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Additional file 1: Table S1. MALDI identification using the commercial database released by Bruker Daltonics for bacterial identification to check the purity of the spectra and possible contamination with spectra from bacteria.

Glanders is an infectious disease caused by the bacterium Burkholderia mallei that mainly affects equines, without treatment or vaccine. It is a zoonosis of economic relevance, with few scientific publications on its occurrence in several Brazilian states. Thus, the present work aims to analyze the spatial distribution of glanders in the state of Tocantins from the geoprocessing of the outbreaks, as well as the evolution of the disease from the first case, reported in 2015, to the year 2021. The data were obtained from the Agência de Defesa Agropecuária do Tocantins (ADAPEC), and the coordinates of the focus properties were used to produce thematic maps, using the QGIS program, which allowed the evaluation of the spatial distribution of the disease in the years studied. The program was used to prepare the herd distribution map by municipality, organized in a scale system. In the analyzed period, 37 foci and 91 cases of glanders were registered, being 74.73% cases in the equine species, 21.98% in mules and 3.3% in donkeys distributed in a non-uniform way from Tocantins. There is a higher frequency of notifications in the north and southwest of the state, making it possible to highlight strategic points for intensifying prevention and control actions with the use of georeferencing. El muermo es una enfermedad infecciosa causada por la bacteria Burkholderia mallei que afecta principalmente a los equinos, sin tratamiento ni vacuna. Es una zoonosis de relevancia económica, pero con pocas publicaciones científicas sobre su ocurrencia en varios estados brasileños. Así, el presente trabajo tiene como objetivo analizar la distribución espacial del muermo en el estado de Tocantins a partir del geoprocesamiento de los brotes, así como la evolución de la enfermedad desde el primer caso, notificado en 2015, hasta el año 2021. Los datos fueron obtenidos de la Agência de Defesa Agropecuária do Tocantins (ADAPEC), y las coordenadas de las propiedades foco fueron utilizadas para producir mapas temáticos, utilizando el programa QGIS, que permitió evaluar la distribución espacial de la enfermedad en los años estudiados. El programa se utilizó para la elaboración del mapa de distribución del rebaño por municipio, organizado en un sistema de escalas. En el período analizado se registraron 37 focos y 91 casos de muermo, siendo 74,73% casos en la especie equina, 21,98% en mulas y 3,3% en burros distribuidos de manera no uniforme desde Tocantins. Existe una mayor frecuencia de notificaciones en el norte y suroeste del estado, lo que permite destacar puntos estratégicos para intensificar las acciones de prevención y control con el uso de la georreferenciación. O mormo é uma doença infectocontagiosa, causada pela bactéria Burkholderia mallei que acomete principalmente os equídeos, não havendo tratamento ou vacina. É uma zoonose de relevância econômica, porém com reduzidas publicações científicas sobre sua ocorrência nos estados brasileiros. Assim, o presente trabalho tem por objetivo analisar a distribuição espacial do mormo no estado do Tocantins a partir do geoprocessamento dos focos, bem como a evolução da doença desde o primeiro caso, notificado em 2015, até o ano de 2021. Os dados foram obtidos junto à Agência de Defesa Agropecuária do Tocantins (ADAPEC), e as coordenadas das propriedades focos foram utilizadas para a produção de mapa temático, a partir do programa QGIS, que permitiram a avaliação de distribuição espacial da doença nos anos estudados. O programa foi utilizado para elaboração do mapa de distribuição de rebanho por município organizamos em sistema de escala. No período analisado foram registrados 37 focos e 91 casos de mormo, sendo 74,73% casos na espécie equina, 21,98% de muares e 3,3% de asininos distribuídos de forma não uniforme do Tocantins. Nota-se maior frequência de notificações no norte e no sudoeste do estado, sendo possível evidenciar pontos estratégicos para intensificação de ações de prevenção e controle com o uso do georreferenciamento.

Ixodid tick species such asIxodes ovatusandHaemaphysalis flavaare essential vectors of tick-borne diseases in Japan. In this study, we investigated the population genetic structures and gene flow ofI. ovatusandH. flavaas affected by the tick host mobility. We hypothesized thatI. ovatusandH. flavamay have differences in their genetic structure due to the low mobility of small rodent hosts ofI. ovatusat the immature stage in contrast to the mediated dispersal of avian hosts for immatureH. flava.We collected 307 adultI. ovatusand 220 adultH. flavafrom 29 and 17 locations across Niigata Prefecture, Japan. We investigated the genetic structure at two mitochondrial loci (cox1, 16S rRNA gene). ForI. ovatus, pairwiseFSTand analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) analyses ofcox1sequences indicated significant genetic variation among populations. Bothcox1and 16S rRNA markers showed non-significant genetic variation among locations forH. flava. The Bayesian tree and haplotype network ofcox1marker forI. ovatussamples in Niigata Prefecture found 3 genetic groups wherein most haplotypes in group 2 were distributed in low altitudinal areas. When we addedcox1sequences ofI. ovatusfrom China to the phylogenetic analysis, three genetic groups (China 1, China 2, and Niigata and Hokkaido, Japan) were formed in the tree suggesting the potential for cryptic species in the genetic group in Japan. Our results support our hypothesis and suggest that the host preference of ticks at the immature stage may influence the genetic structure and gene flow of the ticks. This information is vital in understanding the tick-host interactions in the field to better understand the tick-borne disease transmission and in designing an effective tick control program.

Poster Sessions

The extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) are the enzymes which degrade oxyimino-cephalosporins such as cefotaxime and ceftazidime, and make the antibiotics ineffective. In the past decade, drug resistance derived from Extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli (ESBL E. coli) has been increasing dramatically worldwide. The ESBLs genes are located on plasmids that can be easily transferred between and within bacterial species. It is indicated the linkage of ESBL E. coli from the food producing meats and the clinical samples. The presence of ESBL genes has been clearly documented in chickens. In this study, 27 raw chicken livers acquired from a supermarket in Niigata were used for detecting ESBL E. coli. E. coli was identified by DHL and chromogenic agar results as 19 of 27 (70.3%) samples. Antibiotic susceptibility test identified 6 of 19 (31.5%) ampicillin resistant E. coli samples and 1 of 19 (5.2%) ESBL E. coli sample. With genotyping result, an ESBL E. coli isolated in this study was confirmed as CTXM2.