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Objective: Survivors of childhood emotional maltreatment (CEM) often report lower levels of romantic relationship satisfaction in later life, yet the mechanisms through which this occurs are unclear. Theoretical and empirical evidence suggests a potential pathway underlying this association is early maladaptive schemas (EMS), however, research is limited. The present study sought out to clarify the association between CEM and current romantic relationship satisfaction, and whether EMS mediate this relationship. Method: The final sample consisted of 230 undergraduate psychology students. An anonymous online survey was administered assessing childhood maltreatment, EMS and current romantic relationship satisfaction. Data pertaining to possible covariates were also collected. Results: CEM was found to be negatively correlated with relationship satisfaction. The results of path analysis additionally revealed emotional deprivation as the only early maladaptive schema to mediate this relationship. Conclusions: These findings contribute to the understanding of how CEM may be related to relationship satisfaction, via EMS. In particular, they suggest experiences of CEM may strengthen the belief that others will not meet one's emotional needs, which in turn, may be associated with reduced levels of romantic relationship satisfaction. Implications for clinical interventions to support adult survivors of CEM are discussed. KEY POINTS: What is already known about this topic: Childhood emotional maltreatment (CEM) is associated with lower romantic relationship satisfaction. The mechanisms underscoring the relationship between CEM and current relationship satisfaction are unclear. Early maladaptive schemas may influence the way in which survivors of CEM experience later romantic attachments. What this topic adds: While experiences of CEM were found to be associated with lower levels of current romantic relationship satisfaction, this relationship appears to be indirect. Emotion deprivation was the only early maladaptive schema found to mediate the relationship between CEM and current romantic relationship satisfaction. Addressing emotion deprivation schemas in clinical interventions for survivors of CEM may have implications for the cultivation of satisfying romantic relationships later in life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The present study was conducted with the aim of examining the effectiveness of schema therapy on anger management and rumination in married women with high marital dissatisfaction. Methods: This study employed a quasi-experimental design, utilizing a pretest-posttest control group with baseline assessment, post-intervention, and three-month follow-up measurements. A total of 30 married women with high marital dissatisfaction, who attended couples therapy clinics in the western part of Tehran between April and July 2022, were selected based on inclusion criteria and their willingness to participate in the research (with written informed consent obtained). These participants were randomly assigned to either the experimental group (schema therapy; n=15) or the control group (n=15) using random allocation. All participants completed the Anger Control Scale and Rumination Questionnaire at three stages of measurement. The therapy sessions were conducted in a group format over eight sessions, each lasting 1 to 1.5 hours, according to the schema therapy protocol. The hypotheses regarding the effectiveness of the intervention were analyzed using repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA). Findings: The results of this study indicated that there was no significant difference in the mean variables of anger management and rumination between the two groups at the pretest stage, suggesting the homogeneity of the research groups at this stage. However, there were significant differences between the two groups at the posttest and follow-up stages, indicating the effectiveness of the intervention on the mentioned variables and the persistence of its effects at the follow-up stage. A comparison between the experimental and control groups also revealed significant differences in the components of anger management and rumination. Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that the aforementioned therapy can be utilized as a psychological intervention to improve anger management and rumination in married women with high marital dissatisfaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The Healthy Adult mindset is one of the primary mindsets in schema therapy, reflecting maturity, mental health, and good judgment. The present study aimed to qualitatively investigate the psychological empowerment of women with a Healthy Adult mindset. Methods: This qualitative study was conducted using a phenomenological approach. Participants included women aged 20-40 from Isfahan Province in 2023, selected through purposive sampling based on inclusion criteria. Data were examined using semi-structured, in-depth interviews. Data saturation was achieved with 20 interviews. Data were analyzed using Colaizzi's seven-step method. Findings: After interviewing women with a Healthy Adult mindset and analyzing the data, 80 initial codes, 8 sub-themes, and 2 main themes were extracted. Coping and self-awareness were classified under the main themes, and self-compassion, self-regulation, problem-solving ability, mindfulness, developed social relationships, assertiveness, self-awareness, and the concept of a "good enough" parent were classified under the sub-themes. Conclusion: Based on the findings of this study, it can be concluded that Iranian women with a Healthy Adult mindset have developed components of psychological empowerment. Ultimately, it is suggested that counseling centers and organizations use practical services based on the findings of this research to enhance the psychological empowerment and promote the adult state of personality in women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The present study aimed to compare the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and schema therapy on psychological capital in women affected by marital infidelity. Methods: This research was a quasi-experimental study with a pre-test, post-test, and follow-up design with a control group. The statistical population included all women dealing with the issue of marital infidelity of their spouses who referred to counseling centers in Tehran in 2022 and expressed their readiness to participate in the treatment program in response to the researcher's call. From this population, 45 subjects were selected using purposive sampling and randomly assigned to three equal groups of 15 (two experimental groups and one control group). The Psychological Capital Questionnaire by Luthans et al. (2007) was used to collect data. Data analysis was performed using SPSS software and multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) tests. Findings: The results indicated that both schema therapy and cognitive-behavioral therapy interventions produced a significant difference in psychological capital in women affected by marital infidelity at the post-test and follow-up stages compared to the control group (p ≤ 0.001). Conclusion: The results showed that cognitive-behavioral therapy had a greater impact on psychological capital in women affected by marital infidelity compared to schema therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The aim of the present study is to compare the effectiveness of schema-based parenting and mindful parenting on sleep problems, aggression, and improvement of social interactions in children with mild autism spectrum disorder. Methods and Materials: The present study is applied in terms of its aim and quasi-experimental in terms of method, using a pretest-posttest design with a control group and a one-month follow-up period. The statistical population includes all children aged 7-12 years with mild autism spectrum disorder who were studying and receiving education in one autism center under the supervision of the Ministry of Education (Tabassum) and five autism centers under the supervision of the Welfare Organization (Ava, Armaghan Noor, Kavosh, Navide-Zendegi, and Takapo) in Mashhad. The groupings were conducted through random assignment. Out of these, 40 children (20 boys and 20 girls) and 40 mothers were selected as the research sample using purposive sampling. They were then randomly assigned to three groups: two experimental groups (each with 13 members) and one control group (with 14 members). Data collection was conducted using the Autism Social Skills Profile by Belini and Hopf (2007), the CARS questionnaire by Schopler (1988), the Aggression Questionnaire, and the Children's Sleep Habits Questionnaire by Owens, Spirito, and colleagues (2000). After collecting the questionnaires, the data were analyzed using SPSS-20 software. Findings: The results indicated differences in the effectiveness of schema-based parenting and mindful parenting on aggression in children with mild autism spectrum disorder. Additionally, there were differences in the effectiveness of schema-based parenting and mindful parenting on the improvement of social interactions in children with mild autism spectrum disorder. Furthermore, differences were observed in the effectiveness of schema-based parenting and mindful parenting on sleep problems in children with mild autism spectrum disorder. Conclusion: The study demonstrated that both schema-based and mindful parenting interventions significantly reduce aggression and sleep problems while enhancing social interactions in children with mild autism spectrum disorder. These findings suggest the effectiveness of incorporating these approaches in parenting programs to improve behavioral and emotional outcomes in children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Losing a loved one due to death is a universal human experience, and many consider it one of the most stressful life events. This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of schema therapy on depression, self-esteem, and distress tolerance in fatherless depressed adolescents. Methods and Materials: This applied research utilized a quasi-experimental design with pre-test and post-test and a control group. Using cluster random sampling, 30 adolescents (19 girls and 11 boys) who had lost their fathers in the past 1 to 2 years and scored high on the Beck Depression Inventory (1961) were selected from high schools in Arak city. They were randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. As a pre-test, participants completed the Coopersmith Self-Esteem Inventory (1967) and the Simons and Gaher Distress Tolerance Scale (2005). The experimental group received 10 weekly sessions (90 minutes each) of group schema therapy based on the Young et al. (2012) protocol. Findings: According to the findings, schema therapy significantly impacted depression (F = 17.25), self-esteem (F = 36.34), and distress tolerance (F = 17.74) in adolescents. Conclusion: These findings suggest that effective treatments, such as schema therapy, can reduce the negative outcomes associated with the experience of father loss. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scrupulosity is treated as a particular presentation of the symptomatology characteristic for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). However, typical treatment of OCD (e.g. cognitive-behavioral therapy) is less effective in the case of religious scruples. Recently, schema therapy has appeared as an alternative effective treatment in obsessive-compulsive symptomatology. The present study investigated the associations between early maladaptive schemas (EMSs) and scrupulosity in a non-clinical sample of 376 poles. The participants assessed their EMSs with the Young Schema Questionnaire 3 – Short Form and their scrupulosity with the Pennsylvania Inventory of Scrupulosity. We used network analysis to control for the EMS interconnectivity. We showed that accounting for the interactions within the EMSs, three schemas, namely, Punitiveness, Subjugation, and Enmeshment/Undeveloped Self, were positively correlated with scrupulosity. Given the central position of the Negativity/Pessimism schema in the examined network, we suggested that activation of this schema could be indirectly correlated to scruples via an escalation of activation to the Punitiveness, Subjugation, and Enmeshment schemas. The findings suggest that dependency and fear of rejection problems (present in Subjugation and Enmeshment EMSs) and over-compensation by perfectionism (present in Punitiveness EMS) could be addressed in the treatment of scruples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SUMMARY: Personality disorders are a group of psychological disorders characterised by a developmental nature, long-lasting impairment and emotional suffering. Personality disorders have an estimated prevalence rate of approximately 8% in community settings, but in in-patient settings the rate might be as high as 76%. Cognitive–behavioural therapies (CBTs) include psychotherapies that emphasise the identification and modification of maladaptive thought patterns and behaviours that contribute to the maintenance of psychological disorders. CBTs have demonstrated their effectiveness in treating various types of personality disorder. This article focuses on the nature of personality disorders and their categorial and dimensional assessment and neurobiology. We present three influential CBT models used in personality disorders: schema therapy, cognitive interpersonal therapy and dialectical behaviour therapy. For each one, we outline the rationale, intervention strategies and therapeutic techniques, with practical examples and summary tables to illustrate their application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of group emotional schema therapy (EST) on emotional schemas, quality of life, cognitive emotion regulation strategies, and symptoms of patients with bipolar disorder. The study participants consisted of 16 individuals aged 20 to 50, randomly assigned to the emotional schema therapy group or the waiting list control group. The therapy group attended 12 weekly sessions. The measures used were the Leahy Emotional Schema Scale (LESS), the World Health Organization Quality of Life Questionnaire (WHOQOL-BREF), the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ), the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II), and the Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS). The study consisted of pre-test and post-test assessments. The results showed that participants in the intervention group significantly improved emotional schemas, quality of life, cognitive emotion regulation strategies, and symptoms. Overall, this study suggests that group emotional schema therapy may be a practical treatment approach for patients with bipolar disorder. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although Schema Therapy has emerged as an effective treatment for a large range of psychopathology, there is limited research on its effectiveness with children and adolescents, especially for preventive purposes, in individual or group settings and with the involvement of parents. Therefore, the aim of this study was to conduct a preliminary evaluation of a newly developed group prevention program based on Schema Therapy (rationale, principles, and techniques) for children and their parents. It is a psychoeducational, developmentally-appropriate program addressing core emotional needs, early maladaptive schemas, schema modes, coping styles, and parent-child relationship with the aim of preventing the emergence of psychopathology in children. Participants were 90 Greek children (aged 9-13) who attended 16 weekly meetings and their parents who attended 10 biweekly meetings. The effectiveness of the program was evaluated with pre-and-post-intervention assessment (i.e., pre-experimental design). Children's early maladaptive schemas (self-reports) and strengths and difficulties (self- and parent-reports), as well as parents' early maladaptive schemas (self-reports) were assessed. Results showed a significant decrease in most early maladaptive schemas of children and in many early maladaptive schemas of parents. A significant decrease was found in children's emotional symptoms, peer relationship problems and total difficulties score and a significant increase in prosocial behavior. The supporting evidence for the effectiveness of the program and the necessity of evidence-based prevention programs based on Schema Therapy for children and parents are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to examine the emotional states preceding and during sexual and violent offenses in a Dutch sample of male forensic inpatients. Moreover, the predictive impact of these emotional states on institutional violence in the first year of mandated care was examined using an incident scheme. Observer-ratings of emotional states by 103 male offenders and 97 sex offenders were examined using Mann-Whitney U tests. Using hierarchical multiple regression analyses, the predictive relationship between crime-related emotional states and incidents was examined. Sexual and violent crimes were equally preceded by painful emotions, primarily feelings of abandonment. During violent crimes, a state of bully and attack was dominant whereas sexual crimes were also characterized by self-aggrandizement and manipulation. These emotional states were not predictive for institutional violence. This study emphasizes the importance of emotional states in offending behavior and usefulness of schema therapy's crime theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Nowadays, internet addiction has become a social problem that can disrupt an individual's health and productive presence in society. Everyone spends a significant amount of time on various programs and using the internet daily, but some people excessively engage in these activities to the extent that their mental health, behavior, and social life are adversely affected. Therefore, it is essential to intervene and prevent internet addiction. The purpose of this research was to investigate the effectiveness of quality of life intervention based on reality therapy according to adolescents' lived experiences on internet and computer game addiction. Methods and Materials: The first part of the research employed a qualitative phenomenological approach. The statistical population consisted of all adolescents with internet addiction under counseling in counseling centers in Isfahan. Fifteen adolescents were purposefully selected and interviewed until saturation. After analyzing the interviews using Colaizzi's method and MAXQDA software, nine main concepts (lifestyle, identity formation, self-efficacy, psycho-physical factors, family structure, parent-adolescent relationship, family demographic characteristics, interpersonal relationships, and society) and 33 sub-concepts were categorized. Consequently, the quality of life intervention based on reality therapy was developed based on the extracted themes. The second part of the research was a quasi-experimental design with a pre-test, post-test control group, and follow-up period. The statistical population included all adolescents with internet addiction under counseling in counseling centers in Isfahan. Thirty adolescents were purposefully selected based on the inclusion criteria (scoring above 50 on the Internet Addiction Questionnaire) and randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. The experimental group received the quality of life intervention based on reality therapy over two months in ten 120-minute sessions. The questionnaires used included the Internet Addiction Questionnaire by Kimberly Young (1998) and the Computer Game Addiction Questionnaire by Soltani and Farhadi (2016). The collected data were analyzed using repeated measures analysis of variance with SPSS23 software. Findings: The results indicated that the quality of life intervention based on reality therapy according to adolescents' lived experiences had a significant effect on internet and computer game addiction (P < 0.001). Conclusion: Based on the findings, it can be concluded that the quality of life intervention based on reality therapy according to adolescents' lived experiences, utilizing the principles and techniques of changing conditions and enhancing quality of life based on Glasser's reality therapy theory, can be an effective intervention for improving internet and computer game addiction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The increasing delay in the age of marriage and the decreasing interest and willingness of single women to marry have led to a rise in the age of marriage, resulting in an increase in the number of single women with higher ages. This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of schema therapy and cognitive-behavioral therapy before marriage on the emotional maturity and body image of single women. Methods and Materials: This quasi-experimental study employed a pre-test and post-test design with a non-equivalent control group. The study population included single women from District 1 of Tehran in 2022. The research sample consisted of 60 participants selected through convenience sampling based on a call from the study population, and they were randomly assigned to two experimental groups and one control group. Participants completed the Emotional Maturity Questionnaire (Yashvir Singh and Mahesh Bhargava, 1991) and the Body Image Questionnaire (Fisher, 1970) before the intervention, after the intervention, and at follow-up. The first experimental group received schema therapy and the second experimental group received cognitive-behavioral therapy in eight 90-minute sessions based on the schema therapy protocol (Leahy, 2013) and the cognitive-behavioral therapy protocol (Beck, 1964), respectively. Data were analyzed using one-way ANCOVA and one-way ANOVA with post hoc tests using SPSS software. Findings: The results indicated that schema therapy and cognitive-behavioral therapy significantly (mean difference with p < 0.05) reduced emotional maturity instability and improved body image (mean difference with p < 0.05) in single women. Conclusion: Based on the findings, it is concluded that schema therapy before marriage and cognitive-behavioral therapy can be effective therapeutic methods for improving the emotional maturity and body image of single women and can be used as important and key interventions in the pre-marriage domain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Adolescent girls exposed to domestic violence are at high risk for long-term psychological issues. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of psychological empowerment training and schema therapy in enhancing resilience and reducing cognitive fusion, ultimately improving their mental health and overall well-being.Methods: This quasi-experimental study employed a three-phase (pre-test, post-test, follow-up) design with three groups and a two-month follow-up period. The population comprised adolescent girls who were victims of domestic violence in Dehdasht, Iran in 2022 and were under the supervision of the Dehdasht County Welfare Organization, Dehdasht, Iran. A convenience sample of 45 girls was selected and randomly assigned to the experimental and control groups (15 girls in each psychological empowerment training group, 15 girls in the schema therapy group, and 15 girls in the control group). The first experimental group underwent schema therapy for ten 90-minute sessions, while the second group received psychological empowerment training for twelve 90-minute sessions. The research instruments included the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC) and the Cognitive Fusion Scale (CFQ). Repeated measures ANOVA was used to analyze the data using SPSS version 24.Results: The mean resilience score for the psychological empowerment training group at the post-test was 60.48 (±5.31), and 60.96 (±4.72) at follow-up, while the mean resilience score for the control group at the post-test was 52.44 (±3.82), and 50.53 (±5.25) at follow-up. The mean cognitive fusion score for the psychological empowerment training group at the post-test was 40.76 (±2.66), and 41.47 (±5.73) at follow-up, while the mean cognitive fusion score for the control group at the post-test was 48.73 (±4.50), and 49.54 (±3.77) at follow-up. Both psychological empowerment training and schema therapy had a significant positive effect on increasing resilience in adolescent girls exposed to domestic violence (P

Background: Social anxiety disorder (SAD) is highly prevalent among adolescent girls and significantly interferes with their social and emotional development. It can lead to impaired coping mechanisms and maladaptive behaviors, such as anxiety sensitivity and body checking. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of Emotional Schema Therapy (EST) in mitigating anxiety sensitivity and body checking behaviors among adolescent girls with SAD.Methods: A quasi-experimental design with a pretest-posttest-two months follow-up assessment was employed. The study participants were 25 adolescent girls aged 15 to 18 years with a diagnosis of SAD in the city of Ramshir, Iran, in 2023. Adolescent girls in the experimental group participated in ten weekly, 90-minute Emotional Schema Therapy sessions. The participants were selected using a multi-stage cluster random sampling technique and completed standardized measures of social phobia, anxiety sensitivity, and body checking behaviors at the beginning, end, and follow-up of the intervention. To analyze the data, repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) was conducted using SPSS version 27.Results: Participants in the EST group exhibited a significant reduction in anxiety sensitivity (pretest: 53.80±2.85; posttest: 34.67±3.01; follow-up: 35.00±3.35) and body checking behaviors (pretest: 85.67±3.63; posttest: 50.87±4.24; follow-up: 49.47±3.50) over time (P

Objective: The objective of this study was to compare the effectiveness of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and Schema Therapy in improving adaptive behavior among individuals with substance use disorder. Methods and Materials: This quasi-experimental study employed a pre-test-post-test-follow-up design with a control group. The study sample consisted of 45 individuals with substance use disorders, who were randomly assigned to three groups: a CBT group, a Schema Therapy group, and a control group. Participants underwent 12 sessions of CBT or 15 sessions of Schema Therapy. Data were collected using the Bell Adjustment Inventory, which assessed various components of adaptive behavior, including family, health (physical), emotional, occupational, and social aspects. Data analysis was conducted using univariate analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) and Bonferroni post-hoc tests to determine the differences between groups at posttest and follow-up stages. Findings: The results demonstrated that CBT significantly improved adaptive behavior compared to the control group at both the posttest and follow-up stages, with a 1.79-point increase in the posttest and a 2.05-point increase in the followup. Schema Therapy did not show a significant difference compared to the control group in either stage. Additionally, CBT was found to be more effective than Schema Therapy in improving adaptive behavior, with a 1.57-point increase at the posttest and a 1.81-point increase at the follow-up. The improvement was significant across various components, including family, emotional, and occupational aspects, particularly in the CBT group. Conclusion: Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy was more effective than Schema Therapy in enhancing adaptive behavior in individuals with substance use disorders. The study suggests that CBT could be a valuable intervention for improving adaptive behaviors and reducing negative emotional responses in this population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Problem: Inpatient psychotherapy can offer positive treatment outcomes for people with complex personality pathology who do not benefit from outpatient treatment. Little is known about how the development of schema modes during treatment relates to long‐term development of symptoms, well‐being and schema modes. Method: This study employed a naturalistic, exploratory, within‐subject design with long‐term follow‐up (LFU) measurement 2–8 years after discharge. Course and correlation of symptoms, well‐being and schema modes were examined through multilevel analyses. Results: Best scores on symptoms, well‐being and schema modes were at LFU. The higher the baseline level and the greater the results achieved on schema modes during treatment, the more positive the course of symptoms and well‐being becomes during treatment and in the long term. Conclusion: This study shows that results achieved on symptoms, well‐being and schema modes during inpatient psychotherapy treatment persist and even continue to improve two to eight years after treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Emotional schema therapy (EST) is an approach that aims to regulate emotions, thus alleviating mental health problems. Although emotional schema therapy (EST) was used for various mental health problems, no review has been conducted on the evidence of this intervention so far. Therefore, this review aimed to examine the evidence base for the EST in treating adults diagnosed with mental health problems using randomized controlled trials in clinical settings and subsequently evaluated the quality of these trials. This systematic review adhered to the general principles published by the Centre for Reviews and Dissemination (CRD). Searches of five databases (PsycINFO, EBSCO, Medline (Ovid), EMBASE, clinicaltrails.gov) were conducted in April 2024, and the results were reported according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Only four randomized controlled trials were included in this review; the risk bias of the trials was generally high. The beneficial effects of emotional schema therapy still need to be clarified, with very few randomized controlled trials examining it. It is crucial to emphasize the need for a more rigorous methodology to assess such effects, underlining the necessity of improving research practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ortoreksiya Nervoza, sağlıklı yemeye ilişkin patolojik bir saplantıyı ifade eden ve sağlığa verilen aşırı önemden dolayı yeme davranışında kısıtlamaların ortaya çıkması hali olarak ifade edilebilir. Sergilenen belirtiler açısından, pek çok psikolojik rahatsızlıkla benzerlikler ve farklılıklar içeren Ortoreksiya Nervoza, henüz herhangi bir tanısal sınıflandırma içerisinde yer almamaktadır. Ortoreksiya Nervozaya yönelik yürütülen çalışmalar şu an çok yeni olmakla birlikte, araştırmacılar tarafından artan bir ilgi mevcuttur. Kanıt temelli psikoterapi yaklaşımlarından birisi olan Şema Terapi, bireylerin yaşamında karşılaştığı psikolojik sorunların temelinde, yaşamlarının erken dönemlerinde karşılanmayan temel duygusal gereksinimlerin olduğunu ifade eden bir psikoterapi modelidir. Şema Terapi modeli, özellikle kronik yaşam sorunları ve örüntülerine odaklanmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, Ortoreksiya Nervozaya ilişkin güncel alanyazında yer alan çalışmaların derlenmesi ve Şema Terapi çerçevesinden Ortoreksiya Nervozaya yönelik değerlendirme yapmak amaçlanmıştır. Yapılan çalışmalar, Ortoreksiya Nervozanın diğer psikolojik rahatsızlıklardan ayrılan temel noktalarının var olduğunu ve ayrı bir psikolojik rahatsızlık olarak değerlendirilmesi gerektiğini ortaya koymaktadır. Şema Terapi modeli çerçevesinde Ortoreksiya Nervozaya yönelik yürütülecek çalışmalar, Ortoreksiya Nervoza için etkili bir psikoterapi sürecinin yürütülmesi açısından oldukça önemli olacaktır.

Background: Exam anxiety in female students, a significant emotional response and emotional issue that negatively impacts learning, is perceived as a threat by many students. The present study investigated the efficacy of emotional schema therapy (EST) on self-regulation and frustration tolerance in female students with exam anxiety during the academic year 2022-2023.Methods: A quasi-experimental design with a pretest-posttest was employed. A total of 36 female students with exam anxiety were recruited from Ahvaz, Iran. Convenience sampling technique was employed to select the study participants who were randomly assigned to either the experimental group (n=18) or the control group (n=18) using a random number table. The experimental group received ten, 60-minute sessions of EST. Self-regulation and frustration tolerance were assessed using questionnaires before and after the intervention. Group differences were assessed using analysis of covariance (ANCOVA).Results: At pretest, both groups showed similar levels of self-regulation (P=0.694). Following the intervention, the experimental group showed significantly higher self-regulation (Mean=49.72, SD=5.74) as compared with the control group (Mean=36.39, SD=4.17) (P=0.001). No significant difference in frustration tolerance was observed between groups at pretest (P=0.927). However, the experimental group (Mean=71.28, SD=5.88) demonstrated significantly greater frustration tolerance as compared with the control group (Mean=117.67, SD=18.10) after the intervention (P=0.001). The findings indicated that EST effectively improved self-regulation and frustration tolerance in female students with exam anxiety (P

Objectives. This case study endeavors to provide an in-depth understanding of the schema and mode structure of narcissistic personality disorder (NPD) and to illustrate a possible therapeutic approach using schema therapy (ST). Material and methods. The recorded material from a 2-year therapeutic journey of a 38-year-old female client diagnosed with NPD was transcribed and systematically analyzed, together with the results of questionnaires that were given to the client at the start of therapy and at the end of the process. Results. The Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory (MCMI-III) was initially used to confirm the presence of NPD in the client. Concurrently, the Young Schema Questionnaire (YSQ) and Schema Mode Inventory (SMI) were employed to measure changes across the course of treatment. The MCMI-III confirmed the existence of NPD. The YSQ revealed a high presence of schemas in the domains of disconnection and rejection, as well as schemas of subjugation, entitlement, and approval seeking. The SMI indicated elevated scores on Vulnerable and Angry Child Modes, Detached Self-Soother and Self-Aggrandizer, Punitive and Demanding Parent. The scores for Happy Child and Healthy Adult were medium. Upon completion of therapy, a reevaluation of the questionnaire’s scores demonstrated a reduction in narcissism on MCMI-III from 89 to 78, indicating that the client no longer met the criteria for NPD but only for narcissistic personality traits. The scores for YSQ and SMI also decreased significantly. Conclusions. The use of schema therapy was an adaptive and successful approach to addressing the narcissistic personality pathology of the client. The utilization of a limited reparenting stance allowed empathic confrontation of the main narcissistic modes. The utilization of mode conceptualization and schema understanding reduced feelings of shame and promoted participation of the client’s Healthy Adult Mode in the therapeutic process.

Abstract Background Schema therapy is promising for people with eating disorders, especially those unresponsive to cognitive behavioural therapy. Complex underlying psychological constructs include dysfunctional schemas and maladaptive modes. This study aimed to explore people living with eating disorders’ schema modes and their identification with and understanding of their high scoring modes. Methods Sixteen women with enduring eating disorders without prior exposure to schema therapy completed the schema mode inventory for eating disorders short form (SMI-ED-SF), then participated in semi-structured interviews discussing their high scoring modes. Interviews were analysed by thematic analysis. Results All participants scored above clinical concern on at least one maladaptive mode and many scored high on multiple modes, most commonly Demanding Mode, Vulnerable Child and Detached Self-Soother. Qualitatively, four themes emerged: 1) Adverse family environments related to (a) trauma and the vulnerable and angry child and (b) unrealistically high standards; 2) Mode effects on (a) everyday life and (b) disordered eating; 3) Modes are psychologically protective in (a) avoiding emotion by detachment and soothing, (b) people pleasing by compliance and surrender; 4) Help seeking including (a) barriers to recovery from an eating disorder, (b) dissatisfaction with interventions experienced to date, (c) schema therapy as a promising alternative. Discussion Participants recognised and identified with their high scoring schema modes. After negative experiences with previous interventions, they considered schema therapy to be a promising alternative that could understand and work on their deeper psychological issues. This suggests that schema modes are a promising way of understanding and working with enduring eating disorders.

Early Adaptive Schemas have been proposed as adaptive counterparts to Early Maladaptive Schemas, which are longstanding dysfunctional psychological structures associated with psychopathology. The Young Positive Schema Questionnaire (YPSQ) was recently developed to complement the Young Schema Questionnaire 3 Short-Form. This study describes the cultural adaptation of YPSQ to European Portuguese. A sample of European Portuguese-speaking participants (N = 430, Mage = 30.31, DP = 12.75), fulfilled self-report questionnaires in a cross-sectional/transversal design. Confirmatory Factor Analysis, multi-group confirmatory group analysis and Pearson correlations were used to explore the psychometric properties of the YPSQ. A 14-factorial model was identified with 56 items with excellent goodness-of-fit indices χ2(426) = 3252.165, TLI = 0.92, CFI = 0.93, RMSEA = 0.056[0.053 − 0.058]. Almost all the positive schemas correlated negatively with symptomatic domains (e.g., depression, anxiety), assessed using the Brief Symptomatic Inventory, which supported adequate construct validity. Multi-group confirmatory factor analysis using the original samples from Asia and the West when YPSQ was initially developed and the portuguese sample, showed invariance of the factor structure across these cultures including Portugal. The factor structure of the YPSQ was confirmed, suggesting that this measure may be adequate to assess positive schemas in the European Portuguese-speaking Population. More research is still required to demonstrate other psychometric properties of the instrument using clinical populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Single session therapy (SST) is an increasingly popular approach to mental health treatment that aims to address clients' presenting difficulties in a single appointment. However, experiential approaches to SST are limited. In this paper I describe the theory and practice of "chairwork" – an integrative, action-focused method of intervention centred on the concept of self-multiplicity – and outline how these procedures can be coherently applied in a single-session format. A preliminary protocol for delivering single-session chairwork (SSC) or "brief dialogical psychotherapy" is presented, alongside a case illustration that demonstrates features of this approach. Finally, directions for future research and the continued development of chairwork as a psychotherapeutic modality are considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The present study aimed to compare the effect of schema therapy and mindfulness technique on existential anxiety in individuals with multiple sclerosis. Methods and Materials: Based on its objective, the present study is of an applied type. The research design was quasi-experimental with a pre-test, post-test design with a control group. Participants were randomly assigned to two experimental groups and one control group. The statistical population of the study included all individuals with MS in Tehran. Using purposive sampling, individuals present in the MS Society were selected based on their pre-test scores on each variable and randomly assigned to three groups, including two experimental groups and one control group (15 individuals per group). The Good Existential Anxiety Scale was used to measure the research variables. Mindfulness training sessions were conducted according to Baer's (2006) protocol, and schema therapy was based on the proposed protocol by Young et al. (2003). The intervention was implemented over 8 consecutive weeks, with each session lasting 90 minutes. In the inferential statistics section, covariance analysis was used to examine the effectiveness of the therapeutic methods. Findings: The results indicated that the impact of schema therapy and mindfulness technique on dimensions of existential anxiety (e.g., purposelessness of tasks, worthlessness of life's meaning, inability to persuade others, disinterest in activities, and lack of responsibility towards others) was significant at the level of (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The results showed that there is a significant difference between the effectiveness of schema therapy and mindfulness technique in terms of their impact on existential anxiety in individuals with multiple sclerosis. The mindfulness technique was found to be more effective than schema therapy for individuals with multiple sclerosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Gold-standard approaches for chronic tinnitus involve hearing amplification measures and psychological therapy, where applicable. Whilst schema therapy is accumulating evidence as a transdiagnostically useful treatment framework, its applicability for patients with chronic tinnitus has not yet been examined. The present study (a) explores latent dimensions of psychological distress in a sample of chronic tinnitus patients, and (b) examines whether the schema mode model might explain these dimensions - thus constituting a potentially helpful conceptualization and treatment framework. Methods: N = 696 patients with chronic tinnitus completed the Tinnitus Questionnaire, Tinnitus Handicap Inventory, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, Perceived Stress Questionnaire and ICD-10 Symptom Rating. As criterion, patients further completed the Schema Mode Inventory (SMI-r) - which assesses psychological constructs linked to negative self-beliefs ("parent modes"), primary emotions resulting from unmet psychological needs ("child modes"), and secondary emotional or behavioral attempts to reinstate or maintain psychological equilibrium ("coping modes"). A varimax-rotated principal axis factor analysis grouped the primary item pool. Factor scale scores were then correlated with the SMI-r. Results: A three-factor solution explained 37.4% of variance and represented 78% of the included items. Following item content examination, the factors represented (1) General emotional distress, (2) Tinnitus-attributed emotional distress, and (3) Socio-audiological impairment. Factors 1|2 correlated highly (r = 0.70), Factors 2|3 moderately (r = 0.62). Linked to the schema mode model, Factor 1 correlated highly with the "vulnerable child" (r = 0.78), and moderately with the "parent", "angry child", and "detached protector" modes (0.53 < r < 0.65). Factor 2 correlated moderately with the "vulnerable child" (r = 0.53). Factor 3 was largely uncorrelated with SMI-r scores - although a low correlation with the "detached protector" warrants further examination. Conclusion: "General" and "tinnitus-attributed" emotional distress correlate highly - warranting holistic (not symptom-specific) psychological case conceptualization and treatment planning. Viewed from a schema mode perspective, the "vulnerable child" explains substantial variance across both dimensions. Consequently, autobiographically anchored, unmet emotional needs and emotional detachment constitute key treatment targets. Socialaudiological impairment should be multimodally conceptualised and treated with hearing aids and psychological support measures, as applicable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article describes the 1‐year follow‐up of a study into the effectiveness of Schema Therapy (ST) for borderline personality disorder (BPD) and comorbid alcohol use disorder (AUD). In the original study, 20 of these patients participated in a multiple baseline case series design study. The results of the original study were promising (a significant decrease of BPD and AUD symptoms). The present study is aimed at examining the longer term benefits of ST for BPD and comorbid AUD. One year after the cessation of the investigational therapy, 17 of the original participants agreed to participate in this follow‐up study. T‐ or Wilcoxon signed rank tests were performed to compare 1‐year follow‐up to start of therapy (baseline). The results suggest that the main therapeutic improvements were generally preserved at 1‐year follow‐up. These findings add to the idea that integrated ST for BPD and comorbid AUD might be effective, also in the long term. A randomized clinical trial is indicated to substantiate this idea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study assessed temporal associations between parent–child relationship, parenting behaviors (i.e., warmth, rejection, and overprotection), and adolescents' depressive symptoms after trauma, using random-intercept cross-lagged panel models to distinguish between- and within-adolescent differences. We surveyed Chinese adolescents 12 (Aug 2018; T1), 21 (May 2019; T2), 27 (Nov 2019; T3) months after the Jiuzhaigou earthquake that occurred in August 2017. Of the 585 adolescents who participated in at least two waves of the study, mean age at T1 was 15.50 years old (SD = 1.58 years) and 57.8% were girls. Controlling adolescents' gender, age, ethnicity, trauma exposure at T1, and parents' marital status, between-adolescent results showed that parent–child relationship and parenting behaviors, parent–child relationship and depressive symptoms were correlated across models of parental warmth, rejection, and overprotection, whereas depressive symptoms were only correlated with parental rejection and overprotection. Within-adolescent results indicated that parent–child relationship and adolescents' depressive symptoms had bidirectional associations via the mediation of parental warmth from T1 to T3. Over the longer term following the earthquake, we found that parental rejection was bidirectionally associated with adolescents' depressive symptoms, whereas parental overprotection was unidirectionally influenced by adolescents' depressive symptoms from T2 to T3. In addition, more depressive symptoms in adolescents were associated with worsening parent–child relationship from T2 to T3. In conclusion, shortly after trauma, interventions should focus on improving parent–child relationship and relieving adolescents' depressive symptoms. Over the longer term after trauma, relieving adolescents' depressive symptoms should be prioritized to avoid its eroding effects on parent–child relationship and parenting behaviors, and to break the "vicious cycle". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In the past, cosmetic surgery was performed to return the function and normal shape of a body part. But today, cosmetic surgery has lost its main function. The present research aimed to investigate the effectiveness of schema therapy on self-compassion, body shame, and intolerance of uncertainty in women applying for cosmetic surgery. Methods: The current research was applied and semi-experimental with a pretest-posttest design with a control group. The statistical population of this research was all women who were referred to cosmetic clinics for cosmetic surgery in Tehran City, Iran, in 2023, and 30 people were selected by the convenience sampling method and randomly divided into an intervention group and a control group. Data were collected using the Self-Compassion Scale (SCS), Objectified Body Consciousness Scale (OBC), and Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale (IUS). Schema therapy intervention was performed during 8 sessions of 120 minutes once a week for the experimental group and the data were analyzed by multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) in SPSS software. Results: A statistically significant increase in self-compassion (F = 239.454) and reductions in body shame (F = 555.477) and uncertainty intolerance (F = 301.050) were observed in the experimental group after schema therapy (P < 0.001). Conclusion: It can be concluded that schema therapy increases self-compassion and reduces body shame and intolerance of uncertainty in women applying for cosmetic surgery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The relationship and connection between sensation seeking, attention deficits, and their underlying psychological frameworks has been a subject of extensive research within the field of psychology. The primary objective of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of Emotion-Focused Schema Therapy (EFST) on reducing sensation seeking behaviors and enhancing the behavioral inhibition system (BIS) among children diagnosed with attention deficits. Methods: A randomized controlled trial (RCT) design was employed, involving 30 participants aged between 8 and 12 years diagnosed with attention deficit, randomly assigned to either the intervention or control group. The intervention group received 10 sessions of EFST. Data were collected at baseline, immediately post-intervention, and at a three-month follow-up, utilizing standard psychometric tools to measure sensation seeking and behavioral inhibition. The data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) with repeated measurements, followed by Bonferroni post-hoc tests, utilizing SPSS software. Results: The ANOVA revealed significant group x time interaction effects for both sensation seeking [F(2,56) = 17.33, P < 0.001, η² = 0.38] and behavioral inhibition [F(2,56) = 15.88, P < 0.001, η² = 0.35], indicating significant improvements in the intervention group over time compared to the control group. Bonferroni post-hoc testing supported these findings, showing marked improvements in sensation seeking and behavioral inhibition in the intervention group from baseline to post-intervention and follow-up, with mean differences of 5.93 and -5.06, respectively (both P-values < 0.001).. Conclusion: EFST effectively reduced sensation seeking behaviors and enhanced the BIS in children with attention deficits. These findings underscore the potential of EFST as a therapeutic approach for managing attention deficit-related behaviors, suggesting promising implications for clinical practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Higher intensity of psychotherapy might improve treatment outcome in depression, especially in those with comorbid personality disorder. Aims: To compare the effects of 25 individual sessions (weekly) of two forms of psychotherapy – short-term psychoanalytic supportive psychotherapy (SPSP) and schema therapy – with the same treatments given for 50 sessions (twice weekly) in people with depression and personality disorder. Trial registration: NTR5941. Method: We conducted a pragmatic, double-randomised clinical trial and, over 37 months, recruited 246 adult out-patients with comorbid depression/dysthymia and personality disorder. A 2 × 2 factorial design randomised participants to 25 or 50 sessions of SPSP or schema therapy. The primary outcome was change in depression severity over 1 year on the Beck Depression Inventory II (BDI-II). Secondary outcomes were remission both of depression and personality disorder. Results: Compared with 25 sessions, participants who received 50 sessions showed a significantly greater decrease in depressive symptoms over time (time × session dosage, P < 0.001), with a mean difference of 5.6 BDI points after 1 year (d = −0.53, 95% CI −0.18 to 0.882, P = 0.003). Remission from depression was also greater in the 50-session group (74% v. 58%, P = 0.025), as was remission of personality disorder (74% v. 56%, P = 0.010). Conclusions: Greater intensity of psychotherapy leads to better outcomes of both depression and personality status in people with comorbid depression and personality disorder. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Differences between couples and their continuous interaction can create multiple grounds for conflict, which may lead to severe negative outcomes such as stress, depression, grief, worry, and despair. The current research aimed to determine the effectiveness of schema therapy on emotional expression and emotional maturity in conflicting couples. Methods and Materials: The research method was a quasi-experimental design with pre-test, post-test, and a control group with a three-month follow-up period. The statistical population of the current study included all conflicting couples seeking help at counseling clinics and psychological services in District 1 of Tehran in 2023, from which 30 couples were selected through convenience sampling and randomly placed into two groups, 15 couples in the experimental group and 15 in the control group. Assessment tools included the Sanaie Marital Conflict Questionnaire (2000), the Singh and Bhargava Emotional Maturity Scale (1990), and the King and Emmons Emotional Expression Questionnaire (1990). The experimental group underwent eight two-hour schema therapy sessions based on Young et al. (2003) twice a week. Data were analyzed using repeated measures analysis of variance. Findings: Results showed significant differences between groups in post-test and follow-up in emotional expression and emotional maturity (p < .05), and schema therapy had lasting effects during the follow-up period (p < .05). Conclusion: Schema therapy can be used as an effective approach to improve emotional expression and emotional maturity in conflicting couples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) is a complex disorder associated with significant prevalence, mortality, and public health costs. This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of schema therapy on impulsivity, sexual variety seeking, and anxiety in borderline patients. Methods and Materials: This study was a clinical trial with pre-test, post-test, and follow-up along with a control group, conducted in a semi-experimental research design. The statistical population consisted of individuals with BPD who visited psychology and psychiatry clinics in Sari from April to June 2022 (N=172). The sample was selected using the convenience sampling method and included two groups of 10 participants each (experimental and control). The data collection tools were the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis II Personality Disorders (First, Spitzer, Gibbon, & Williams, 1997), Beck Anxiety Inventory (Beck & Steer, 1990), Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (Fossati et al., 2002), and Sexual Variety Seeking Questionnaire (Aref-Nazari et al., 2011). Data were analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA with SPSS.22 software. Findings: The results indicated that schema therapy was effective in reducing impulsive behaviors (F=66.00, P<0.001), sexual variety seeking (F=29.82, P<0.001), and anxiety (F=3.00, P<0.001) in borderline patients. Conclusion: It can be concluded that schema therapy is effective in reducing impulsivity, sexual variety seeking, and anxiety in borderline patients, and can be utilized to mitigate the psychological problems in these patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Adolescence can profoundly and significantly impact one's entire life. This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of schema therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) on ambiguity tolerance. Methods and Materials: This research is a semi-experimental study with a pre-test-post-test design and a control group. The statistical population included all male high school students in the second year of Bostanabad County in the 2021-2022 academic year. A total of 45 participants were selected through purposive sampling and randomly assigned to two experimental groups and one control group. The research instrument was the second version of the Multiple Stimulus Types Ambiguity Tolerance Scale (MSTAT-II) by McLain (1993). The research hypothesis was analyzed using multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA). Findings: The results of the covariance analysis test showed that the significance level in all comparisons was less than 0.05, indicating a significant difference in the effectiveness of schema therapy and ACT on ambiguity tolerance (p < 0.05). The effect size analysis showed a difference with a coefficient of 0.138. Conclusion: According to the results of this study, schema therapy has a greater impact on ambiguity tolerance than ACT. Therefore, it is suggested that schema therapy be taught to school counselors as an effective strategy so that they can apply these strategies in their interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Imagery rescripting (ImR) has shown to reduce negative belief about the self, negative emotions and emotional dysregulation. However, the mechanisms through which this improvement in emotion regulation takes place is currently the object of investigation. An untested hypothesis is that ImR reduces the negative emotional response to primary emotions (i.e. the Meta-emotional problem) associated to difficulties in emotional regulation. In this study, the researchers aimed to investigate the impact of group ImR delivered via telehealth on dysfunctional personality beliefs, the Meta-emotional problem, difficulties in emotional regulation, and self-compassion in a non-clinical sample of participants. A total of 45 community sample participants received three sessions of group ImR delivered via telehealth. Personality dysfunctional beliefs, meta-emotions, self-compassion and emotional dysregulation were measured before ImR and in three follow-up sessions. Dysfunctional personality beliefs, specifically those associated with the dependent, obsessive–compulsive, antisocial, and histrionic personality disorders, were significantly reduced after the ImR intervention. Additionally, the Meta-emotional problem and difficulties in emotional regulation were also reduced. Moreover, negative self-compassion showed a significant decrease after ImR, but positive self-compassion remained unchanged. These findings suggest that group ImR delivered via telehealth can effectively reduce negative beliefs about oneself, negative emotions, and emotional dysregulation. However, it seems that this intervention does not increase a more benevolent attitude towards oneself, possibly due to the less direct intervention of the therapist in the group telehealth setting. The researchers discuss the implications of these findings for clinical practice in a group telehealth context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Schema therapy is promising for people with eating disorders, especially those unresponsive to cognitive behavioural therapy. Complex underlying psychological constructs include dysfunctional schemas and maladaptive modes. This study aimed to explore people living with eating disorders' schema modes and their identification with and understanding of their high scoring modes. Methods: Sixteen women with enduring eating disorders without prior exposure to schema therapy completed the schema mode inventory for eating disorders short form (SMI-ED-SF), then participated in semi-structured interviews discussing their high scoring modes. Interviews were analysed by thematic analysis. Results: All participants scored above clinical concern on at least one maladaptive mode and many scored high on multiple modes, most commonly Demanding Mode, Vulnerable Child and Detached Self-Soother. Qualitatively, four themes emerged: 1) Adverse family environments related to (a) trauma and the vulnerable and angry child and (b) unrealistically high standards; 2) Mode effects on (a) everyday life and (b) disordered eating; 3) Modes are psychologically protective in (a) avoiding emotion by detachment and soothing, (b) people pleasing by compliance and surrender; 4) Help seeking including (a) barriers to recovery from an eating disorder, (b) dissatisfaction with interventions experienced to date, (c) schema therapy as a promising alternative. Discussion: Participants recognised and identified with their high scoring schema modes. After negative experiences with previous interventions, they considered schema therapy to be a promising alternative that could understand and work on their deeper psychological issues. This suggests that schema modes are a promising way of understanding and working with enduring eating disorders. Plain English summary: Maladaptive modes are important in Schema Therapy for eating disorders. They are momentary patterns of thought, feeling and behaviour, triggered by experiences to which people with eating disorders can be oversensitive. In a child mode the person may be inexplicably childish. A coping mode may involve detachment, surrender to others, or perfectionist overcompensation. A parent mode may involve unrealistic standards and demands. There are also two healthy modes of Healthy Adult and Happy Child, which are often lacking in people with eating disorders. In this study women with enduring eating disorders completed the schema mode inventory and then discussed their high scoring modes. Common maladaptive modes were vulnerable child, demanding parent mode and perfectionistic over-compensator. Participants identified with their high scoring modes and thought them useful for self-understanding, so schema therapy is a promising way of understanding the psychopathology underlying enduring eating disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractObjective:Method:Results:Conclusion:There are significant temporal and financial barriers for individuals with personality disorders (PD) receiving evidence-based psychological treatments. Emerging research indicates Group Schema Therapy (GST) may be an accessible, efficient, and cost-effective PD intervention, however, there has been no synthesis of the available evidence to date. This review therefore aimed to investigate the efficacy of GST for PDs by systematically synthesizing available literature.Five electronic databases were screened with resulting studies subjected to a specific eligibility criteria, which yielded fourteen relevant studies. Characteristics were extracted and methodological quality rigorously assessed.Strong support was evidenced for GST’s ability to reduce Cluster B and C symptomology, particularly for Borderline and Avoidant PD. GST appeared to improve global symptom severity, quality of life and functional capacity, as well as treatment targets such as schemas and modes.Although not without limitations and a moderate risk of bias, the current body of evidence supports GST as a potential solution to current service deficits in economical and evidence-based care for individuals with PD. Implications for treatment and future research are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Treating perpetrators of aggressive behavior, like verbal aggression, intimidation, and bullying behavior resulting in aggressive incidents with others, is difficult. This group is often diagnosed with personality disorders and when legal measures applied, they are more often treated in a forensic setting for their problems. This article presents the case of a 54‐year‐old man, diagnosed with Borderline personality disorder, narcissistic and antisocial traits, mild depressive symptoms, and loss and grief, who has voluntarily had treatment in a forensic outpatient center to reduce aggression and change destructive patterns in relationships. Hating, judging, and self‐defeating were the main reasons why the patient found himself ending up in the same situation repeatedly. The client received individual drama therapy sessions. The drama therapeutic approach included schema therapeutic elements, such as schema mode work with cards, as well as roleplay, imagery (with rescripting), improvisation, and psycho drama elements. As a result of drama therapy, the client reported less (active) aggression, less aggression in his relationships (partners/children/friends), but also an increased level of loneliness, and mild depressive symptoms. The client was more in touch with his vulnerability and was able to behave in a more adequate healthy way in relationships. Although self‐esteem was still building up, there was a decrease of aggression and less conflict‐seeking behavior as a result. Risk assessment tools (FARE‐2 & HONOS) and Schema therapy scales (YSQ and SMI) were used pre‐ and posttreatment confirming the improvements. This case promotes the use of dramatherapy in forensic outpatient care to be valuable in lowering risk recidivism and changing deeply rooted behavioral patterns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Emotional activation is regarded as central in psychotherapy. We have developed a method called VideoTalk, in which patients video themselves at home according to the therapist's instructions, and the videos are watched together in the therapy session. The aim of the study was to find out whether watching and listening to a video in psychotherapy readily activates the patient's emotions. Methods: The video material was analysed by theory‐based content analysis using the interacting cognitive subsystems (ICS) theory. The ICS theory suggests a link between sensory information and emotions and describes two levels of meaning: propositional and implicational. The implicational level gains information from the propositional level and directly from perceptions and is central to the activation of emotions. Five patients participated in our schema therapy‐based intervention. Our material included videos of 10 therapy sessions, in which the patient and the therapist watched a video made by the patient at home in a state of helplessness. Watching the video in the session was performed in parts, and between watching periods, there were observation phases consisting of discussion about what the patient had seen and heard on the video and how it affected them. Our data included 38 observation phases, and in 35 of these, the patient verbalised an emotion after watching the video. The implicational level was involved in almost all observation phases in which the patient verbalised emotions. Results: Our findings are in line with the hypothesis that added multisensory information via video enhances input to the implicational level and therefore emotional activation in psychotherapy. This is a possible mechanism by which the use of VideoTalk could facilitate the psychotherapy process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents a schema-driven analysis of the accompanied recitative "Erbarm es, Gott" from Johann Sebastian Bach's St. Matthew Passion. Arguing that the scene is best understood in dialogue with the conventions of the Italianate "galant" style of eighteenth-century recitative, we suggest that the music is guided by a simple thread of modulation upward through the circle of fifths. This thread is driven by repeated application of a particular harmonic schema--the "ruff," as described in Sherrill and Boyle (2015)--which prototypically displaces a consonant harmony with a #4 figure over a static bass. Tonal arrivals are repeatedly implied and then evaded, such that the recitative's simple tonal thread is best understood in terms of events that do not actually occur. This interpretation counterpoints Heinrich Schenker's analysis of the recitative in Der Tonwille, whose details are explored in conjunction with the schema-based perspective. The final portion of the article advances an expressive interpretation of the music, engaging also with scholarship on the Passion such as Chafe (1991). In our reading, the recitative's tonal shape stages an experience of progressive engrossment in the diegetic world of the Passion, broken off by an abrupt narrative negation at its end. In doing so, the article synthesizes divergent music-theoretical methodologies, hoping to show how the stylistically and culturally informed perspective of schema theory offers a site where the formal insights of Schenkerian theory can be integrated with semiotic criticism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. The present study aimed at determining the effect of emotional schema therapy on the irrational beliefs and body image of women with body deformity disorders. Methods. This was semi-experimental research with a pre-test-post-test design with a control group. The statistical population of this research included all women with body deformity disorders who were referred to the psychiatric centers of the 5th district of Tehran in 2021. Using the available sampling method, 30 people were selected from those who were referred to the mentioned centers. The research tools included the Ahvaz Irrational Belief and the Self-Body Multidimensional Questionnaires. Data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of covariance in SPSS-24. Results. Emotional schema therapy was effective on the irrational beliefs (the total score) and body image of women with body deformity disorders. In addition, emotional schema therapy could affect irrational beliefs in the components of expecting approval from others, avoiding problems, and showing emotional irresponsibility, but it had no significant effect on the component of being helpless against change. Conclusion. According to the findings, emotional schema therapy can be an effective method for correcting the irrational beliefs and body image of women with body deformity disorders. Practical Implications. Based on the results, therapists can use emotional schema therapy as one of the most efficient methods for treating negative beliefs and stereotypes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Schema therapy expands traditional cognitive-behavioral models, weakening early maladaptive schemas and schema modes while strengthening adaptive modes. This study investigated participant experiences of schema therapy for eating disorders, focusing on schema modes and the eating disorder voice, how these maintained disordered eating, and how therapy helped. Semistructured online video interviews with clients receiving schema therapy for eating disorders (N=10) were analyzed using interpretative phenomenological analysis. Four group experiential themes were developed: (1) adverse experiences, typically in childhood and adolescence, (2) interpersonal relationships, especially with primary caregivers and the benefits of a good therapeutic relationship, (3) self-awareness of schema modes and the eating disorder voice and their impact on participants’ eating disorders, and (4) recovery using schema concepts, including finding one’s inner child, better self-management, and ambivalence about recovering. Overall, schema therapy was perceived as beneficial, specifically regarding participants’ awareness of their inner child, development of their eating disorder, and awareness of their eating disorder voice. Participants expressed a growing positive sense of agency, connecting with their inner child’s needs and developing a connection to their healthy adult mode. They also felt that schema therapy had equipped them with the tools to strengthen their healthy adult mode, while simultaneously weakening their maladaptive modes.

Abstract This paper explores the bidirectional relationship between trauma and Substance Use Disorders (SUDs), emphasising the need for integrated treatment approaches. Trauma exposure, often associated with various psychological disorders, contributes to the high comorbidity observed in SUDs. Early childhood trauma, in particular, is linked to vulnerability in developing SUDs later in life. In response to the challenges of treating SUDs, this paper outlines emerging evidence for schema therapy as a transdiagnostic intervention. Schema therapy, an extension of cognitive behavioural therapy, targets maladaptive schemas and core beliefs by integrating cognitive, behavioural, and experiential techniques. Schema therapy recognises the role of unmet core emotional needs in the development of early maladaptive schemas, offering a holistic approach to address entrenched psychological patterns. Empirical evidence suggests a significant association between early maladaptive schemas and SUDs, highlighting the potential of schema therapy in addressing substance use. Despite limited research, studies demonstrate promising outcomes, including reductions in SUD severity and symptoms of comorbid conditions. Clinical implications include the integration of trauma screening in SUD assessments, adopting a holistic approach to treatment, and exploring schema therapy as a viable intervention through rigorous research methodologies. Ultimately, this paper highlights that the integration of schema therapy into substance use treatment programs holds promise in revolutionising the approach to SUDs, providing a nuanced and effective therapeutic intervention for individuals seeking lasting recovery and improved quality of life.

Objective: Studies have shown that neuroticism is one of the personality traits associated with negative psychological consequences. This research was conducted with the aim of investigating the effectiveness of schema therapy on reducing neuroticism.Methods: The current research is a quasi-experimental type with a pre-test-post-test design and a control group. The research population was the patients referred to Shariati Hospital in Tehran in 2021, and 22 of them who had obtained a high score in the neuroticism subscale were selected by purposive sampling method and randomly assigned into two experimental (n = 11) and control (n = 11) groups. Both groups completed the neuroticism subscale of the NEO Five-Factor Inventory-3 (NEO-FFI-3) in the pre-test and post-test phases. The experimental group was subjected to the schema therapy for 10 weekly sessions, but no intervention was performed on the experimental group during this period. The analysis of the collected data was done with analysis of covariance and SPSS-18 software.Results: The obtained findings showed that schema therapy was able to significantly reduce the level of neuroticism in the experimental group compared to the control group (P < 0.001).Conclusion: According to the findings, it can be concluded that schema therapy is effective in reducing neuroticism and can be used in treatment centers in this regard.

Objectives: Schema Therapy, an approach that integrates cognitive-behavioural and attachment principles, helps us understand the impact of early interactions with caregivers on adult mental health. These early interactions can be assessed through Schema Therapy-informed tools; however, these tools have yet to be used with a postnatal population, which represents a period of vulnerability for new mothers. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate the impact of positive and negative early parenting interactions on a first-time mother’s mental health and her sense of competence during the postnatal period, using recently revised and newly developed Schema Therapy-informed tools. Design: This is a cross-sectional study. Method: First-time mothers (N = 220) participated in an online survey within 12 months post-birth. Participants completed the Positive Parenting Schema Inventory (PPSI), Young Parenting Inventory—Revised (YPI-R2), Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS), and Parenting Sense of Competence (PSOC) scale. The data were analysed using hierarchical multiple regression and mediational analysis. Results: Negative early interactions with mothers and fathers led to greater postnatal depressive symptomology, while positive early interactions with mothers led to fewer postnatal depressive symptoms. Mediation analyses revealed that postnatal depressive symptoms mediated early parenting interactions and participants’ sense of parenting competence as a new mother. Conclusions: The protective effects of positive early interactions with caregivers can help first-time mothers’ postnatal emotional adjustment and their sense of competence through diminished postnatal depressive symptoms. However, the enduring effects of negative early interactions with caregivers can contribute to a first-time mother’s risk of developing postnatal depression and negatively affect her sense of parental competence.

Abstract Background About one third of patients with depression are in a condition that can be termed as “difficult-to-treat”. Some evidence suggests that difficult-to-treat depression is associated with a higher frequency of childhood trauma and comorbid personality disorders or accentuated features. However, the condition is understudied, and the effects of psychotherapy for difficult-to-treat depression are currently uncertain. The aim of this trial is to investigate the beneficial and harmful effects of 30 sessions of individual schema therapy versus treatment as usual for difficult-to-treat depression in the Danish secondary, public mental health sector. Methods In this randomized, multi-centre, parallel-group, superiority clinical trial, 129 outpatients with difficult-to-treat depression will be randomized (1:1) to 30 sessions of individual schema therapy or treatment as usual; in this context mainly group-based, short-term cognitive behaviour or psychodynamic therapy. The primary outcome is the change from baseline in depressive symptoms 12 months after randomization, measured on the observer-rated 6-item Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression. The secondary outcomes are health-related quality of life assessed with the European Quality of Life 5 Dimensions 5 Level Version, functional impairment assessed with the Work and Social Adjustment Scale, psychological wellbeing assessed with the WHO-5 Well-being Index, and negative effects of treatment assessed with the Negative Effects Questionnaire. Exploratory outcomes are improvement on patient self-defined outcomes, personal recovery, anxiety symptoms, anger reactions, metacognitive beliefs about anger, and perseverative negative thinking. Outcomes will be assessed at 6, 12, and 24 months after randomization; the 12-month time-point being the primary time-point of interest. Outcome assessors performing the depression-rating, data managers, statisticians, the data safety and monitoring committee, and conclusion makers for the outcome article will be blinded to treatment allocation and results. To assess cost-effectiveness of the intervention, a health economic analysis will be performed. Discussion This trial will provide evidence on the beneficial and harmful effects, as well as the cost-effectiveness of schema therapy versus treatment as usual for outpatients with difficult-to-treat depression. The results can potentially improve treatment for a large and understudied patient group. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT05833087. Registered on 15th April 2023 (approved without prompts for revision on 27th April 2023).

Background: Many individuals, particularly adolescents, often deal with anxiety which in turn impacts their environmental perception. The present study aimed to compare the effectiveness of group schema therapy and cognitive bias modification (CBM) on test anxiety in high school male adolescents.Method: This was a semi-experimental study with a pre-test and post-test design, two experimental groups, and a control group. The statistical population included all male high school students of Abadan, Iran in the academic year of 2020-2023. A total number of 45 people were selected using the convenience sampling method from secondary high schools in Abadan, Iran. Fortyfive students were assigned into two experimental groups and a control group (15 students in each group). The first experimental group received schema therapy (eight 90-minute sessions; one session every week) and the second experimental group received cognitive bias modification (eight 20-minute sessions; two sessions every week). The control group was considered on the waiting list. The General Self-Efficacy Scale was used for data collection. The tools used were Ahvaz Test Anxiety Inventory )ATI) and Probe Dot Task (PDT). SPSS version 25 was applied to analyze covariance.Results: Most of the participants were mathematics (64%) and a tenth grade (62%) students. The study results showed a significant difference between Schema Therapy, CBM, and control groups in test anxiety based on the pre-test and pre-test scores (P=0.001). Also, the experimental and control groups had significant differences in reaction time and attentional bias based on the pre-test and pre-test scores (P=0.001, P=0.025, P=0.038, P=0.026). The Schema Therapy and CBM groups also showed a significant difference between pre-test and post-test observations (P=0.001). However, no difference was found in the control group based on pre-test and post-test scores (P=0.054, P=0.424, P=0.709, P=0.066).Conclusions: Schema therapy and CBM groups showed a significant difference in test anxiety between the pre-test and post-test observations. However, no difference was found in the control group. Given the pre- and post-test scores, the CBM experimental group and the control group showed significant differences in reaction time and attentional bias However, there were no significant differences in the control group. Thus, it can be concluded that these two treatment models can be used to reduce the mentioned psychological abnormalities in students and help improve their mental health.

Abstract This research aims to evaluate the effectiveness of Schema Therapy on cognitive emotion regulation and Emotional Behavior Regulation in mothers with children with learning disabilities. Based on purpose the research was applied with a semi-experimental design with pre-test, and post-test. The statistical population of the study was mothers of children with learning disabilities in Tehran in the first six months of 1400. The sample consisted of 30 mothers who were selected as the final sample by purposive sampling method and were randomly divided into two groups of experiments and control (each Group 15 mothers). Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire by Garnefski and Kraaij (2002) and Emotional Behavior Regulation by Garnefski and Kraaij (2019) were used. The experimental group received eight sessions of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy and the control group received no therapy. The results of covariance analysis showed that the Perceived Stress and Emotional Behavior Regulation was significantly different in the experimental group (P0.01). So Schema Therapy can be used effectively on cognitive emotion regulation and Emotional Behavior Regulation in mothers with children with learning disabilities. Keywords: Schema Therapy, Cognitive Emotion Regulation, Emotional Behavior Regulation. Extended Abstract Introduction Learning disability is a neurodevelopmental disorder with biological roots that has three characteristics of reading, writing and mathematics. This disorder affects the normal pattern of learning (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). Research has shown that parents of children with learning disabilities experience more stress and difficulties in dealing with adverse situations compared to other parents (Gupta, 2007; Suzuki, Kobayashi, Moriyama, Kaja, & Enakagi, 2013). Stress is a general reaction to environmental demands and pressures and is associated with the limitation of people's emotional resources to effectively cope with these demands (Emond, Eyck, Kasmerelli, Robinson, Stillar, & Bledrein, 2016; Anioja & Aniojoti, 2016). Therefore, cognitive and behavioral regulation of emotion is necessary for parents with children with learning disabilities. Emotion regulation includes adjusting or maintaining experiences and expressing negative and positive emotions and indicates the type of emotion experienced, its occurrence, intensity, duration, and how to express it (Gross, 1998; Gross and Thompson, 2007). In this research, has been noted to two dimensions of cognitive and behavioral regulation of emotion. Cognitive regulation of emotion is the way of cognitive processing of a person when facing unfortunate and stressful events (Garnefski, Ban and Kraij, 2005). The cognitive regulation of emotion can be defined as the cognitive method of managing emotionally stimulated information (Pathoff, Garnevsky, Miklosi, Domingos-Sánchez et al., 2016). People who have the cognitive skills of emotional regulation can reduce or manage negative emotions well, and there is a significant relationship between emotion regulation by reducing self-harm and reducing emotional problems such as symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress. There is (Zofari and Khademi Ashkazari, 2019). Behavioral emotion regulation also evaluates the behavioral strategies that people use to regulate their emotions after stressful or negative events. According to the findings of Garnevsky and Kraich (2019) and Tona (2020), distraction, active coping, and seeking social support are more adaptive methods to cope with stressful events, while avoidance and ignoring are less adaptive strategies. There are different approaches to helping mothers with children with learning disabilities, and one of these approaches is schema therapy. Schema therapy was founded by Yang, Klosko, and Vishar (2003) and its main goal is to change and improve the initial maladaptive schemas and it is possible to create a healthy schema (Peters et al., 2021). In the approach of schema therapy, the focus is on increased awareness and insight and the understanding of the role of schemas in maintaining problem-causing situations, as well as adjusting the activation and action of schemas (Heuntjen, Rijkboer and Arntz, 2019). Despite conducting numerous researches on the effect of schema therapy, research findings on the effect of schema therapy on mothers with children with learning disabilities are very limited. Therefore, considering the existing gap and the importance of providing effective interventions in the field of cognitive and behavioral regulation of emotion, the present study aims to investigate the effect of schema therapy on the cognitive and behavioral regulation of emotion in mothers with children with learning disabilities. Research Question Is schema therapy effective on cognitive and behavioral emotion regulation of mothers with children with learning disabilities? Literature Review Hertz and Evans (2021), showed that schema therapy through cognitive, behavioral, interpersonal and experimental interventions has reduced depressive rumination and avoidance behaviors, as well as increased the frequency of positive mood. Dadmo et al. (2018), also showed in research that schema therapy is one of the most important treatments in the treatment of personality disorders, and with schema therapy techniques, emotion regulation can be created in these people. Methodology The current research was semi-experimental and the research design was pre-test-post-test with a control group. The statistical population of this study included mothers of children with learning disabilities in Tehran in the first six months of 1400. The research sample included 30 mothers of children with learning disabilities, whose children attended exceptional elementary schools. Among the volunteer mothers, 30 mothers were randomly selected based on the entry and exit criteria. Then, cognitive and behavioral emotion regulation questionnaires were presented to them. Then these 30 mothers were randomly replaced in the experimental and control groups (15 mothers in the experimental group and 15 mothers in the control group). In the next step, the mothers in the experimental group received schema therapy for two months, while the control group did not benefit from this intervention during the research process. After the end of the intervention period, both groups answered the mentioned questionnaires again and the results of the two groups were analyzed with statistical methods of univariate covariance analysis. Results The mean and standard deviation of the dependent variables of the research in the pre-test and post-test stages, separated by two experimental and control groups, are presented in Table 1. Table 1. The mean and standard deviation of the scores of cognitive emotion regulation and Emotional Behavior Regulation in two stages of measurement according to the experimental and control groups Variable Stage experimental control Mean Standard Deviation Mean Standard Deviation cognitive emotion regulation Pretest 13.55 3.04 17.08 .902 Posttest 18.22 .183 17.02 .712 Emotional Behavior Regulation Pretest 11.61 93.3 68.15 1.98 Posttest 15.37 81.3 .2514 2.04 In order to investigate the effectiveness of schema therapy based on cognitive regulation and emotional behavior, univariate covariance analysis was used. Before conducting this test, the assumptions of the normality of the distribution of scores, the homogeneity of the variance of the variables and the equality of the slope of the regression line were checked and all the assumptions were met. Table 2.The results of covariance analysis to compare the cognitive emotion regulation in the experimental group and the control group MS df F P-value Effect size Pretest 27.37213 1 .34210 0010. 760. group 40.61689 1 28.309 001.0 840. error .5312655 66 total 1174792 69 Table 2 shows the results of covariance analysis to compare the scores of cognitive emotion regulation in the experimental and control groups in the post-test phase. The obtained F value is equal to 309.28 and its significance level is less than 0.001 (p