinct expression patterns in yellow- vs. black-seeded materials in response to shading. UPLC-HESI-MS/MS analysis revealed that shading influences the accumulation of 54 metabolites, with light response BnaBBX22f expression correlating with the accumulation of the flavonoid metabolites M46 and M51. Additionally, BnaBBX22e and BnaBBX22f interact with BnaA10.HY5. These results suggest that BnaBBXs might function in light-induced pigment accumulation. Overall, our findings elucidate the characteristics of BBX proteins in six Brassica species and reveal a possible connection between light and seed coat color, laying the foundation for further exploring the roles of BnaBBX genes in seed development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Paeonia peregrina Mill. is a protected, herbaceous species native to Southeastern Europe and Turkey. Due to its vulnerability, it has to be protected both in its natural habitats and through cultivation. Peonies are known to have a low potential for natural regeneration due to their seed dormancy, low germination rate, and long germination period. In this study, treatments with gibberellic acid (GA3 150, 200, 250, 300, and 350 mg L−1 GA3) and warm (at 20/16 °C day/night regime) and cold stratification (at 4 °C) were used to accelerate dormancy release and increase the germination rate. The seeds of P. peregrina from four natural habitats in Serbia and the Institute's collection were collected and analyzed. They showed an underdeveloped embryo that needs to grow inside the seed before it can germinate. The application of GA3 accelerated each stage of germination (seed coat rapturing, hypocotyl dormancy release, and epicotyl dormancy release) for approximately 10 days compared to the control. It was also found that two-day imbibition with 200 mg L−1 GA3 significantly accelerated and equalized germination. Higher GA3 concentrations had a more pronounced impact on each stage but also resulted in greater seed infection after the seed coat rupture, elongated and weak seedlings, while lower concentrations did not result in obtaining uniform seedlings. There were no significant differences observed between localities. Restoring P. peregrina through seeds and nursery-produced plants is crucial for conserving the genetic diversity of the tested species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Chickpea is an important pulse crop. The area, production and productivity of Kabuli chickpea are very low as compared to Desi type chickpea. While, worldwide chickpea production is predominated by Desi type (80%) compared to Kabuli type (20%). One of constraints limiting the Kabuli chickpea seed production is the fast seed deterioration process as, they possesses thin and fragile seed coat which makes it more susceptible to infestation of pulse beetle and storage fungi. In addition, the day by day increase in usage of chemical pesticides and increase in health awareness among the people and demand towards organic based products necessitate a new alternative method of seed storage than the routinely used storage methods. Modified atmosphere storage is an alternative method to avoid chemical fumigants, which are said to cause residual effect on seed material and development of resistance by storage pest against insecticides. Methods: The present investigation on modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) was carried out at the Department of Processing and Food Engineering, College of Agricultural Engineering, University of Agricultural Sciences, Raichur during March 2017. Further, its storage and seed quality assessment were conducted at Seed Quality and Research Laboratory of National Seed Project (Crops), Seed Unit, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad during March 2017 to May 2018. Result: The results revealed that the Kabuli chickpea seeds stored in the gaseous atmosphere with the combination of CO2 (80%) +N2 (20%) + O2 (0%) [C2] have maintained the maximum germination (92%) followed by Vaccum Packaging [C2] by using 700 gauge polyethylene bag for 14 months under ambient conditions above the Indian Minimum Seed Certification Standards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pollen, fruit, and seed morphology of the Cistus species (Cistaceae) from Turkey were investigated by light microscopy (LM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to describe their characteristics and to clarify the diagnostic importance of these properties for taxonomical purposes. The pollen grains are oblate-spheroidal, with the polar axis ranging from 32 to 55 μm, and the equatorial axis ranging from 34.25 to 57 μm. Microreticulate-rugulate, striato-reticulate, microechinate, and microreticulate with smooth supratectal elements were found on exine sculpturing. The fruits are ovoid, oblong-globose, or ovoid-globose, and their size ranges between 3–11.2 mm in length and 2.9–10.3 mm in width. Capsule surface patterns can be divided into three types, namely irregularly reticulate, striate, and reticulate-areolate. The hairs on the capsule show variation in type: pilose, bifurcate, and stellate. The seeds are polyhedral, ovoid, rhomboid, oblong, or tetrahedral, and their color varies between dark brown, reddish-brown, yellowish-brown, and black. Four seed coat ornamentation types were observed: reticulate-ruminate, reticulate-rugose, colliculate-ruminate, and alveolate-rugose. Cluster analysis and principal component analysis revealed that the pollen dimension, exine sculpturing, capsule size, capsule indumentum type, capsule surface pattern, seed color, and seed coat ornamentation are the most significant variables to differentiate the Cistus species studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mustard seed contains glucosinolate-myrosinase system of substrate-enzyme metabolism, accompanied with compartmentalized cells. Upon rupture, enzyme myrosinase leads to breakdown of glucosinolates and its metabolized products like allyl, benzyl, phenyl type of isothiocyantes and many other types like nitriles are released. The myrosinase activity is tested in three globally utilized different seed coat color mustards viz., brown mustard (Brassica juncea), white mustard (Sinapis alba) and black mustard (Brassica nigra) to demonstrate the release of glucosinolates which are known to deter insect pests. Aqueous seed extracts of these mustard types were subjected to anti-feedant activity analysis and oil extracted from these mustard seeds was subjected to insecticidal activity analysis against Spilosoma obliqua 4th instars on castor leaves. Meanwhile, the mustard leaves in open field were allowed for natural aphid infestation during early months from January to March. Thereafter, the leaf twigs of white, black and brown mustard, infested and uninfested by aphids, were collected and myrosinase activity of plants was analyzed with varying levels of important pest inflicted biochemicals in plant, viz., Total phenols, ortho-dihydric phenols and flavonols. Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry analysis of mustard oil used in insecticidal activity was performed to elucidate the role of biochemicals involved in action. These compounds along with fatty acids and sterols compounds are known to have anti-feedant & insecticidal activities. Aqueous extract components were also subjected to total glucosinolate analysis, spectrophotometrically for knowing their concentration, with highest in brown (85.81 µmol/g) followed by black (59.32 µmol/g) and lowest in white mustard (47.63 µmol/g). The amount of glucosinolates, free fatty acids & sterol compounds present in different coat color mustard seed types are being correlated here with their potential bioactivities against biological plant pests. Bio-control of potentially harmful insect pests is possible by utilizing anti-feeding & insecticidal potential of mustard seed extracts. [Display omitted] • Spilosoma obliqua and Lipaphis eysimi are harmful pests of edible crops. • Antifeedant & insecticidal activity potential was assessed against Spilosoma obliqua. • Allelochemicals of mustard plants were assessed against Lipaphis erysimi infestation. • GC–MS of mustard oils shows compounds responsible for insect-deterring potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This account presents information on all aspects of the biology of Ceratonia siliqua L. (Carob) that are relevant to understanding its ecological characteristics and behaviour. The main topics are presented within the standard framework of the International Biological Flora: distribution, habitat, communities, responses to biotic factors, responses to environment, structure and physiology, phenology, floral and seed characters, herbivores and disease, history and conservation.Ceratonia siliqua is a lowland evergreen shrub or tree, native around the Mediterranean basin and widely cultivated in areas with a warm temperate and subtropical climate, with more than 100 named cultivars. Carob grows on a wide range of soils including nutrient‐poor and strongly calcareous, dry soils.Carob is dioecious or rarely hermaphrodite although females dominate in cultivation due to their fruit. Pollination is primarily by insects and the relatively large seeds are spread mainly by ingestion of fruits by mammals. Seed dormancy is imposed by a hard seed coat and seeds germinate readily after natural or artificial scarification.Drought tolerance is very high, acting as a drought avoiding water spender. Carob is also very tolerant of saline conditions and tolerant of fire and can act to restrict wildfire spread by generating fuel discontinuity. It shows high post‐fire regrowth. Old individuals house a diversity of associated fauna and are comparatively unaffected by serious pests and diseases.Carob has a long cultural history around the Mediterranean as a food source for humans and domesticated animals, in herbal and modern medicine and, more recently, for the carob bean gum used in a variety of domestic products and foods. Commercial production of fruits has declined over past decades but the low cultural care needed in growing orchards, potential new markets for fruit and seeds, and growing use of the tree to prevent soil erosion and sequester carbon gives carob a brighter future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Developing improved common bean varieties with short cooking time (CT) and good canning quality traits (CQTs) is very key for accelerating bean consumption among the urban and middle‐class population. The objective of this study was to assess the genotypic variability and identify single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers associated with CT and CQTs in common bean. A total of 250 common bean accessions were evaluated under field conditions for two seasons using alpha lattice design with two replications. Three months post‐harvest, the dry bean grains were evaluated for CT and CQTs. Significant variation was observed among the 250 common bean accessions tested for both traits. CT ranged from 51 to 215 min, with 11 genotypes cooking in less than 60 min. The percentage total CQTs' score ranged from 41% to 84% with 31 genotypes scoring 76% and above. Forty‐seven significant GWAS signals were detected for CT on chromosomes Pv01, Pv04, Pv05 and Pv11 and CQTs on Pv01, Pv02, Pv03, Pv04, Pv05, Pv06, Pv07, Pv08, Pv10 and Pv11, respectively. Positional candidate genes including Phvul.005G161200 on chromosome Pv05, Phvul.007G2803001 and Phvul.007G280700 on chromosome Pv07 were associated with seed coat colour retention of the canned beans. Besides their usefulness in breeding research, the identified bean genotypes with shorter CT and good CQTs could enhance bean consumption and processing industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Climate change may result in a drier climate and increased salinization, threatening agricultural productivity worldwide. Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) produces highly nutritious seeds and tolerates abiotic stresses such as drought and high salinity, making it a promising future food source. However, the presence of antinutritional saponins in their seeds is an undesirable trait. We mapped genes controlling seed saponin content to a genomic region that includes TSARL1. We isolated desired genetic variation in this gene by producing a large mutant library of a commercial quinoa cultivar and screening the library for specific nucleotide substitutions using droplet digital PCR. We were able to rapidly isolate two independent tsarl1 mutants, which retained saponins in the leaves and roots for defence, but saponins were undetectable in the seed coat. We further could show that TSARL1 specifically controls seed saponin biosynthesis in the committed step after 2,3‐oxidosqualene. Our work provides new important knowledge on the function of TSARL1 and represents a breakthrough for quinoa breeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Adzuki bean (Vigna angularis) is an important legume crop cultivated in over 30 countries worldwide. We developed a high‐quality chromosome‐level reference genome of adzuki bean cultivar Jingnong6 by combining PacBio Sequel long‐read sequencing with short‐read and Hi‐C technologies. The assembled genome covers 97.8% of the adzuki bean genome with a contig N50 of approximately 16 Mb and a total of 32 738 protein‐coding genes. We also generated a comprehensive genome variation map of adzuki bean by whole‐genome resequencing (WGRS) of 322 diverse adzuki beans accessions including both wild and cultivated. Furthermore, we have conducted comparative genomics and a genome‐wide association study (GWAS) on key agricultural traits to investigate the evolution and domestication. GWAS identified several candidate genes, including VaCycA3;1, VaHB15, VaANR1 and VaBm, that exhibited significant associations with domestication traits. Furthermore, we conducted functional analyses on the roles of VaANR1 and VaBm in regulating seed coat colour. We provided evidence for the highest genetic diversity of wild adzuki (Vigna angularis var. nipponensis) in China with the presence of the most original wild adzuki bean, and the occurrence of domestication process facilitating transition from wild to cultigen. The present study elucidates the genetic basis of adzuki bean domestication traits and provides crucial genomic resources to support future breeding efforts in adzuki bean. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we document the primary structural changes that occur during the seed development of Paphiopedilum spicerianum (Rchb.f.) Pfitzer, an endangered species with high horticultural value. Within a defined timeline, our results offer insights into the connection between these structural changes in seeds and their germination percentage. The optimum germination was recorded for immature seeds collected at 180 to 210 days after pollination (DAP), during which the embryos are in the late globular stage and the suspensor begins to degenerate. As seeds continued to mature by 240 DAP, there was a gradual decline in germination. Histochemical staining of mature seeds reveals that only the inner seedcoat and the surface of the embryo exhibit positive reactions to the Nile red stain, suggesting a relatively weak coat-imposed dormancy. This weaker dormancy may contribute to the higher germination observed in mature seeds of P. spicerianum compared with other challenging-to-germinate species. Of the cytokinins examined, 6-(γ,γ-dimethylallylamino)purine (2iP), kinetin (KN), and 6-benzylaminopurine (BA) exhibited a stimulating effect on germination, concurrently enhancing the formation of amorphous protocorms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Black soybeans with green cotyledon have long been widely consumed in the East due to their high content of health-promoting anthocyanins and lutein. However, major anti-nutritional and allergenic components such as lectin, Kunitz trypsin inhibitor (KTI), P34, lipoxygenase, and stachyose are contained in mature seed. The objective of this research is to breed a soybean line with a black seed coat, a green cotyledon, and the penta null genotype (lele-titi-p34p34-lox1lox1lox2lox2lox3lox3-rs2rs2) for all five components. The F2 plant strain with penta null genotype for lectin, KTI, P34, lipoxygenase, and stachyose components was developed. The breeding line has purple flower, determinate growth habit, brown pod, black seed coat and green cotyledon. The stem height of the breeding line was 57.0 cm and 100 seed weight was 31.5 g. This is the first soybean breeding line with black seed coat, green cotyledon and penta null genotypes for lectin, KTI, P34, lipoxygenase, and stachyose factors. This line will be used as parent to improve a black soybean cultivar with green cotyledon that have significantly reduced anti-nutritional and allergenic traits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: The alteration of chromatin accessibility plays an important role in plant responses to abiotic stress. Carbon‐based nanomaterials (CBNMs) have attracted increasing interest in agriculture due to their potential impact on crop productivity, showcasing effects on plant biological processes at transcriptional levels; however, their impact on chromatin accessibility remains unknown. RESULTS: This study found that fullerenol can penetrate the seed coat of pea to mitigate the reduction of seed germination caused by osmotic stress. RNA sequencing (RNA‐seq) revealed that the application of fullerenol caused the high expression of genes related to oxidoreduction to return to a normal level. Assay for transposase accessible chromatin sequencing (ATAC‐seq) confirmed that fullerenol application reduced the overall levels of chromatin accessibility of numerous genes, including those related to environmental signaling, transcriptional regulation, and metabolism. CONCLUSION: This study suggests that fullerenol alleviates osmotic stress on various fronts, encompassing antioxidant, transcriptional, and epigenetic levels. This advances knowledge of the working mechanism of this nanomaterial within plant cells. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herbaria are vital resources of biodiversity education and conservation. They contain significant dried collections and botanical data of plant species that are useful for taxonomy, systematics, and plant-based applied research applications. Verbascum L. is the largest genus within the Scrophulariaceae family globally. However, the high morphological diversity within the genus poses significant challenges for accurate species delimitation. This study investigated the pollen and seed morphology of seven distinct Verbascum groups (comprising 10 taxa, including three endemics) from southeastern Anatolia using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). SEM analyses revealed that all examined taxa possessed tricolporate pollen apertures, with pollen shapes varying between prolate spheroidal and oblate spheroidal. Seeds exhibited a light brown to dark brown color, with a prismatic oblong shape and alveolate surface. The seed coat ornamentation consisted of irregular polygonal cells, densely covered with distinct vesicles. Findings demonstrate significant morphological distinctions in both pollen and seed characteristics, suggesting their utility in taxonomic discrimination within Verbascum groups. Notably, the detailed micromorphology revealed by SEM proved to be particularly valuable for classifying these taxa. These results contribute the understanding of the taxonomic diversity within Verbascum and highlight the crucial role of SEM in uncovering microstructural details for accurate species identification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vigna mungo. L (Black gram) belonging to the Leguminosae family is a most abundant source of protein for human and animal diets. Over 8.5 million tonnes of black gram are being produced worldwide, and after confiscating the endosperm for the protein source, the seed coat is dumped as agro-waste and used as feed for the cattle. This study aims to investigate and profile the metabolites in three distinct parts of V. mungo seeds: coat, cotyledon, and intact seed. Also, it has been hypothesized that sugar methylation plays a pivotal role in facilitating black gram seed germination by serving as an energy source during metabolic processes. In our study, A total of forty-nine compounds belonging to the class such as fatty acids, saccharides, triterpenes, sterols, and vitamins were detected in various parts of V. mungo seed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Most interestingly, 3-O-methyl-D-glucose (3-OMG) was commonly detected in methanolic extract of coat, intact seed, and cotyledon with peak area percentages of 3.076, 1.157, and 1.100 %, respectively. Based on the highest peak area percentage in the coat, this compound was purified by using a silica gel column with a mesh size of 60–120 followed by Biotage SNAP cartridge KP-C18-HS (12 g). The yield and purity of the purified fractions were found to be 11.78 & 94.19 %, respectively by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis. Further, the mass confirmation of purified fraction containing 3-OMG (m/z - 217.06 g/mol) was done by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and reconfirmed with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF/MS). The MS/MS analysis of the fragment showed m/z 206.91 for 3-OMG which corresponds to the association of the sodium adduct. The concentration of 3-OMG was quantified as 332.65 µg/g of dry weight in the coat of V. mungo by HPLC analysis. Also, among the antioxidant assays conducted, such as DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, and NOS, it was observed that the methanolic extract of coat exhibited the most significant antioxidant activity. The 3-OMG is commonly used as a non-metabolized analogue of glucose by regulating glucose transporter, especially GLUT-4 that regulates the absorption of glucose by insulin into muscle and fat cells. This study supports the black gram seed with coat as an alternative medicine to regulate blood glucose. [Display omitted] • The analysis focuses on the seed of Vigna mungo L which is produced globally. • Fatty acids, saccharides, triterpenes, sterols, and vitamins were detected by GC-MS in various parts of the V. mungo seed. • 3-O-methyl-D-glucose was detected in the coat with a high peak area percentage using GC-MS.3-O-methyl-D-glucose (3-OMG) detected in coat, seed, and cotyledon with high peak. • The MS/MS fragment of purified fraction for 3-OMG showed m/z 217.06 and was quantified at 332.65 μg/g of dry weight by HPLC. • Methanolic extract of the coat exhibited the highest antioxidant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In angiosperms, seed size is a critical trait that is influenced by the complex interplay between the endosperm and seed coat. The HAIKU (IKU) pathway, involving the transcription factor WRKY10, plays a crucial role in regulating seed size in Arabidopsis thaliana. However, the downstream targets of WRKY10 and their roles in seed size determination remain largely unexplored. Here, we identified LACCASE2 (LAC2), a laccase gene involved in lignin biosynthesis, as a new downstream target of WRKY10. We observed that the expression of LAC2 was upregulated in the mini3 mutant, which is defective in WRKY10. We demonstrated that WRKY10 directly binds to the promoter of miR397a, activating its expression. miR397a, in turn, represses the expression of LAC2. Genetic analyses revealed that a mutation in LAC2 or overexpression of miR397a partially rescued the small seed phenotype of the MINISEED3 (MINI3) mutant mini3. Conversely, the overexpression of LAC2 in the wild type led to a decrease in seed size. These findings suggest that LAC2 functions as a negative regulator of seed size, and its expression is modulated by WRKY10 through miR397a. Our study uncovers a novel WRKY10-miR397a-LAC2 pathway that regulates seed size in Arabidopsis, providing new insights into the complex regulatory network governing seed development in plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Arid environments have become degraded in recent times through human activity highlighting the need for restoration works to reverse this trend. One of the most common forms of restoration works is revegetation. However, revegetation is difficult in the arid zone due to a combination of environmental factors such as low moisture and extreme temperatures, as well as financial and administrative factors. In this review, we investigated the literature describing various methods available for arid revegetation, and assess their utility for revegetation activities. Each of the methods investigated were found to have potential advantages and disadvantages, though some general trends were observed. Two main planting methods were identified, "out‐planting" and "direct seeding." Which of these methods to use depends on the conditions of the project being undertaken. Out‐planting appeared to be the most suited approach to smaller scale projects with higher budget availability, whereas direct seeding was more suited to large scale, lower budget projects. Weed control prior to planting was identified as being critical for success in most works, whereas soil ripping was beneficial for direct seeding projects. Among the soil amendments investigated, water‐holding gels were most likely to be beneficial, whereas fertilizers were riskier due to their potential to reduce drought tolerance and increase weed invasion. Microbial inoculation with mycorrhiza showed high potential to improve plant performance but may be held back by the lack of suitable commercial sources. Newer seed technologies, such as synthetic seed coats and pellets, show promise, but this issue still requires further research and development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant seeds and fruits, like those of Ocimum basilicum , develop a mucilaginous envelope rich in pectins and cellulosic fibers upon hydration. This envelope promotes adhesion for attachment to soils and other substrates for dispersal and protection of the seed for a safe germination. Initially at hydration, the mucilage envelope demonstrates low adhesion and friction, but shows increasing adhesive and frictional properties during dehydration. However, the mechanisms underlying the cellulose fiber arrangement and the mechanical properties, especially the elasticity modulus of the mucilage envelope at different hydration conditions are not fully known. In this study, which is based on scanning electron microscopy (SEM), confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and light microscopy, the structure of the seed coat and arrangement of the cellulose fibers of basil seeds were characterized. Moreover, we performed pull-off force measurements to estimate adhesive properties and JKR-tests to estimate E-modulus of the mucilage at different hydration levels. Microscopy results demonstrate that cellulose fibers are split at their free ends into smaller fibrils, which might enhance the adhesive properties of the mucilage. Adhesive forces in contact increased during dehydration and reached maximum of 33 mN shortly before complete dehydration. The E-modulus of the mucilage changed from 1.4 KPa in water to up to 2.1 MPa in the mucilage at the maximum of its adhesion performance. Obtained results showed hydrogel-like mechanical properties during dehydration and cellulose fiber structures similar to the nanofibrous systems in other organisms with strong adhesive properties. This paper reveals the hierarchical cellulose fiber structure in Ocimum basilicum's mucilaginous seed coat, suggesting increased fiber splitting towards the end, potentially enhancing adhesion contact areas. Mechanical tests explore elasticity modulus and adhesion force during various hydration stages, crucial as these properties evolve with mucilage desiccation. A rare focus on mucilaginous seed coat mechanical properties, particularly cellulose-reinforced fibers, provides insight into the hydrogel-like mucilage of plant seeds. Adhesion forces peak just before complete desiccation and then decline rapidly. As mucilage water content decreases, the E-modulus rises, displaying hydrogel-like properties during early dehydration stages with higher water content. This study might bring the focus to plant seeds as inspiration for biodegradable glues and applications for hydrogel research. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Schizanthus carlomunozii, S. hookeri, and S. porrigens are herbaceous species native to Chile and Argentina and have high ornamental potential. Their propagation through seeds is challenging due to low and uneven germination percentages. This study aimed to determine the morpho-anatomical characteristics, dormancy, and germination requirements of the seeds of these three species. The seeds from all three species have a flattened and reniform shape with a foveolate testa. However, the seeds of S. hookeri are distinguished by their larger size, more pronounced C-shape, seed coat with more marked prominences, and symmetrically arranged areoles. Histological analysis and imbibition tests with methylene blue revealed that the seeds have well-developed embryos and permeable seed coats, ruling out physical and morphological dormancy. Germination tests under various conditions showed that the seeds of the three species exhibit physiological dormancy. Imbibition in gibberellic acid (200 ppm) proved to be an effective treatment to promote germination. When evaluated in S. hookeri seeds, cold stratification and after-ripening also improved germination. The optimal temperatures for seed germination were calculated to be 26 °C for S. carlomunozii, 19 °C for S. hookeri, and 23 °C for S. porrigens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The woolly apple aphid—WAA (Eriosoma lanigerum Hausmann, 1802) poses a significant threat to intensive apple production. Given the limitations of conventional synthetic pesticides, there is an urgent need for effective and sustainable pest management strategies. Botanical extracts derived from plants with insecticidal properties mitigating aphid populations without adverse environmental impacts are scarce where WAA is concerned. Thus, the pertinent study aimed to investigate the aphicidal potential of Koelreuteria paniculata seed ethanolic extract (derived from the seed coat) and mechanically extracted oil (derived from the seed itself). At concentrations of 2.5% and 5%, both solutions expressed undeniable insecticidal potential, providing absolute (100%; oil) or significant (86–100%; ethanolic extract) mortality rates both in vivo and in vitro. Predominant phenolic compounds determined in the ethanolic extract were gallic and protocatechuic acids and three derivates—p-coumaric, quercetin, and luteolin acid derivates—contributing to more than 90% of the total phenolic content, while phenolic compounds were not detected in the oil, indicating activity of different active compounds. Although deriving from different seed parts and distinct extraction methods, both ethanolic extract and oil exhibited significant aphicidal effects against WAA. The integration of botanical extracts from invasive species into pest management practices supports ecological balance and sustainable agricultural productivity, fostering a healthier environment and more resilient agricultural systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Waxy maize is mainly cultivated in South Korea for the production of food and snacks, and colored maize with increased anthocyanin content is used in the production of functional foods and medicinal products. Association mapping analysis (AMA) is supported as the preferred method for identifying genetic markers associated with complex traits. Our study aimed to identify molecular markers associated with two anthocyanin content and six seed coat color traits in near-isogenic lines (NILs) of colored waxy maize assessed through AMA. We performed AMA for 285 SSR loci and two anthocyanin content and six seed coat color traits in 10 NILs of colored waxy maize. In the analysis of population structure and cluster formation, the two parental lines (HW3, HW9) of "Mibaek 2ho" variety waxy maize and the 10 NILs were clearly divided into two groups, with each group containing one of the two parental inbred lines. In the AMA, 62 SSR markers were associated with two seed anthocyanin content and six seed coat color traits in the 10 NILs. All the anthocyanin content and seed coat color traits were associated with SSR markers, ranging from 2 to 12 SSR markers per characteristic. The 12 SSR markers were together associated with both of the two anthocyanin content (kuromanin and peonidin) traits. Our current results demonstrate the effectiveness of SSR analysis for the examination of genetic diversity, relationships, and population structure and AMA in 10 NILs of colored waxy maize and the two parental lines of the "Mibaek 2ho" variety waxy maize. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seed physical dormancy (hard-seededness) is an interesting ecological phenomenon and important agronomic trait. The loss of seed coat impermeability/hard-seededness is a key target trait during the domestication of leguminous crops which allows seeds to germinate rapidly and uniformly. In this study, we examined the mutation of quantitative trait locus (QTL) genes, GmHs1-1 and GmqHS1, in 18 wild soybean (G. soja) and 23 cultivated soybean (G. max) accessions. The sequencing results indicate that a G-to-T substitution in GmqHS1 and a C-to-T substitution in GmHs1-1 occurred in all 23 cultivated soybean accessions but not in any of the 18 wild soybean accessions. The mutations in the two genes led to increased seed coat permeability in cultivated soybean. Therefore, we provide evidence that two genes, GmHs1-1 and GmqHS1, simultaneously contribute to the domestication of hard-seededness in soybeans. This finding is of great significance for genetic analysis and improved utilization of the soybean hard-seededness trait. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]