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Concealed information test (CIT) has been utilized for long to perform single measurements. The combination of multiple measures outperforms single measures because of the diverse cognitive processes they reflect and the reduction in random errors facilitated by multiple measures. To further explore the performance of the CIT with multiple measurements, 57 participants were recruited and randomly assigned into guilty and innocent groups. Subsequently, simultaneously recorded reaction time (RT), skin conductance responses (SCRs), heart rate (HR), and neuroimaging data were collected from functional near‐infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) to detect participants' concealed information in a standard CIT. The results demonstrated that all indicators including RT (area under the curve (AUC) = 0.87), SCRs (AUC = 0.79), HR (AUC = 0.78), and fNIRS (channel 8, AUC = 0.85) could differentiate guilty and innocent groups. Importantly, the use of multiple indicators achieved higher detection efficiency (AUC = 0.96) compared to the use of any single indicator. These results illustrate the effectiveness and feasibility of integrating multiple indicators for concealed information detection in CIT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Studies to date of superior capsular reconstruction (SCR) comparing outcomes of healed grafts versus torn grafts do not separate graft tears based on location of the tear, rather they combine and report all tears as a single group. Purpose/Hypothesis: The purpose of this study was to correlate functional outcome with graft integrity and graft tear location after SCR with a dermal allograft. It was hypothesized that the functional outcomes of patients with an intact graft would be equivalent to those with graft tears leaving the tuberosity covered. Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: Patients who underwent SCR with an acellular dermal allograft at a single institution were included. Pre- and postoperative American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES), Oxford Shoulder Score, visual analog scale (VAS) for pain, and postoperative Single Assessment Numeric Evaluation (SANE) scores were recorded. A magnetic resonance imaging scan was performed postoperatively to assess graft integrity. Results: A total of 39 patients met inclusion criteria. Mean age of patients was 60.4 ± 8.7 years; mean follow-up was 53.3 ± 25 months (range, 14-98 months). Magnetic resonance imaging performed at a mean of 17.5 months (range, 6-66 months) demonstrated an intact graft in 14 (36%); tear from the glenoid in 11 (28%), from midsubstance in 4 (10%), and from the tuberosity in 8 (21%); and complete graft absence in 2 (5%). Patients were divided into group 1 (intact graft), group 2 (tuberosity covered: tears from glenoid and midsubstance tears), and group 3 (tuberosity bare: tears from the tuberosity and dissolved or absent grafts). In group 1, there was significant improvement in ASES (37.9 to 88.5; P <.001), Oxford (25.2 to 46.2; P <.001), and VAS (6.8 to 0.9; P <.001). In group 2, there was significant improvement in ASES (32.2 to 86.1; P <.001), Oxford (23.4 to 44.2; P <.001), and VAS (7.3 to 1.3; P <.001). In group 3, there was no significant improvement in ASES (40.3 to 45.8; P =.50) or Oxford (33.5 to 31.4; P =.81), but there was a significant reduction in VAS (7.1 to 5.4; P =.03). There was no significant difference between group 1 and 2 in postoperative ASES (88.5 vs 86.1; P =.59), Oxford (46.2 vs 44.2; P =.07), VAS (0.9 vs 1.3, P =.42) and SANE (85.4 vs 83.2; P =.92) scores. However, group 3 had significantly lower ASES (45.8; P <.001), lower Oxford (31.4; P <.001), lower SANE (45.4; P <.001), and higher VAS (5.4; P <.001) scores than groups 1 and 2. There were no differences in outcomes based on sex (P =.72), previous surgery (P =.06), preoperative acromiohumeral distance (P =.57), and preoperative Goutallier stage of the supraspinatus (P =.16). Conclusion: Patients who underwent SCR with a dermal allograft and developed a graft tear leaving the tuberosity covered had equivalent functional outcomes to those with an intact graft. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nitrogen oxides (NOxs) are some of the most important hazardous air pollutants from industry. In China, the annual NOx emission in the waste gas of industrial sources is about 8.957 million tons, while power plants remain the largest anthropogenic source of NOx emissions, and the precise control of NOx in power plants is crucial. However, due to inherent issues with measurement and pipelines in coal-fired power plants, there is typically a delay of about three minutes in NOx measurements, bringing mismatch between its control and measurement. Measuring delays in NOx from power plants can lead to excessive ammonia injection or failure to meet environmental standards for NOx emissions. To address the issue of NOx measurement delays, this study introduced a hybrid boosting model suitable for on-site implementation. The model could serve as a feedforward signal in SCR control, compensating for NOx measurement delays and enabling precise ammonia injection for accurate denitrification in power plants. The model combines generation mechanism and data-driven approaches, enhancing its prediction accuracy through the categorization of time-series data into linear, nonlinear, and exogenous regression components. In this study, a time-based method was proposed for analyzing the correlations between variables in denitration systems and NOx concentrations. This study also introduced a new evaluation indicator, part of R2 (PR2), which focused on the prediction effect at turning points. Finally, the proposed model was applied to actual data from a 330 MW power plant, showing excellent predictive accuracy, particularly for one-minute forecasts. For 3 min prediction, compared to predictions made by ARIMA, the R-squared (R2) and PR2 were increased by 3.6% and 30.6%, respectively, and the mean absolute error (MAE) and mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) were decreased by 9.4% and 9.1%, respectively. These results confirmed the accuracy and applicability of the integrated model for on-site implementation as a 3 min advanced prediction soft sensor in power plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The presence of alkali metals in flue gas can lead to catalyst poisoning, which can significantly impact the de-NOx efficiency of the catalyst. There is a lack of specific studies on the influence of potassium (K) poisoning on the efficiency of γ-Fe2O3. In this study, the mechanism of K poisoning on the γ-Fe2O3 surface was studied based on DFT, and the influence of K on molecular adsorption and SCR reaction process was analyzed. The results show that the K2O and KCl provide O, K, and Cl ions when deposited on the catalyst surface. The adsorption and dehydrogenation processes of NH3 were enhanced to varying degrees near the O and Cl iron sites, but the subsequent generation and decomposition of NH2NO were inhibited. On the sites near K cations, the adsorption, dehydrogenation, and subsequent SCR reaction processes of NH3 are hindered, and the adverse effects on the reaction are greater on the Fe sites closer to K. As well as the presence of K can to some extent promote the adsorption of NO and O2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The purpose of the present study was to evaluate clinical and functional outcomes, graft integrity rate and progression of osteoarthritis after superior capsular reconstruction (SCR) at short-term follow-up. Methods: Consecutive patients that underwent SCR using an acellular dermal xeno- or allograft between May 2018 and June 2020 for the treatment of irreparable posterosuperior rotator cuff tears were included. Shoulder function (American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons [ASES] score), pain (Visual Analog Scale [VAS] for pain) and active shoulder range of motion (ROM) were evaluated preoperatively and after a minimum of 24 months postoperatively. Isometric strength was measured at follow-up and compared to the contralateral side. Magnetic resonance imaging was performed to evaluate graft integrity and osteoarthritis progression (shoulder osteoarthritis severity [SOAS] score). Results: Twenty-two patients that underwent SCR using a xeno- (n = 9) or allograft (n = 13) were evaluated 33.1 ± 7.2 months postoperatively. Four patients in the xenograft group underwent revision surgery due to pain and range of motion limitations and were excluded from further analysis (revision rate: 18.2%). Shoulder function (ASES score: 41.6 ± 18.8 to 72.9 ± 18.6, p < 0.001), pain levels (VAS for pain: 5.8 ± 2.5 to 1.8 ± 2.0, p < 0.001) and active flexion (p < 0.001) as well as abduction ROM (p < 0.001) improved significantly from pre- to postoperatively. Active external rotation ROM did not improve significantly (p = 0.924). Isometric flexion (p < 0.001), abduction (p < 0.001) and external rotation strength (p = 0.015) were significantly lower in the operated shoulder compared to the non-operated shoulder. Ten shoulders demonstrated a graft tear at the glenoid (n = 8, 44.4%) or humerus (n = 2, 11.1%). Graft lysis was observed in seven shoulders (38.9%). The graft was intact in one shoulder (5.6%), which was an allograft. A significant progression of shoulder osteoarthritis was observed at follow-up (SOAS score: 42.4 ± 10.1 to 54.6 ± 8.4, p < 0.001). Conclusions: At short-term follow-up, SCR using an acellular dermal xeno- or allograft resulted in improved shoulder function and pain with limitations in active external rotation ROM and isometric strength. Graft failure rates were high and osteoarthritis progressed significantly. Level of Evidence: Retrospective cohort study, Level III. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The shift from outcrossing to self-fertilization is one of the main evolutionary transitions in plants and has broad effects on evolutionary trajectories. In Brassicaceae, the ability to inhibit self-fertilization is controlled by 2 genes, SCR and SRK , tightly linked within the S -locus. A series of small non-coding RNAs also encoded within the S -locus regulates the transcriptional activity of SCR alleles, resulting in a linear dominance hierarchy between them. In Brassicaceae, natural allopolyploid species are often self-compatible (SC) even when one of the progenitor species is self-incompatible, but the reason why polyploid lineages tend to lose self-incompatibility (SI) and the timing of the loss of SI (immediately after ancestral hybridization between the progenitor species, or at a later stage after the formation of allopolyploid lineages) have generally remained elusive. We used a series of synthetic diploid and tetraploid hybrids obtained between self-fertilizing Capsella orientalis and outcrossing Capsella grandiflora to test whether the breakdown of SI could be observed immediately after hybridization, and whether the occurrence of SC phenotypes could be explained by the dominance interactions between S -haplotypes inherited from the parental lineages. We used RNA-sequencing data from young inflorescences to measure allele-specific expression of the SCR gene and infer dominance interactions in the synthetic hybrids. We then evaluated the seed set from autonomous self-pollination in the synthetic hybrids. Our results demonstrate that self-compatibility of the hybrids depends on the relative dominance between S -alleles inherited from the parental species, confirming that SI can be lost instantaneously upon formation of the ancestral allopolyploid lineage. They also confirm that the epigenetic regulation that controls dominance interactions between S -alleles can function between subgenomes in allopolyploids. Together, our results illustrate how a detailed knowledge of the mechanisms controlling SI can illuminate our understanding of the patterns of co-variation between the mating system and changes in ploidy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the most important issues in the maritime industry is controlling and reducing the amount of emissions caused by marine vessels. In this respect, the International Maritime Organization sets some air pollution-related regulations and encourages maritime companies to utilise current and innovative emission abatement methods on their ships. The application of these approaches to ships not only provides environmental benefits but also creates additional financial costs for the company. In this study, operational data of a container ship has been acquired and examined. Methods such as ammonia, LNG, scrubber, low sulphur fuel use, and selective catalytic reduction have been considered to determine the most appropriate emission reduction approach. Nine different scenarios have been created with the use of stated methods and each scenario is analysed both environmentally and economically and compared to each other. Finally, the most suitable scenario has been determined by calculating the payback period of each investment. Since there is a relatively longer period of redemption, using a dual-fuel engine could be more suitable for long-lasting and newly built ships. For the currently cruising ships, the use of scrubber systems with selective catalytic reduction is an effective solution to reduce the number of emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antibody-mediated complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) on malignant cells is regulated by several complement control proteins, including the inhibitory complement factor H (fH). fH consists of 20 short consensus repeat elements (SCRs) with specific functional domains. Previous research revealed that the fH-derived SCRs 19-20 (SCR1920) can displace full-length fH on the surface of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cells, which sensitizes CLL cells for e.g. CD20-targeting therapeutic monoclonal antibody (mAb) induced CDC. Therefore, we constructed lentiviral vectors for the generation of cell lines that stably produce mAb-SCR-fusion variants starting from the clinically approved parental mAbs rituximab, obinutuzumab and ofatumumab, respectively. Flowcytometry revealed that the modification of the mAbs by the SCRs does not impair the binding to CD20. Increased in vitro lysis potency compared to their parental mAbs was corroborated by showing specific and dose dependent target cell elimination by CDC when compared to their parental mAbs. Lysis of CLL cells was not affected by the depletion of NK cells, suggesting that antibodydependent cellular cytotoxicity plays a minor role in this context. Overall, this study emphasizes the crucial role of CDC in the elimination of CLL cells by mAbs and introduces a novel approach for enhancing CDC by directly fusing fH SCR1920 with mAbs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Integrated Intelligent Energy is the property of Editorial Department of Integrated Intelligent Energy and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Overshoot and undershoot caused by the current load impact the accuracy of the required output voltage and circuit performance. The transient response issue in existing low-dropout (LDO) regulators is a dynamic specification that must be addressed at the design stage. This transient response is influenced by system parameters such as stability and gain. The LDO regulator suggested in this study is designed to minimize the change in output voltage by considerably enhancing the gain using a dynamic dual buffer structure. A dynamic dual buffer is utilized to effectively control undershoot and overshoot. Under the conditions that the input voltage range is from 3.3 to 4.5 V, the maximum load current is 300 mA, the output voltage is 3 V, and the output of the proposed LDO regulator with the dynamic dual buffer structure has undershoot and overshoot voltages of 41 mV and 31 mV, respectively. That is, the output voltage of the proposed LDO regulator effectively provided and discharged an additional current suited for the undershoot/overshoot conditions to enhance the transient response characteristics. Furthermore, the electrostatic discharge (ESD) robustness characteristics of the proposed LDO regulator improved because of the silicon-controlled rectifier underlying the ESD protection device embedded in the output node and power line. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most Escherichia coli isolates from humans do not utilize D-sucrose as a substrate for fermentation or growth. Previous work has shown that the Csc pathway allows some E. coli to utilize sucrose for slow growth, and this pathway has been engineered in E. coli W strains to enhance use of sucrose as a feedstock for industrial applications. An alternative sucrose utilization pathway, Scr, was first identified in Klebsiella pneumoniae and has been reported in some E. coli and Salmonella enterica isolates. We show here that the Scr pathway is native to an important subset of E. coli phylogroup B2 lineages that lack the Csc pathway but grow rapidly on sucrose. Laboratory E. coli strains derived from MG1655 (phylogroup A, ST10) are unable to utilize sucrose and lack the scr and csc genes, but a recombinant plasmid-borne scr locus enables rapid growth on and fermentation of sucrose. Genome analyses of Enterobacteriaceae indicate that the scr locus is widespread in other Enterobacteriaceae; including Enterobacter and Klebsiella species, and some Citrobacter and Proteus species. In contrast, the Csc pathway is limited mostly to E. coli, some Shigella species (in which csc loci are rendered non-functional by various mutations), and Citrobacter freundii. The more efficient Scr pathway likely has greater potential than the Csc pathway for bioindustrial applications of E. coli and other Enterobacteriaceae using sucrose as a feedstock. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Artificial corner reflectors are widely used in the vegetated landslide for time series InSAR monitoring due to their permanent scattering features. This paper investigated the RCS features of a novel dihedral CR under multi-resource SAR datasets. An RCS reduction model for the novel dihedral corner reflector has been proposed to evaluate the energy loss caused by the deviation between the SAR incident angle and the CR's axis. On the Huangtupo slope, Badong county, Hubei province, tens of dihedral CRs had been installed and the TSX–spotlight and Sentinel-TOPS data had been collected. Based on the observation results of CRs with more than ten deviation angles, the proposed reduction model was tested with preferable consistency under a real dataset, while 2 dBsm of systematic bias was verified in those datasets. The maximum incident angle deviation in the Sentinel data overlapping area is over 12°, which leads to a 2.4 dBsm RCS decrease for horizontally placed dihedral CRs estimated by the proposed model, which has also been testified by the observed results. The testing results from the Sentinel data show that in high, vegetation-covered mountain areas like the Huangtupo slope, the dihedral CRs with a 0.4 m slide length can be achieve 1 mm precision accuracy, while a side length of 0.2 m can achieve the same accuracy under TSX–spotlight data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent studies have defined pseudoparesis as limited active forward elevation between 45° and 90° and maintained passive range of motion (ROM) in the setting of a massive rotator cuff tear (RCT). Although pseudoparesis can be reliably reversed with reverse total shoulder arthroplasty (RSA) or superior capsular reconstruction (SCR), the optimal treatment for this indication remains unknown. The purpose of this study was to compare the clinical outcomes of RSA to SCR in patients with pseudoparesis secondary to massive, irreparable RCT (miRCT). This was a retrospective cohort study of consecutive patients aged 40-70 years with pseudoparesis secondary to miRCT who were treated with either RSA or SCR by a single fellowship-trained shoulder surgeon from 2016 to 2021 with a minimum 12-month follow-up. Multivariate linear regression modeling was used to compare active ROM, visual analog pain scale (VAS), Subjective Shoulder Value (SSV), and American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons Standardized Shoulder Assessment Form (ASES) score between RSA and SCR while controlling for confounding variables. Twenty-seven patients were included in the RSA cohort and 23 patients were included in the SCR cohort with similar mean follow-up times (26.2 ± 21.1 vs. 21.9 ± 14.7 months, respectively). The patients in the RSA group were significantly older than those in the SCR group (65.2 ± 4.4 vs. 54.2 ± 7.8 years, P <.001) and had more severe arthritis (1.8 ± 0.9 vs. 1.2 ± 0.5 Samilson-Prieto, P =.019). The pseudoparesis reversal rate among the RSA and SCR cohorts was 96.3% and 91.3%, respectively. On univariate analysis, the RSA cohort demonstrated significantly greater mean improvement in active FF (89° ± 26° vs. 73° ± 30° change, P =.048), greater postoperative SSV (91 ± 8% vs. 69 ± 25%, P <.001), lower postoperative VAS pain scores (0.6 ± 1.2 vs. 2.2 ± 2.9, P =.020), and less postoperative internal rotation (IR; 4.6° ± 1.6° vs. 6.9° ± 1.8°, P =.004) compared with SCR. On multivariate analysis controlling for age and osteoarthritis, RSA remained a significant predictor of greater SSV (β = 21.5, P =.021) and lower VAS scores (β = –1.4, P =.037), whereas SCR was predictive of greater IR ROM (β = 3.0, P =.043). Although both RSA and SCR effectively reverse pseudoparesis, patients with RSA have higher SSV and lower pain scores but less IR after controlling for age and osteoarthritis. The results of this study may inform surgical decision making for patients who are suitable candidates for either procedure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Emotional involvement is known to be necessary but not sufficient for good decision making in the face of uncertainty. It has been conjectured that emotional engagement in anticipation of risky outcomes constitutes "good" emotions. We introduce a new methodology to determine whether anticipatory emotional engagement is beneficial in the context of trading in financial markets. We focus on heart rate changes because they occur at a sufficiently high frequency to discern timing relative to events in the marketplace. After conservatively adjusting for multiple hypothesis testing, we find that participants whose heart rate changes anticipate their order submissions at inflated prices earn significantly more, whereas participants whose heart rate responds to their trades earn significantly less. By investigating cointegration between skin conductance response and the dynamics of individual portfolio values, we confirm the importance of emotional involvement in determining who makes or loses money. This paper was accepted by Bruno Biais, finance. Funding: This work was supported by the Australian Research Council [Grants DP180102284 and LE130100112]. The authors also thank the Monash Business School for funds associated with the Monash Business Behavioural Laboratory facility and equipment used in this study. Supplemental Material: The data files and online appendix are available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2023.4883. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, the Co–Al spinel catalyst and M–Co–Al (M = Fe and Ce) catalysts were synthesized to explore their catalytic performance for the NH3-SCR reaction. The physicochemical properties of these catalysts were further characterized utilizing N2-physisorption, XRD, NH3-TPD, H2-TPR, XPS, SEM, and EDS mapping. The results show that Fe/Ce addition has a significant influence on the catalytic performance and physicochemical properties of catalysts. The Co-Al spinel catalyst yields the lowest catalytic performance, while the Fe–Co–Al catalyst exhibits the best catalytic performance and more than 93% NOx conversion can be obtained in the range of 240–270 °C. Meanwhile, Fe or Ce addition can promote the oxidation of NO to NO2 and inhibit the NH3 oxidation reaction. The characterization results indicate that the addition of Fe or Ce remarkably reduces the crystallinity of spinel oxides and facilitates the dispersion of active species. Furthermore, the synergistic interaction between Fe/Ce and Co increases the ratio of Oβ/(Oα + Oβ) and Co3+/(Co3+ + Co2+), which can accelerate the catalytic performance of catalysts. Finally, better redox properties and moderate surface acidity of catalysts can be obtained with the addition of Fe or Ce. All of the mentioned above contribute to the promoted catalytic performance of catalysts and such an effect is more pronounced with Fe doping. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Attention helps us to be aware of the external world, and this may be especially important when a threat stimulus predicts an aversive outcome. Electroencephalogram (EEG) alpha-band suppression has long been considered as a neural signature of attentional engagement. The present study was designed to test whether attentional engagement, as indexed by alpha-band suppression, is increased in a sustained manner following a conditioned stimulus (CS) that is paired with an aversive (CS+) vs neutral (CS-) outcome. We tested 70 healthy young adults in aversive conditioning and extinction paradigms. One of three colored circles served as the CS+, which was paired in 50% of the trials with a noise burst (unconditioned stimulus, US). The other colored circles (CS-) were never paired with the US. For conditioning, we found greater alpha-band suppression for the CS+ compared to the CS-; this suppression was sustained through the time of the predicted US. This effect was significantly reduced for extinction. These results indicate that conditioned threat stimuli trigger an increase in attentional engagement as subjects monitor the environment for the predicted aversive stimulus. Moreover, this alpha-band suppression effect may be valuable for future studies examining normal or pathological increases in attentional monitoring following threat stimuli.

In this paper, a detailed mechanism is discussed for two processes: deNOx and deN2O. An FAU catalyst was used for the reaction with Cu-Fe bimetallic adsorbates represented by a dimer with bridged oxygen. Partial hydration of the metal centres in the dimer was considered. Ab initio calculations based on the density functional theory were used. The electron parameters of the structures obtained were also analysed. Visualisation of the orbitals of selected structures and their interpretations are presented. The presented research allowed a closer look at the mechanisms of processes that are very common in the automotive and chemical industries. Based on theoretical modelling, it was possible to propose the most efficient catalyst that could find potential application in industry–this is the FAU catalyst with a Cu-O-Fe bimetallic dimer with a hydrated copper centre. The essential result of our research is the improvement in the energetics of the reaction mechanism by the presence of an OH group, which will influence the way NO and NH3 molecules react with each other in the deNOx process depending on the industrial conditions of the process. Our theoretical results suggest also how to proceed with the dosage of NO and N2O during the industrial process to increase the desired reaction effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This paper aims to synthesize and test Mn-Sb/TiO2-CNT catalysts with different Sb/Mn molar ratios to be used in NH3-SCR reaction. Design/methodology/approach: A series of Sb-loaded carbon nanotubes (CNTs)-based Mn/TiO2 catalysts were prepared by the incipient wetness co-impregnation method and tested for the selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NOx with NH3. Findings: The Sb-loaded Mn/TiO2-CNTs catalyst outperformed other catalysts and presented the highest activity in the temperature regime of 100–400°C. The catalyst loaded with Sb also showed good SO2 and H2O resistance and exhibited better thermal stability. A stepwise study of SO2 addition evidenced that Mn-Sb/TiO2-CNTs catalyst exhibited better SO2 resistance than the base catalyst Mn/TiO2, where the Sb doping greatly inhibited the sulphating of active phase of the catalyst. Originality/value: In Sb-loaded catalysts, the formed SOx species fused with SbOx instead of MnOx. This favoured interaction of SO2 with SbOx successfully prevents the MnOx from being sulphated by SO2 which substantially improves the SO2 tolerance of Sb-loaded catalysts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Studies & Work of the Collegium of Management & Finance / Studia i Prace Kolegium Zarzadzania i Finansów is the property of SGH Warsaw School of Economics and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The Steel Catenary Riser (SCR) is a vital component for transporting oil and gas from the seabed to the floating platform. The harsh environmental conditions and complex platform motion make the SCR's girth-weld prone to fatigue failure. The structural stress fatigue theory and Master S–N curve method provide accurate predictions for the fatigue damage on the welded joints, which demonstrate significant potential and compatibility in multi-axial and random fatigue evaluation. Here, we propose a new frequency fatigue model subjected to welded joints of SCR under multi-axial stress, which fully integrates the mesh-insensitive structural stress and frequency domain random process and transforms the conventional welding fatigue technique of SCR into a spectrum analysis technique utilizing structural stress. Besides, a full-scale FE model of SCR with welds is established to obtain the modal structural stress of the girth weld and the frequency response function (FRF) of modal coordinate, and a biaxial fatigue evaluation about the girth weld of the SCR can be achieved by taking the effects of multi-load correlation and pipe-soil interaction into account. The research results indicate that the frequency-domain fatigue results are aligned with the time-domain results, meeting the fatigue evaluation requirements of the SCR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Cu/SAPO-34 zeolite serves as an efficient active component for the selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of nitrogen oxides (NOx) in flue gas by ammonia. Despite its commendable high-temperature hydrothermal stability, the application of Cu/SAPO-34 zeolite is limited due to low-temperature hydrothermal deactivation issues in the steam environment. In this paper, we provide a systematic review on the denitration mechanism, low-temperature hydrothermal deactivation mechanism, factors influencing its low-temperature hydrothermal stability, and the corresponding improvement measures of Cu/SAPO-34 zeolite. Additionally, the advantages and disadvantages of different methods are analyzed to offer valuable insights for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most Escherichia coli isolates from humans do not utilize D-sucrose as a substrate for fermentation or growth. Previous work has shown that the Csc pathway allows some E. coli to utilize sucrose for slow growth, and this pathway has been engineered in E. coli W strains to enhance use of sucrose as a feedstock for industrial applications. An alternative sucrose utilization pathway, Scr, was first identified in Klebsiella pneumoniae and has been reported in some E. coli and Salmonella enterica isolates. We show here that the Scr pathway is native to an important subset of E. coli phylogroup B2 lineages that lack the Csc pathway but grow rapidly on sucrose. Laboratory E. coli strains derived from MG1655 (phylogroup A, ST10) are unable to utilize sucrose and lack the scr and csc genes, but a recombinant plasmid-borne scr locus enables rapid growth on and fermentation of sucrose. Genome analyses of Enterobacteriaceae indicate that the scr locus is widespread in other Enterobacteriaceae; including Enterobacter and Klebsiella species, and some Citrobacter and Proteus species. In contrast, the Csc pathway is limited mostly to E. coli, some Shigella species (in which csc loci are rendered non-functional by various mutations), and Citrobacter freundii. The more efficient Scr pathway likely has greater potential than the Csc pathway for bioindustrial applications of E. coli and other Enterobacteriaceae using sucrose as a feedstock.

Currently, in the semiconductor market, reliability response to Electro Static Discharge (ESD) situations is being discussed as an alternative to internal Integrated Circuit (IC) destruction. In this paper, the ESD protection circuit design integrated into the Low Drop Out (LDO) regulator presents an alternative to the reliability of the internal IC. Additionally, the LDO regulator proposed in this paper is designed to minimize output voltage changes by significantly improving gain using a high gain buffer structure. Undershoot and overshoot were effectively regulated by utilizing a high gain buffer. Under the conditions of an input voltage range of 3.3–4.5 V, a maximum load current of 400 mA, and an output voltage of 3 V, the output of the proposed LDO regulator with a high gain buffer structure kept at the undershoot and overshoot voltages of 32 mV and 36 mV, respectively. In addition, the ESD protection circuit used so far was designed with only a single diode, but the proposed ESD protection circuit is a new structure designed based on Silicon Controlled Rectifier (SCR). The proposed ESD protection circuit has an incomparable area efficiency compared to diodes.

Short-rotation crop (SRC) systems with woody species have been planted in Costa Rica. However, information about different tree species and spacing is limited. The objective of the present study was to examine biomass production and the physical, energy, and chemical properties of feedstock of four tropical tree species (Cordia alliodora, Dipteryx panamensis, Gmelina arborea, and Tectona grandis) in 34-month-old plants planted at four spacings (0.5x1.0 m, 1.0x1.0 m, 1.0x2.0 m, and 2.0x2.0 m). The highest mortality rate (50%) was found in G. arborea; however, diameter, height, basal area, and biomass production in G. arborea plantations were higher than T. grandis, C. alliodora, and D. panamensis. Spacing effects on diameter, height, basal area, and biomass production were observed in 10-month-olds. Wide spacing presented the highest values in diameter and height, but the highest biomass production was found in the narrow spacing. Also, biomass distribution was different in D. panamensis in relation to other species. Specify gravity, density, and moisture content of biomass showed high variation between species and spacing, but the energy and chemical properties of biomass showed few differences. These results suggest that these four species were uniform in terms of their energy and chemical properties, regardless of the spacing used. Finally, three species (G. arborea, C. alliodora, and T. grandis) presented important potential for use in SRC systems. G. arborea was the species with the highest production but a high mortality rate.

Nitrogen oxides (NOxs) are some of the most important hazardous air pollutants from industry. In China, the annual NOx emission in the waste gas of industrial sources is about 8.957 million tons, while power plants remain the largest anthropogenic source of NOx emissions, and the precise control of NOx in power plants is crucial. However, due to inherent issues with measurement and pipelines in coal-fired power plants, there is typically a delay of about three minutes in NOx measurements, bringing mismatch between its control and measurement. Measuring delays in NOx from power plants can lead to excessive ammonia injection or failure to meet environmental standards for NOx emissions. To address the issue of NOx measurement delays, this study introduced a hybrid boosting model suitable for on-site implementation. The model could serve as a feedforward signal in SCR control, compensating for NOx measurement delays and enabling precise ammonia injection for accurate denitrification in power plants. The model combines generation mechanism and data-driven approaches, enhancing its prediction accuracy through the categorization of time-series data into linear, nonlinear, and exogenous regression components. In this study, a time-based method was proposed for analyzing the correlations between variables in denitration systems and NOx concentrations. This study also introduced a new evaluation indicator, part of R2 (PR2), which focused on the prediction effect at turning points. Finally, the proposed model was applied to actual data from a 330 MW power plant, showing excellent predictive accuracy, particularly for one-minute forecasts. For 3 min prediction, compared to predictions made by ARIMA, the R-squared (R2) and PR2 were increased by 3.6% and 30.6%, respectively, and the mean absolute error (MAE) and mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) were decreased by 9.4% and 9.1%, respectively. These results confirmed the accuracy and applicability of the integrated model for on-site implementation as a 3 min advanced prediction soft sensor in power plants.

Background: Heat shock proteins (HSPs) as an adjuvant induce antigen‐specific immunity through facilitating antigen presentation and stimulating T cells. In this study, the immunostimulatory properties of two major fragments of Hsp70 (N‐Hsp70(aa 1–387) with ATPase property and C‐Hsp70 (aa 508–641) with peptide‐binding capacity) and the full length of Hsp27 as vaccine adjuvants were evaluated to boost HIV‐1 Nef antigen‐specific immunity in both in vitro and in vivo experiments. Method s : At first, the nanoparticles harbouring DNA fusion constructs (i.e. N‐Hsp70‐Nef, C‐Hsp70‐Nef and Hsp27‐Nef) complexed with HIV Rev (34–50) cell‐penetrating peptide were generated to deliver DNA into the cells. Then, the recombinant Nef, Hsp27‐Nef, N‐Hsp70‐Nef and C‐Hsp70‐Nef proteins were generated in E.coli expression system. Next, the immunostimulatory properties of these fusion constructs were evaluated in both in vitro and in vivo studies. Finally, the secretion of main cytokines from single‐cycle replicable (SCR) HIV‐1 virion‐exposed splenocytes was investigated. Results: Our data showed that the stable and non‐toxic DNA/Rev nanoparticles could successfully deliver the genes of interest into the cells. Moreover, higher secretion of antibodies and cytokines was detected in mice receiving the Hsp‐Nef constructs than in mice receiving Nef antigen. The C‐Hsp70 was also superior for inducing Nef‐specific Th1 and CTL immunity compared with N‐Hsp70 and Hsp27. The T‐cell activity was maintained in the SCR‐exposed splenocytes, especially the splenocytes of mice receiving the C‐Hsp70‐Nef regimen. Conclusion: Altogether, these findings demonstrate the significance of Hsps as enhancers of antigen‐specific immunity. Notably, the C‐Hsp70 region showed better adjuvant properties for inducing cellular immunity in the improvement of HIV‐1 therapeutic vaccines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Static mixers are widely used in selective catalytic reduction (SCR) systems to improve the conversion efficiency and service life of the catalyst by better mixing ammonia and the exhaust stream. However, the structure of the mixer needs to be designed carefully to minimise the loss of the system pressure caused by its installation. In this work, experiments and simulations are conducted to evaluate the mixing performance of the static mixers and the system pressure loss. The simulations and experimental results have good agreement. Four novel static mixers are designed and compared with a commercial static mixer to demonstrate their performance. The results show that the box mixer can accomplish less pressure loss (690 Pa) and more homogenous mixing (CoV = 5.4%), and it can thus be used to improve the mixing of ammonia and the exhaust stream in SCR systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to meet the increasing pollutants discharge standard, the selective catalytic reduction (SCR) module in the diesel engine after-treatment system is an important means to reduce nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions. SCR systems are prone to urea crystallization at lower temperatures, especially during the cold-start conditions of diesel engines. In this study, we use the diesel engine after-treatment system test bench to obtain the boundary parameter of the simulation modules, and the urea crystallization risk assessment model of the diesel SCR system is established. Comparing the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) results with the test bench results, it is shown that the predicted urea film distribution of the assessment model is in good agreement with the experimental results. In order to clarify the various factors that affect the urea crystallization risk, this paper conducts a simulation analysis on a nozzle and mixer structure and operating parameters. The CFD results indicate that the increase in urea spray time will increase the maximum urea film thickness on the SCR system mixer surface. Exhaust temperature is the most important influencing factor. When the diesel engine exhaust temperature increases from 190 °C to 300 °C, the maximum urea film thickness decreases by 32 and the urea film mass accumulation decreases by 5%. Exhaust flow has a small impact on urea crystallization risk. When the exhaust flow increases from 300 kg/h to 600 kg/h, the maximum urea film thickness decreases by 39% and the urea film mass accumulation decreases by about 1%. In addition, urea spray rate, nozzle numbers, spray angle, and spray cone angle are also factors that affect urea crystallization risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A heavy-duty engine is homologated in a test cell. However, starting with Euro VI regulation, the in-service conformity is controlled with the engine installed in the vehicle using portable emission measurement systems (PEMS). In Europe, the application of solid particle number (SPN) PEMS started in 2021 for compression ignition (diesel) vehicles and in 2023 for positive ignition vehicles, thus including those operating with compressed natural gas (CNG). Even though today only particles with sizes > 23 nm are regulated, the Euro 7 proposal includes particles > 10 nm. There are not many studies on the accuracy of the SPN PEMS, especially for heavy-duty applications. In this study, PEMS measuring > 23 and >10 nm from two instrument manufacturers were compared with laboratory-grade instruments. The particle detector of one PEMS was a condensation particle counter (CPC), and of the other a the diffusion charger (DC). The results showed the robustness and good accuracy (40% or 1 × 1011 #/kWh) of the PEMS for ambient temperatures from −7 °C to 35 °C, active regeneration events, different fuels (Diesel B7, HVO, and CNG), different test cycles, cold start or hot engine operations, and high exhaust gas humidity content. Nevertheless, for the DC-based PEMS, sensitivity to pre-charged urea particles was identified, and for the CPC-based PEMS, sensitivity to pressure changes with one vehicle was nnoticed. Nevertheless, the results of this study confirm that the PEMS are accurate enough to measure even the stricter Euro 7 limits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Short-rotation crop (SRC) systems with woody species have been planted in Costa Rica. However, information about different tree species and spacing is limited. The objective of the present study was to examine biomass production and the physical, energy, and chemical properties of feedstock of four tropical tree species (Cordia alliodora, Dipteryx panamensis, Gmelina arborea, and Tectona grandis) in 34-month-old plants planted at four spacings (0.5x1.0 m, 1.0x1.0 m, 1.0x2.0 m, and 2.0x2.0 m). The highest mortality rate (50%) was found in G. arborea; however, diameter, height, basal area, and biomass production in G. arborea plantations were higher than T. grandis, C. alliodora, and D. panamensis. Spacing effects on diameter, height, basal area, and biomass production were observed in 10-month-olds. Wide spacing presented the highest values in diameter and height, but the highest biomass production was found in the narrow spacing. Also, biomass distribution was different in D. panamensis in relation to other species. Specify gravity, density, and moisture content of biomass showed high variation between species and spacing, but the energy and chemical properties of biomass showed few differences. These results suggest that these four species were uniform in terms of their energy and chemical properties, regardless of the spacing used. Finally, three species (G. arborea, C. alliodora, and T. grandis) presented important potential for use in SRC systems. G. arborea was the species with the highest production but a high mortality rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To identify the association between the changes in intestinal microflora and renal function in patients with chronic renal failure (CRF). Methods: This retrospective case-control study included 50 patients with CRF (study group), admitted to the Clinical Laboratory Department of Shenzhen People’s Hospital from March 2021 to May 2022, and 50 healthy individuals (control group). The association between the distribution of intestinal microflora and the glomerular filtration rate (GFR), levels of serum creatinine (SCr), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and serum cystatin C (CysC) were analyzed. Results: Intestinal microflora of CRF patients had significantly higher levels of Enterococci compared to the control group (p-Value <0.05), while the levels of Bifidobacterium spp. and Escherichia coli were lower in the study group (p-Value <0.05). GFR was lower, and the levels of BUN, SCr, and CysC were higher in the study group compared to the control group (all p-Value <0.05). GFR, BUN, SCr and CysC levels in the study group negatively correlated with the levels of Bifidobacterium spp. and Lactobacillus spp. (r<0, P<0.05), and positively correlated with the abundance of Enterococcus spp. and Escherichia coli (r>0, P<0.05) in the intestinal microflora. Conclusions: Changes in intestinal microbiota are associated with a significant decrease in GFR and a marked increase in serum levels of renal function indicators, and alterations in the balance of intestinal microbiota may lead to further aggravation of the renal function damage in patients with CRF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a simulation and experiment on laboratory conditions were conducted to investigate the effects of a retrofitted DOC-DPF-SCR system on the performance and pollutants of an in-service old-generation light-duty diesel engine. Simulations demonstrate that DOC and SCR have little effect on engine performance, but the particle filter does. With 220 mm, 240 mm, and 260 mm DPF cores, brake power was reduced by 1.9%, 4.5%, and 12.0% at rate condition and 1.2%, 3.6%, and 10.8% at maximum brake torque condition. The after-treatment system can reduce soot by 64.8% to 81.9% at full load conditions and 55.6% to 83.3% as the load varies at a constant speed. NOx emissions were reduced significantly by an average value of 81.9% at full load and 21.7% to 78.1% at a constant speed, depending on load. The DOC combined with DPF also influenced incomplete combustion products as the concentration of CO and HC decreased by 73.6% and 76.5% on average at full load conditions. Following emission standards, HC and CO emissions were reduced by 63.8% and 68.7%, respectively; NOx and PM were decreased by 71.1% and 76.6% when the engine was retrofitted with the after-treatment system. After retrofitting, the old-generation diesel engine can pass the Euro II standard. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study endeavors to enhance the operational efficiency of extant coal-fired power plants to mitigate the adverse environmental impact intrinsic to the prevalent utilization of coal-fired power generation, which is particularly dominant in China. It focuses on the assessment and optimization of continuous denitrification systems tailored for a 1000 MW ultra-supercritical pulverized coal boiler. The extant denitrification framework encounters challenges during startup phases owing to diminished selective catalytic reduction (SCR) inlet flue gas temperatures. To ameliorate this, three retrofit schemes were scrutinized: direct mixing of high-temperature flue gas, bypass flue gas mixing, and high-temperature flue gas mixing with cold air. Each option underwent meticulous thermodynamic computations and comprehensive cost analyses. The findings elucidated that bypass flue gas mixing, involving the extraction and blending of high-temperature flue gas, emerged as the most financially prudent and practical recourse. This scheme optimizes fuel combustion heat utilization, significantly curtails fuel consumption, and fosters efficient internal heat transfer mechanisms within the boiler. The evaluation process meticulously considered safety parameters and equipment longevity. The insights derived from this investigation offer valuable guidance for implementing continuous denitrification system retrofits in industrial coal-fired power plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To achieve diesel engine ultra-low nitrogen oxide emission, light-off selective catalyst reduction (LO-SCR) has been suggested for better performance with lower exhaust temperature. An electric heater upstream of the exhaust aftertreatment system was applied to significantly decrease the NOx emission at a low exhaust temperature. With a 7.2 kW electric heater coupled with LO-SCR, the NOx emission during 200~500 s of the world harmonized transient cycle (WHTC) decreased from 282.6 ppm to 61.5 ppm, which is a decrease of 45%. Application of an upstream diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC) decreased the NOx emission by 63% at the same interval at the cost of worse cold-start performance. The urea input was also adjusted to avoid NOx emission during the latter part of the WHTC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper investigates two different strategies for model-based calibration and control of tailpipe nitrogen oxide emissions in a light-duty 3.0 L diesel engine equipped with an aftertreatment system (ATS). The latter includes a diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC), a diesel particulate filter (DPF), and an underfloor selective catalytic reduction (SCR) device, in which the injection of diesel exhaust fluid (DEF), marketed as 'AdBlue', is also taken into account. The engine was modeled in the GT-SUITE environment, and a previously developed model-based combustion controller was integrated in the model, which is capable of adjusting the start of injection of the main pulse and the total injected fuel mass, in order to achieve desired targets of engine-out nitrogen oxide emissions (NOx) and brake mean effective pressure (BMEP). First, a model-based calibration strategy consisting of the minimization of an objective function that takes into account fuel consumption and AdBlue injection was developed and assessed by exploring different weight factors. Then, a direct model-based controller of tailpipe nitrogen oxide emissions was designed, which exploits the real-time value of the SCR efficiency to define engine-out NOx emission targets for the combustion controller. Both strategies exploit the model-based combustion controller and were tested through a Model-in-the-Loop (MiL) under steady-state and transient conditions. The advantages in terms of tailpipe NOx emissions, fuel consumption, and AdBlue injection were finally discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the manganese was loaded on three different zirconia crystal types by ultrasonic impregnation method, and the performance of selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NOx with NH3 was tested. The characteristics of the catalytic were tested by BET, XRD, SEM, and XPS. It was founded that the performances of unloaded different crystal zirconia was basically the same which were less than 40%. Compared with unloaded catalyst, the DeNOx performance of catalysts after loaded manganese was greatly improved, and the crystal type had obvious influence on the DeNOx performance of Mn/x-ZrO2. The Mn/m-ZrO2 had the highest DeNOx performance (90.97% at 240 °C) compared with the Mn/t-ZrO2 and Mn/c-ZrO2. The difference of crystal type made Mn/m-ZrO2 have lower surface Mn average valence states and more oxygen vacancy, which made it have best DeNOx performance. The effects of SO2, H2O, and alkali metal on DeNOx efficiency were also tested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Smart Card Reader (SCR) deployed in Nigeria 2015 and 2019 elections by the Independent National electoral Commission (INEC) for voter accreditation failed to eliminate voting by proxy. Thus, the Bimodal Voter Accreditation System (BVAS) was introduced. This revolutionary technology combines voter registration, accreditation, and results transmission in one device. INEC Voter Enrolment Device (IVED) enrolls new voters; the BVAS accredits voters on Election Day while the same device uploads election results to the INEC Result Viewing (IReV) Portal. Results show that the voter accreditation process is faster compared to SCR. BVAS has increased election participation, ensure equitable distribution of seats in the National Assembly, hence promoting inclusivity and sustenance of democracy in the country. This paper examines how BVAS works, how it protects election integrity, its drawbacks, and possible recommendation for future elections. Despite its drawbacks, technology is the answer to Nigeria electoral fraud. Its benefits exceed its drawbacks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Low temperature NH3-SCR denitrification faces challenges such as poor sulfur resistance and ammonium bisulfate poisoning. This paper proposes a selective catalytic reduction denitrification method using inorganic ammonium salts. Cr2 O3/TiO2 catalyst was prepared by impregnation method. Ammonium oxalate, ammonium bisulfate, diammonium hydrogen phosphate, and ammonium dihydrogen phosphate were used as reducing agents to selective catalytic reduction of nitrogen oxides, and the denitrification activity of four ammonium salts as reducing agents was measured. The effects of four ammonium salts on the physicochemical properties of the catalyst were investigated using XRD, XPS, and in situ diffuse reflectance infrared spectroscopy, and the reaction and regeneration process of the four ammonium salts on the Cr2 O3/TiO2 catalyst were studied. The results indicate that NH4+ in all four ammonium salts can react with NO on Cr2 O3/TiO2 catalysts. Except for ammonium bisulfate, which is not renewable due to its anion easily binding with TiO2 to form Ti(SO4)2, all other ammonium salts are renewable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Knowledge on population density and activity patterns may help to understand how species with wide geographical distribution survive in different environments. The ocelot (Leopardus pardalis) is one of the neotropical felids with the greatest geographical range. We estimated the density and activity patterns of ocelots in the austral extreme of the species distribution (Southern Brazil), comparing our results with those of previous studies. We obtained ocelot records in three out of six sampled areas, but only two had sufficient records to estimate ocelot density. We estimated 15.5 (±6SE) and 27 (±24SE) individuals/100 km2 in two protected areas. These values seem low when compared to ocelots' density estimates in other areas of the Atlantic Forest. In the most pristine area, density values were similar to those from a study carried out 10 years ago, suggesting that this population remains stable. Our results indicate that austral populations of the ocelot are likely to be dependent on preserved patches of deciduous seasonal forests. As in other areas of the species' distribution, ocelots were mainly nocturnal, potentially avoiding humans and domestic animals. The preservation of those areas and the connectivity between them is a priority for the long-term conservation of stable ocelot´s populations in the southern Atlantic Forest range. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The upcoming Euro 7 regulation for Heavy-Duty (HD) vehicles is calling for a further tightening of the Solid Particle Number (SPN) emissions by means of both lowering the applicable limits and shifting the lowest detectable size from 23 nm (SPN23) to 10 nm (SPN10). A late-technology diesel HD truck was tested on a chassis dynamometer in order to assess the necessary particle filtration requirements for a continuously regenerating system. The study showed that passive regeneration under real-world operating conditions can lead to a significant release of SPN10 particles from the current technology Diesel Particulate Filter (DPF) when soot-loaded, even exceeding the currently applicable emission limits. The actual emissions during passive regeneration and following the clean-up of the DPF exceeded the proposed Euro 7 limits by more than an order of magnitude. A prototype DPF, exhibiting a 99% filtration efficiency when clean, was shown to effectively control SPN10 emissions under both operating conditions. The shift to SPN10 also necessitates control of nanoparticles forming inside the Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) system, which for the tested truck exceeded the proposed (hot) limit by up to 56%. A dedicated particle filter specifically designed to capture these particles was also evaluated, showing a better than 60% efficiency. The key message of this study is that SPN emissions can be kept at low levels under all conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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