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The purpose of this study is to consider the literature that looks at the implications of information technology for scholarly journals which have historically been a linchpin of communication among scholars in which research results are released, discussed, vetted, and disseminated among faculty, students, and scholars. With the expansion of the Internet/World Wide Web, great attention has been focused on traditional publication processes, changes to business models, implications for intellectual property rights, and modes of communication. This study consequently examined recent literature on information technology and scholarly journal publication to characterize the impact of the Internet/World Wide Web on the nature, function, and status of scholarly journal publishing in the last decade. The study focused primarily on the peer-reviewed journal article since this marks the entry of information into the formal domain because the peer- reviewed journal article is, and has been, for at least two decades, the most extensive mode found in the published literature and represents the greatest amount of resources. This study is not a discussion of the whole process of scientific communication but instead an examination of a subset of that process: scientific journal publishing and how it may have been affected by the new information technologies. This effort covers, as noted, juried periodical articles with a lesser reliance on chapters in anthologies and monographs as well as conference proceedings, dissertations, and reports from the "grey literature" together with limited consultation with experts. Attention has been focused on the period since 1994, the point at which the expansion of the Internet and proliferation of communication technologies appears to have intensified discussion of the future of scholarly publication, particularly in the sciences. The research conducted by King, McDonald, and Roderer in their 1980 seminal study of the production, use, and economics of science journals in the United States, together with work published in 2000 by Tenopir and King, provides the starting point of this study. To build on and supplement these important investigations, a web-based literature search was undertaken. Some of the databases consulted include The Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) Digital Library, Online Computer Library Center (OCLC), and Socio File. (Author/SOE)

This report explores the following types of emerging scholarship: (1) experimental--designed to develop and model a methodology for generating recorded information about a historical event or an academic discipline that might otherwise go undocumented; (2) open-ended--generates digital objects that are intended to be added to over time; (3) interactive--gathers content through dynamic interactions among the participants; (4) software-intensive--stipulates that the tools for using the data are as important to preserve as is the content; (5) multimedia--creates information in a variety of genres and texts, time lines, images, audio, video, and file formats; and (6) unpublished--designed to be used and disseminated through the Web, yet not destined to be published formally or submitted for peer review. Examples of new-model scholarship are presented. Enterprise-based and community-based models for preservation of digital content are described. Two related papers are appended: "Organizational Models for Digital Archiving" (Dale Flecker); and "Digital Preservation in the United States: Survey of Current Research, Practice, and Common Understandings" (Daniel Greenstein and Abby Smith). Contains a list of nine references and 15 Web site addresses. (MES)

This paper describes how Open Source philosophy, a movement that has developed in opposition to the proprietary software industry, has influenced educational practice in the pursuit of scholarly freedom and authentic learning activities for students and educators. This paper provides a brief overview of the Open Source movement, and describes three Open Source-inspired Web-based tools/environments developed to promote open sharing and constructing of scholarly work on the Web: self-publishing, knowledge sharing and peer-to-peer networking. Includes three color figures.(Author/AEF)

This article examined the teachers' beliefs about the application of e-mail communication (listservs) in the learning and teaching of literacy. The context of investigation was conducted in a graduate-level course attended by pre-service and in-service teachers and educators. By examining the articulated beliefs by teachers and how their beliefs influenced their learning, inquiry and interaction, the study revealed the conditions in which e-mail communication facilitates learning and those in which e-mail communication challenges learning. Central to the argument is that it is the theoretical understandings in teachers about the models, practices, and context that affect learning, and that it is the dynamic process of reflection that influenced teachers' beliefs. Also emphasized were the productive roles that university educators, as modeled by the course instructor in this study, can play in supporting teachers' professional development through challenging their beliefs. Contains 53 references and 3 tables of data. (Author/RS)

This paper addresses two key issues related to the disciplinary role of journals in library and information science (LIS). The first issue is the nature of knowledge as communicated through public mechanisms such as journals. The second issue is the set of attributes that characterizes a portion of the content of LIS journals. In order to complete this examination, a group of LIS journals with an explicitly international focus were examined. The central purpose of the study was two-fold: describing some characteristics of the authors of journal articles in LIS; and studying citations within journal articles to determine apparent epistemic links between the articles' content and the cited works. Results indicate that there are no gross gender-related or geocentric tendencies. An openness to various standpoints is also indicated. It is concluded that LIS journals fulfill important knowledge-based responsibilities for the members of the profession. (Contains 13 references and 1 table.) (MES)

The high publication rate of scholarly material makes searching and browsing an inconvenient way to keep oneself up-to-date. Instead of being the active part in information access, researchers want to be notified whenever a new paper in one's research area is published. While more and more publishing houses or portal sites offer notification services, this approach has several disadvantages. This paper introduces the Hermes altering service, a service that integrates a variety of different information providers making their heterogeneity transparent for the users. Hermes offers sophisticated filtering capabilities preventing the user from drowning in a flood of irrelevant information. From the user's point of view, it integrates the provides into a single source. Its simple provider interface makes it easy for publishers to join the service and thus reaching the potential readers directly. This paper presents the architecture of the Hermes service and discusses the issues of heterogeneity of information sources. Furthermore, it discusses the benefits and disadvantages of message-oriented middleware for implementing such a service for digital libraries. (Contains 18 references.) (Author/AEF)

The current system for scholarly information dissemination may be amenable to significant improvement. In particular, going from the current system of journal publication to one of self-distributed documents offers significant cost and timeliness advantages. A major concern with such alternatives is how to provide the value currently afforded by the peer review system. This paper proposes a mechanism that could plausibly supply such value. In the peer review system, papers are judged meritorious if good reviewers give them good reviews. In its place, the report proposes a collaborative filtering algorithm that automatically rates reviewers, and incorporates the quality of the reviewer into the metric of merit for the paper. Such a system seems to provide all the benefits of the current peer review system, while at the same time being much more flexible. The researchers have implemented a number of parameterized variations of this algorithm, and tested them on data available from a quite different application. Initial experiments suggest that the algorithm is in fact ranking reviewers reasonably. (Contains 19 references.) (Author/AEF)

This paper focuses on the efforts at Gardner-Webb University in North Carolina to extend the writing efforts of a writing across the curriculum (WAC) retreat into a greater matrix of scholarly activity, not only in the classroom but outside as well. Noting that the initial idea was that an intensive year of emphasizing scholastic activity could raise the level of scholarly awareness and build an understanding of its range beyond the conventional classroom throughout the University, the paper states that the title "Year of the Scholar" emerged, and WAC faculty reached agreement to present the concept to others on campus. According to the paper, the administration offered both moral and financial support, and allowed the faculty to develop their own ideas. The paper explains that some projects, such as the undergraduate journal, "The Gardner-Webb Review," and the annual Scholarship Showcase and Colloquium highlight student writing, while other activities focus on offering accessible models of scholarly discourse to students in expanded contexts. It lists some of these activities, such as a scholarly lecturer series, a film festival featuring award-winning films, a lunch time discussion with scholars, a freshman essay contest, and multicultural evenings, and it discusses these activities in the context of modeling writing across the curriculum. The paper finds that the "Year of the Scholar" programs and activities support their organizers' ideals in moving toward a goal of intellectualizing the totality of the University experience. (NKA)

Based on the theory of pedagogic discourse developed by Basil Bernstein, this paper discusses the relationship between the production of intellectual discourse and the Chinese State which emerged after the Cultural Revolution. The paper identifies three dominant ideological positions in China between 1949 and 1993: traditional collectivism (before the Cultural Revolution), radical collectivism (during the Cultural Revolution), and regulated individualism (after the Cultural Revolution). The empirical work is a study of "Jiaoyu Yanjiao" ("Educational Research"), the most important Chinese education journal, published by the Central Institute of Educational Research. The journal was created in 1978 by the Institute to support the new education reform in China. The paper's major empirical analysis is on the papers published by the journal on moral education. The reform policy in China introduced by the Chinese government in 1978 had necessitated a fundamental shift in what constituted the core elements of the dominant ideological positions of the State, involving certain elements of autonomy introduced to the intellectual field. But the exercise of the newly granted freedom was conditional, leading to a shift in the modality of controlling the intellectual field exercised by the State and an effect on the ways educational theories are produced and reported in the journal. Contains a figure, 7 tables, and 19 references. (Author/BT)

This paper reports on a project that involved the digitization of manuscripts from the Boswell Collection (i.e., personal papers of James Boswell) by the Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library at Yale University (Connecticut). In this case, the digitization process was designed to serve a group of scholars already at work on a publication series, and so distinguishes itself from many others by its focus on the scholarly communication process rather than on giving broad access to collections through the Internet. The paper discusses the many reasons that a special collections library might undertake a digital conversion program, and shares the staff's insights into how digital technology has found its place in the Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library. Specifically, the paper discusses: background on the library and the Boswell collection; project origins; forming a digitization strategy, including choices regarding where the library should place its emphasis; getting the project underway; the scanning process; results and benefits for the library; results and benefits for the scholar-editors; and conclusions. (AEF)

This is one of a series of Education Papers issued periodically by the Education Department of the Department for International Development. Each paper represents a study or piece of commissioned research on some aspect of education and training in developing countries. This study was commissioned by the Overseas Development Administration (subsequently re-named Department for International Development) in January 1996, as a follow-up to the 1994 pilot project of the African Journals Distribution Program. Each year for a period of 3 years (1996 to 1998), data were collected on the use made of African-published journals in 2 universities in Africa, the University of Ghana (UGL) and the University of Zambia (UNZA). The aims of the survey were to: discover what use is made of African-published journals; evaluate their impact on research; and compare the use made of African-published journals with those published elsewhere. Data were collected by interview/questionnaire with the academic staff in two faculties/schools in each university; an analysis of journals cited in projects, theses and academic staff publications from the same faculties/schools; and a count of journals used in the university libraries. The findings presented in tables in this report are the mean average of the findings of each of the 3 years. In some cases, data were only collected for 1 or 2 of the years and, where appropriate, this is indicated. Findings for UGL and UNZA are given separately. In general, there was no significant difference between the yearly results. The study reveals that, although useful and wanted, African-published journals will not attain their full impact on teaching and research in African universities unless they become more easily accessible and more readily available. Recommendations are given, all in the context of maximizing journal use in African universities and, in particular, the use of journals published in Africa. Data collection instruments are appended. (Contains 13 references.) (AEF)

This paper examines the dynamics of change in scholarly publishing and the impact of technological innovation upon the academic community for which the system of scholarly communication serves as an infrastructure. For the purposes of this discussion, what is of immediate interest is the way the productivity issue frames the possible dimensions of the dynamics of technological innovation, thereby setting a research agenda for the future. From the perspective of academic publishing, the academic community consists of two markets in which "gift" exchanges are governed by contract, that of authors and that of the consumers, the largest of which are academic research libraries. Higher education is both the producer and consumer of scholarly publications. Three new factors define the conditions within which a system of scholarly communication may evolve: (1) the emergence of a global economy in which intellectual property is an important source of wealth; (2) the end of the cold war as a stimulus for national information policy which took the form of federal funding for research; and (3) the cultural diversity of society, and the replacement of a melting pot idea by a transnational culture, which may create new social contexts for education. The remainder of this paper examines issues related to digital documents and academic productivity, and digital documents and the academic community. (AEF)

The costs of scholarly publishing have become unsustainable for both research libraries and university presses. This paper discusses how the transition to electronic journal publishing changes the ways in which these two participants in the scholarly communication process begin to analyze and attempt to control their cost structures in order to remain economically viable. Libraries and their users will be reluctant to abandon a known archival format, and capital investments in the technical infrastructure needed to deliver scholarly information electronically may be made slowly. For publishers, the need to cover first copy costs and to continue serving a market demand for print will create a significant transitional period during which both print and electronic formats must be produced and funded. The transition to fully electronic publication, although likely to reduce operational costs for libraries slightly in the short run and significantly in the long run, creates potential revenue interruptions for presses. Many publishers have proposed pricing models for electronic journals that are based on existing print subscription prices and that include multi-year guarantees of price adjustments to cover both inflation and expansion in the content offered. Libraries are caught in the dilemma posed by many publishers' current pricing structures for electronic journals: the offer of a multi-year reduction in the rate of inflation in high-value commercial journals is attractive when compared to the anticipated inflation in print journals; yet accepting that model would protect a rising share of library collection budgets for high-inflation journals which would then rapidly crowd out other scholarly publications. The short-term measures that the library and press individually might rationally employ to maintain fiscal stability may have far reaching negative implications for the economic viability of the system of scholarly communication as a whole, particularly for the university presses. (Contains 22 references.) (AEF/Author)

It is widely expected that a great deal of scholarly communication will move to an electronic format. This paper speculates about the impact this movement will have on the form of scholarly communication. In order to understand how journals might evolve, the paper begins with a look at the demand and supply for scholarly commutation today, as well as the first-copy costs of academic journals. Two other costs are then mentioned: archiving and yearly costs-per-article read. A discussion on re-engineering journal production and the impact of re-engineering on costs savings follows. Further savings of electronic distribution on shelf-space, monitoring, information searches, and supporting materials are then outlined. The paper concludes that when all academic publication is electronic: (1) publications will have much more general forms; (2) new filtering and refereeing mechanisms will be used; and (3) archiving and standardization will remain a problem. A model for electronic publishing is also presented. (Contains 12 references.) (AEF)

ITForum is an electronic listserv that discusses theories, research, new paradigms, and practices in the field of instructional technology. ITForum is a unique and thriving electronic community of instructional technology scholars and professionals. By offering a schedule of papers and the opportunity to discuss them with the author, ITForum makes a valuable contribution to the professional community. Students, faculty members, and IT professionals alike have an equal opportunity to ask questions and make observations. The authors of papers receive immediate feedback from a large pool of interested and knowledgeable professionals from around the world. Consequently, listservs like ITForum offer the opportunity for scholarly work to become a much more interactive process between authors and readers than is currently the case in traditional publications. ITForum and other listservs like it bring the professional community into a global perspective. Colleagues from different countries can share ideas and experiences as if they worked on the same floor. This paper addresses the issues of: dealing with an iterative mission and purpose; publishing as a process rather than a product; access to people with different backgrounds, perspectives, and cultures; developing a research community; potential pitfalls of computer mediated communication (CMC); "netiquette" and standards of use; achieving critical mass; conflicting viewpoints; providing access to past discussions; and copyright and intellectual property. (Author/SWC)

This paper addresses some of the major shifts in thinking about the nature of publishing and in basic beliefs regarding the peer review process in scholarly communication. Changes in the notion of ownership in the an age of technology are considered. Differences between the referee system with print publications and electronic text are outlined and the shift from the conception of peer review from a summary process to an emergent process is illustrated, noting the public availability of online articles that are in the process of being reviewed and are subject to revision. The "plasticity" of electronic text opens the way for interactivity as a means for quality control, an approach which views text as an organic, dynamic phenomenon capable of adapting and changing within the context from which it was conceived. The paper concludes with a description of a model of an electronic journal that encompasses both an open studio and a showcase gallery environment for textual artifacts, a model which offers the flexibility needed to implement open, interactive peer review, promising speed and diversity of opinion. (AEF)

New digital technologies will allow long-standing missions of learned societies to be performed in new ways. Modern learned societies are national networks of scholars and educators with professional interests in a single field or discipline. This document discusses functions of learned societies including: identity (formal recognition for one's field of study as well as individual professional identity for members); information sharing and communication among members; scholarly publications; and professional services (directories of members, job listings, and guides to graduate study). Other topics include: the context of disconnection among scholars in higher education; the changing roles of learned societies in a digital age; and roles for the American Council of Learned Societies. Critical issues identified for assuring optimal usage of connections made more easily with digital technology are: quality and integrity; common formats and standards; preservation; intellectual property; and academic freedom. Learned societies are well-positioned to use new technology to contribute to significant changes underway in the world of scholarship and higher education involving internationalization, interdisciplinarity, and interactive learning. (SWC)

A study examined discussions on an instructional listserv, an open forum with several hundred subscribers across the world. The study investigated the coherence of a group of electronic mail (e-mail) messages taken from an academic listserv under one topic. Coherence is important as it contributes to the comprehension of a text. Participants on the listserv are mostly academic professionals and other professionals associated with the list's focus on instructional technology. First, e-mail messages on several topics were collected over a period of 1 month. Then, "No Jokes," the group of messages to be examined was selected; it contained 24 messages of different lengths. The subject e-mail message group was scrutinized for themes by using a qualitative content analysis procedure. Results indicated that out of the 24 messages there were 9 themes--one central theme was picked up in 14 messages; 20 times other themes were discussed across 16 messages; and 11 messages of 14 were sent within 2 days. Findings suggest that the e-mail message group seems to lack similarity in themes and the high dissimilarity level makes the group discussion less centered. Based on two measures of similarity and proximity, the messages seem to be lacking in coherence. Some implications for future research on e-mail in education are offered. (Contains 17 references.) (CR)

This paper looks at the issue of how scholarly publishing in electronic forums affects the academic tenure process. Currently, scholarly publication as it relates to the merit and promotion process is generally defined as publication in refereed journals or as publication of scholarly books. This definition, implying a fixed language-based text and an identifiable author or multiple authors, is beginning to be questioned in theory and in practice. Implications for faculty members going through the tenure process, and thus for academic libraries and for librarians, who work to be integral players in the university community, will depend to what extent contemporary theoretical positions are put into practice, whether as radical change or as assimilated into current practices of the advancement and promotion process. Aspects to consider include: (1) the producers, publishers, and consumers of literature on the world wide web; (2) the perceptions of the stability and quality of electronic publications by those who hold academic power; (3) whether or not electronic publications are refereed; (4) different attitudes toward technology within and between academic disciplines; (5) if publications are available in both paper and electronic forms, and if the contents differ between forms; and (6) the ease of access, including access to appropriate computer technology and the ability to retrieve works via indexes and other finding aids. (Contains 41 references.) (Author/SWC)

The rise in popularity of the Internet has had an enormous impact on scholarly communication, especially with the development of the electronic journal. There are a number of advantages to reading and publishing scholarly articles in electronic form: (1) World Wide Web publications have a simple interface, easy-to-read typefaces, and hypertext links; (2) publishing on the World Wide Web can be learned fairly quickly and makes information available to the masses; (3) increased availability of new technologies and relatively low cost of electronic distribution are valuable in the face of reduced budgets in academic libraries and universities; (4) publication and peer review is faster; (5) primary materials can be made more accessible to a broader audience; (6) electronic journals can also be printed; (7) electronic journals accommodate keyword searching; (8) they are available to many people at the same time and from remote locations; (9) they are self-indexing; and (11) there are helpful links to related articles, bulletin boards, and multimedia materials; (12) they can be customized to individual users; and (13) they use less paper and less storage space. On the other hand, issues of credibility, accessibility, and permanence of electronic journals have to be solved before electronic publication becomes widespread. Some organizations and publishers are trying to find a compromise between traditional print journals and their electronic counterparts. There will likely be a lengthy period of transition as academics begin to see the advantages of mounting their research on the Internet. (Contains 16 references.) (Author/SWC)

Academic mailing lists are formed by scholars and professionals interested in intellectual discussion and professional exchange of ideas. Academic mailing lists focus on academic and scholarly subjects, but they are not immune from "flaming," hostile, insulting language in computer-mediated communication. Two scholarly mailing lists, ANTHRO-L and MEDLIB-L, were monitored to during 1994 and investigated for flaming. Three types of flaming were discovered in those professional groups: the personal attack (venomous remarks), taunting (sarcastic barbs), and didactic (admonishments, rebukes, reprimands). People flame when others violate the rules of Internet culture, when there is ethnocentrism (differences in values), and when people misunderstand each other. The following tips for understanding flaming are discussed: educate the ignorant; enforce the rules; facilitate effective communication; and reshape society. As a unique part of the Internet culture, however, flaming has a special role to play in academic mailing lists. Although a punitive measure, it educates the ignorant, polices cyberspace, brings order to the group, and scares away unwanted commercial advertising. Flaming also encourages clear writing and no-nonsense communication. (Contains 23 references.) (MAS)

A research study had three objectives: to identify the core journals in the agricultural and extension education discipline, determine the importance of journals as a medium of scholarly communication in agricultural and extension education, and determine the subject matter areas published in the field's "core" journal, the "Journal of Agricultural Education" (JAE). A systematic sampling of 162 articles appearing in 19 issues of JAE during the even years of the decade of the 1980s was examined to accomplish the study objectives. Eleven journals accounting for 51% of the total citations in JAE were identified as core journals of the agricultural/extension education field. Because journals were cited in JAE more frequently than books, bulletins/reports, dissertations/theses, magazines, or papers/proceedings, they were considered to be the field's most important medium of scholarly communication. The following were the most frequently covered topics: secondary agricultural education (13.5%), youth/youth development (9.7%), experiential learning (9.7%), teaching methods (9.2%), issues related to agricultural instructors (9.2%), adult and postsecondary education (8%), learning theory) (6%), and program development/curriculum (5%). It was recommended that agricultural/extension educators broaden their scope to include other subject matter areas such as extension, international agriculture, special needs, elementary agricultural education, and critical thinking. (Contains 19 references.) (MN)

Publication is at the heart of scholarship. Traditionally, print media has been the vehicle for communicating research results and scholarly thought. Recently, electronic journals have been increasing. This paper explores, from a scholarship perspective, the rationale for publishing electronic journals. It also examines why scholars publish; the life-cycle of scholarly thought; lack of timely feedback; costs; and limits of print journals. The following advantages of electronic journals are identified: increased speed; collaboration; and the availability of different models. The problems with electronic journals identified are credibility; accessibility; permanence; and an ever-changing technical environment. The paper uses "Interpersonal Computing and Technology: An Electronic Journal for the 21st Century" as an example of a scholarly, peer-reviewed, electronic journal; the contents of an issue are appended. (Contains 16 references.) (JLB)

The report considers the interaction of trends in information technology and trends in research practices and the policy implications for archives. The information is divided into 4 sections. The first section, an "Overview of Information Technology Trends," discusses end-user computing, which includes ubiquitous computing, end-user interfaces, and "online transition." Connectivity is examined in terms of access to computational and human resources; the trend toward interchange standards; and distributed versus centralized control. The following technology trends affecting scholarly communication are examined: artificial intelligence; end-user publication and distribution; hypertext and hypermedia; visualization and virtual reality; and caveats. The second section, "Scholarly Communication and the Use of Current Information Technology," discusses a number of issues. Identification of sources and communication with colleagues is covered. Interpretation and analysis of sources is discussed, including computer-assisted analysis through conversion and computer-assisted analysis with artificial intelligence. Electronic publishing and hypermedia are identified as findings for dissemination of research. Curriculum development and instruction is also discussed. Section 3, "Responses by the Library Profession to Changing Research Practices," includes promoting connectivity; conversion; software engineering; and transformations in professional roles. A fourth section, "Conclusion and Recommendations," is divided into the following parts: establishing a network-mediated archival practice; establishing a strategy for the future usability of electronic records; and recognizing and rewarding leadership. (Contains 224 references.) (AEF)

The purpose of this study is to investigate the role of the research library in scholarly communication. Two main issues are addressed: (1) the explosion of printed materials coupled with a rapid increase in the price of these materials that jeopardizes the library's ability to create and maintain collections for users; and (2) the emergence of electronic information technologies that make it possible to envision new methods of organizing services and collections. This document collects statistical data and information on changes facing research libraries. The Association of Research Libraries (ARL) database of library statistics is the main source of information. Part I examines trends in the size of collections; rates of acquisition; levels and categories of expenditures; publications of monographs and serials; and prices of these publications. Some of the findings from this section are: research libraries' percentage of the university budget has shrunk; serial prices have continued to rise creating difficulties; and salaries have declined while other operating expenditures have risen. Part II deals with information needs and new technologies and how they will affect scholarly communication. The ARL Statistics Questionnaire is included in the appendix. (Contains 100 references.) (JLB)

This paper discusses professional ethical concerns for individuals conducting research in electronic collaborative environments. Existing professional codes of ethics were reviewed, and respected figures in the field of educational technology were engaged in conversations about ethics, professional communication, and new technologies. When professional ethics codes dealt with scholarly communications directly, it usually was with regard to ensuring professional competence, protecting the client, and protecting the profession. Each of these relate to electronic communications because new channels are available for interaction via the Internet that open up possibilities for representing and misrepresenting individual and organizational characteristics. The Code of Ethics for the Association for Educational Communications and Technology (AECT) offers some guidance in at least three areas relevant to the Internet: to protect privacy and personal integrity, to distinguish between personal and organizational views, and to give credit where credit is due. While organizations may have once controlled the proliferation of information, in the electronic age, each individual becomes an emissary, potentially influencing the views of others toward an organization. Another issue involves protecting the client and the profession against misrepresentation by individuals of their professional competence or organizational affiliation. Perhaps the most important finding is that there is an inherent conflict between giving credit, and protecting privacy; it is sometimes impossible to do both at the same time. Organizations must develop their own policies, and ask if existing ethical codes address the use of new "interactive" technologies. (AEF)

Presents a literature review that covers the following topics related to the Internet and unrefereed scholarly publishing: conceptions of scholarly publishing and scholarly communication; research manuscripts and preprints; the growth of unrefereed e-script publishing; a hybrid publishing model; controversies about communication via unrefereed manuscripts; the slow transition to e-scripts. (Contains 53 references.) (MES)