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Abiu (Pouteria caimito Radlk.) is a plant of Sapotaceae family that can be consumed fresh, processed, or as a medical product. The fruit and leaves of this plant contain bioactive compounds. This research aims to inform the interaction between leaf:fruit ratio treatment and foliar fertilizer on the quality of the abiu fruit. The study was conducted at Kebun Balungbang Jaya, Dramaga, Bogor, West Java Province, from July 2022 to November 2022. The experiment used a factorial split plot design. The main plot was a leaf:fruit ratio treatment (N1, 45 leaves:1 fruit, and N2, 30 leaves:1 fruit) on each tertiary branch, and the tiller plot was foliar fertilizer (P1: 1 g L-1, P2: 2 g L-1, and P3: 3 g L-1), which consisted of 3 replications. The results showed that treatment of the leaf-fruit ratio and foliar fertilizer did not affect the quality of the abiu fruit. The interaction between leaf:fruit ratio and foliar fertilizer had a significant effect on ATT, as indicated by the lowest acidity value in the leaf:fruit ratio treatment of 45:1 and a fertilizer concentration of 1 g L-1 with a value of 0.12% but has no significant effect on the external and internal quality of other fruits. Keywords: Bioactive compounds, sapotaceae, tertiary branch, titratable acidity PENDAHULUAN Buah-buahan merupakan komoditas hortikultura yang bermanfaat dalam kehidupan masyarakat. Rata- rata konsumsi buah-buahan masyarakat Indonesia tahun 2023 mencapai 81,14 g/kapita/hari (BPS 2023). Secara umum Badan Kesehatan Dunia (WHO 2020) menganjurkan konsumsi buah-buahan dan serat lainnya untuk hidup sehat sejumlah 400 g/kapita/hari, yang terdiri atas 250 g serat lain dan 150 g dari buah. Salah satu upaya memenuhi permintaan ekspor dan konsumsi dalam negeri ialah dengan memperbanyak sentra produksi buah-buahan dan perluasan kawasan kebun sentra yang telah ada, serta pengayaan plasma nutfah buah-buahan yang sesuai untuk dikembangkan di Indonesia. Salah satu buah yang potensial untuk dikembangkan ialah buah abiu (Pouteria caimito Radlk.). Berdasarkan botaninya, bunga abiu tumbuh secara menyendiri atau dalam kluster dengan dua sampai empat unit, berwarna putih, kecil, dan hermafrodit (Nonye 2023). Buahnya berwarna hijau atau kuning, daging buah yang lembut, manis, berlendir, berwarna putih bening (Lim 2013), dan termasuk tipe buah beri (Buritica & Cartagena 2015). Tanaman abiu satu famili dengan tanaman sawo (Manilkara zapota L.), yaitu famili Sapotaceae (Orwa et al. 2009). Berdasarkan analisis kromatografi gas-spektrometri massa, abiu matang mengandung 50 senyawa volatil, beberapa di antaranya bermanfaat untuk kesehatan [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The anatomical description of wood and charcoal for a wide variety of purposes is an essential tool for compiling databases to correctly identify species. This study describes and compares the anatomy of the wood and charcoal of Manilkara sp., collected in a protected area in the Pará state, Brazil. The qualitative anatomical characteristics of the wood, such as diffuse-porosity; vessels in radial multiples; alternate intervessel pits; axial parenchyma in lines or reticulate; rays uniseriate or biseriate, not storied, are corroborated in the literature. Moreover, this work reports the presence of helical thickenings in the vessel elements and possible helical thickenings in fibres in Manilkara. After the carbonization process, there were morphometric changes in the anatomical elements, as an increase in vessel frequency between 23 % and 141 %, and in ray frequency between 2.8 % and 12.9 %; while ray height decreased and ray width increased. Overall, some anatomical variations could be related to, or a result of the interaction between species plasticity, genetics, age and environmental factors. These characteristics enabled the identification of the samples at the genus level and the anatomical description of the wood and charcoal can be useful for forest inspections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Comparing the genetic diversity across different generations within tropical tree populations is an understudied topic. To assess the potential genetic consequences and conservation implications of contemporary disturbances, a population genomic study of Palaquium obovatum across age classes was undertaken. Trees and juveniles were sampled from ten different localities (eight in Singapore, two in Peninsular Malaysia) and subjected to double digest restriction-site associated DNA-sequencing (ddRAD-seq) to assess intergenerational genetic differences and investigate population structure in a hexaploid lineage. Genetic erosion, characterised by reduced heterozygosity, was found to have occurred in almost all wild populations over time, the exceptions being in one isolated coastal population and some areas with cultivated occurences. Population structure was highly localised with the number of genetically distinct populations usually following geographically separated districts, which indicates limitations in pollen and seed dispersal between fragments, possibly due to declines in the associated assemblage of dispersers. For this reason, the germplasm for conserving species diversity in degraded habitats and forest fragments should be selected from a wide range of wild populations across the landscape. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The presence of bone metabolic imbalances in bone remodelling is the cause of osteoporosis. Phytoestrogens, natural compounds found in plants with estrogen-like properties, can be obtained from the leaves of Chrysophyllum cainito L, and are capable of replacing the role of estrogen in maintaining the regulation of bone remodelling, which inhibits osteoporosis. The study aims to determine the activity of herbal tablets formulated from the ethanol extract of C. cainito leaves (CLT) in increasing osteoblast cell number and bone mass density in the femur and vertebrae trabecular bone of the osteoporosis-induced Wistar rat (Rattus norvegicus). The rats used were 35 female ovarectomized Wistar rats. After the rats underwent osteoporosis due to estrogen deficiency, alendronate (0.18 mg/200 g BW rats/day) was used as a positive control, whereas CLT was given at doses of 24.3, 48.6, and 97.2 mg/200g BW rats/day orally. This study used a 400x light microscope to look at the osteoblast cell number and bone mass density. The cells were coloured with hematoxylin and eosin. The results demonstrate that CLT in all doses can significantly increase both the osteoblast cell number and bone mass density in the trabecular femur and vertebrae, with an optimal dose of 48.6 mg/200 g BW rats/day. CLT has antiosteoporosis activity due to its phytoestrogen compounds, so it has the potential to be used as an antiosteoporosis alternative therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Argania spinosa (L.) Skeels, an endemic Moroccan plant species from the Sapotaceae family, holds significant ecological, pharmaceutical, and socioeconomic value in the arid mid-western region. However, it is facing rapid degradation. Therefore, understanding its genetic diversity is critical for preserving this national heritage. We sequenced, assembled, and annotated the mitochondrial genome of A. spinosa and compared it to other plants in the Ericales order. Mitochondrial-like sequences from the A. spinosa genome were assembled using GetOrganelle, resulting in a 707,441 base pair mitochondrial genome with 45.75 % GC content. Annotation identified 32 protein-coding genes, 16 transfer RNAs, and 2 ribosomal RNA genes. Phylogenetic analysis of 15 Ericales species affirms that A. spinosa is closely related to the Theaceae family, which is in accordance with results from the chloroplast genome.

The Genus Madhuca (Family-Sapotaceae), commonly known as Mahua, is a tropical tree found largely in the central and north Indian plains forests and grassland in scattered form. Mahua tree play a key role in the life and economy of communities living in and around forests at Bastar region of Chhattisgarh. It is a fast-growing tree species that grows approximately 20 meters in height. The tree is the most beneficial for the tribal & rural population due to supply as food & vegetable and income through different other produce of Mahua in meagre agriculture. It is of economic value at village level, especially for forest-fringed areas, providing a significant source of income to the whole year. This paper examines the role of Mahua tree for livelihood supports of people in Bastar and the factors influencing the extent of their dependence on forest. Mahua tree have a tremendous potential to create large scale employment opportunity thereby helping in reducing poverty and increasing empowerment particularly tribal and poor people of the poorest and backward area of Bastar region of Chhattisgarh. With this view, a study was undertaken predominantly in rural area of Bastar to determine the role of Mahua in augmenting the income of rural and tribal family. This study was carried out for 20 random sampled villages of Kondagaon district which revealed that the farmer who has 1 to 2 Mahua tree in their home yard/field/nearest area having economic worth of an average of Rs. 40,000 to 50,000/- annual and household earn income of Rs. 10,000-20,000/- in a normal year of Mahua flowering, but villagers are not interested in brewing while in a village of 150-300 households, almost 10-15 households are engaged in brewing reason behind it, because of it is a time taking process and more fuel used in this process. Apart from providing cash income, it also plays an essential role in food security during the lean period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Five undescribed oleanane triterpene glycosides named chryroxosides A–D (1–5), together with five known compounds (6–10) were isolated from the leaves of Chrysophyllum roxburghii G.Don. Their chemical structures were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic data analyses including IR, HR-ESI-MS, 1D and 2D NMR). Compounds 1, 3, and 5 showed cytotoxic effects against KB, HepG2, HL60, P388, HT29, and MCF7 cell lines with the IC50 values ranging from 14.40 to 52.63 μM compared to the positive control compound (ellipticine) with the IC50 values ranging from 1.34 to 1.99 μM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Concinocordis wilsonarum Razowski and Brown, 2012 was described from seven specimens reared from native fruit (all Sapotaceae) in Kenya. The accumulation of additional specimens and re-analyses of DNA sequence data (COI barcodes) reveals that the species is actually a complex of three distinct entities, each separated from its nearest relative by COI divergences of at least 8%. Differences in forewing maculation provide additional evidence that the three are distinct. Concinocordis bartocki Brown, new species, is described, but the second new species is not because it is represented by a single male in exceedingly poor condition. A damaged pupal exuvium of C. wilsonarum shows marked dissimilarities with the pupae of other tortricids. The enigmatic tribal assignment of Concinocordis is discussed briefly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The first phylogenomic study using a custom target capture bait panel within the Isonandreae tribe in Sapotaceae is presented. The combination of taxon-specific and universal loci from the Angiosperms353 probe set achieved high species resolution within the genus Palaquium and provides the first phylogenomic insights into Malesian representatives of Sapotaceae, where relationships between taxa often remain poorly understood. The results highlight that generic and some species circumscriptions require further investigation and possible revision: Aulandra longifolia is found to be nested in Palaquium , and P. rostratum within P. microphyllum. Population structure analysis produced limited resolution between and within species, but the bait set was able to recover parameters that are potentially useful in population genomic studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To support the identification of species and control illegal charcoal production, this study aimed to anatomically characterize the carbonized wood of species native to the Araucaria forest areas, including Nectandra megapotamica, Ocotea indecora, Ocotea diospyrifolia, Ocotea puberula, Balfourodendron riedelianum, Chrysophyllum marginatum and Zanthoxylum rhoifolium. The samples were collected in the Planalto Catarinense region (high plains of the state of Santa Catarina). Three disks were removed from three trees of each species, selected randomly. All discs were sectioned to obtain samples close to the different parts of the trunk (near bark, intermediate and near pith). These sample were then carbonized for 392 minutes in a muffle furnace using a ramp regime with a maximum temperature of 450 °C. Following carbonization, there was no significant degradation of the anatomical structure and cell arrangement, enabling the characterization and identification of species through comparison with wood description references. The position of samples in the trunk did not influence the anatomical characteristics, facilitating species identification. Wood from the Lauraceae family exhibited greater vessel diameter and lower vessel frequency compared to samples from the Rutaceae and Sapotaceae families. Discrimination of Chrysophyllum marginatum from the other evaluated species was possible based on vessel grouping, ray width and ray frequency. The results obtained contribute to a charcoal database of Atlantic Forest species, providing valuable information for practical applications in forestry supervision. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Sapotaceae are a significant component of the humid forests of the Neotropics and have many species of economic interest. Chrysophyllum gonocarpum is one of them and its edible fruits have currently acquired a high commercial value. Since there are no studies that cover its floral anatomy and elucidate its sexual system, the objective of the present study is to describe these aspects based on field observations and a detailed anatomical analysis of their flowers. Conventional techniques of plant anatomy are implemented. The results indicate that the species presents cryptic dioecy, showing specimens with morphologically and functionally pistillate flowers (with reduced staminodes), and trees with morphologically hermaphrodite and functionally staminate flowers. In addition, data on floral nectaries and laticiferous are provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The petiole anatomy of 26 species of Madhuca from Peninsular Malaysia was studied. Methods used in this study were petiole sectioning using a sliding microtome, staining, mounting and observation under light microscope. This is the first report on a comprehensive petiole anatomy of selected Madhuca species from Peninsular Malaysia. The results had shown that there were five types of petiole outlines, and ten types of vascular bundles on the petiole of species studied. All species have sclerenchyma cells in the abaxial side except in M. motleyana, which has clusters of sclerenchyma cells scattered throughout the cortex. The findings showed that two types of crystals and latex canal were shared in all species studied. Only five species out of 26 have trichomes on their petiole. The evaluated petiole anatomical characteristic features proved to be a useful tool for the taxonomic discrimination of the 26 studied species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new antrobutenone, syndulone (1), and six known compounds were isolated from the stems of Synsepalum dulcificum (Schumach. & Thonn.) Daniell (Sapotaceae). The structure of the new antrobutenone was elucidated by chemical and physical evidence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mimusops coriacea is used traditionally as a tonic, febrifuge, and in the treatment of cystitis, diarrhea and dysentery. In Ecuador the plant is used as an analgesic and anti-inflammatory agent, however, there is limited scientific evidence to support this claim. The study therefore is aimed at determining the chemical composition, acute oral toxicity and analgesic activity of the hydroalcoholic extracts of the leaves, bark and fruits of Mimusops coriacea. The 80% hydroalcoholic extracts of the leaves, bark, and fruits (green and ripe), were obtained by maceration. The extracts were subjected to Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometric (GCMS) analysis. An oral acute toxicity test was performed in rats according to the OECD draft guideline 423. The analgesic activity of the extracts was evaluated by the acetic acid-induced abdominal contortion model in mice. The GC-MS analysis of the extracts shows variations in the type and relative abundance of some metabolites in the different plant parts. The predominant metabolites identified are fatty acids with palmitic and stearic acids as the major compounds in the leaves, bark and green fruits extracts, while benzoic acid was majorly in the ripe fruits extract. Other compounds identified are terpenoids, sugars, and amino acid. The extracts showed no sign of toxicity after acute oral administration. The leaves and bark extracts had higher analgesic effect compared to the fruits extract. The study therefore lends credence to the traditional use of M. coriacea as an analgesic agent.. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agricola e Ambiental - Agriambi is the property of Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agricola e Ambiental and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The fossil record of Central America plays a pivotal role in our comprehensive understanding of the Neotropical Flora. It represents a mosaic of elements from South America that migrated to North America and vice versa, contributing to the rich diversity of flora we observe today. Despite the importance of Central America's vegetation history, our knowledge remains fragmented, with limited information available for regions like Costa Rica and Nicaragua. This study presents findings based on the first five wood samples collected from Miocene sites in Costa Rica and Nicaragua, situated across slopes ranging from 10 to 1000 m above sea level, reminiscent of tropical environments. These specimens exhibit common characteristics such as a median vessel element diameter of 100–200 μm, small to medium - sized alternate inter - vessel pits, relatively thin and slightly heterogeneous rays spanning 1 to 3 cells in thickness, and a prevalence of procumbent cells. Additionally, we observed vasicentric and thin - banded axial parenchyma, thin - walled fibers, and the presence of few gums and tyloses. The variability in these features suggests the presence of taxa belonging to families such as Sapotaceae (cf. Vitellaria), Leguminosae (cf. Aphanocalyx and cf. Dalbergia), Malvaceae/Sterculiodeiae (cf. Cola), and Myrtaceae (cf. Eucalyptu s), most of which have been reported in both North and South America. Therefore, understanding the timing of their arrival and their biogeographic histories is crucial for elucidating the origins and composition of today's Neotropical Flora. Our findings challenge the simplistic narrative of recent migration from southern and northern floras shaping the Neotropical Flora. Instead, they underscore the complexity of its evolutionary history, highlighting the intricate interplay of various taxa over time to generate this unique tropical assemblage. • Five new plants are described for the Miocene of Nicaragua and Costa Rica. • They represent tropical linages linked with the Neotropical flora. • However, members of their lineages are known from North and South America. • Therefore, their possible biogeographic source is open to further scrutiny. • Finally, it is highlighted that the origin of the Neotropical Flora remains a puzzle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abiu is a species introduced into Indonesia from the tropics of the Amazon and has been developing for several years. Information on the characteristics of the abiu plant are still limited compared to other introduced fruit species. This research aims to identify the characteristics of the abiu plants in two locations in the Bogor region, West Java, Indonesia. The research was conducted at Balumbang Jaya village, the sub-district of Dramaga, the village of Mekarsari, the sub district of Cileungsi, Bogor, West Java. Further observation was conducted at Post-harvest Laboratory and Micro Technic Laboratory, Department of Agronomy and Horticulture IPB. The field study was conducted in January to July of 2018. This research was descriptive and no treatment was applied on the plant samples. Sampling was done randomly with as many as 15 plants at each location. Observations and measurements were conducted on the number of branches, leaves and flowers on 10 samples per plants. The results showed that there is morphological diversity of flowers and leaves at the two locations. The length, width, and weight of leaves and flowers in Balumbang Jaya were larger than those in Mekarsari. Different environments may contribute to the diversity of abiu leaves and flowers in the two locations.

The loss of large frugivores leads to seed dispersal loss and regeneration failure of numerous large-seeded trees near mother trees. Although Janzen–Connell effects are considered as the primary underlying cause, other factors remain understudied. Here, we used a field experiment to test the impact of flesh persistence on the recruitment of two large-seeded Sapotaceae species that lost their dispersers. In the rainforest of Mare Longue (Réunion), we sowed 3840 seeds in a four-factor design: seed treatment (seed cleaning; flesh persistence), canopy closure (understory; gap), year of sowing (01/2018; 11/2019) and species (Labourdonnaisia calophylloides , Mimusops balata). We also used camera traps to evaluate the impact of extant vertebrates. Seed treatment was by far the most influential factor: flesh persistence led to seedling recruitment divided by 3,2 on average, mainly due to failure of germination or seedling emergence. There were also significant variations in recruitment between species, years and canopy closure levels, notably due to the behaviour of the invasive fauna, especially giant snails that could unexpectedly restore recruitment by feeding on fruit flesh. Together, our results demonstrate strongly depleted recruitment due to flesh persistence and the importance of field experiments to understand the processes at work in complex ecosystems with novel plant–animal interactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two new 13,27-cyclo pentacyclic triterpenes (1 and 2), together with ten pentacyclic triterpenoids (3 - 12), were characterized from the stems and leaves of Sarcosperma kontumense Gagnep. ex Aubrév. Their chemical structures were elucidated by spectroscopic analyses including HRESIMS, and 1D and 2D NMR spectra as 2 α,3 β,19 α,23-tetrahydroxy-13,27-cyclours-11-en-28-oic acid (1), 2 α,3 β,19 α,23-tetrahydroxy-13,27-cycloolean-11-en-28-oic acid (2), 2 α,3 α,19 α,23-tetrahydroxy-13,27-cyclours-11-en-28-oic acid (3), corosolic acid (4), pomolic acid (5), masilinic acid (6), 1 β,2 α,3α,19 α,23-pentahydroxyurs-11-en-28-oic acid (7), rotundic acid (8), euscaphic acid (9), jacoumaric acid (10), 3- O - trans -coumaroyltormetic acid (11), and 3- O - cis -coumaroyltormetic acid (12). Compounds 3, 4, 6 - 8, and 10 - 12 were isolated from the genus Sarcosperma for the first time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In response to the worldwide coronavirus outbreak, which effectively shut down fieldwork, laboratory and herbarium‐based studies, an evaluation was made of the effectiveness and limitations of undertaking a virtual taxonomic study using only online herbarium specimen resources related to the genus Madhuca (Sapotaceae) for the Flora of Singapore. The study demonstrated the immense value of digital images to basic taxonomic research but also found that diagnostic micro‐morphological characters, often critical in defining species boundaries, cannot be seen in many digital images, even at high resolution. Several recommendations are made on how to maximise the utility of online herbarium specimen images to help facilitate future taxonomic research, though it is clear that physical access to herbarium specimens remains essential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study of the phenological patterns of plants contributes to the understanding of their ecological functioning and related ecosystem services, especially of little-known species. Manilkara salzmannii is a tree native to the Atlantic Forest that occurs in disturbed urban expansion areas. This study aimed to characterize the phenological pattern of M. salzmannii and to correlate its phenophases with meteorological variables. Evaluations were carried out over three years, during which time reproductive and vegetative phenophases were observed in the sampled population. The activity and Fournier indices were initially considered, and circular statistics were later applied. For the correlation with climate, we used data corresponding to the month of observation, as well as one month and two months beforehand. The species has an annual pattern of reproductive events. However, there was variation in the phenological pattern over the three years regarding vegetative and reproductive phenophases. In 2016, there was barely any bud production and blooming, which negatively influenced fruiting events. Leaf senescence was more intense in periods of higher temperature and solar radiation. On the other hand, leaf shedding was more intense in periods of lower wind speed, higher humidity, and precipitation. Immature fruiting correlated positively with temperature and solar radiation, but negatively with humidity and wind speed. Among the implications for the conservation of M. salzmannii, the knowledge obtained regarding the length of the reproductive period stands out. Thus, this study's results can guide the appropriate timing of fruit collection for seedling production programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The objective of this study was to morphologically characterize mamey in 10 municipalities of the Sierra Nororiental of Puebla (Totonacapan Poblano), Mexico. Design/methodology/approach: In the study, 206 accessions obtained from simple random sampling using qualitative and quantitative morphological descriptors were evaluated, using an analysis of variance, principal components and hierarchical cluster analysis with the Gower distance and the Ward grouping method. Results: Quantitative descriptors had high coefficients of variability (12.66% to 43.40%). The principal components analysis indicated that components 1 (41.66%), 2 (19.97%) and 3 (16.62%) accounted for 78.25% of the variance and the cluster analysis identified eight groups; the tree and leaf variables turned out to be the most important to group the samples. Limitations on study/implications: For greater accuracy on the morphological diversity of mamey, it is necessary to include more descriptors of the fruit and the flower. Findings/conclusions: The descriptors that contributed the most to the grouping were those related to the shape, height and size of the tree, and the weight, size and shape of the leaf; in relation to the fruit, the descriptor that contributed the most was the shape. These results could be useful in programs of conservation, improvement, and use of the mamey. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background To enforce timber import laws and perform timber species identification, the identity of the botanical species must be well-defined. Since the Sapotaceae family is known as a taxonomically challenging family, we focus in this study on the four most valuable Sapotaceae timber species from tropical Africa: Autranella congolensis (De Wild.) A.Chev., Baillonella toxisperma Pierre, Tieghemella africana Pierre and Tieghemella heckelii (A.Chev.) Pierre ex Dubard. The wood anatomical characteristic fiber lumen fraction and Direct Analysis in Real Time—Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry (DART-TOFMS) were used to differentiate the four species and to make inferences on species delineation and taxonomic identity. Results We observed differences in the fiber lumen fraction measurements and discerned two groups: (1) A. congolensis and B. toxisperma, and (2) T. africana and T. heckelii. In addition, all Mann–Whitney U comparisons and differences in distributions (Kolmogorov–Smirnov) for the fiber lumen fraction measurements were significant between all species. When permutating the data between species within those two groups, significant differences were still found between the species within those groups. This could indicate that the fiber lumen fraction is not diagnostic to discern the species. DART-TOFMS analysis showed that A. congolensis and B. toxisperma have distinct chemotypes, while T. heckelii and T. africana have remarkably similar chemotypes. Conclusions Based on our observations of similar chemotype and weakly differentiated fiber lumen ratio, we support an alternative taxonomic hypothesis that considers Tieghemella monotypic, because of the strong resemblance between T. heckelii and T. africana. Larger sample sizes and further research is required to develop methodology for the identification of these species. A taxonomic study utilizing molecular genetics would be beneficial to assess the status of the genus and the species limits. This could have implications towards their potential inclusion on CITES appendices if there is ever need for them to be listed. If Tieghemella africana and T. heckelii remain two distinct species, they should both be listed. Screening agents should be aware that the morphological and chemical differences between T. africana and T. heckelii are minimal.

The Malagasy genus Capurodendron currently accommodates 26 described species and is the largest genus of the family Sapotaceae in Madagascar. These species are frequently logged because of their valued hardwood, which potentially puts them at risk of extinction. Species‐level identifications are often problematic, and this hinders both an accurate assessment of their conservation status and the development of effective protection measures. We sorted all the material (ca. 860 collections) available in the herbaria with significant collections for Madagascar into 47 putative species based on morphology. On 41 of these, for which we were able to retrieve suitable DNA, we conducted a phylogenetic reconstruction based on molecular sequences of 638 loci from 108 Capurodendron specimens, performing a target capture approach combined with next‐generation sequencing. Maximum likelihood (RAxML), pseudocoalescence (ASTRAL), and coalescence (STACEY) analyses showed that Capurodendron comprises two deeply divergent lineages. One, which includes a single species, is here newly described as C. subg. Reflexisepala based on its distinctive morphology. The second lineage contains all remaining species, which seem to have resulted from a rapid radiation event. The phylogenetic tree provides good support for most of the species hypothesized based on morphology, with the exception of two species‐groups that we have named the Arid Complex and the Eastern Complex. As many as 20 species‐level lineages genetically distinct from any of the currently recognized species were identified, 17 of which were morphologically well‐characterized, representing strong candidates for new species. This would suggest that Capurodendron is the most species‐rich endemic genus of plants in Madagascar. While 14 of these 20 clades are still under study, we here describe six species new to science: Capurodendron andrafiamenae (provisionally assessed as CR), C. aubrevillei (VU), C. birkinshawii (CR), C. naciriae (EN), C. randrianaivoi (CR), and C. sakarivorum (EN). Capurodendron oblongifolium comb. nov. (EN), previously regarded as a variety of C. perrieri, represents a distinct lineage that is here recognized at the species level. The newly described species are illustrated by line drawings and photographs from the field, and a preliminary threat assessment is provided. We discuss the evolutionary history of Capurodendron and also explore the question of node age estimates and their methodological limitations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Las sapotáceas están representadas en Argentina por tres géneros: Pouteria con cuatro, Bumelia con una y Chrysophyllum con dos especies. El autor da claves de los géneros y especies y acompaña las figuras de todas las especies estudiadas.

Copyright of BIOAGRO is the property of Revista BIOAGRO and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Argania spinosa (L.) Skeels, an endemic Moroccan plant species from the Sapotaceae family, holds significant ecological, pharmaceutical, and socioeconomic value in the arid mid-western region. However, it is facing rapid degradation. Therefore, understanding its genetic diversity is critical for preserving this national heritage. We sequenced, assembled, and annotated the mitochondrial genome of A. spinosa and compared it to other plants in the Ericales order. Mitochondrial-like sequences from the A. spinosa genome were assembled using GetOrganelle, resulting in a 707,441 base pair mitochondrial genome with 45.75 % GC content. Annotation identified 32 protein-coding genes, 16 transfer RNAs, and 2 ribosomal RNA genes. Phylogenetic analysis of 15 Ericales species affirms that A. spinosa is closely related to the Theaceae family, which is in accordance with results from the chloroplast genome., (© 2024 The Author(s).)

Ethnopharmacological Relevance: Diabetes is a significant metabolic disease impacting many of the world's population. In Morocco, a wide range of medicinal plants has taken great importance in the treatment of diabetes, among these plants; we find Argania spinosa (L.) Skeels., Aim: The objective of our work is based on the evaluation of the effect of roasted (Roil) and unroasted (UnRoil) Argan seed oil on diabetic nephropathy., Materials and Methods: Roasted and unroasted oils from Argania spinosa (L.) Skeels seeds were examined for their effects on diabetic nephropathy using an experimental streptozotocin-induced model. Biochemical and histopathological analyses were conducted on blood and kidney samples to assess renal function and tissue damage., Results: Both oils ameliorated significantly diabetic nephropathy symptoms. They limited the renal damage caused by streptozotocin and improved diabetes symptoms, including blood glucose levels, body weight, water intake, urinary volume, and kidney parameters. This activity could be elucidated by the antioxidant effect of Argan oil, enabling to neutralize free radicals and undertake a fundamental role in preventing the onset of these complications., Conclusion: Based on our findings, Argan oil could be used as dietary supplement for people with diabetes as a preventive measure against the emergence of diabetic complications., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

A novel dimeric alkylresorcinol derivative, manilkzapotane (1), along with seven known compounds, lupeol acetate (2), lupeol (3), arjunolic acid (4), ergosterol peroxide (5), taraxerol (6), hederagonic acid (7), and glochidiol (8) were isolated from the stem bark of Manilkara zapota. Their structures were determined on the basis of spectroscopic data. DFT-NMR chemical shift calculations and a modified probability (DP4+) method were applied to define the relative configuration of 1. To the best of our knowledge, this represents the first isolation of a dimeric alkylresorcinol derivative from the Sapotaceae family. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Synsepalum msolo commonly known as Bang Bali in Bali-Nguemba, Cameroon is used in traditional medicine against various diseases. The leaves and stem bark extracts were subjected to silica gel and Sephadex LH20 column chromatography to yield pure compounds. The structures of the compounds were determined by detail analysis of NMR and Mass spectroscopic data and by comparison with data reported in the literature. Amongst the isolates, were two new sphingolipids: synsepaloside B (1), synsepaloside C (2), and five known compounds: (+)-catechin (3), (−)-epicatechin (4), myricitrin (5), triacontanol (6), and aurantiamide acetate (7). Compounds 1–5 were screened for their antibacterial and anti-yeast activities on several microorganisms. All the tested compounds exhibited weak antibacterial (MIC ≥ 200 μg/mL) and anti-yeast (MIC > 200 μg/mL) activities as compared to standard: ciprofloxacin 0.468 < MIC >0.234 μg/mL and fluconazole MIC = 0.05 μg/mL, respectively.

Vitellaria paradoxa Gaertn. is a multipurpose medicinal plant of the family Sapotaceae, and it has been widely used usually in the clinical traditional medicine as remedy for a wide range of diseases for several decades. In addition, the plant has also found applications in confectionery, cosmetics and soaps, and pharmaceuticals both locally and internationally. V. paradoxa, which has been identified with >150 phytoconstituents, is rich in oleanane-type triterpene acids and glycosides, such as paradoxosides A-E, tieghemelin A, parkiosides A-C, bassic acid, as well as flavonoids such as quercetin and catechin-type compounds. The extracts and the active constituents of V. paradoxa have been investigated for various pharmacological activities, including but not limited to anticancer, melanogenesis-inhibitory, antibacterial, anti-diabetic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-diarrhoeal, and antifungal activities. Additionally, V. paradoxa has also been utilized in nanoparticles (NPs) synthesis. These NPs among other things have shown significant antinociceptive and antiedematogenic activities as well as environmental friendly adsorptive properties for the removal of pollutants from pharmaceutical effluents. Overall, this review comprehensively examines the traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology, toxicology, clinical studies, and nanoparticles synthesized from V. paradoxa and their applications.

Background: To enforce timber import laws and perform timber species identification, the identity of the botanical species must be well-defined. Since the Sapotaceae family is known as a taxonomically challenging family, we focus in this study on the four most valuable Sapotaceae timber species from tropical Africa: Autranella congolensis (De Wild.) A.Chev., Baillonella toxisperma Pierre, Tieghemella africana Pierre and Tieghemella heckelii (A.Chev.) Pierre ex Dubard. The wood anatomical characteristic fiber lumen fraction and Direct Analysis in Real Time—Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry (DART-TOFMS) were used to differentiate the four species and to make inferences on species delineation and taxonomic identity. Results: We observed differences in the fiber lumen fraction measurements and discerned two groups: (1) A. congolensis and B. toxisperma, and (2) T. africana and T. heckelii. In addition, all Mann–Whitney U comparisons and differences in distributions (Kolmogorov–Smirnov) for the fiber lumen fraction measurements were significant between all species. When permutating the data between species within those two groups, significant differences were still found between the species within those groups. This could indicate that the fiber lumen fraction is not diagnostic to discern the species. DART-TOFMS analysis showed that A. congolensis and B. toxisperma have distinct chemotypes, while T. heckelii and T. africana have remarkably similar chemotypes. Conclusions: Based on our observations of similar chemotype and weakly differentiated fiber lumen ratio, we support an alternative taxonomic hypothesis that considers Tieghemella monotypic, because of the strong resemblance between T. heckelii and T. africana. Larger sample sizes and further research is required to develop methodology for the identification of these species. A taxonomic study utilizing molecular genetics would be beneficial to assess the status of the genus and the species limits. This could have implications towards their potential inclusion on CITES appendices if there is ever need for them to be listed. If Tieghemella africana and T. heckelii remain two distinct species, they should both be listed. Screening agents should be aware that the morphological and chemical differences between T. africana and T. heckelii are minimal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Species in the early stages of domestication, in which wild and cultivated forms co-occur, provide important opportunities to develop and test hypotheses about the origins of crop species. Chrysophyllum cainito (Sapotaceae), the star apple or caimito, is a semidomesticated tree widely cultivated for its edible fruits; it is known to be native to the neotropics, but its precise geographic origins have not been firmly established. Here, we report results of microsatellite marker analyses supporting the hypothesis that the center of domestication for caimito was the Isthmus of Panama, a region in which few crop species are believed to have originated, despite its importance as a crossroads for the dispersal of domesticated plants between North and South America. Our data suggest that caimito was domesticated in a geographically restricted area while incorporating a diverse gene pool. These results refute the generally accepted Antillean origin of caimito, as well as alternative hypotheses that the species was domesticated independently in the two areas or over a broad geographic range including both. Human-mediated dispersal from Panama to the north and east was accompanied by strong reductions in both genotypic and phenotypic diversity. Within Panama, cultivated and wild trees show little neutral genetic divergence, in contrast to striking phenotypic differentiation in fruit and seed traits. In addition to providing a rare example of data that support the hypothesis of a narrow geographic origin on the Isthmus of Panama for a now widespread cultivated plant species, this study is one of the first investigations of the origins of an edible species of the large pantropical family Sapotaceae

We developed microsatellite primers for the tropical tree Chrysophyllum cainito (Sapotaceae) to determine the native range of the species, investigate the origin of cultivated populations, and examine the partitioning of genetic diversity in wild and cultivated populations. • We developed 10 polymorphic primers from C. cainito genomic DNA libraries enriched for di-, tri-, and tetranucleotide repeat motifs. The loci amplified were polymorphic in samples collected from Jamaica and Panama. The number of alleles per locus ranged from two to 10 and three to 12, while observed heterozygosities ranged from 0.074 to 0.704 and 0.407 to 0.852 in Jamaica and Panama, respectively. • The microsatellite primers will be useful in future population genetic studies as well as those aimed at understanding the geographic origin(s) of wild and cultivated populations.

Lucuma (Pouteria lucuma) is an important exportation fruit in Peru. In this work, the odour-active volatile changes during fruit ripening were studied by using a sensomics approach (GC-O in combination with GC-MS analyses). The volatile compound extracts from unripe and ripe fruits were obtained by solvent-assisted flavour extraction (SAFE) with dichloromethane. By application of the aroma extract dilution analysis (AEDA) on the ripe fruit extract, 16 odour-active compounds were detected as responsible of sweet, green, and rancid odour-notes, characteristics of this fruit. Based on odour activity value (OAV) calculation, 2,3-butanedione, methional, (Z)-3-hexenal, (E)-2-hexenal, (Z)-β-ocimene, and 3-methyl butanoic acid were identified as key-aroma compounds in this fruit. These compounds were also quantitated in the unripe fruit SAFE extract finding that their amount increased with during the ripening, such contributing to the development of characteristic odour notes.

Background: In contributing to solving the global challenge of antimicrobial resistance, an in-vitro experiment was conducted to evaluate the antibacterial potential of ethyl alcohol leaf extract of Chrysophyllum albidum (G. Don) against five clinical pathogenic microorganisms namely: Escherichia coli (EC), Proteus mirabilis (PM), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA), Staphylococcus aureus (SA), and Salmonella typhimurium (ST). Methods: Agar well diffusion method was adopted and the exhibited zones of inhibition by the isolates were measured, and taken as the antimicrobial potential of the extract. Phytochemical screening of the leaf extract revealed the presence of tannins, saponins, terpenoids, steroids, flavonoids and cardiac glycosides. Sixteen different concentrations (0.003 - 100 mg/mL) of the extract were prepared to establish the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs). Results: The MICs ranged between 0.006 - 0.195 mg/mL. Staphylococcus aureus with MIC of 0.006 mg/mL was the most sensitive among all the isolates to the extract while E. coli was resistant. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was resistant to all the tested (control) commercial antibiotics but highly sensitive to the extract with MIC of 0.195 mg/mL respectively. Conclusion: It was concluded that C. albidum is a medicinal plant possessing a broad spectrum antimicrobial activities and hence could be explored for the production of antibiotic by phyto-pharmaceutical establishments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Palikur Amerindians live in the eastern part of French Guiana which is undergoing deep-seated changes due to the geographical and economic opening of the region. So far, Palikur’s traditional ecological knowledge is poorly documented, apart from medicinal plants. The aim of this study was to document ethnobotanical practices related to traditional construction in the region. Methods A combination of qualitative and quantitative methods was used. Thirty-nine Palikur men were interviewed in three localities (Saint-Georges de l’Oyapock, Regina and Trois-Palétuviers) between December 2013 and July 2014. Twenty-four inventories of wood species used in traditional buildings were conducted in the villages, as well as ethnobotanical walks in the neighboring forests, to complete data about usable species and to determine Linnaean names. Results After an ethnographic description of roundwood Palikur habitat, the in situ wood selection process of Palikur is precisely described. A total of 960 roundwood pieces were inventoried in situ according to Palikur taxonomy, of which 860 were beams and rafters, and 100 posts in 20 permanent and 4 temporary buildings. Twenty-seven folk species were identified. Sixty-three folk species used in construction were recorded during ethnobotanical walks. They correspond to 263 botanical species belonging to 25 families. Posts in permanent buildings were made of yawu (Minquartia guianensis) (51%) and wakap (Vouacapoua americana) (14%). Beams and rafters were made of wood from Annonaceae (79%) and Lecythidaceae (13%) families. The most frequently used species were kuukumwi priye (Oxandra asbeckii), kuukumwi seyne (Pseudoxandra cuspidata), and pukuu (Xylopia nitida and X. cayennensis). Conclusions Although the Palikur’s relationship with their habitat is undergoing significant changes, knowledge about construction wood is still very much alive in the Oyapock basin. Many people continue to construct traditional buildings alongside modern houses, using a wide array of species described here for the first time, along with the techniques used.

Emesis or vomiting is a means by which gastrointestinal tract gets rid of its content when the upper portion of the tract is excessively irritated, over-distended or even over-excited. A large amount of stomach contents is pushed upwards to flow back into the oesophagus, which then exits through the mouth or nose. Medicinal plants have been much widely employed, and they have proved reliable in the treatment of various diseases, as well as in the discovery of newer agents. The plant, Chrysophyllum albidum (Linn), also known as African star apple, belongs to the family Sapotaceae. It is primarily a forest tree species with its natural occurrences in diverse ecozones in Uganda, Nigeria and Niger Republic (Bada, 1997). Across Nigeria, it is known by several local names and is generally regarded as a plant with diverse ethno-medicinal uses (Amusa et al., 2003). The plant is known as 'Agbalumo' in Yoruba. The present aim was to evaluate antiemetic activities of Chrysophyllum albidum (in copper sulphate-induced emesis, cisplatin- induced emesis in chicks, as well as in ipecac-induced emesis in rats. Both copper sulphate (50 mg/kg, orally) and cisplatin (10 mg/kg i.p) were administered to seven groups (n = 5) of chicks, while ipecac (0.03 ml orally) was used to induce emesis in rats (n = 4). Group 1 received distilled water (control), groups 2, 3, and 4 were given doses of C. albidum (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg, p.o), while groups 5, 6 and 7 were treated with standard antiemetic drugs (promethazine 25 mg/70kg, p.o; metoclopramide 50 mg/kg, i.p; and ondansetron 24 mg/70 kg, p.o). Emesis was induced thirty minutes later, and number of retching was counted for ten minutes. Chrysophyllum albidum at the doses employed showed significant (p<0.001) antiemetic when compared to the control and standard antiemetic drugs in all the models employed. The findings in this study validate the folkloric use of the plant in treating emesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New Caledonia is a global biodiversity hotspot known for its metal hyperaccumulator plants. X-ray fluorescence technology (XRF) has enabled non-destructive and quantitative determination of elemental concentrations in herbarium specimens from the ultramafic flora of the island. Specimens belonging to six major hyperaccumulator families (Cunoniaceae, Phyllanthaceae, Salicaceae, Sapotaceae, Oncothecaceae and Violaceae) and one to four specimens per species of the remaining ultramafic taxa in the herbarium were measured. XRF scanning included a total of c. 11 200 specimens from 35 orders, 96 families, 281 genera and 1484 species (1620 taxa) and covered 88.5% of the ultramafic flora. The study revealed the existence of 99 nickel hyperaccumulator taxa (65 known previously), 74 manganese hyperaccumulator taxa (11 known previously), eight cobalt hyperaccumulator taxa (two known previously) and four zinc hyperaccumulator taxa (none known previously). These results offer new insights into the phylogenetic diversity of hyperaccumulators in New Caledonia. The greatest diversity of nickel hyperaccumulators occur in a few major clades (Malphigiales and Oxalidales) and families (Phyllanthaceae, Salicaceae, Cunoniaceae). In contrast, manganese hyperaccumulation is phylogenetically scattered in the New Caledonian flora. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Isolation of 4 new compounds from the fruits of Gambeya lacourtiana (Sapotaceae). • First report of cerebrosides and ceramide in the genus Gambeya. • Moderate antibacterial activity of lacourtianoside II. • MS/MS fragmentation of compounds 1, 2 and 4 Phytochemical investigation of the fruits of Gambeya lacourtiana led to the isolation of four new compounds, lacourtianol (1) , lacourtianoside I (2) , lacourtianoside II (3) and lacourtianamide (4) together with six known compounds: 3- O -acetylbetulin (5) , 3- O -acetylerythrodiol (6) , β -amyrincaproate (7) , lupeolhexanoate (8) , erythrodiol 3- O -palmitate (9) , and D -mannitol (10). The structures of 1 - 10 were elucidated on the basis of 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopic data, mass spectrometry and by comparison of spectroscopic data with those from the literature. Compounds 1 - 10 were evaluated for their antibacterial activity. Lacourtianoside II (3) exhibited moderate activity against Salmonella typhi CHU, Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 43300 and ATCC 25923) and Enterobacter cloacae k2 with the same MIC value of 22.3 μM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Species of Madhuca Buch,-Ham. ex J. F. Gmelin occur in six types of forests in Peninsular Malaysia, namely lowland dipterocarp hill dipterocarp, upper dipterocarp, swamp, limestone and montane forests. Most of them are mainly distributed in the lowland dipterocarp and hill dipterocarp forests. The geographical distribution maps of Vatica in Peninsular Malaysia are also included. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Micronutrient imbalance in lime and sapota fruit crops result in unstable fruit yield, fruit shedding and degrade quality of the produce. A study was therefore conducted to evaluate micronutrient statusoflime and sapota orchard by analysing soil and plant samples. Soil samples were collected from surface (0-15cm) and sub-surface (15-30cm)depth representing whole orchard. At the same time, plant samples including 35-40 each for leaves and petiole samples each from lime and sapota field was also collected. Available micronutrients from soil samples were extracted using diethylenetriaminepenta acetic acid (DTPA) and it was in the order of manganese (Mn)> iron (Fe)> zinc (Zn)> copper (Cu) in both lime and sapota plantations. DTPA- extractable Zn and Cu showed low status, marginal status of Fe and sufficient level of Mn in soils of sapota plantations. In plant analysis, high concentration of Cu (869 mg kg-1) and Zn (411mg kg-1) was observed in lime leaves; however, in sapota crop Cu and Zn content was 8.25mg kg-1 and 16.7mg kg- 1 respectively. Similarly, Fe and Mn content of lime leaves was 197 and 43 mg kg-1 which was slightly higher than sapota leaves that recorded 128 and 49mg kg-1 of Fe and Zn respectively. In sapota plants, higher Mn and Cu concentration in leaf resulted in Zn deficiency symptoms such as shortened internodes or rosette disorders of sapota plants. Thus, correcting micronutrient deficiency is pre-requisite for qualitative and quantitative fruit production in tablelands of India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]