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Partial evaluation (PE) is a branch of computer science that achieves code optimization via specialization. This article describes a PE methodology for optimizing rewrite theories that encode concurrent as well as nondeterministic systems by means of the Maude language. The main advantages of the proposed methodology can be summarized as follows:•An automatic program optimization technique for rewrite theories featuring several PE criteria that support the specialization of a broad class of rewrite theories.•An incremental partial evaluation modality that allows the key specialization components to be encapsulated at the desired granularity level to facilitate progressive refinements of the specialization.•All executability theory requirements are preserved by the PE transformation. Also the transformation ensures the semantic equivalence between the original rewrite theory and the specialized theory under rather mild conditions., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (© 2022 The Author(s).)

Program transformation is widely used for producing correct mutations of a given program so as to satisfy the user's intent that can be expressed by means of some sort of specification (e.g. logical assertions, functional specifications, reference implementations, summaries, examples). This paper describes an automated correction methodology for Maude programs that is based on program transformation and can be used to enforce a safety policy, given by a set A of system assertions, in a Maude program R that might disprove some of the assertions. The outcome of the technique is a safe program refinement R' of R in which every computation is a good run, i.e., it satisfies the assertions in A . Furthermore, the transformation ensures that no good run of R is removed from R '. Advantages of this correction methodology can be summarized as follows. •A fully automatic program transformation featuring both program diagnosis and repair that preserves all executability requirements.•A simple logical notation to declaratively express invariant properties and other safety constraints through assertions.•No dynamic information is required to infer program fixes: the methodology is static and does not need to collect any error symptom at runtime., Competing Interests: The Authors confirm that there are no conflicts of interest., (© 2019 The Author(s).)

Sulfites are usually added to food, beverages and pharmaceuticals as preservative antioxidants, bleaching agents, and dough conditioning agents. Ingestion of foods containing sulfites can cause abdominal pain, diarrhoea, seizures and death. Sulfite can react with cellular components and can cause toxicity. Changes in mucosal disaccharidases and phosphatase alkaline after sodium metabisulfite administration were investigated in the small intestine of rats. Female Wistar rats were given a diet supplemented with 0.25 or 2.5% sodium metabisulfite for 5 weeks. Sucrase, maltase, lactase and alkaline phosphatase were assayed in intestinal homogenates and in brush border membrane fractions. The intake of only 2.5% sulfite induced an increase in the specific activities of sucrase, maltase, and alkaline phosphatase compared to control levels (P < 0.05). Lactase levels were affected in a variable manner. The origin of such altered enzyme activities is still unknown.

The effects of somatostatin on 3-oxymethylglucose (3-OMG) and leucine uptake by rat enterocytes were examined. Somatostatin did not decrease the 3-OMG enterocyte uptake. When the 3-OMG active transport was inhibited by phloridzin, Somatostatin presented no significant modifications. Somatostatin showed a slight decrease in 3-OMG release through the basolateral membrane, when such a release was inhibited with theophylline. Somatostatin did not modify the intestinal leucine uptake or its inhibition by methionine.

Somatostatin is a widely distributed hormone localized in the central nervous system, pancreas and gastrointestinal tract. We have investigated the possible influence of somatostatin and a synthetic analogue, (D-Trp8,D-Cys14)-somatostatin, on the intestinal absorption 'in vivo' of D(+)-glucose and D(+)-galactose and also the effect on disaccharidase intestinal activities in hamster. Somatostatin, or its analogue, (12 micrograms/100 g body wt) was administered intraperitoneally 4 or 14 h prior to experiments. The results are compared to control animals. Animals treated with somatostatin and the synthetic analogue showed that there were no significant difference from control animals with respect to intestinal absorption of carbohydrates. Somatostatin produced inhibition of brush-border lactase activity in females only, whereas brush-border sucrase was increased 14 h after treatment in males and females, and brush-border maltase was inhibited in females only 4 h after hormone administration.