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Scolytus unicornis Cao, Petrov&Wang sp. nov. http://zoobank.org/ urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 925E89A6-E720-4A40-A381-6E803615FED4 Type material. Holotype, male, China. Yunnan Province, Jinghong City, Menghai County, Naban River Nature Reserve, Guomen Mountain, alt. 1000 m, N 22.25°, E 100.61°, from Ulmus sp., 28 June 2022; Y. F. Cao. Holotype deposited in the National Zoological Museum of China, Institute of Zoology, Beijing, China. Allotype: female, the same data as the holotype. Deposited in the National Zoological Museum of China, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China. Paratypes (2 ♁, 3♀): the same collection data as the holotype. Paratypes were deposited in the Laboratory of Biologic Invasive of Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang (1♁, 2♀); Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China (1♁, 1♀). Diagnosis. (Fig. 1 A–F). The new species is closely related to S. squamosus Yin & Huang, but can be distinguished by its larger body size and the frontal tubercle of female. In previous records, the females of only two Palearctic species, S. major Stebbing and S. gretschkini Sokanovskiy, had a median frontal tubercle above the epistoma (Mandelshtam & Petrov 2010; Petrov 2019). However, the ventrite 2 of S. unicornis has a large spine that can be clearly distinguished from the first two (Petrov & Mandelshtam 2010). Description. (Fig. 1 A–F). Male, total length 3.8–4.2 mm long (mean = 4.0; n = 3), 2.12 times as long as wide (paratypes 2.13). Head and pronotum black; antennae reddish brown; legs, elytra, and abdomen reddish brown to dark brown. Head. Frons flat, surface shiny. Vertex fine, moderately dense punctures with a narrow, shallow, longitudinal gutter in the middle. Frons surface with smooth middle part having shallow punctures; space between punctures equal to four times that of the puncture diameter; lateral areas under the eyes with long bristle-like setae, apices of bristles incurved and directed towards middle of frons. Epistoma with deep longitudinally aciculate lines covered by sparse short yellow hairs; epistomal margin above mandibles strongly incurved towards central portion of the frons, with a pair of erect pointed brushes of dense setae. Antennal scape flattened, elongate, club irregularly ovoid, setose with partial septum, two sharply arcuate sutures visible. Pronotum. Pronotum 0.95 times as long as wide, strongly constricted toward apex, widest at base, forming weak transverse impression near apical margin, base weakly bisinuate. Surface smooth, shining, punctures on central portion of disc fine, shallow, moderately dense, space between punctures equal to four times that of point diameters, punctures larger and dense laterally and on apical constriction. Apical and anterolateral margins bearing sparse, erect, yellow, hairlike setae. Elytra. 1.13 times as long as wide (paratypes 1.11), 1.30 times as long as pronotum (paratypes 1.32). Sides subparallel on apical half, evenly rounded on apex. Disc punctured by straight rows of deep punctures, distance between punctures equal to double that of point diameters. Interstriae greater than twice width of striae, weakly impressed, with straight rows of small points, distance between punctures equal to four times that of points diameters. Declivity bearing sparse, short, erect yellow scaly setae, elytra apex slit along both sides with few, long, erect yellow setae. Metepimeron greater than half-length of the metepisternum. Abdomen. Suture on the posterior margin of ventrite 1 slightly thickened. Ventrite 2 nearly perpendicular to ventrite 1, surface shining with slightly large punctures; setae moderately dense, scaly, short, erect. Large median spine is situated in the middle of ventrite 2 base, its length is almost the same length as ventrite 1, apex of the spine is pointed and bent up; suture on the posterior margin of ventrite 2 not thickened, but only weakly elevated relative to the base of the next ventrite. Sutures on the posterior margin of ventrites 3 and 4 weakly elevated relative to the base of the next ventrite. Ventrite 5 is black colored and is a half-elliptical shape; length of ventrite 5 greater than the combined lengths of ventrites 3 and 4. Genitalia. (Figs. 2 A–C). Aedeagus 0.85 mm long, moderately stout, weakly sclerotized. Penis apodemes are a little longer than penis body. Small grains concentrated in the middle of penis apodemes. The apical part of penis is narrow and elongate. Gastric spiculum about 0.67 mm long, curving with two forks. Tegmen is short Y-shape. Female. (Figs. 1 G–L). 4.3–4.4 mm long (mean = 4.37; n = 4); 2.2–2.4 times as long as wide. Similar to male except that the frons is convex, the slightly raised blunt tubercle above epistoma, central portion of frons punctured by deep points, long bristle-like setae under the eye lateral areas sparser than male (Figs. 3); pronotum as long as wide; apex of spine on ventrite 2 is situated at the same horizontal level as its base. Etymology. The species name makes reference to the tubercle of the allotype female frons. Sequence Data. The DNA was extracted from a paratype specimen collected from the same elm tree (GenBank: COI, Accession No. LC 739369; 28S, Accession No. LC 739367; CAD, Accession No. LC 739368). Biology. S. unicornis is a typical bark beetle, this species is monogamous. On June 28, 2022, the adults were found on the tree trunks of Ulmus sp. that were between 5 and 9 cm in diameter. A small series, consisting of a few adults, was collected by bark dissection. The galleries (Fig. 2) consisted of a single longitudinal egg gallery (about 4.0 cm long) with a large nuptial chamber. The egg gallery strongly scored the sapwood; the larval mine (about 5 cm long) lightly scored the sapwood and extended radially to both sides. It is noteworthy that the type of S. squamosus was also found in the sampled individual elm tree., Published as part of Cao, Yufeng, Yu, Guangyu, Petrov, Alexander V., Li, You, Li, Ting, Tarno, Hagus, Cao, Guanghong, Xu, Ye & Wang, Jianguo, 2023, A new species of Scolytus Geoffroy (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Scolytinae) from Yunnan, China, pp. 185-191 in Zootaxa 5284 (1) on pages 186-189, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5284.1.9, http://zenodo.org/record/7919121, {"references":["Mandelshtam, M. Y. & Petrov, A. V. (2010) Scolytus stepheni sp. n. - a new species of bark-beetle (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Scolytinae) from Northern India with a key to Indian Scolytus Geoffroy, 1762 species. ZooKeys, 56, 171 - 178. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 56.524","Petrov, A. V., Mandelshtam, M. Y. & Beaver, R. A. (2019) A key to species of the tribe Scolytini Latreille, 1804 (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) from Russia and adjacent countries. Russian Entomological Journal, 28 (3), 286 - 302. https: // doi. org / 10.15298 / rusentj. 28.3.08"]}

The population dynamics of the maple bark beetle Scolytus koenigi Schevyrew, 1890 in oak groves of the forest-steppe zone of European Russia is described based on the data obtained in forest plots of the Tellerman forest field station, damaged by creeping fires and xylotrophic fungi.

An essay of the fauna of bark beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) in five federal subjects of Northwest Russia is presented. The species composition of scolytids in Leningrad, Novgorod, Pskov, and Murmansk provinces as well as the Republic of Karelia is analyzed in comparison with the bark beetle faunas of adjacent Estonia and Finland. The history of investigation of the bark beetle fauna in Northwest Russia starting from the XVIII century and up to date is discussed, and modern knowledge on the regional bark beetle fauna is considered. The distribution of “northern” and “southern” bark beetle species in the region is discussed, and a southward increase in species richness is demonstrated. The genesis of the bark beetle faunas of individual provinces is analyzed with respect to the host plant distribution in the postglacial period (Holocene). It is shown that the border between the middle and the southern taiga subzones running across Leningrad Province is also the northern distribution boundary of numerous bark beetle species. Special attention is paid to expansion of several bark beetle species into Northwest Russia in the last decades caused by different factors; the northward range expansion of the small spruce bark beetle Ips amitinus (Eichhoff, 1872) and elm bark beetles from the genus Scolytus Geoffroy, 1762 is considered in more detail. The absence of monitoring of the elm bark beetle populations has led to uncontrolled reproduction of the pests, spread of Dutch elm disease, and significant economic losses. Rare bark beetle species deserving inclusion in the regional Red Data Lists are named. Attention is drawn to the insufficient knowledge of the bark beetle fauna in nature reserves and other protected areas in Northwest Russia. The damage caused by the most economically important bark beetles, namely the European spruce bark beetle Ips typographus (Linnaeus, 1758) and pine shoot beetles of the genus Tomicus Latreille, 1802, in the boreal forest zone is briefly reviewed. Some taxonomic problems which remain to be solved in order to refine the local bark beetle species lists in Northwest Russia are outlined. The contribution of researchers from St. Petersburg Forest Institute to the knowledge of bark beetle biology in the region and in the whole of Russia is specially considered.

The invasive alienScolytus schevyrewiSemenov (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) was detected in Saskatchewan and Manitoba, Canada, in 2007. BecauseS. schevyrewiis a potential vector of the Dutch elm disease pathogen (Ophiostomanovo-ulmiBrasier; Fungi: Ophiostomataceae), the natural history of the beetle was studied from 2009 to 2012 in the two provinces, where the disease is managed to protectUlmus americanaLinnaeus (Ulmaceae). Typically, healthy trees become infected when their xylem is contacted during feeding by spore-bearing scolytine adults that have flown from a diseased tree; adults emerging from brood galleries in diseased trees frequently carry spores. We caught flyingS. schevyrewiadults from May to October; adults were weakly attracted to healthyUlmusLinnaeus but were strongly attracted toUlmus pumilaLinnaeus stressed by girdling.Scolytus schevrewicolonised and completed development in girdled trees and trap logs ofU. pumila. In contrast to other studies,U. americana– the major source of pathogen spores in the area – was never colonised as a brood host. Our results suggest thatS. schevyrewiwill primarily useU. pumila, which, in Manitoba and Saskatchewan, seldom exhibits symptoms of Dutch elm disease. Thus, arrival ofS. schevyrewidoes not appear to require changes to Dutch elm disease management programmes.

Scolytus jiulianshanensis Zhang, Li & Smith sp. nov. http://zoobank.org/ urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: EB8EBFE2-A128-4AA5-B864-8F34C5A4A911 Diagnosis (male). Scolytus jiulianshanensis is distinguished from all other Oriental Scolytus species by ventrite 2 nearly perpendicular to ventrite 1, basal margin of ventrite 2 slightly impressed, apical margin of ventrite 1 strongly thickened, forming a lip along the base of ventrite 2, apical margins of ventrite 3 and 4 each armed with a short and broad median tubercle and elytra subquadrate. The species can be distinguished from all other Scolytus by the lack of tubercles or spines on ventrite 2, apical margin of ventrite 1 strongly produced, forming carinate lip along basal margin of ventrite 2, apical margins of ventrite 3 and 4 each armed with a broad median tubercle, ventrite 5 without callosities or setal patches, elytral apex subquadrate and by the banded elytra. Diagnosis (female). The species is distinguished from all other Oriental Scolytus by ventrite 2 perpendicular to ventrite 1, ventrite 2 lacking tubercles, spines or long median hairs, ventrite 5 without callosities, frons densely and deeply aciculate, without a median carina, elytral at least 1.2× as long as wide, pronotal base without a median triangular projection, ventrite 5 with a weak median longitudinal impression near apex and by the banded elytra. Type material. Holotype (♂): China, Jiangxi Province, Ganzhou City, Longnan, Jiulianshan National Nature Reserve, N 24.55194°, E 114.435°, 491.7m, 1 July 2020; L. Zhang, S.-C. Lai & Y.-F. Cao leg. [IOZ(E)225773; National Zoological Museum of China, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China] Allotype (♀): the same data as the holotype. [IOZ(E)225774; National Zoological Museum of China, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China] Paratypes (8♂, 8♀): the same data as the holotype. (1♂, 1♀, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong, China; 1♂, 1♀, KIZ0121455-0121456, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China; 1♂, 1♀, same collection data except 16 October 2019, National Museum of Natural History, Washington D.C., USA; 1♂, 1♀, National Museum of Natural Science, Taichung, Taiwan; 1♂, 1♀, The Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom; 1♂, 1♀, Research Institute of Forest Insect Diversity, Namyangju, South Korea; 1♂, 1♀, Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia; 1♂, 1♀, National Institute of Agro-Environmental Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.) Description. (Fig. 1 A-F). Male, total length 3.9–4.3 mm long (mean=4.04; n=10), 2.11–2.29 times as long as wide. Head, pronotum, elytra and abdominal venter black except the anterior margins of pronotum and posterior quarter of elytra banded with yellow-brown; legs and antennae yellow-brown. Head. Epistoma weakly emarginate; epistomal process absent; median area above mandibles bearing dense patch of long, yellow, hair-like setae. Frons concave appearing flattened when viewed laterally; surface moderately, finely, longitudinally aciculate-punctate; aciculations converging at epistoma; punctures small, coarse; moderately covered by long, fine, yellow, erect, hair-like setae between apices of eyes, setae on lateral and dorsal margins longer, thicker, incurved. Antennal scape flattened, elongate; club irregularly ovoid, about twice as long as wide, setose with partial septum, two sharply arcuate sutures visible. Pronotum about as long as wide; apical margin broadly rounded; sides distinctly arcuate, strongly constricted near apex, forming weak transverse impression near apical margin; surface smooth, shining, punctures on disc fine, shallow, moderately abundant, larger and more abundant laterally and on apical constriction; apical and anterolateral margins bearing sparse, erect, yellow, hair-like setae; base weakly bisinuate. Scutellum triangular, deeply set in the scutellar impression. Elytra 1.05–1.18 times as long as wide, 1.00–1.05 times as long as pronotum; sides sub-parallel in basal half, narrowing to subquadrate, smooth apex. Disc smooth, shining; striae moderately impressed, twice width of interstriae, punctures uniseriate, smaller than those of striae, punctures bearing short recumbent yellow setae, slightly longer than size of a puncture; all interstriae uniseriate except interstriae 2 biseriate in basal half. Declivity bearing sparse, long, erect yellow setae. Metepimeron greater than half-length of metanepisternum. Venter. Apical margin of ventrite 1 strongly produced, forming carinate lip along basal margin of ventrite 2. Ventrite 2 nearly perpendicular to ventrite 1; surface smooth, shining, finely punctate; punctures small, coarse; surface basal margin of ventrite 2 appearing impressed; setae moderately abundant, erect, short. Apical margins of ventrite 3 armed with a triangular median tubercle, apical margins of ventrite 4 armed with a trapezoid median denticle. Ventrite 5 carinate ridge closer to apical margin of segment; length of ventrite 5 equal to combined lengths of ventrites 3 and 4; setal patch absent; median depression present. Genitalia. (Figs. 2). Aedeagus 0.8 mm long, stout, weakly sclerotized. Penis apodemes as long as penis body. Apical half of penis body bearing a triangle median lobe. Gastric spiculum about 0.6mm long, curving and without fork. Female. (Figs. 1 G-L). 3.5–4.2 mm long (mean=3.92; n=10); 2.10–2.33 times as long as wide. Similar to male except frons convex when viewed laterally, setae sparser, shorter, less than width of eye; apical margin of ventrite 1 weakly elevated above base of ventrite 2; ventrites 3 and 4 without median tubercles. Host. Ulmus sp. Distribution. The species is known only from the type locality in Jiulianshan National Nature Reserve in Jiangxi, China. Etymology. The species name makes reference to the locality of the holotype, Jiulianshan Mountain. Sequence Data. DNA was extracted from a specimen collected from same log (GenBank: COⅠ, Accession No. LC591987). Biology. The species was first discovered in a dead elm tree in October 2019. The diameter at breast height of the elm tree was about 20cm. A small series consisting of a few larvae, pupae and adults were collected by bark dissection. To obtain more samples, we made a second trip to the same locality from June to July 2020. More adults were collected in a nearby dead elm tree. No observations were made of attack on a living tree. Galleries were observed (Fig. 3) and consisted of a single longitudinal egg gallery (3.4–4.0 cm long) with a large nuptial chamber. The egg gallery strongly scores the sapwood. We observed 97 to 108 larval galleries in each egg gallery. Larval mines lightly score the sapwood and radiate perpendicular to the egg gallery. Larval galleries (4.6–5.2 cm long) later meander often at an oblique angle to the grain of wood, forming a fan shaped pattern that is typical for the genus (Smith & Cognato, 2014). Remarks. The male is considered to be a member of group II (Michalski 1973) which consists of species that lack processes on ventrite 2 but have tubercles or spines on the posterior margins of ventrites 3 and 4 and the female is considered to be a member of group III which consists of species without spines or tubercles on the ventrites. There are no effective identification keys to species in China. The most complete by Yin et al. (1984) includes only eight of the 10 species reported from mainland China. In this key, this species would fail at couplet 20 because of the absence of tubercles on the apical margins of ventrites 3 and 4 of the female., Published as part of Zhang, Ling, Li, You, Smith, Sarah M. & Wang, Jianguo, 2021, Scolytus jiulianshanensis, a new species of bark beetle (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) from elm in China, pp. 295-300 in Zootaxa 5057 (2) on pages 296-299, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5057.2.9, http://zenodo.org/record/5588202, {"references":["Smith, S. M. & Cognato, A. I. (2014) A taxonomic monograph of Nearctic Scolytus Geoffroy (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Scolytinae). ZooKeys, 450, 1 - 182. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 450.7452","Michalski, J. (1973) Revision of the Palearctic Species of the Genus Scolytus Geoffroy (Coleoptera, Scolytidae). Panstwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe, Warszawa, 214 pp., 49 pls.","Yin, H. F., Huang, F. S. & Li, Z. L. (1984) Economic Insect Fauna of China. Fasc. 29. Coleoptera: Scolytidae. Science Press, Beijing, x + 205 pp., XIX pls. [in Chinese]"]}

A new species of bark beetle, Scolytus jiulianshanensis Zhang, Li & Smith sp. nov., from Jiangxi, China is described and illustrated. This new species was collected from dead elm (Ulmus sp.) trees. A DNA barcoding sequence of this species is provided. The new species is distinguished from other Asian Scolytus species by the apical margins of ventrites 3 and 4 of the male each armed with a broad median tubercle and lacking ventral spines.

The first part of the work aimed to study the survey of apple trees borers that attack apple orchards in two different geographical regions, at Abo-Mashour and Al-Khatatba locations (Menoufia governorate). Five species were recorded in the study showed, these borers were Synantheden myopaeformis Borkh., Zeuzera pyrina L., Hypothenemus eruditus Westwood., Scolytus amygdali Guer. and Chlorophorus varius Mull (non recorded at Al-Khatatba) . Highest percentages of infestation (26.08 & 21.33 %) were recorded for Sy. myopaeformis followed by Z. pyrina (17.83 &13.01%) at Abo-Mashour and Al-Khatatba, respectively. An annual increase of infested trees with these borers, especially Sy. myopaeformis (10.59 & 9.59) and Z. pyrina (9.22 & 6.62 )give serious indicators to quick devastation and the death of infested trees. The weather factors detected a significant correlation with infestation by different borers except Ch. varius. Also significant differences for both Z. pyrina and S. amygdale were detected in the two regions under study, while the infestation showed insignificant differences of both Sy. myopaeformis and H. eruditus The second part of the study aimed to investigate the role of phytochemical components within apple trees and their relation to the infestation with apple clearwing moth Sy myopaeformis. The analysis by GC-MS chromatograph showed differences in both Chemical composition and the percentages of compounds in the tested wood samples from apple trees under study. In the uninfested young trees (resistant trees), the levels of 9-Octadecenoic acid (Oleic acid), 9-Hexadecanoic acid and Ethyl iso-allocholate were found at higher rates than the uninfested old trees, as they were 31.42%, 14.83% and 5.37% respectively. The infested old trees showed high levels of these chemical compounds compared to uninfested ones as the percentages of 9-Octadecenoic acid (Oleic acid), 9-Hexadecanoic acid and Ethyl iso-allocholate increased by 5.8 fold, 3.1 fold and 3.1 fold, respectively, while the percentages in uninfested old trees were 7.42%, 5.39% and 3.34% respectively.

Summary Bursaphelenchus michalskii sp. n. is described from the bark of the European white elm, Ulmus laevis. All propagative stages of the nematode were found in larval galleries of the large elm bark beetle, Scolytus scolytus, and in overlapping gallery systems of this species and the small European elm bark beetle, S. multistriatus. Dauer juveniles of the new nematode are transmitted to new breeding trees under elytra of adult S. scolytus. Bursaphelenchus michalskii sp. n. is characterised by the female body length of 953 (838-1108) μm and male body length of 893 (811-971) μm, very slender body (a = 53.9 (46.1-58.5) and 60.9 (52.2-72.0) in female and male, respectively), lateral fields with three incisures (two bands), excretory pore usually located anterior to the median bulb, lack of vulval flap, long post-uterine sac, relatively small spicules 12.3 (10.8-13.3) μm long with no cucullus and with distinct, somewhat thorn-like, dorsally bent or reflexed condylus and a conical or digitate rostrum, and the arrangement of the seven male caudal papillae (i.e., a single precloacal ventromedian papilla (P1), one pair of adcloacal ventrosublateral papillae (P2) at or just anterior to cloacal slit, one ventrosublateral, postcloacal pair (P3) located at ca 60% of the tail length, posterior to cloacal slit, and one pair (P4) of ventrosublateral papillae located near the base of the bursa). The newly described species shares most of the key morphological characters with members of the eremus-group (sensu Braasch et al., 2009). However, B. michalskii sp. n. is unique amongst Bursaphelenchus species by a combination of female tail and spicule shape, excretory pore position, and other morphometric characters. These findings were confirmed by DNA sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of the 18S and 28S rDNA regions and by the unique molecular profile of the ITS region (ITS-RFLP).

Summary Two new species and a new subspecies of Bursaphelenchus are described. Bursaphelenchus carpini n. sp. and B. cryphali okhotskensis n. subsp. were isolated from Cryphalus carpini emerged from a dead log of a Carpinus sp. collected in Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan, and from C. piceae emerged from a dead log of Abies sachalinensis collected in Hokkaido, Japan, respectively. Meanwhile, B. laciniatae n. sp. was isolated from the bark of dead Ulmus laciniata, which harboured Scolytus esuriens galleries, collected in Hokkaido, Japan. These three species phylogenetically belong to the eggersi/eremus-group clade and share common typological characters such as a relatively slender body, three-lined lateral field, male spicule with a well-developed condylus, short and wide blade (calomus-lamina complex) and lack of clear cucullus. These three species and subspecies can be distinguished from one another and their close relatives by the condylus shape, female tail shape and phylogenetic and biological characters.

Simple Summary Dutch elm disease (DED) has been killing elms for more than a century in northern Europe; the trees’ health status has worsened substantially in recent decades. Elm bark beetles Scolytus spp. are vectors of DED. Our aim was to estimate the distribution range of elm bark beetles and to detect potential new vectors of DED agents in northern Europe. Beetles were caught with bottle traps and manually. Then DNA from each specimen was extracted and analysed by the third generation sequencing method. DED agents were detected on the following bark beetles for Europe: Scolytus scolytus, S. triarmatus, S. multistriatus, S. laevis, and on new vectors: Xyleborus dispar and Xyleborinus saxesenii. The spread of Scolytus triarmatus, S. multistriatus and Xyleborinus saxesenii has been remarkable for the last two decades, and S. triarmatus and X. saxesenii are relatively recent newcomers in the northern Baltics. The problem is that the more vectoring beetles there are, the faster spread of Dutch elm disease from tree to tree. Abstract Potential Dutch elm disease vector beetle species were caught with pheromone bottle traps and handpicked in 2019: in total, seven species and 261 specimens were collected. The most common was Scolytus triarmatus, but by percent, the incidence of Ophiostoma novo-ulmi was highest in Scolytus scolytus, followed by Xyleborinus saxesenii and S. triarmatus. We analysed the beetles’ DNA using PacBio sequencing to determine vector beetles of Ophiostoma novo-ulmi. Ophiostoma novo-ulmi was found on six out of seven analysed beetle species: Scolytus scolytus, S. triarmatus, S. multistriatus, S. laevis, Xyleborinus saxesenii and Xyleborus dispar. The last two beetles were detected as vectors for Ophiostoma novo-ulmi for the first time. Previous knowledge on the spread of beetles is discussed.

In temperate forests, elevated frequency of drought related disturbances will likely increase the incidence of interactions between disturbances such as bark beetle epidemics and wildfires. Our understanding of the influence of recent drought and insect-induced tree mortality on wildfire severity has largely lacked information from forests adapted to frequent fire. A recent unprecedented tree mortality event in California's Sierra Nevada provides an opportunity to examine this disturbance interaction in historically frequent-fire forests. Using field data collected within areas of recent tree mortality that subsequently burned in wildfire, we examined whether and under what conditions wildfire severity relates to severity of prefire tree mortality in Sierra Nevada mixed-conifer forests. We collected data on 180 plots within the 2015 Rough Fire and 2016 Cedar Fire footprints (California, USA). Our analyses identified prefire tree mortality as influential on all measures of wildfire severity (basal area killed by fire, RdNBR, and canopy torch) on the Cedar Fire, although it was less influential than fire weather (relative humidity). Prefire tree mortality was influential on two of three fire-severity measures on the Rough Fire, and was the most important predictor of basal area killed by fire; topographic position was influential on two metrics. On the Cedar Fire, the influence of prefire mortality on basal area killed by fire was greater under milder weather conditions. All measures of fire severity increased as prefire mortality increased up to prefire mortality levels of approximately 30-40%; further increases did not result in greater fire severity. The interacting disturbances shifted a pine-dominated system (Rough Fire) to a cedar-pine-fir system, while the pre-disturbance fir-cedar system (Cedar Fire) saw its dominant species unchanged. Managers of historically frequent-fire forests will benefit from utilizing this information when prioritizing fuels reduction treatments in areas of recent tree mortality, as it is the first empirical study to document a relationship between prefire mortality and subsequent wildfire severity in these systems. This study contributes to a growing body of evidence that the influence of prefire tree mortality on wildfire severity in temperate coniferous forests may depend on other conditions capable of driving extreme wildfire behavior, such as weather.

Scolytus kirschii Skalitzky, 1876 Records. DON, LUG [Nikulina et al., 2015: 38]., Published as part of Arzanov, Yu. G., Martynov, V. V. & Nikulina, T. V., 2021, A contribution to the fauna of weevil beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea) of the Central Donbass, pp. 5-44 in Caucasian Entomological Bulletin 17 (1) on page 42, DOI: 10.23885/181433262021171-544, http://zenodo.org/record/8145644, {"references":["Nikulina T., Mandelshtam M., Petrov A., Nazarenko V., Yunakov N. 2015. A survey of the weevils of Ukraine. Bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Platypodinae and Scolytinae). Zootaxa. 3912 (1): 1 - 61. DOI: 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3912.1.1"]}

Scolytus carpini (Ratzeburg, 1837) Records. DON [Nikulina et al., 2015: 37]., Published as part of Arzanov, Yu. G., Martynov, V. V. & Nikulina, T. V., 2021, A contribution to the fauna of weevil beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea) of the Central Donbass, pp. 5-44 in Caucasian Entomological Bulletin 17 (1) on page 42, DOI: 10.23885/181433262021171-544, http://zenodo.org/record/8145644, {"references":["Nikulina T., Mandelshtam M., Petrov A., Nazarenko V., Yunakov N. 2015. A survey of the weevils of Ukraine. Bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Platypodinae and Scolytinae). Zootaxa. 3912 (1): 1 - 61. DOI: 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3912.1.1"]}

Scolytus multistriatus (Marsham, 1802) Records. DON, LUG [Nikulina et al., 2015: 39]., Published as part of Arzanov, Yu. G., Martynov, V. V. & Nikulina, T. V., 2021, A contribution to the fauna of weevil beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea) of the Central Donbass, pp. 5-44 in Caucasian Entomological Bulletin 17 (1) on page 43, DOI: 10.23885/181433262021171-544, http://zenodo.org/record/8145644, {"references":["Nikulina T., Mandelshtam M., Petrov A., Nazarenko V., Yunakov N. 2015. A survey of the weevils of Ukraine. Bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Platypodinae and Scolytinae). Zootaxa. 3912 (1): 1 - 61. DOI: 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3912.1.1"]}

Scolytus intricatus (Ratzeburg, 1837) Records. DON, LUG [Nikulina et al., 2015: 38]., Published as part of Arzanov, Yu. G., Martynov, V. V. & Nikulina, T. V., 2021, A contribution to the fauna of weevil beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea) of the Central Donbass, pp. 5-44 in Caucasian Entomological Bulletin 17 (1) on page 42, DOI: 10.23885/181433262021171-544, http://zenodo.org/record/8145644, {"references":["Nikulina T., Mandelshtam M., Petrov A., Nazarenko V., Yunakov N. 2015. A survey of the weevils of Ukraine. Bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Platypodinae and Scolytinae). Zootaxa. 3912 (1): 1 - 61. DOI: 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3912.1.1"]}

Scolytus scolytus (Fabricius, 1775) Records. DON, LUG [Nikulina et al., 2015: 41]., Published as part of Arzanov, Yu. G., Martynov, V. V. & Nikulina, T. V., 2021, A contribution to the fauna of weevil beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea) of the Central Donbass, pp. 5-44 in Caucasian Entomological Bulletin 17 (1) on page 43, DOI: 10.23885/181433262021171-544, http://zenodo.org/record/8145644, {"references":["Nikulina T., Mandelshtam M., Petrov A., Nazarenko V., Yunakov N. 2015. A survey of the weevils of Ukraine. Bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Platypodinae and Scolytinae). Zootaxa. 3912 (1): 1 - 61. DOI: 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3912.1.1"]}

Scolytus rugulosus (P.W.J. Mueller, 1818) Records. DON, LUG [Nikulina et al., 2015: 41]., Published as part of Arzanov, Yu. G., Martynov, V. V. & Nikulina, T. V., 2021, A contribution to the fauna of weevil beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea) of the Central Donbass, pp. 5-44 in Caucasian Entomological Bulletin 17 (1) on page 43, DOI: 10.23885/181433262021171-544, http://zenodo.org/record/8145644, {"references":["Nikulina T., Mandelshtam M., Petrov A., Nazarenko V., Yunakov N. 2015. A survey of the weevils of Ukraine. Bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Platypodinae and Scolytinae). Zootaxa. 3912 (1): 1 - 61. DOI: 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3912.1.1"]}

Scolytus ensifer Eichhoff, 1881 Records. DON, LUG [Nikulina et al., 2015: 37]., Published as part of Arzanov, Yu. G., Martynov, V. V. & Nikulina, T. V., 2021, A contribution to the fauna of weevil beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea) of the Central Donbass, pp. 5-44 in Caucasian Entomological Bulletin 17 (1) on page 42, DOI: 10.23885/181433262021171-544, http://zenodo.org/record/8145644, {"references":["Nikulina T., Mandelshtam M., Petrov A., Nazarenko V., Yunakov N. 2015. A survey of the weevils of Ukraine. Bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Platypodinae and Scolytinae). Zootaxa. 3912 (1): 1 - 61. DOI: 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3912.1.1"]}

Scolytus pygmaeus (Fabricius, 1787) Records. DON, LUG [Nikulina et al., 2015: 40]., Published as part of Arzanov, Yu. G., Martynov, V. V. & Nikulina, T. V., 2021, A contribution to the fauna of weevil beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea) of the Central Donbass, pp. 5-44 in Caucasian Entomological Bulletin 17 (1) on page 43, DOI: 10.23885/181433262021171-544, http://zenodo.org/record/8145644, {"references":["Nikulina T., Mandelshtam M., Petrov A., Nazarenko V., Yunakov N. 2015. A survey of the weevils of Ukraine. Bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Platypodinae and Scolytinae). Zootaxa. 3912 (1): 1 - 61. DOI: 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3912.1.1"]}

Scolytus sulcifrons Rey, 1892 Records. DON, LUG [Nikulina et al., 2015: 42]., Published as part of Arzanov, Yu. G., Martynov, V. V. & Nikulina, T. V., 2021, A contribution to the fauna of weevil beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea) of the Central Donbass, pp. 5-44 in Caucasian Entomological Bulletin 17 (1) on page 43, DOI: 10.23885/181433262021171-544, http://zenodo.org/record/8145644, {"references":["Nikulina T., Mandelshtam M., Petrov A., Nazarenko V., Yunakov N. 2015. A survey of the weevils of Ukraine. Bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Platypodinae and Scolytinae). Zootaxa. 3912 (1): 1 - 61. DOI: 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3912.1.1"]}

Scolytus Geoffroy Scolytus is a large and strongly sexually dimorphic genus. To simplify identification, the genus has been split into three groups based on the armature of the second, third and fourth ventrites. Males and females of one species can key out in different groups. Key to groups of Scolytus 1. Second abdominal ventrite with one or two median spines or a tubercle. The tubercle is larger than others spines occurring on the third and fourth segment���...................................................................... group I - Second abdominal ventrite unarmed by spines or tubercles (sometimes a tubercle may occur, but in this case is strongly smaller than the spines occurring on the third and or fourth ventrite)���................................................. 2 2. Posterior margin of the third or fourth ventrite with small central spines ora obliquely plate in the middle (except for females of S. pygmaeus and S. ratzeburgi for which see group III)���................................................ group II - No spine, tubercles or plate on the ventrite. Frons flat in males, convex in female���........................... group III Key to group I 1. Anterior margin of the second ventrite with one large tubercle���................................................ 2 - Small spine in the middle or on the posterior margin of the second ventrite. Ventrite without teeth in the lateral corners. Third and fourth ventrite without median tubercle���.............................................................. 6 2. Second ventrite obliquely and uniformly ascendant. Ventrite 2 with sharp teeth in the lateral corners���...................3 - Second ventrite long and vertically ascendant. Ventrite 2 without sharp teeth in the lateral corners.Also third and fourth ventrite with median tubercles in male���......................................................................... 4 3. Elytral apices with disperse hair. Male frons with flat, with long hairs. Lateral hairs longer and curved internally. Female frons convex with disperse hairs. Abdomen covered with few short yellow hairs..................��� S. multistriatus (Marsham) Palaearctic distribution: Albania, Austria, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Belarus, Russia, Czechia, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Great Britain, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Macedonia, The Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Serbia and Montenegro, Algeria, Egypt, Morocco, Turkey (Kn��žek 2011), Iran (Beaver et al. 2016). Iran distribution: Fars (Borumand 1998), Guilan (Borumand 1998; Samin et al. 2011; Amini et al. 2012), Rostamkola-Mazandaran Province, original data. Host plants in Iran: Ulmus minor, U. glabra (Pfeffer 1995), Populus spp. (Bright & Skidmore 2002; Bright 2014). - Elytral apices with a brush of hairs in male. Female with dense hairs. Ventrite with dense and long hairs. Male frons with straight hairs, but lateral hair not longer and not curved internally. Female frons convex, and covered with hairs���............................................................................................ S. orientalis (Eggers) Palaearctic distribution: Bulgaria, Romania, Russia, Ukraine, Turkmenistan (Kn��žek 2011), Iran (Beaver et al. 2016). Iran distribution: Northern provinces (Modares Awal 1997). Host plants in Iran: Ulmus minor, Zelkova carpinifolia (Pfeffer 1995), Ulmus pumila (Modares Awal 1997). 4. Venter with spines flat, as long as wide in male, longer than wide in female. Male frons flat with long yellow hairs, female frons convex with short and disperse hairs. Color brown-dark to blackish. 2.8���3.2 mm long���.......... S. eckesteini (Butovitsch) Palaearctic distribution: Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Russia, Turkmenistan (Kn��žek 2011), Iran (Amini et al. 2013). Iran distribution: Sangar-Guilan Province (Amini et al. 2013). Host plants in Iran: Ulmus minor, Zelkova spp. (Aksent���ev 1993; Amini et al. 2013). - Venter with spines rounded or conical���................................................................... 5 5. Male frons concave with a marginal edge of yellow hairs. Female frons convex with disperse hairs. Black with brownish elytra. Pronotum with small and fine punctures. Elytra as long as pronotum in males, slightly longer than pronotum in females. Striae and interstriae with regular large and dense punctures. Abdominal spine long and curved toward up in male, short and right in female. Third ventrite of male with small granules, fourth ventrite with a small median tubercle. 2.3���3.2 mm long���............................................................................................ S. ensifer Eichhoff Palaearctic distribution: Austria, Azores, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Russia, Czechia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Switzerland, Ukraine, Serbia and Montenegro, Turkey (Kn��žek 2011), Iran (Beaver et al. 2016). Iran distribution: Sangar, Guilan province (Amini et al. 2013), Markazi (Borumand 1998), northern provinces (Modares Awal 1997). Host plants in Iran: Ulmus minor (Amini et al. 2013), U. glabra, Zelkova carpinifolia (Pfeffer 1995). - Male frons deeply concave with long hairs. Female frons convex and glabrous. Pronotum with small punctures. Elytra as long as pronotum Abdominal spine curved and its length female as long as male. Fourth ventrite in male with a median small tubercle. 2.3���3.1 mm long���......................................................... S. varshalovitchi Michalski Palaearctic distribution: Azerbaijan (Kn��žek 2011), Iran (Amini et al. 2017). Iran distribution: Gorgan (Amini et al. 2017). Host plants in Iran: Carpinus betulus (Pffefer 1995), Zelkova carpinifolia (Amini et al. 2017). 6. Small spine located in medial area of the second ventrite���.................................................... 7 - Small spine located in the middle of the superior margin of the second ventrite. In the female the spine is barely visible. Pronotum and lateral sides of elytra, as well as ventrites, with short and disperse hairs. Frons convex with elongate punctures. In males with long and dense hairs, in females with few disperse hairs. Pronotum with deep punctures. Both striae and interstriae with large punctures. Sharp abdominal spine. Color dark brown to black. 2.0���5.0 mm long���.... S. jaroschevskyi Schevyrew Palaearctic distribution: Azerbaijan, Armenia, Georgia, Russia Ukraine, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan (Kn��žek 2011), Iran (Beaver et al. 2016). Iran distribution: Kopetdhag in Quchan provience (Petrov 2013). Host plants in Iran: Elaeagnus angustifolia, Ulmus minor (Pfeffer 1995). 7. Abdomen with disperse short hairs. Abdominal spine short, as long as wide, rounded, in male apically broadened, in female shorter and cylindrical. Male frons flat with long hairs. Female frons convex and with short hairs. Pronotum with dense large punctures. Elytral punctures varying from large and deep punctures indistinguishable between striae and interstriae, and small punctures on the interstriae. Body color dark brown. 3.0���4.0 mm long���....................... S. schevyrewi Semenov Palaearctic distribution: Russia, China, Kyrgysstan, Kazakhstan, North Korea, Mongolia, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan (Kn��žek 2011), Iran (Beaver et al. 2016). Iran distribution: no locality given (Petrov 2013). Host plants in Iran: Ulmus minor, Persica vulgaris, Elaeagnus angustifolia, Malus orientalis (Pfeffer 1995). - Abdomen with dense long hairs combined with some short hairs between them. Abdominal spine oval. Both male and female frons convex with wrinkled and oval punctures. Elytra with dense punctures in rows, such as striae and interstriae are hardly distinguishable���..................................................................................... 8 8. Male frons with short, thin, yellow, disperse hairs. Female frons without hairs or rarely with short hairs above the clypeus. Color brown to dark brown and semi-opaque. 2.0���3.0 mm long���............................... S. kirschii kirschii Skalitzky Palaearctic distribution: Austria, Azerbaijan, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, France, Hungary, Italy, Macedonia, Russia, Ukraine. Algeria, Morocco, Iraq, Turkmenistan (Kn��žek 2011), Iran (Beaver et al. (2016). Iran distribution: West Azarbaijan (Samin et al. 2011), southern provinces (Modares Awal 1997). Host plants in Iran: Ulmus minor, U. glabra (Pfeffer 1995; Modares Awal 1997). - Both male and female frons with long yellow hairs. Color brown to dark brown, often with a dark transverse band in the posterior of the reddish���brown elytra. 2.0��� 3.5 mm long���..................................... S. kirschii fasciatus Reitter Palaearctic distribution: France, Italy, Spain, Russia, Algeria, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Turkey (Kn��žek 2011), Iran (Beaver et al. 2016). Iran distribution: Mazandaran (Modares Awal 1997), Sangar-Guilan Province, original data. Host plants in Iran: Ulmus minor, U. glabra, Persica vulgaris, Armeniaca vulgaris (Pfeffer 1995), Prunus armeniaca, Prunus domestica, Prunus spinosa (Rosaceae) (Modares Awal 1997)., Published as part of Amini, Sudabe, Nozari, Jamasb, Martinez, Isabel, Hosseini, Reza & Faccoli, Massimo, 2020, Morphological and molecular identification of the Iranian bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Scolytinae), pp. 251-284 in Zootaxa 4852 (3) on pages 271-273, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4852.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4409855, {"references":["Knizek, M. (2011) Curculionidae: Scolytinae. In: Lobl, I. & Smetana, A. (Eds.), Catalogue of Palaearctic Coleoptera. Vol. 7. Curculionoidea I. Apollo Books, Stenstrup, pp. 86 - 87, 204 - 251.","Beaver, R. A., Ghahari, H. & Sanguansub, S. (2016) An annotated checklist of Platypodinae and Scolytinae (Coleoptera: Curcu- lionidae) from Iran. Zootaxa, 4098 (3), 401 - 441. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4098.3.1","Borumand, H. (1998) Insects of Iran: the list of coleoptera in the insect collection of Plant Pests and Diseases Research Institute: Coleoptera (XXIV), Curculionoidea, (Anthribidae, Attelabidae, Brentidae, Apionidae, Curculionidae, Scolytidae, Platypodidae. Plants Pests and Diseases Research Institute, Tehran, 110 pp.","Samin, N., Sakenin, H. & Rastegar, J. (2011) A study of the species composition of Scolytidae (Coleoptera) of north and north- western Iran. Amurian Zoological Journal, 3, 265 - 267.","Pfeffer, A. (1995) Zentral und west-palaarktische Borken und Kernkafer (Coleoptera: Scolytidae: Platypodidae). Pro Entomologia, Basel, 310 pp.","Bright, D. E. & Skidmore, R. E. (2002) A Catalog of Scolytidae and Platypodidae (Coleoptera). Supplement 2 (1995 - 1999). NRC Research Press, Ottawa, Ontario, 523 pp.","Bright, D. (2014) A Catalog of Scolytidae and Platypodidae (Coleoptera). Supplement 3 (2000 - 2010), with notes on subfamily and tribal reclassifications. Insecta Mundi, 365, 1 - 336.","Modarres Awal, M. (1997) Platypodidae, Scolytidae. In: Modarres Awal, M. (Eds.), List of agricultural pests and their natural enemies in Iran. Ferdowsi University Press, Mashhad: pp. 192 - 194.","Amini, S., Hosseini, R. & Sohani, M. (2013) A faunal study of bark beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) in Guilan province in north of Iran. Entomofauna, 12, 169 - 176.","Amini, S., Nozari, J., Knizek, M., Mandelshtam, M., Etemad, V. & Faccoli, M. (2017) New records of Iranian bark beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Scolytinae) and their host plants. Zootaxa, 4350 (2), 396 - 400. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4350.2.13","Petrov, A. V. (2013) New data and new synonymy of Scolytus Geoffroy, 1762 bark beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) from Russia and adjacent countries. Lesnoj Vestnik, 6 98, 39 - 47. [in Russian, with English summary, pp. 190] https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 56.519"]}

Geosmithia species (Hypocreales, Ascomycota) are associates of bark beetles and other arthropods. One species, Geosmithia morbida, is a virulent tree pathogen of Juglans nigra. To date, 10 Geosmithia spp. from conifer-infesting, and at least 23 species from hardwood associated bark beetles have been reported from Europe. The aim of this study was to survey Geosmithia spp. associated with 18 bark and ambrosia beetle species in hardwood ecosystems in Poland. In addition, we evaluated the pathogenicity of the six Geosmithia species by inoculating Acer, Fagus, Quercus, Tilia and Ulmus seedlings. Our surveys yielded a total of 1060 isolates from 2915 beetles and 1887 galleries. We identified isolates using morphology and ITS, β-tubulin and TEF1-α sequences. Altogether we identified 11 species including nine previously known and two new species described here as Geosmithia fagi sp. nov. and G. pazoutovae sp. nov. In addition, a sister species G. longistipitata sp. nov., associated with Picea trees, is described here. Bark beetles from hardwoods, with exeption of Dryocoetes alni, D. villosus, Scolytus ratzeburgi and ambrosia beetles, appear to be regular vectors of Geosmithia spp. Like in other parts of the world, most Geosmithia taxa exhibited a distinct level of vector/host specificity. None of Geosmithia isolates induced any disease symptoms under the conditions of our experiment. This study highlights the need for more intensive surveys across additional areas of Central and Northern Europe, insect vectors and host tree species in order to elucidate the Geosmithia species diversity in this region.

Anew relatively safe and commercial partial/complete coverage spray to control Scolytus amygdali (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) in the apricot orchard (applied only twice instead of 6 current MOA recommended chemical treatments/season) at El- Kattatba district, (Menofia Governorate). Percentages reduction of infestation for the following 7 applications for one-year treatment (2015), two successive years (2015 and 2016), and three successive years (2015, 2016 and 2017) were, respectively, as follow: A: Horticultural treatments: 1) dormant winter pruning (27.73 increased to 34.87 then 38.88%), 2) summer pruning (15.06 increased to 17.65 then 19.24%), 3) dormant and summer pruning (34.06 increased to 39.50 then 45.69%). B: Chemical treatment: 4) MOA recommended chemical treatments (3 treatments during spring and 3 treatments during autumn) (80.57 increased to 85.08 then 89.58%), 5) new commercial partial/complete coverage chemical treatments (1 treatment during spring and 1 treatment during autumn) (61.35 increased to 71.01 then 79.16%). Third: Horticultural (winter and summer pruning as an additive control) together with chemical treatments: 6) pruning together with MOA recommended treatments resulted in 86.03% increased to 88.24% then 96.39%, and 7) pruning together with new partial/complete coverage treatment resulted in 68.78% increased to 78.15% then 91.78%. The new commercial and relatively safe partial/complete coverage chemical control eliminates the pesticide use (2 treatments insteat of 6) and reduces residues, prevent the outbreaks of secondary species, decrease the environmental pollution, encourage the role of the biological control agents and obtain better production of decontamination of fruits through using limited insecticides.

SummaryThree parasitaphelenchid species,Parasitaphelenchus frontalisn. sp.,P. costatin. sp. andBursaphelenchus hirsutaen. sp., are described.Parasitaphelenchus frontalisn. sp. was isolated from the body cavity ofScolytus frontalisemerging from dead logs ofZelkova serratacollected from Kanagawa, Japan, and characterised by its four-lined lateral field in the adults and dome-shaped lip region of the parasitic juveniles. Whereas the two first-mentioned species were isolated fromAlniphagus costatus,B. hirsutaen. sp. emerged from dead logs ofAlnus hirsutacollected from Nagano, Japan.Parasitaphelenchus costatin. sp. andB. hirsutaen. sp. were recovered from the body cavity and the underside of the elytra of their host/carrier beetle, respectively.Parasitaphelenchus costatin. sp. is characterised by its three-lined lateral field in adults and the presence of a ventrally-directed hook on the lip region of the parasitic juvenile.Bursaphelenchus hirsutaen. sp. belongs to theeggersigroup of the genus and is characterised by its three-lined lateral field, dorsally truncate condylus and pointed rostrum of males, and long, smoothly tapering and strongly ventrally recurved, female tail. Molecular characterisation is provided for all three new species and their phylogenys discussed.