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Background: Sarcoptic mange is an emerging and neglected contagious skin disease caused by the mite Sarcoptes scabiei, affecting humans, domestic animals, and wildlife. Mange is the main disease and a major concern for the management and conservation of populations of Iberian ibex (Capra pyrenaica), a medium-sized mountain ungulate endemic to the Iberian Peninsula and Northern Pyrenees. Differences in host-parasite interaction and host immune response determine mange clinical outcome, but little is known about the related differences in gene expression. This study determined blood and skin gene expressions in S. scabiei-experimentally infested Iberian ibexes. Results: Infestation with S. scabiei promoted immune and inflammatory genomic responses both in skin and blood, with two different clinical outcomes: either severe infestation or recovery. Sarcoptes scabiei induced local skin immunosuppression to favour its multiplication and establishment of the infestation in the host. Skin gene expression was mostly inflammatory and inefficient to control mange in the severely infected ibexes. Conversely, the immune skin response of the recovered ibexes effectively recognised S. scabiei and activated T-cells, limiting the infestation. Consequently, inflammation-related genes were more expressed in the blood of the severely infested ibexes than in those that recovered. Conclusions: The results demonstrate that skin local cellular immune response is key to control sarcoptic mange and prevent the systemic spread of the disease and the associated inflammatory response. These results will be useful to understand the pathogenesis and drivers of the differential outcome of mange at individual scale, and the population and ecological consequences of such variability in Iberian ibex, as well as in other wildlife species, domestic animals, and humans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Scabies is a common but neglected skin disease caused by the parasitic mite Sarcoptes scabiei var. hominis. Globally, the disease affects more than 400 million people. Although Ethiopia is a high-burden country for scabies, its epidemiology has not been well assessed. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the prevalence of scabies, clinical features, and associated risk factors in the communities of the Hawassa Zuria District of the Sidama Region, southern Ethiopia. Methods: A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted from September through November 2023 in the Hawassa Zuria District. A multistage random sampling technique was applied to enrol 511 participants. The International Alliance for Control of Scabies Diagnostic Criteria was used for examination. The data were collected electronically using the Open Data Kit application through a pretested interviewer-administered questionnaire. Analysis was performed using STATA software. The binary logistic regression analyses model was used to assess the association between each independent variable and scabies prevalence. During the bivariate logistic regression analyses a variable with a p-value of < 0.25 was a candidate for multivariable logistic regression analyses. In multivariable logistic regression analyses the odds ratios with a 95% confidence interval and a p-value less than 0.05 were used to describe the strength of the association and statistical significance. Results: The median age of the study participants was 19 years (interquartile range: 11–32 years), and 52.6% of the participants were females. The overall prevalence of scabies was 6.3% (95% CI 4.3–8.7%). The majority of individuals with scabies had a moderate degree of severity. The most frequent lesions were intensely itchy papules, vesicles, and pustules that appeared in the interdigital space, flexor wrist surfaces, and elbow. Males were more likely to have scabies [adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 2.57; 95% CI: 1.10–6.00] than females were and it was not influenced by age. The risk of scabies was higher for households with low (AOR = 3.88; 95% CI: 1.01–14.91) and middle-class wealth index (AOR = 4.43; 95% CI: 1.13–17.33), as well as for individuals residing in households with an overcrowding index >1.5 (AOR = 2.64; 95% CI: 1.13–6.18), in those individuals who washed their hands with water only (AOR = 2.98; 95% CI: 1.23–7.24), in those who used an unimproved water source (AOR = 2.98; 95% CI: 1.25–7.06) and in those who slept on the floor (AOR = 2.70; 95% CI: 1.17–6.18). Conclusion: The observed moderate presence of scabies in the study area stresses the need to strengthen disease management efforts, improve wealth, reduce overcrowding, ensure clean water access, and promote better hygiene practices to reduce the spread of scabies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wildlife that use anthropogenic resources often come into conflict with humans, e.g. due to damaged property, habituation or transmission of pathogens, amongst them Sarcoptes scabiei, the aetiological agent of sarcoptic mange, an emerging panzootic skin disease. This study examines the use of haystacks intended for supplementary feeding of European bison (Bison bonasus) by wolves (Canis lupus) with sarcoptic mange and the potential role of this behaviour in skin parasite transmission and human-wolf conflict. Hay samples from the beds used by wolves were found to harbour S. scabiei mites, even several days after the last use. Our data demonstrate an unforeseen link between wild ungulate supplementary feeding and wolf behaviour that may lead to conflict, namely approaching human settlements. However, no negative interactions were observed between wolves and humans or domestic animals. The presence of S. scabiei mites in haystacks provides a potential for its human-facilitated environmental transmission among wildlife and to domestic animals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oxidative stress, characterized by an overproduction of reactive oxygen species that overwhelm the body's physiological defense mechanisms, is a key factor in the progression of parasitic diseases in both humans and animals. Scabies, a highly contagious dermatological condition caused by the mite Sarcoptes scabiei var. hominis, affects millions globally, particularly in developing regions. The infestation leads to severe itching and skin rashes, triggered by allergic reactions to the mites, their eggs, and feces. Conventional scabies treatments typically involve the use of scabicidal agents, which, although effective, are often associated with adverse side effects and the increasing threat of resistance. In light of these limitations, there is growing interest in the use of medicinal plants as alternative therapeutic options. Medicinal plants, rich in bioactive compounds with antioxidant properties, offer a promising, safer, and potentially more effective approach to treatment. This review explores the role of oxidative stress in scabies pathogenesis and highlights how medicinal plants can mitigate this by reducing inflammation and oxidative damage, thereby alleviating symptoms and improving patient outcomes. Through their natural antioxidant potential, these plants may serve as viable alternatives or complementary therapies in the management of scabies, especially in cases where resistance to conventional treatments is emerging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sarcoptic mange is a debilitating disease affecting free‐living/wild bare‐nosed wombats (Vombatus ursinus). The disease causes thickening of the skin, pruritus, alopecia and deep fissures in the skin of infected animals, and ultimately death if left untreated. In Australia, there are approvals from the Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines Authority to use moxidectin for treating sarcoptic mange in bare‐nosed wombats; however, few published literatures document the success of treatment regimens. Two adult male bare‐nosed wombats presented with dermatitis, erythema and crusting of the skin. Evaluation of skin scrapings confirmed the presence of live Sarcoptes scabiei. Both wombats were treated with three 100‐mL doses of moxidectin topically poured on to the dorsal backline approximately 7 days apart. Both animals showed improvement, with skin becoming clear of crusting and dermatitis, and no S. scabiei mites were present on either animal after 2 weeks. Here, we presented two clinical scenarios of sarcoptic mange in wombats that were successfully treated with three 100‐mL doses of moxidectin applied topically. We recommend this treatment be used where wombats can be identified and monitored throughout their recovery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scabies is a contagious skin condition caused by the Sarcoptes scabiei mite. It can lead to various clinical reactions, ranging from no symptoms at all to noticeable skin lesions and severe itching within the same household. We aimed to investigate the potential role of blood groups in the emergence of disease symptoms by comparing the scabies patients with asymptomatic co-residents. This study comprised 102 patients infected with scabies from index cases and 111 asymptomatic co-residents. The index cases where symptoms first appeared were excluded. Among patients with scabies, 34 individuals (33.3%) had type A blood group, 12 (11.8%) had type B, 27 (26.5%) had type AB, and 29 (28.4%) had type O. Of these patients, 101 (99%) were Rh+, while 1 (1%) was Rh-. In asymptomatic contacts, 61 individuals (55%) had type A, 9 (8.1%) had type B, 1 (0.9%) had type AB, and 40 (36%) had type O blood group. Of these, 102 (91.9%) were Rh+, and 9 (8.1%) were Rh-. A significant difference was observed between the two groups concerning the frequency of ABO, Rh, and ABO*Rh blood groups (p < 0.05). The prevalence of B + and AB + blood groups was higher in scabies patients compared to asymptomatic contacts. The study results showed a significant association between the emergence of scabies symptoms with blood groups. Our results highlight the importance of more research into the roles of blood group antigens in normal skin epithelium and their involvement in the etiopathogenesis of scabies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Importance: Scabies, bedbug, and body lice infestations are caused by organisms that live on or in the skin, on clothing, or in the environment and commonly cause pruritus and rash. In 2021, approximately 622 million incident cases of scabies occurred globally. Data on bedbug infestations are limited. Body lice prevalence ranges from 4.1% to 35% among persons experiencing homelessness worldwide. Observations: Scabies is caused by mites (Sarcoptes scabiei) that burrow into the epidermis. Transmission primarily occurs from prolonged skin-to-skin contact with an individual who has an infestation. Common scabies is characterized by excoriated pruritic papules, plaques, and pathognomonic burrows on finger/toe web spaces, volar wrists, ankles, axillae, buttocks, male genitalia, and areolae. Permethrin cream and oral ivermectin are first-line treatments for adults, with similar clearance rates by week 2 (74% with permethrin vs 68% with ivermectin; relative risk, 0.91; 95% CI, 0.76-1.08). Treatment failure can occur with oral ivermectin (11.8%; 95% CI, 8.4%-15.4%) and topical permethrin (10.8%; 95% CI, 7.5%-14.5%). Bedbugs (Cimex lectularius, Cimex hemipterus) are insects that live on mattresses and furniture and feed on blood nocturnally, causing linear pruritic erythematous papules. New skin lesions on waking, cohabitants with similar symptoms, and recently residing in a high-occupancy setting should raise suspicion. Treatment requires eradication with pest management. Body lice (Pediculus humanus humanus) are insects found on clothing that travel to the skin for blood meals. Body lice bites cause pruritic excoriated macules/papules and hyperpigmentation in areas where clothing seams contact skin. Treatment and prevention require at least once-weekly bathing and laundering of clothing and bedding. Conclusions and Relevance: Scabies, bedbug, and body lice infestations are common. Accurate diagnosis requires taking a history, including social drivers of health (eg, housing status, living environment), and physical examination. First-line treatments include scabicides for patients with common scabies and their close contacts. Scabies, bedbug, and body lice infestations should be treated with decontamination measures. This narrative review summarizes the pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of scabies, bedbug, and body lice infestations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Scabies, an infestation of the mite Sarcoptes scabiei, has seen an increase in clinical diagnoses in the Netherlands since 2011. This study aimed to analyse PCR-positive S. scabiei skin samples through partial genome sequencing and to link findings to patient epidemiological characteristics. Methods: Skin samples were collected from individuals in the Netherlands between January 2016 and January 2023. On the PCR-positive S. scabiei skin samples, partial mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 gene (cox1) sequencing was performed to assess genetic variability. Epidemiological information was collected through interviews. We examined associations between cox1 subtypes, epidemiological factors and treatment outcomes. Results: Sequencing results were obtained from 128 patients, with epidemiological information available for 55 (43%) of these patients. Fifteen distinct cox1 subtypes were identified. Subtype 01 was most prevalent (45%) and present across all age groups and social settings. The remaining subtypes were less common and not consistently found in all contexts. Five clusters were identified, each with identical cox1 subtypes. Comparative analysis with GenBank sequences revealed genetic similarities with strains from Australia, the USA and China, suggesting the global distribution and transmission of specific subtypes. A substantial proportion (73%) of patients with scabies required multiple treatments to eradicate the infestation, with no subtype-related differences. Conclusions: This is the first study linking S. scabiei sequencing results to patient epidemiological data. Several subtypes clustered in specific geographic regions and social contexts, underscoring localised transmission patterns. Further research with larger sample sizes is needed to enhance our understanding of the transmission of this mite. This study provides valuable insights that will strengthen scabies control efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diseases and parasites are important drivers of population dynamics in wild mammal populations. Small and endangered populations that overlap with larger, reservoir populations are particularly vulnerable to diseases and parasites, especially in ecosystems highly influenced by climate change. Sarcoptic mange, caused by a parasitic mite Sarcoptes scabiei, constitutes a severe threat to many wildlife populations and is today considered a panzootic. The Scandinavian arctic fox Vulpes lagopus is endangered with a fragmented distribution and is threatened by e.g. red fox Vulpes vulpes expansion, prey scarcity and inbreeding depression. Moreover, one of the subpopulations in Scandinavia has suffered from repeated outbreaks of sarcoptic mange during the past decade, most likely spread by red foxes. This was first documented in 2013 and then again 2014, 2017, 2019, 2020 and 2021. We used field inventories and wildlife cameras to follow the development of sarcoptic mange outbreaks in this arctic fox subpopulation with specific focus on disease transmission and consequences for reproductive output. In 2013–2014, we documented visual symptoms of sarcoptic mange in about 30% of the total population. Despite medical treatment, we demonstrate demographic consequences where the number of arctic fox litters plateaued and litter size was reduced after the introduction of S. scabiei. Furthermore, we found indications that mange likely was transmitted by a few arctic foxes travelling between several dens, i.e. 'super‐spreaders'. This study highlights sarcoptic mange as a severe threat to small populations and can put the persistence of the entire Scandinavian arctic fox population at risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Sarcoptic mange is an emerging and neglected contagious skin disease caused by the mite Sarcoptes scabiei, affecting humans, domestic animals, and wildlife. Mange is the main disease and a major concern for the management and conservation of populations of Iberian ibex (Capra pyrenaica), a medium-sized mountain ungulate endemic to the Iberian Peninsula and Northern Pyrenees. Differences in host-parasite interaction and host immune response determine mange clinical outcome, but little is known about the related differences in gene expression. This study determined blood and skin gene expressions in S. scabiei-experimentally infested Iberian ibexes. Results Infestation with S. scabiei promoted immune and inflammatory genomic responses both in skin and blood, with two different clinical outcomes: either severe infestation or recovery. Sarcoptes scabiei induced local skin immunosuppression to favour its multiplication and establishment of the infestation in the host. Skin gene expression was mostly inflammatory and inefficient to control mange in the severely infected ibexes. Conversely, the immune skin response of the recovered ibexes effectively recognised S. scabiei and activated T-cells, limiting the infestation. Consequently, inflammation-related genes were more expressed in the blood of the severely infested ibexes than in those that recovered. Conclusions The results demonstrate that skin local cellular immune response is key to control sarcoptic mange and prevent the systemic spread of the disease and the associated inflammatory response. These results will be useful to understand the pathogenesis and drivers of the differential outcome of mange at individual scale, and the population and ecological consequences of such variability in Iberian ibex, as well as in other wildlife species, domestic animals, and humans.

Abstract Wildlife that use anthropogenic resources often come into conflict with humans, e.g. due to damaged property, habituation or transmission of pathogens, amongst them Sarcoptes scabiei, the aetiological agent of sarcoptic mange, an emerging panzootic skin disease. This study examines the use of haystacks intended for supplementary feeding of European bison (Bison bonasus) by wolves (Canis lupus) with sarcoptic mange and the potential role of this behaviour in skin parasite transmission and human-wolf conflict. Hay samples from the beds used by wolves were found to harbour S. scabiei mites, even several days after the last use. Our data demonstrate an unforeseen link between wild ungulate supplementary feeding and wolf behaviour that may lead to conflict, namely approaching human settlements. However, no negative interactions were observed between wolves and humans or domestic animals. The presence of S. scabiei mites in haystacks provides a potential for its human-facilitated environmental transmission among wildlife and to domestic animals.

Abstract Background Scabies, an infestation of the mite Sarcoptes scabiei, has seen an increase in clinical diagnoses in the Netherlands since 2011. This study aimed to analyse PCR-positive S. scabiei skin samples through partial genome sequencing and to link findings to patient epidemiological characteristics. Methods Skin samples were collected from individuals in the Netherlands between January 2016 and January 2023. On the PCR-positive S. scabiei skin samples, partial mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 gene (cox1) sequencing was performed to assess genetic variability. Epidemiological information was collected through interviews. We examined associations between cox1 subtypes, epidemiological factors and treatment outcomes. Results Sequencing results were obtained from 128 patients, with epidemiological information available for 55 (43%) of these patients. Fifteen distinct cox1 subtypes were identified. Subtype 01 was most prevalent (45%) and present across all age groups and social settings. The remaining subtypes were less common and not consistently found in all contexts. Five clusters were identified, each with identical cox1 subtypes. Comparative analysis with GenBank sequences revealed genetic similarities with strains from Australia, the USA and China, suggesting the global distribution and transmission of specific subtypes. A substantial proportion (73%) of patients with scabies required multiple treatments to eradicate the infestation, with no subtype-related differences. Conclusions This is the first study linking S. scabiei sequencing results to patient epidemiological data. Several subtypes clustered in specific geographic regions and social contexts, underscoring localised transmission patterns. Further research with larger sample sizes is needed to enhance our understanding of the transmission of this mite. This study provides valuable insights that will strengthen scabies control efforts. Graphical Abstract

Background PRDM12 polyalanine tract expansions cause two different disorders: midfacial toddler excoriation syndrome (MiTES; itch with normal pain sensation associated with 18 homozygous alanines (18A); and congenital insensitivity to pain (CIP) with normal itch associated with 19 homozygous alanines (19A). Knowledge of the phenotype, genotype and disease mechanism of MiTES is incomplete. Why 18A vs. 19A PRDM12 can cause almost opposite phenotypes is unknown; no other polyalanine or polyglutamine tract expansion disease causes two such disparate phenotypes. Objectives To assess the genotype and phenotype of nine new, nine atypical and six previously reported patients diagnosed with MiTES. Methods Using cell lines with homozygous PR domain zinc finger protein 12 (PRDM12) containing 12 alanines (12A; normal), 18A (MiTES) and 19A (CIP), we examined PRDM12 aggregation and subcellular localization by image-separation confocal microscopy and subcellular fractionation Western blotting. Results MiTES presents in the first year of life; in all cases the condition regresses over the first decade, leaving scarring. The MiTES phenotype is highly distinctive. Features overlapping with PRDM12 CIP are rarely found. The genotype–phenotype study of the PRDM12 polyalanine tract shows that having 7–15 alanines is normal; 16–18 alanines is associated with MiTES; 19 alanines leads to CIP; and no clinically atypical cases of MiTES had a polyalanine tract expansion. PRDM12 aggregation and subcellular localization differed significantly between 18A and normal 12A cell lines and between 18A and 19A cell lines. MiTES is a new protein-aggregation disease. Conclusions We provide diagnostic criteria for MiTES and improved longitudinal data. MiTES and CIP are distinct phenotypes, despite their genotypes varying by a single alanine in the PRDM12 polyalanine tract. We found clear distinctions between the cellular phenotypes of normal, MiTES and CIP cells. We hypothesize that the developmental environment of the trigeminal ganglion is unique and critically sensitive to pre- and postnatal levels of PRDM12. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a critical need for advancements in disease management strategies for wildlife, but free‐living animals pose numerous challenges that can hinder progress. Most disease management attempts involve fixed interventions accompanied by post hoc outcome assessments focused on success or failure. Though these approaches have led to valuable management advances, there are limitations to both the rate of advancement and amount of information that can be gained. As such, strategies that support more rapid progress are required. Sarcoptic mange, caused by epidermal infection with Sarcoptes scabiei mites, is a globally emerging and re‐emerging panzootic that exemplifies this problem. The bare‐nosed wombat (Vombatus ursinus), a marsupial endemic to southeastern Australia, is impacted by sarcoptic mange throughout its geographic range and enhanced disease management capabilities are needed to improve upon existing in situ methods. We sought to advance in situ wildlife disease management for sarcoptic mange in free‐living bare‐nosed wombats, implementing an adaptive approach using fluralaner (Bravecto, MSD Animal Health) and a structured process of learning and method‐optimisation. By using surveillance of treated wombats to inform real‐time management changes, we have demonstrated the efficacy of topically administered fluralaner at 45 and 85 mg/kg against sarcoptic mange. Importantly, we observed variation in the effects of 45 mg/kg doses, but through our adaptive approach found that 85 mg/kg doses consistently reduced mange severity. Through modifying our surveillance program, we also identified individual‐level variation in wombat observability and used this to quantify the level of surveillance needed to assess long‐term management success. Our adaptive intervention represents the first report of sarcoptic mange management with fluralaner in free‐living wildlife and evaluation of its efficacy in situ. This study illustrates how adapting interventions in real time can advance wildlife disease management and may be applicable to accelerating in situ improvements for other host–pathogen systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to obtain information and data on the prevalence of scabies in cats and rabbits at the Animal Hospital of East Java Livestock Service Surabaya. The data obtained in this study are data on visitors or pet owners to the Animal Hospital in January - December 2021. The type of research is descriptive research. The data obtained tabulated and analyzed with a prevalence test and discussed descriptively. The prevalence of scabies in cats and rabbits at the study was 5.62% or 76 positive of 1352 visiting clients. Forty five of them were cats (59.21% of 76) and 31 were rabbits (40.79% of 76). Scabies attacks animals in the nose, mouth and ears. Scabies also causes weight loss, hair loss, irritation, anemia and even death. Scabies treatment at the research location is by cleaning the scars caused by scabies, applying an ointment containing 5% permethrin, and giving antihistamine and anti-parasitic as well as providing supportive therapy in the form of grooming using shampoo containing anti-ectoparasites. Pet owners are expected to follow the advice given by animal hospital staff who have provided knowledge in terms of controlling and preventing Scabies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses a case of misdiagnosis of crusted scabies, a rare and highly contagious variant of scabies. The patient initially received various diagnoses and treatments that worsened the condition. The article emphasizes the importance of proper diagnosis and treatment, including the use of scabicides and washing of clothing and bedding to prevent transmission and reinfection. Crusted scabies is a severe form of scabies that occurs when the skin's immune system is unable to effectively respond to the parasite. Treatment involves a combination of topical cream and oral medication, but there is concern about drug resistance. It is important to reduce environmental transmission and treat close contacts to prevent reinfection. [Extracted from the article]

Objective: Unusual clinical course Background: Crusted scabies is a severe skin infection resulting from hyper-infestation with the obligate parasite Sarcoptes scabiei var. hominis. In contrast to classic scabies, crusted scabies may involve as many as hundreds to millions of mites. Importantly, this condition is associated with a mortality rate of 60% in 5 years, and is more likely to develop in immunosuppressed hosts, presumably due to an impaired T-cell response against the mite. Case Report: We present a case of crusted scabies in a 13-year-old girl during her early post-liver transplant period receiving immunosuppression successfully treated with topical 5% permethrin. She had pruritic erythematous papules, confirmed as scabies through skin scraping. The challenge of misdiagnosis during the initial presentation is noteworthy, given atypical manifestations and more common differentials. To our knowledge, only 2 cases of crusted scabies in pediatric solid-organ transplant recipients have been reported. Despite the absence of guidelines for pediatric solid-organ transplant recipients, urgent treatment is required due to the high mortality rates associated with crusted scabies. In our case, early treatment proved successful without any secondary bacterial infections or clinical evidence of relapse during a 6-month follow-up. Conclusions: We report a case of scabies in a pediatric liver transplant recipient that was successfully treated. It is crucial to consider the diagnosis of scabies given the associated morbidity and the risk of secondary bacterial infections among other more common differentials. Notably, the response to standard anti-scabies treatment may lead to resolution without relapse in pediatric solid-organ transplant recipients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sarcoptic mange, caused by epidermal infection with Sarcoptes scabiei, negatively impacts the health, welfare, and local abundance of bare-nosed wombats (Vombatus ursinus) in Australia. Improved understanding of the host immune response to disease and its contribution to pathophysiology could be used to inform management actions for this species in and ex situ. To evaluate the immune response of bare-nosed wombats to sarcoptic mange, we validated three assays (haptoglobin, agarose gel electrophoresis, and micro-erythrocyte sedimentation rate) measuring non-specific markers of inflammation using serum samples from free-living wombats from Tasmania (n = 33). We then analysed correlations between the assay results for each non-specific marker of inflammation and wombat's sarcoptic mange scores, and performed histopathological examinations to investigate association of the acute phase response with systemic amyloidosis. We present evidence that haptoglobin and erythrocyte sedimentation rate increased, and albumin decreased, in association with sarcoptic mange scores. This research demonstrates links between the acute phase response and sarcoptic mange severity in bare-nosed wombats, highlighting the utility of non-specific markers of inflammation for aiding assessment of the systemic effects of mange. Showing the value of agarose gel electrophoresis, we also identified specific acute phase proteins warranting future evaluation and found evidence of an immunoglobulin response in mange-affected wombats, revealed by increasing γ-globulins in association with apparent disease severity. Meanwhile, owing to its relatively low resource requirements and rapidity, the erythrocyte sedimentation rate assay may be useful as a point-of-care test to support therapeutic decisions in the field. Our methods and findings are likely to be applicable to a range of other clinical and population health scenarios in captive and free-living wombats, and species impacted by sarcoptic mange globally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scabies is an itchy skin disease caused by the burrowing mite, Sarcoptes scabiei. During their lifespan, female mites invade the stratum corneum and create tunnels in which they reside, move, feed, deposit fecal pellets, and lay eggs. Globally, more than 200 million people are estimated to be affected by scabies annually. Currently, using scabicidal agents is the only approved method for treating scabies. However, resistance to commonly used agents such as permethrin and ivermectin has been observed in scabies mites. Therefore, the development of vaccines for scabies, either as a preventative measure or for treatment, is crucial to control such neglected diseases. Since the host could evolve a protective immune response that could prevent re-infestation by scabies mites, vaccine development is theoretically possible. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the ongoing challenges regarding the currently available control measures for scabies. It also explores the promising path of scabies vaccine development, highlighting the current state of research and challenges that need to be addressed to develop new and innovative measures for both treating and preventing scabies infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Sarcoptic mange is rare in cats. The main symptoms reported in cases of feline sarcoptic mange include crusty lesions and pruritus, although these may vary in severity among individuals. Objectives: This report describes three cats infested with Sarcoptes scabiei, all presenting with pruritus and excoriation. Methods: The diagnosis was confirmed by microscopic observation of skin scrape samples. Results: All three cats were treated successfully using moxidectin and imidacloprid, selamectin and ivermectin, respectively. Conclusions: The clinical presentation of feline scabies appears to be more variable in cats than in dogs. Infestation with S. scabiei should be considered a differential diagnosis for cats presenting with pruritic inflammatory skin disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report tracking of bacterial skin microbiota for two bare-nosed wombats (Vombatus ursinus) following in situ treatment for sarcoptic mange. Sarcoptes scabiei, the etiologic agent, has dramatic effects on skin microbiota. Our case reports show differing disease trajectory and bacterial beta diversity between the two treated individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The expanding presence of red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) in urban and suburban regions could potentially lead to increased instances of human aggression towards this species. We studied 10 deceased red foxes that were submitted by law enforcement agencies in the metropolitan area of Madrid in 2014–2022 because of suspected abuse. Forensic autopsies were performed to establish the cause and manner of death. In 4 of the 10 cases, the cause of death was deemed unnatural, involving blunt-force trauma (n = 2), asphyxia resulting from hanging (n = 1), and firearm injury (n = 1). Among the remaining cases, most had succumbed to natural causes (n = 4), often marked by severe emaciation and a high burden of parasites, primarily Sarcoptes scabiei. In 2 cases, death was undetermined given the poor preservation of the carcass. The growing prevalence of wildlife species in urban areas, particularly red foxes, may require forensic veterinary investigation of deaths potentially related to abuse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the use of line-field confocal optical coherence tomography (LC-OCT) as a non-invasive diagnostic tool for detecting Sarcoptes scabiei infestation, the mite that causes human scabies. LC-OCT provides high-resolution images of the epidermis and upper dermis, allowing for a "virtual biopsy" of the affected area. The article presents a case study of a patient with persistent pruritus after treatment for scabies, where LC-OCT was used to visualize the mite, its eggs, and droppings. LC-OCT shows promise as a quick and accurate method for diagnosing scabies. [Extracted from the article]

Abstract Various kinds of pets have been known to contract the ectoparasite Sarcoptes scabiei. Current acaricides are becoming less effective because of the resistance developed by the mite besides their adverse effects on the general activity and reproductive performance of domestic pets. For this reason, the present study aims to discover a novel and safe approach using silver and gold nanoparticles to fight Sarcoptic mange in rabbits as well as to explain their mechanism of action. 15 pet rabbits with clinical signs of Sarcoptic mange that were confirmed by the microscopic examination were used in our study. All rabbits used in this study were assessed positive for the presence of different developing stages of S. scabiei. Three groups of rabbits (n = 5) were used as follows: group (1) didn’t receive any treatment, and group (2 and 3) was treated with either AgNPs or GNPs, respectively. Both nanoparticles were applied daily on the affected skin areas via a dressing and injected subcutaneously once a week for 2 weeks at a dose of 0.5 mg/kg bwt. Our results revealed that all rabbits were severely infested and took a mean score = 3. The skin lesions in rabbits that didn’t receive any treatments progressed extensively and took a mean score = of 4. On the other hand, all nanoparticle-treated groups displayed marked improvement in the skin lesion and took an average score of 0–1. All NPs treated groups showed remarkable improvement in the microscopic pictures along with mild iNOS, TNF-α, and Cox-2 expression. Both nanoparticles could downregulate the m-RNA levels of IL-6 and IFγ and upregulate IL-10 and TGF-1β genes to promote skin healing. Dressing rabbits with both NPs didn’t affect either liver and kidney biomarkers or serum Ig levels indicating their safety. Our residual analysis detected AgNPs in the liver of rabbits but did not detect any residues of GNPs in such organs. We recommend using GNPs as an alternative acaricide to fight rabbit mange.

Abstract Background Sarcoptic mange is a serious animal welfare concern in bare-nosed wombats (Vombatus ursinus). Fluralaner (Bravecto®) is a novel acaricide that has recently been utilised for treating mange in wombats. The topical ‘spot-on’ formulation of fluralaner can limit treatment delivery options in situ, but dilution to a volume for ‘pour-on’ delivery is one practicable solution. This study investigated the in vitro acaricidal activity of Bravecto, a proposed essential oil-based diluent (Orange Power®), and two of its active constituents, limonene and citral, against Sarcoptes scabiei. Methods Sarcoptes scabiei were sourced from experimentally infested pigs. In vitro assays were performed to determine the lethal concentration (LC50) and survival time of the mites when exposed to varying concentrations of the test solutions. Results All compounds were highly effective at killing mites in vitro. The LC50 values of Bravecto, Orange Power, limonene and citral at 1 h were 14.61 mg/ml, 4.50%, 26.53% and 0.76%, respectively. The median survival times of mites exposed to undiluted Bravecto, Orange Power and their combination were 15, 5 and 10 min, respectively. A pilot survival assay of mites collected from a mange-affected wombat showed survival times of

Background: Sarcoptic mange is a skin disease caused by the contagious ectoparasite Sarcoptes scabiei, capable of suppressing and extirpating wild canid populations. Starting in 2015, we observed a multi-year epizootic of sarcoptic mange affecting a red fox (Vulpes vulpes) population on Fire Island, NY, USA. We explored the ecological factors that contributed to the spread of sarcoptic mange and characterized the epizootic in a landscape where red foxes are geographically constrained. Methods: We tested for the presence of S. scabiei DNA in skin samples collected from deceased red foxes with lesions visibly consistent with sarcoptic mange disease. We deployed 96–100 remote trail camera stations each year to capture red fox occurrences and used generalized linear mixed-effects models to assess the affects of red fox ecology, human and other wildlife activity, and island geography on the frequency of detecting diseased red foxes. We rated the extent of visual lesions in diseased individuals and mapped the severity and variability of the sarcoptic mange disease. Results: Skin samples that we analyzed demonstrated 99.8% similarity to S. scabiei sequences in GenBank. Our top-ranked model (weight = 0.94) showed that diseased red foxes were detected more frequently close to roadways, close to territories of other diseased red foxes, away from human shelters, and in areas with more mammal activity. There was no evidence that detection rates in humans and their dogs or distance to the nearest red fox den explained the detection rates of diseased red foxes. Although detected infrequently, we observed the most severe signs of sarcoptic mange at the periphery of residential villages. The spread of visual signs of the disease was approximately 7.3 ha/week in 2015 and 12.1 ha/week in 2017. Conclusions: We quantified two separate outbreaks of sarcoptic mange disease that occurred > 40 km apart and were separated by a year. Sarcoptic mange revealed an unfettered spread across the red fox population. The transmission of S. scabiei mites in this system was likely driven by red fox behaviors and contact between individuals, in line with previous studies. Sarcoptic mange is likely an important contributor to red fox population dynamics within barrier island systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Scabies is an underdiagnosed skin infestation caused by the Sarcoptes scabiei mite. The infection causes severe itching and a skin rash but can be effectively treated using topical or systemic drugs. Scabies outbreaks are commonly reported in resource‐poor countries, including Ghana. Traditional healers play an important role in primary care in rural areas. The role of these traditional healers in the management of scabies has so far not been explored. The aim of this study was therefore to investigate the perceptions of traditional healers regarding the causation and management of scabies. Methods: A phenomenological qualitative approach was employed. Traditional healers in the Asante Akim North and Central districts in Ghana were approached with an interview request. Using a semi‐structured interview protocol, 15 traditional healers were interviewed. The results were coded and analysed, after which seven themes were extrapolated. Results: Scabies infections were frequently reported by traditional healers. Itching and skin rash were unanimously regarded as the major symptoms of scabies. The majority acknowledged the infectious nature of scabies, but no participant reported the causative organism. A dichotomous disease classification was noted, consisting of 'natural' and 'spiritual' variants each with a unique disease profile and management requirements, as reported by the traditional healers. All but two traditional healers reported to treat scabies using almost exclusively herbs and spiritual rituals. Conclusion: The majority of traditional healers were open to collaboration with allopathic healthcare providers. Collaboration could broaden the primary care network in rural areas, but mistrust and lack of transparency form potential barriers to collaboration. We, therefore, emphasise the need for additional efforts to investigate strategies for future collaboration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

South American Camelids, including alpacas, have gained popularity in Europe as pets and prized wool sources. Skin health concerns, particularly mite infestations, have emerged as a notable problem in these animals. Sarcoptic mange can lead to severe itching, papules, and chronic symptoms such as alopecia, crusts, and emaciation if left untreated. This case report documents a 2-year-old female alpaca suffering from sarcoptic mange. Despite initial treatment with ivermectin, its condition worsened, leading to severe weight loss, abortion, and a continued presence of mites. Considering the lack of effective treatments for sarcoptic mange in alpacas and the unavailability of registered drugs for this species in Italy, fluralaner, a drug previously used in other animal species, has been administered orally at a dosage of 5 mg/kg. Within a week after the treatment with fluralaner, the patient exhibited significant improvement, including the resolution of itching, healing of skin lesions, and an increase in appetite. Follow-up skin scrapings confirmed the absence of mites, and the patient's condition continued to improve. Fluralaner demonstrated to be a highly effective and fast-acting treatment for sarcoptic mange in alpacas, offering potential economic benefits attributed to its single-dose administration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was carried out to determine the prevalence of ectoparasites in sheep and goats in the Konya province of Türkiye.A total of 818 sheep and 155 goats selected through covenient sampling method from 30 different ovine breeders of Konya were screened for the presence of ectoparasites (e.g., lice, fleas, ticks, and mites) as per the standard parasitological procedures. According to the results, 19% of the sheep and 64%of the goats harbouredectoparasites on their bodies. Irrespective of the species of animal, overall distribution of ectoparasites was 12%, 6%, 4%, and 26% for ticks, lice, fleas and mites, respectively. The magnitude of ticks, lice, fleas, and mites were 25%, 23%, 16%, and 0%, on goats and 10%, 3%, 2%, and 5%on sheep respectively. The identified species of ectoparasites were Rhipicephalus (R.) bursa (7%), R. Turanicus (2.1%), Babesia (B.) ovis (2.6%), R. sanguineus (0.6%), Ctenocephalides canis (1.5), Psoroptes ovis (2.9%), Sarcoptes scabiei ovis (2.1) and Pulex (P) irritans (0.3%) on sheep, and Rhipicephalus bursa (13%), R. sanguineus (3.9%), R. Turanicus (2.6%), Hyalomma (H.) detritum (4.5%), H. anatolicum excavatum (1.3%), Bovicola capri (14.2%), Linognathus africanus (8.4%), Ctenocephalides felis felis (12.3) and P. irritans (3.87%) on goats. As a result, due to the high prevalence of ectoparasites, combating ectoparasites is vital to prevent economic losses for breeders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Nutrition is essential for not only survival but also successful growth and reproduction. Dietary demands are increased in a diseased state due to the increased energy and nutritional requirements associated with immune response, inflammation and convalescence. The herbivorous bare-nosed wombat (Vombatus ursinus) is notably susceptible to sarcoptic mange, a disease caused by the mite, Sarcoptes scabiei , which causes debilitating pruritic skin disease and leads to secondary bacterial infections and increased wombat morbidity and mortality, as well as regionally variable population declines. It is unknown why wombats are so susceptible to sarcoptic mange and if nutrition may play a role in disease expression, particularly relating to seasonality. The objective of this study was to quantify the differences in the nutritive value, over four seasons, of plants (mostly grasses and sedges) that are available as food items for bare-nosed wombats. We collected plants over four seasons from five wombat habitats that were known to have wombats affected by sarcoptic mange. We found seasonal and site differences for macro and micronutrients in the plants analysed. Monitoring the diet quality of wombats in the wild is useful for managing their populations and understanding population dynamics in relation to food resource quality. Nutritional value of plants available as food for bare-nosed wombats was assessed at sites within NSW. Significant seasonal and site differences were determined. Wombats are affected by sarcoptic mange, which affects their metabolic rate and nutrient needs; therefore, supporting nutrition and health of wombats is important for conservation of this species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Sarcoptic mange is a serious animal welfare concern in bare-nosed wombats (Vombatus ursinus). Fluralaner (Bravecto®) is a novel acaricide that has recently been utilised for treating mange in wombats. The topical 'spot-on' formulation of fluralaner can limit treatment delivery options in situ, but dilution to a volume for 'pour-on' delivery is one practicable solution. This study investigated the in vitro acaricidal activity of Bravecto, a proposed essential oil-based diluent (Orange Power®), and two of its active constituents, limonene and citral, against Sarcoptes scabiei. Methods: Sarcoptes scabiei were sourced from experimentally infested pigs. In vitro assays were performed to determine the lethal concentration (LC50) and survival time of the mites when exposed to varying concentrations of the test solutions. Results: All compounds were highly effective at killing mites in vitro. The LC50 values of Bravecto, Orange Power, limonene and citral at 1 h were 14.61 mg/ml, 4.50%, 26.53% and 0.76%, respectively. The median survival times of mites exposed to undiluted Bravecto, Orange Power and their combination were 15, 5 and 10 min, respectively. A pilot survival assay of mites collected from a mange-affected wombat showed survival times of < 10 min when exposed to Bravecto and Orange Power and 20 min when exposed to moxidectin. Conclusions: These results confirm the acaricidal properties of Bravecto, demonstrate acaricidal properties of Orange Power and support the potential suitability of Orange Power and its active constituents as a diluent for Bravecto. As well as killing mites via direct exposure, Orange Power could potentially enhance the topical delivery of Bravecto to wombats by increasing drug penetration in hyperkeratotic crusts. Further research evaluating the physiochemical properties and modes of action of Orange Power and its constituents as a formulation vehicle would be of value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: A serosurvey study was conducted in southern Spain to assess the exposure and spatial distribution of Sarcoptes scabiei in Iberian ibexes (Capra pyrenaica) and domestic goats (Capra hircus). The study included sera from 411 Iberian ibexes (157 with skin lesions compatible with sarcoptic mange and 254 that were clinically healthy), skin samples from 88 affected animals, and 392 serum samples from domestic goats, collected between 2015 and 2021. Antibodies against S. scabiei were found in 3.1% of the clinically healthy ibexes and 66.2% of those with compatible skin lesions. Mites were confirmed in 64.8% of the skin samples, and 86.0% of these mite-positive individuals had antibodies. Seropositive animals were detected in population nuclei with previous records of sarcoptic mange, but not in historically free population nuclei. The non-detection of antibodies against S. scabiei in the domestic goats suggests an independent epidemiological cycle of sarcoptic mange in Iberian ibex populations in the study area. Integrated surveillance programs and control strategies in wildlife and livestock are essential to mitigating the risk of S. scabiei circulation in Iberian ibex populations. Sarcoptic mange is a highly contagious skin disease caused by Sarcoptes scabiei. Sera were collected from 411 Iberian ibexes, comprising 157 individuals with sarcoptic mange skin lesions and 254 clinically healthy animals, in 13 population nuclei across Andalusia (southern Spain) between 2015 and 2021. Skin samples from 88 of the 157 animals with mange-compatible lesions were also obtained. Moreover, 392 serum samples from domestic goats (Capra hircus) were collected in the same region and study period. Antibodies against S. scabiei were tested using an in-house indirect ELISA, while the presence of mites of S. scabiei was evaluated in the skin samples by potassium hydroxide digestion. Seropositivity was found in eight (3.1%) of the clinically healthy ibexes and in 104 (66.2%) of the animals with mange-compatible lesions. The presence of S. scabiei was confirmed in 57 (64.8%) out of the 88 skin samples analysed and anti-S. scabiei antibodies were found in 49 (86.0%) of these 57 mite-positive individuals. Seropositive animals were detected in population nuclei with previous records of sarcoptic mange, where S. scabiei mites were detected by potassium hydroxide digestion in individuals with sarcoptic mange-compatible external lesions. However, seropositivity was not observed in population nuclei that were historically free of this disease. None of the 392 domestic goats had antibodies against S. scabiei, suggesting an independent epidemiological cycle of sarcoptic mange in Iberian ibex populations in the study area, and a limited or null role of domestic goats in the transmission of the parasite to this wild species. Overall, our findings underscore the importance of maintaining and/or implementing integrated surveillance programs and control strategies in wildlife and livestock, to limit the risk of S. scabiei circulation in Iberian ibex populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The parasitic mite Sarcoptes scabiei causes mange in nearly 150 species of mammals by burrowing under the skin, triggering hypersensitivity responses that can alter animals' behavior and result in extreme weight loss, secondary infections, and even death. Since the 1990s, sarcoptic mange has increased in incidence and geographic distribution in Pennsylvania black bear (Ursus americanus) populations, including expansion into other states. Recovery from mange in free-ranging wildlife has rarely been evaluated. Following the Pennsylvania Game Commission's standard operating procedures at the time of the study, treatment consisted of one subcutaneous injection of ivermectin. To evaluate black bear survival and recovery from mange, from 2018 to 2020 we fitted 61 bears, including 43 with mange, with GPS collars to track their movements and recovery. Bears were collared in triplicates according to sex and habitat, consisting of one bear without mange (healthy control), one scabietic bear treated with ivermectin when collared, and one untreated scabietic bear. Bears were reevaluated for signs of mange during annual den visits, if recaptured during the study period, and after mortality events. Disease status and recovery from mange was determined based on outward gross appearance and presence of S. scabiei mites from skin scrapes. Of the 36 scabietic bears with known recovery status, 81% fully recovered regardless of treatment, with 88% recovered with treatment and 74% recovered without treatment. All bears with no, low, or moderate mite burdens (<16 mites on skin scrapes) fully recovered from mange (n=20), and nearly half of bears with severe mite burden (≥16 mites) fully recovered (n=5, 42%). However, nonrecovered status did not indicate mortality, and mange-related mortality was infrequent. Most bears were able to recover from mange irrespective of treatment, potentially indicating a need for reevaluation of the mange wildlife management paradigm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: In small ruminant production systems, infestations of ectoparasites in goats and sheep are often underestimated, despite being a common issue. Although the cost of treating ectoparasites in small ruminants may initially seem low, it can accumulate significantly due to repeated treatment use and the eventual requirement of higher doses. Our research focused on investigating ectoparasite infestations in traditional farming practices in Central Java, Indonesia. Our findings revealed that 97.85% (637 out of 651, 95% CI: 96.42–98.82%) of the small ruminants examined showed multiple ectoparasite infestations, with various clinical manifestations. Furthermore, surveys conducted with local farmers identified a need for greater knowledge about ectoparasites and their life cycles, which may account for the current inadequate control measures and lack of awareness surrounding these issues. Our findings emphasize the need for increased attention to ectoparasite infestations in farming and the transformation of practical knowledge into active control strategies, given the high occurrence rate of, and public health risks associated with, zoonotic pathogens. Ectoparasite infestations are one of the major problems affecting goat and sheep farming. Disease resulting from these infestations can cause changes in physical appearance, such as severe lesions on the skin, and economic consequences in the form of significantly reduced selling prices. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of ectoparasites in the Boyolali district, Central Java, Indonesia. A total of 651 sheep and goats were surveyed in this study. The parasites were collected via skin scraping, twister, or manually from clinically infected goats and sheep in traditional farms. All of the ectoparasites collected were successfully identified. The prevalence of ectoparasites in ruminants in Boyolali was 97.8% (637/651). The species make-up was as follows: Bovicola caprae 97.8% (637/651), Linognathus africanus 39% (254/651), Haemaphysalis bispinosa 3.5% (23/651), Ctenocephalides spp. 0.2% (1/651), and Sarcoptes scabiei 5.2% (34/651). The predilection sites were in the face, ear, and leg areas, and in the axillary, dorsal, abdomen, and scrotum regions of the surveyed animals. An evaluation of farmers' attitudes to ectoparasites was performed using a questionnaire. The findings of this study imply that animals in the investigated area are highly exposed to ectoparasite infestations. Given the importance of ectoparasites in both livestock and human communities, specifically in the health domain, more research into appropriate control strategies is necessary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dogs suffer from various skin infections caused by a variety of pathogens including mange mites. Scabies caused by Sarcoptes mites result in skin affections ranging from intense scratching, redness, and priorities to the death of the dog due to toxemia and septicemia. The present study was conducted to investigate the prevalence of Sarcoptes mite infestation in dogs in and around Guwahati, India. A total number of 582 dogs were undertaken in the study. The overall prevalence of Sarcoptes scabiei var. canis infection in dogs was found 1.89% (11/582). Histopathological study revealed vacuolation, degenerative changes, and necrosis in the epidermal layer of the mite-affected skin area along with the presence of a cross-section of mites in the mange-affected skin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease clinically characterized by eczematous skin manifestations; sometimes it can manifest with non-specific clinical features, in common with other skin conditions, such as infectious and neoplastic diseases. We would like to underline the importance of accurate dermatologic examination and rigorous anamnesis in patient affected by AD, in order to avoid misdiagnosis and delayed treatments.

Outbreaks of sarcoptic mange are sporadically reported in koala populations across Australia, but disease characteristics (e.g., distribution across the body) remain poorly understood. In an area of Northern Victoria regular cases coming into care suggest mange may have become enzootic, and here we characterise those koala mange admission records. In 18% (n = 10) of mange affected koala reports that had a recorded outcome (n = 55), the animals died before the carers could locate them, and of the remaining 45 koalas that were alive upon carer arrival, 80% (n = 36) had to be euthanised due to severe mange. The number of admissions varied among years (highest observed in 2019), and over 60% of affected koala admissions were male. Male admissions peaked in austral spring and again in late austral summer-autumn (mating and birthing seasons), with female admissions only exhibiting the latter peak (birthing season). Fissures of the epidermis of the front paws occurred in 100% of admitted koalas, with 70% also showing these signs elsewhere on ventral surfaces or limbs. Only male koalas had signs of mange on the chest and face, and only female koalas had signs of mange on their back. Collectively, this study suggests sarcoptic mange can be a severe disease in koalas, and that male koalas may play an important role in seasonal transmission dynamics. We discuss how these findings may help inform intervention strategies.

Scabies is a global public health issue, with approximately 455 million new cases worldwide each year. Scabies is a parasitic skin disease caused by infestation with the mite Sarcoptes scabiei var. hominis that can lead to secondary skin infections such as impetigo. In 2017, scabies was added to the World Health Organization’s list of neglected tropical diseases renewing calls for effective management and control of the disease. Mass drug administration has emerged as an effective strategy to control scabies, especially in highly endemic settings. In this review, we detail scabies epidemiology and risk factors, clinical characteristics and diagnosis, as well as control options, and future areas for scabies research.

Abstract Background Sarcoptic mange is rare in cats. The main symptoms reported in cases of feline sarcoptic mange include crusty lesions and pruritus, although these may vary in severity among individuals. Objectives This report describes three cats infested with Sarcoptes scabiei, all presenting with pruritus and excoriation. Methods The diagnosis was confirmed by microscopic observation of skin scrape samples. Results All three cats were treated successfully using moxidectin and imidacloprid, selamectin and ivermectin, respectively. Conclusions The clinical presentation of feline scabies appears to be more variable in cats than in dogs. Infestation with S. scabiei should be considered a differential diagnosis for cats presenting with pruritic inflammatory skin disease.

Abstract Tuberculosis BCG vaccination induced non-specific protective effects in humans led to postulate the concept of trained immunity (TRAIM) as an innate type of immune mechanism that triggered by a pathogen, protects against others. Killed vaccines have been considered not to be effective. However, field efficacy of a commercial vaccine against paratuberculosis, as well as of a recently developed M. bovis heat-inactivated vaccine (HIMB) prompted to test whether it could also induce TRAIM. To this, we used a sarcoptic mange rabbit model. Twenty-four weaned rabbits were treated orally or subcutaneously with a suspension of either HIMB (107 UFC) or placebo. Eighty-four days later the animals were challenged with approximately 5000 S. scabiei mites on the left hind limb. Skin lesion extension was measured every 2 weeks until 92 days post-infection (dpi). Two animals were killed at 77 dpi because of extensive skin damage. The rest were euthanized and necropsied and the lesion area and the mite burden per squared cm were estimated. Specific humoral immune responses to S. scabiei and to M. bovis were investigated with the corresponding specific ELISA tests. Subcutaneously and orally HIMB vaccinated animals compared with placebo showed reduced lesion scores (up to 74% and 62%, respectively) and mite counts (−170% and 39%, respectively). This, together with a significant positive correlation (r = 0.6276, p = 0.0031) between tuberculosis-specific antibodies and mite count at 92 dpi supported the hypothesis of non-specific effects of killed mycobacterial vaccination. Further research is needed to better understand this mechanism to maximize cross protection.

Scabies, a globally prevalent parasitic infestation caused by Sarcoptes scabiei hominis, presents significant public health challenges, particularly in underdeveloped regions. Characterized by intense itching and distinctive rash patterns, scabies infestation requires prompt and accurate diagnosis to prevent outbreaks and additional health and economic burdens. The epidemiology of scabies underscores its high prevalence, particularly in conditions of overcrowding and poor hygiene, with an estimated 300 million cases annually worldwide. Transmission primarily occurs through prolonged skin-to-skin contact, and the risk is exacerbated in crowded living conditions and institutional settings. Clinical manifestations vary, with classic signs including burrows and intense nocturnal itching, and complications such as bacterial infections frequently arising. Diagnostic approaches range from microscopic examination of skin scrapings to non-invasive techniques like dermatoscopy and ultraviolet fluorescence. Effective management necessitates comprehensive treatment strategies, including the use of topical permethrin and oral ivermectin, emphasizing the need to treat all close contacts to curb reinfestation. Awareness and adherence to treatment protocols, alongside preventive measures, are crucial for controlling scabies outbreaks, reducing its public health impact, and improving the quality of life of affected individuals. This review highlights the importance of early detection, effective treatment, and public health strategies in managing scabies infestations, underscoring the need for increased awareness and action to address this neglected disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scabies is an itchy skin disease caused by the burrowing mite Sarcoptes scabiei. During their lifespan, the female mites invade the stratum corneum and create tunnels, in which they reside, move, feed, deposit fecal pellets, and lay eggs. Recently, scabies was included in the World Health Organization roadmap for neglected tropical diseases 2021–2030. This review attempts to summarize our knowledge about the mite's biology and the disease pathogenesis, pathological changes, and complications. Generally, the host–parasite interaction in scabies is highly complex and involves different mechanisms, some of which are yet largely unknown. Elucidation of the nature of such interaction as well as the underlying mechanisms could allow a better understanding of the mite's biology and the development of novel diagnostic and therapeutic options for scabies control programs. Moreover, identification of the molecular basis of such interaction could unveil novel targets for acaricidal agents and vaccines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Infestation of the mite Sarcoptes scabiei var. cuniculi is one of the most frequent skin diseases in rabbits all over the world. Disease is characterized by intense pruritus, alopecia, erythema, scales and crusts around the head, neck, trunk, feet, ears, nose and genitals, resulting in hypertensive reactions, considerable losses in body weight and productivity causing significant economic losses in rabbit production. Methods: This study is aimed to evaluate the efficacy of Nerium oleander extract against S. scabiei var. cuniculi mite in vitro. Acaricidal bioassay, a dipping method was conducted on mites isolated from naturally infested rabbits. PBS and ivermectin were used as the negative and positive controls, respectively. In addition, three different concentrations of extract (100, 200 and 400 µg/ml) weretested at different periods and changes over time in the viability of mites were registered for (0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 8 hours). A chemical assay was performed via GC-MS to investigate the presence of several anticipated active chemical compounds in Nerium oleander leaf extract. Result: The results showed that the extract had high efficacy in killing mites at 100%, 78% and 49% and ivermectin 91%, respectively, for 8 hours. The results indicate that Nerium oleander possesses effective compounds as a valuable therapeutic method for treating scabies. Further studies are needed to determine the precise active chemicals present in Nerium oleander leaf extract and their modes of action and application in vivo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Scabies is a common parasitic infestation caused by the mite Sarcoptes scabiei. Scabies can mimic other entities clinically, resulting in misdiagnosis. The presence of a mite in the stratum corneum on biopsy specimens is diagnostic of scabies. However, there are instances when mites are not visible, and immunohistochemical (IHC) staining may be misleading. An example is when IHC demonstrates Cluster of Differentiation 1a and S100 positivity. The main differential diagnosis for this finding is Langerhans cell histiocytosis, a group of idiopathic disorders of bone marrow-derived Langerhans cells, with manifestations ranging from isolated to life-threatening multisystem disease. Case Presentation: We present a case of a patient who was diagnosed with Langerhans cell histiocytosis based on histological findings, further review with a repeat reading and deeper sectioning of her biopsy revealed a mite in the stratum corneum, altering the diagnosis, course, and management. She subsequently developed persistent post-scabietic nodules, an underreported entity that may occur following infestation and persist for up to a year. These lesions are self-limiting and do not require repeated courses of treatment. Conclusion: Langerhans cell hyperplasia may be seen in a multitude of entities, including scabies. Familiarity with this phenomenon is crucial to avoid unnecessary invasive investigations, aggressive management and alleviate patients' concerns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scabies is a highly infectious dermatosis. It is caused by the mite Sarcoptes scabiei var. hominis. The available estimates indicate more than 400 million cases of scabies annually. The main route of infection is direct skin contact. The main symptoms such as pruritus appear 3-6 weeks after infection. Additionally, papules, erythema, erosions, excoriations, and crusts may be visible. One of the rarest forms of scabies is Norwegian scabies. This is the most severe variant. Its clinical picture may resemble psoriasis. In the article, we present the case of a 21-year-old patient with Down syndrome who was admitted to the department of dermatology with a diagnosis of psoriasis. During hospitalization, due to clinical doubts, it was decided to extend the diagnostics. Basing on the microscopic examination, Norwegian scabies was diagnosed. The treatment involved oral ivermectin and topical 5% permethrin, which resulted in a remission of the skin lesions and the resolution of itching. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]