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A paradox of so-called developed countries is that, as the major historical causes of human mortality are eliminated or mitigated by medical progress, life-style related diseases have become major killers. Furthermore, as life-span is extended by the combined effects of modern medicine, health-span is struggling to keep apace because of the burden of non-communicable diseases linked to diet and sedentary life-style. The gut microbiome is now recognized as a plastic environmental risk factor for many of these diseases, the microbiome being defined as the complex community of co-evolved commensal microbes that breaks down components of a complex diet, modulates innate immunity, and produces signalling molecules and metabolites that can impact on diverse regulatory systems in mammals. Aspects of the so-called â Westernâ life-style linked to disease risk such as energy dense diet and antibiotic treatment are known to affect the composition and function of the microbiome. Here we review the detailed mechanisms whereby the gut microbiome may modulate risk of diseases linked to sedentary life-style, and ageing related health loss. We focus on the comparative value of natural animal models such as hibernation for studying metabolic regulation, and the challenge of extrapolating from animal models to processes that occur in human ageing.

Purpose: This cross-sectional study examined the mutual independent associations of sedentary behavior, lower intensity physical activity (LPA) and higher intensity physical activity (HPA) (an approximation of moderate to vigorous physical activity with cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF). Methods: Two thousand twenty-four participants were included from The Maastricht Study (mean +/- SD age, 59.7 +/- 8.1 yr; 49.6% men). With the activPAL3 activity monitor, we assessed sedentary time (ST), sedentary pattern variables (number of sedentary breaks, average sedentary bout duration, and number of prolonged sedentary bouts [>= 30 min]), LPA, and HPA. CRF was calculated as maximum power output per kilogram body mass (W-max.kg(-1)) estimated from a submaximal cycle ergometer test. Linear regression analyses and isotemporal substitution analyses were used to examine associations of ST, sedentary pattern variables, and HPA with CRF. Analyses were stratified by sex. Results: One hour of ST per day was associated with a lower W-max.kg(-1) : B-men = -0.03 (95% confidence interval [CI], -0.05 to -0.01) and B-women = -0.02 (95% CI, -0.04 to 0.00), independent of HPA. No statistically significant associations between sedentary patterns variables and CRF were observed. LPA was associated with a higher W-max.kg(-1): B-men = 0.12 (95% CI, 0.07-0.17) and B-women = -0.12 (95% CI, 0.07-0.18). HPA was associated with a higher W-max.kg(-1) : B-men = 0.48 (95% CI, 0.38-0.58) and B-women = 0.27 (95% CI, 0.18-0.36). Replacing ST with LPA (B-men, 0.08; 95% CI, 0.03-0.14; B-women, 0.10; 95% CI, 0.05-0.16) or with HPA (B-men, 0.49; 95% CI, 0.39-0.59; B-women = 0.28; 95% CI, 0.19-0.36), but not with standing was associated with higher CRF. Conclusions: Modest associations between sedentary behavior and CRF were observed. Replacing ST with LPA was associated with higher CRF, which could be of particular importance for individuals who cannot engage in HPA. Nonetheless, replacing ST with HPA was associated with greatest estimated change in CRF.

Namen raziskave je bil ugotoviti ali obstaja povezanost med telesno samopodobo in življenjskim slogom študentk Pedagoške fakultete Univerze v Mariboru. V raziskavi je sodelovalo 170 študentk 2. in 3. letnika razrednega pouka Pedagoške fakultete Univerze v Mariboru, starih od 19 do 20 let. Podatki o telesni samopodobi so bili pridobljeni s poslovenjeno različico francoske verzije vprašalnika za ugotavljanje telesne samopodobe mladostnikov The Psysical Self-Enventory-Short form (Maïano, Morin, Ninot, Monthuy-Blanc, Stephan, Florent et al., 2008). Za pridobivanje podatkov o življenjskem slogu smo uporabili vprašalnik Vrednotenje življenjskega sloga. Za ugotavljanje razlik v posameznih segmentih telesne samopodobe med skupinami študentk z zdravim, manj zdravim in nezdravim življenjskim slogom je bila uporabljena Analiza variance (ANOVA). Post-Hoc Scheffe preizkus smo uporabili za natančnejšo opredelitev razlik. Statistično značilnost smo ugotavljali na ravni tveganja p≤0,05. Rezultati raziskave kažejo, da se študentke z različnimi kadilskimi in pivskimi navadami ne razlikujejo statistično značilno v nobenem segmentu telesne samopodobe. Rezultati raziskave niso pokazali statistično značilnih razlik študentk z različnimi prehranskimi navadami v splošni samopodobi, športnih kompetencah, telesnem videzu in dojemanju lastne moči. Obstajajo pa statistično značilne razlike študentk z različnimi prehranskimi navadami v telesni samopodobi skupaj, telesni samopodobi in ocenjevanju lastne vzdržljivosti. Med različno športno dejavnimi skupinami študentk obstajajo statistično značilne razlike le v lastnem dojemanju moči, saj skupina nizko dejavni značilno višje dojema lastno moč kot skupina srednje in zelo dejavni. S pomočjo raziskave smo ugotovili, da študentke z zdravim življenjskim slogom nimajo višje telesne samopodobe od vrstnic, ki živijo manj zdravo. Gre za to, da merjenke ne vidijo neposredne povezave med raziskovalnima področjema. Pomeni, da zato ker nekdo zdravo živi, sebe ne dojema močnejšega, bolj vzdržljivega, prav tako sebe ne dojema kot posameznika z višjimi športnimi kompetencami in telesnim videzom. The purpose of the survey was to identify whether there is a connection between physical self-perception and the life-style of female students enrolled in the Faculty of Education at the University of Maribor. 170 female students aged between 19 and 20, all in their 2nd and 3rd year of the 1st degree programme Elementary Education at the Faculty of Education in Maribor, participated in the survey. Data about physical self-perception was obtained through the Slovenian adaptation of the French questionnaire for the assessment of physical self-perception of adolescents The Physical Self-Inventory – Short form (Maïano, Morin, Ninot, Monthuy-Blanc, Stephan, Florent et al., 2008). The questionnaire Life-Style Assessment was used for the acquisition of data about their life-style, whereas the analysis of variance (ANOVA) for the assessment of differences in different segments of physical self-perception between groups of female students with a healthy, less healthy and unhealthy life-style. The Post-Hoc Scheffé test was used for a more precise definition of differences. Statistical significance was identified with a p≤0.05 level of risk. The survey results indicate that there are no statistically significant differences in the segment of physical self-perception between female students with different smoking and drinking habits. Results have also shown that there are no statistically significant differences regarding general self-perception, athletic abilities, physical attractiveness and self-comprehension of strength between female students with different dietary habits. However, statistically significant differences concerning general physical self-perception, physical self-perception and self-assessment of stamina exist between female students with different dietary habits. Statistically significant differences exist also between groups of female students, who engage in sports activities on different levels, but only regarding self-comprehension of strength, because the low active group usually comprehends their level of strength higher in comparison to the medium and high active groups. Through the survey we ascertained that female students with a healthy life-style do not have a better physical self-perception than their peers with a less healthy life-style. Participants in the survey do not see a direct connection between both research fields. This means, that because someone lives a healthier life-style this person does not perceive herself as stronger, having more stamina, and as well not as an individual with higher athletic abilities and physical attractiveness.