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Colonial Christmas villancicos preserved at the cathedral of Santiago, Chile, employ a series of musical conventions to signify the nativity scene and the characters that interact on it to adore the Christ Child. The way in which the Chilean villancicos deploy those conventions confirms a link between musical resources rooted in theatrical practices, the didactic function of the vernacular pieces, and scriptural and literary sources. Insofar as these villancicos functionally operate as sonifications of an imagined staging, they provide a coherent context for the appearance of elements alien with respect to the biblical narrative. Furthermore, the villancicos betray patterns of trans-continental colonial cultural mobility related to the dissemination of the Galant style and Hispanic dances from the teatro breve tradition that are localized and resignified in Santiago.

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In this article I present a series of reflections on the concept of graffiti. What begins as a critique of the ideological relation between “street art” and “graffiti” on the one hand and “center” and “periphery” on the other, unfolds as a schematic exploration of the relation between graffiti and social crisis. These theses argue that graffiti can and should be interpreted, and that this interpretation depends upon analyzing graffiti’s character as both text and image. In doing so they explore graffiti in crisis across the American hemisphere, moving from “center” to “periphery” and back again. In the ruin of New York, the commune of Oaxaca, the explosion of Santiago, we catch a vivid glimpse of the social form and latent content of graffiti. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

La historiografía ha tenido una excesiva tendencia a definir el fenómeno “jacobeo” en Cataluña como un modelo territorial y localista, sin tener en cuenta la posible importancia de Barcelona como puerta de entrada de las vías de ultramar y lugar de paso de peregrinos que iban a Compostela. En este sentido, los indicios documentales son lo suficientemente elocuentes como para reexaminar la importancia de Barcelona, ya en el siglo XII, como puerto de entrada y salida de peregrinos llegados a la península ibérica. Bajo esta premisa de partida, el presente artículo persigue tres objetivos. En primer lugar, conocer el origen y la configuración arquitectónica del desaparecido hospital de San Nicolás de Barcelona, así como su posible función como centro asistencial de peregrinos. En segundo lugar, aportar nuevos datos sobre el rol desempeñado por Barcelona como espacio de transferencia, intercambio y recepción de flujos de peregrinaje. Por último, analizar los orígenes del culto al apóstol Santiago en la Ciudad Condal.

Múltiples fueron las relaciones entre la antigua Marca Hispánica y el santuario compostelano a lo largo de la Edad Media. Dejando de lado el episodio del abad Cesáreo de Montserrat, es a partir del siglo XI, cuando la documentación pone de manifiesto tanto la peregrinación a Santiago desde el noreste de la Península como la devoción local hacia el Apóstol mediante donaciones, legados, edificación de iglesias o capillas, y el interés, en Ripoll, por la historia del descubrimiento de la tumba apostólica. La fundación de hospitales para “pobres y peregrinos” muestra, por otra parte, que Cataluña, Valencia y Aragón fueron lugares de paso de peregrinos foráneos.

The Camino of Santiago has demonstrated its role as a strategic factor in the socio-economic development of territories. This paper presents a ‘tool kit’ based on Best Practice, aiming at designing, developing and operating pilgrimage routes in Latin America, inspired by the lessons learned from the Camino de Santiago strategies and policies. The methodology of the research for this paper is open-ended questionnaires to experts and institutions and online surveys to pilgrims. It also builds on a review of academic literature. The findings show that Latin America is a traditionally religious territory, with a high percentage of the population belonging to religious groups. Pilgrimages have a great potential to bring economic benefits to communities around existing routes and to enhance the development of new ones, which already take place organically but are not fully developed. There is a lack of involvement of the public sector in the design, planning and operation of these routes. Governance in creating policies and in their management is critical to success. Last but not least, strategic and focused marketing is needed where not all tools are valuable and efficient. The Way of Saint James is an inspiring example, but not all practices can be replicated or adapted. Further investigations could analyse other realities (such as Rome, Lourdes, Fátima, etc.) to provide a complete range of benchmarking and enrich the conclusions of this work. The proposed recommendations could be implemented in territories where primary conditions exist and significantly impact the improvement of existing pilgrimage tourism routes or contribute to the development of existing ones. In this work, the Camino has been subjectively considered (as suggested in certain scientific and academic work) as the master model for the development of pilgrimage tourism in territories where the potential for this product exists or can be improved. In this paper, these learnings are suggested in the context of Latin America.

El presente estudio aborda el fenómeno de la investificación en el mercado de arriendo del Gran Santiago. Para ello se utiliza un enfoque metodológico cuantitativo por regresiones geográficamente ponderadas. A través de la recopilación y análisis de datos de transacciones y de indicadores urbanos, se exploran los patrones de localización de inversiones residenciales con relación a funciones urbanas específicas a nivel de zonas censales. El análisis revela que la proximidad a instituciones de educación superior, la estabilidad en los precios de arriendo y la presencia de personas mayores son factores determinantes en la selección de propiedades para inversión. Estos hallazgos evidencian la transformación del paisaje urbano como espacios de renta para el capital y destaca la creciente segmentación socioespacial, subrayando así la necesidad de regulaciones que atiendan las implicancias del investification en la dinámica urbana del Gran Santiago.

The meteorological factors of the severe wintertime particulate matter (PM) air pollution problem of the city of Santiago, Chile, are investigated with newly available observations, including a 30 m tower measuring near-surface stability, winds and turbulence, as well as lower-tropospheric vertical profiles of temperature and winds measured by commercial airplanes operating from the Santiago airport (AMDAR database). Focusing on the cold season of the years 2017–2019, high-PM days are defined using an index of evening concentrations measured in the western part of the city. The diurnal cycles of the different meteorological variables computed over 25 PM episodes are compared against the overall diurnal cycles. PM episodes are associated with enhanced surface stability and weaker surface winds and turbulence during the evening and night. AMDAR vertical profiles of temperature and winds during episodes reveal a substantial lower-tropospheric warming attributed to enhanced regional subsidence, which is consistent with the shallower daytime boundary layer depth and the increased surface thermal amplitude observed during these days. An explanation for the weak surface winds during PM episodes was not evident, considering that these are clear days that would strengthen the local valley wind system. Two possible mechanisms are put forward to resolve this issue, which can be tested in the future using high-resolution numerical modeling validated with the new data described here. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay analyzes Alberto Blest Gana's portrayal of masculine beauty in Rafael San Luis and Abelardo Manríquez through the lens of patriotism and social order. The divine, angelic looks of these two young characters come with a high cost. San Luis, from Martín Rivas (1862), and Manríquez, from El ideal de un calavera (1863), are exceedingly handsome but devoid of means, a fact that makes their circumstances especially harsh. They are also deeply in love with privileged, wealthy Santiago women, which causes the heroes to suffer. They challenge Chile's capitalist social order, resist their outsider status, and follow the Weltanschauung of a pipiolo (liberal). They confront danger and fight the good fight. Yet these two brave men cannot escape past behaviors and decisions. It is their unhappy fate to lose their beautiful ladies to less attractive men, and ultimately to die in battle (San Luis) and by execution (Manríquez). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Camino of Santiago has demonstrated its role as a strategic factor in the socio-economic development of territories. This paper presents a ‘tool kit’ based on Best Practice, aiming at designing, developing and operating pilgrimage routes in Latin America, inspired by the lessons learned from the Camino de Santiago strategies and policies. The methodology of the research for this paper is open-ended questionnaires to experts and institutions and online surveys to pilgrims. It also builds on a review of academic literature. The findings show that Latin America is a traditionally religious territory, with a high percentage of the population belonging to religious groups. Pilgrimages have a great potential to bring economic benefits to communities around existing routes and to enhance the development of new ones, which already take place organically but are not fully developed. There is a lack of involvement of the public sector in the design, planning and operation of these routes. Governance in creating policies and in their management is critical to success. Last but not least, strategic and focused marketing is needed where not all tools are valuable and efficient. The Way of Saint James is an inspiring example, but not all practices can be replicated or adapted. Further investigations could analyse other realities (such as Rome, Lourdes, Fátima, etc.) to provide a complete range of benchmarking and enrich the conclusions of this work. The proposed recommendations could be implemented in territories where primary conditions exist and significantly impact the improvement of existing pilgrimage tourism routes or contribute to the development of existing ones. In this work, the Camino has been subjectively considered (as suggested in certain scientific and academic work) as the master model for the development of pilgrimage tourism in territories where the potential for this product exists or can be improved. In this paper, these learnings are suggested in the context of Latin America. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The granite block of O Pedrón, a recarved Roman altar to Neptune, is an object of veneration at the church of St. James in the town of Padrón along the Camino de Santiago in Galicia, northwest Iberia. I use this enchanting object as a vehicle for thinking about materials, assemblages, and time, engaging with ideas drawn from Bergson, Benjamin, Deleuze, and Husserl. I describe how O Pedrón has participated in events across two millennia: the Roman colonization of Iron Age Iberia; the medieval creation of the cult of Santiago; and a contemporary push for tourism. The concept of assemblage helps us visualize the sensory, emotional, political, and other dimensions connected with the stone. The emergent properties of assemblages move not only forward but backward in time, in a process characterized by Husserl and Gell as protension and retension. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Cuadernos del Centro de Estudios de Diseño y Comunicación is the property of Cuadernos del Centro de Estudios de Diseno y Comunicacion and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

En los últimos años ha quedado en evidencia el profuso interés que ha despertado en las Ciencias Sociales el mundo interior del ser humano, es decir, sus emociones, afectos, pasiones o sentires a través del tiempo. El presente artículo analiza la vida cotidiana de los monasterios de Santiago durante la época colonial desde la perspectiva teórica de la historia de las emociones, específicamente a partir de las aproximaciones conceptuales de Barbara H. Rosenwein. Utilizando un corpus documental muy poco trabajado por la historiografía nacional, como son los manuscritos contenidos en las bibliotecas y los archivos conventuales de esta ciudad (reglas, constituciones, visitas pas- torales, libros de cuentas, correspondencia, escritos confesionales y autobiografías); la investigación da cuenta de las principales características del sistema de sentimientos de estas comunidades emocionales femeninas, estipulando, por una parte, las normativas eclesiásticas que determinaban los modos de expresión permitidos y vedados a las mon- jas y, por otra, las prácticas sociales y culturales que contribuían a transgredirlas. Asimismo, se propone la existencia de sub-comunidades emocionales dentro de la clausura, establecidas según las diferentes mujeres que la habitaban.

Alberto Fuguet (1964—) revela una inclinación por representar el proceso evolutivo de la ciudad de Santiago en su obra escrita y audiovisual. Desde la metrópolis neoliberal de la década del ochenta hasta la globalizada de comienzos del siglo XXI, la imagen citadina expone una época determinada y captura su metamorfosis tanto en apariencia como en significado. Su transformación—retratada en la obra fuguetiana—pone en evidencia que es el libre mercado el responsable del cambio urbano, al ser este y no el Estado, quien ajusta las normas reguladoras de corte urbanista que le favorecen en lugar de la ciudadanía.

La reina es una pieza clave en la política religiosa del reino, tanto por su promoción espiritual como por su valor representativo para la monarquía. Este hecho propicia su participación en la recepción de las comitivas que llegan rumbo a Santiago, y también su relevancia a la hora de peregrinar a Compostela, ya sea por un sentido devocional o por un propósito dinástico o político. Casos como el de la reina de Aragón, María de Castilla, reflejan su capacidad como benefactoras de los peregrinos y cómo se estimula el diálogo entre las cortes ibéricas para recibirlos y agasajarlos.

El artículo analiza el contexto en que apareció la cátedra universitaria dedicada a tratar las enfermedades de la niñez. A partir de este quiebre reflexiona sobre los factores que explicaban una elevada tasa de mortalidad infantil, la coexistencia entre la medicina científica y las tradiciones de la época, las colisiones entre los actores que se dedicaban a curar las afecciones y los médicos formados en la academia. Se indaga en las dificultades que tuvo la instalación de la pediatría como disciplina médica validada socialmente para tratar las enfermedades en la infancia. En la investigación se estudia el arco temporal que abarca entre 1870 y 1901, décadas en que la mortalidad infantil adquirió una profunda notoriedad y se transformó en uno de los principales problemas de salud pública. Las conclusiones distinguen el desarrollo de una institucionalidad que respaldó la labor de los facultativos y la inauguración de los hospitales de niños como espacio de práctica para los nuevos tratamientos de las enfermedades.

Copyright of Recorde: Revista de História do Esporte is the property of Recorde: Revista de Historia do Esporte and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Brasileira de Historia is the property of Associacao Nacional dos Professores Universitarios de Historia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Ad Limina. Revista de investigacion del Camino de Santiag y las peregrinaciones is the property of AD LIMINA Turismo de Galicia SA de Xestion do Plan Xacobeo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Ad Limina. Revista de investigacion del Camino de Santiag y las peregrinaciones is the property of AD LIMINA Turismo de Galicia SA de Xestion do Plan Xacobeo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In a wide‐ranging and pithy article, Guest‐Editor of this issue and Professor at the Graduate School of the University of California, Berkeley, Jill Stoner evokes humanity, rivers, dogs and language to present a case for an architecture of refusal that allows us the possibility of 'breathing together'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The meteorological factors of the severe wintertime particulate matter (PM) air pollution problem of the city of Santiago, Chile, are investigated with newly available observations, including a 30 m tower measuring near-surface stability, winds and turbulence, as well as lower-tropospheric vertical profiles of temperature and winds measured by commercial airplanes operating from the Santiago airport (AMDAR database). Focusing on the cold season of the years 2017–2019, high-PM days are defined using an index of evening concentrations measured in the western part of the city. The diurnal cycles of the different meteorological variables computed over 25 PM episodes are compared against the overall diurnal cycles. PM episodes are associated with enhanced surface stability and weaker surface winds and turbulence during the evening and night. AMDAR vertical profiles of temperature and winds during episodes reveal a substantial lower-tropospheric warming attributed to enhanced regional subsidence, which is consistent with the shallower daytime boundary layer depth and the increased surface thermal amplitude observed during these days. An explanation for the weak surface winds during PM episodes was not evident, considering that these are clear days that would strengthen the local valley wind system. Two possible mechanisms are put forward to resolve this issue, which can be tested in the future using high-resolution numerical modeling validated with the new data described here.

In La oscura memoria de las armas (2008) Ramón Díaz Eterovic explores the topics of memory, Chile’s dictatorship, transition, violence and truth from the perspective of Detective Heredia, who goes through the streets of Santiago elucidating a murder that, based on rumours and on a conscious of effort of not forgetting history, it deals with relevant topics that were not talked about on the time of the transition to democracy, where memories become an "endriaga" at the sight of the establishment of the collective memory, birthed on the streets of the city. A memory made of testimonies dripping with the horror, torment and silence that the dictatorship imposed over the inhabitants of Santiago and allows us to configure the urban imaginary of Santiago de Chile at the time of the transition to democracy, introducing a new character into the national literary imaginary: the victim of the dictatorship who seeks justice and revenge.

This is a film review of a unique, semester-long study abroad program on the Camino.

La ética del lenguaje es una de las preocupaciones centrales de la carta de Santiago (St 1,19-20.26; 2,12; 3,1-12; 4,1-2.11-12; 5,9.12). Se sirve de ella para advertir de no asimilarse a los valores establecidos y delinear los límites de identidad judeocristiana (uso de un vocabulario variado del campo semántico de la pureza-impureza). Los comportamientos éticos aprobados por Santiago con respecto al habla, no se desmarcan de su preocupación por el trato a los pobres, ni tampoco de los pensamientos, emociones, deseos, etc. que nacen del corazón. Este artículo se vale del modelo de las tres zonas de la personalidad propuesto por Bernard de Gerardon para mostrar la interrelación que se da entre la zona del lenguaje autoexpresivo (boca, lengua, oídos), el pensamiento emotivo (ojos-corazón) y la acción premeditada (manos-pies) en la carta de Santiago. Esta perspectiva permite comprender la regulación del uso de la lengua según la concepción unitaria del ser humano en el pensamiento bíblico y entender este escrito cristiano de un modo más integral.

Copyright of F@ro: Revista Teórica del Departamento de Ciencias de la Comunicación y de la Información is the property of Universidad de Playa Ancha de Ciencias de la Educacion and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista de Historia (07169108) is the property of Universidad de Concepcion and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Housing and transport affordability (H + TA) analysis has been receiving increasing attention among academics and practitioners worldwide, particularly in Global North settings. These studies usually overlook spatial and socioeconomic distributional considerations that potentially underestimate the simultaneous impact of transport and housing costs on lower-income family budgets. Our work seeks to address these knowledge gaps by understanding and measuring H + TA, considering different types of households in Santiago, Chile. Combining income, housing, transport, and census data, we estimate H + TA costs using spatial clusters and probability distribution functions, analyzing the "degree of choice" that socially disadvantaged groups have given their financial constraints. The results show that families with children, the elderly, and immigrants are among the most limited in their choices. Most central and eastern sectors of the city which provide the highest density of work opportunities are out of reach for the three lowest-income deciles given the high combined costs of H + TA, being dependents on government benefits and/or social housing. Middle class, from the 4th to 6th income deciles, can choose from between 30% and 65% of all housing and transport combinations, but from less than 6% of those offered on the two clusters with the best transport and urban conditions. These findings bring into question current inter-sectoral policies to alleviate the "cost pressure" of Santiago's lower- and middle-income households. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The following article focuses on the figure of commissioner Tomás Pérez, nephew of Bishop Juan Pérez de Espinosa, with the aim of detailing the political and social network they configured, as well as the disputes and oppositions they had with other networks of political, social, and family influences in the first half of the 17th century in the diocese of Santiago. This period was, perhaps, the one with the greatest inquisitorial activity in the Viceroyalty of Peru, and which corresponds, in turn, to the moment in which the Government of Chile "is in the world", which implied the translation of knowledge and ideals in vogue to the particular Chilean reality, which entailed, on the one hand, global linkage and synchrony, and on the other, the local translation and diachrony of the Spanish Monarchian vision. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The World Meteorological Organization Aircraft Meteorological Data Relay (AMDAR) programme refers to meteorological data gathered by commercial aircraft and made available to weather services. It has become a major source of upper-air observations whose assimilation into global models has greatly improved their performance. Near busy airports, AMDAR data generate semi-continuous vertical profiles of temperature and winds, which have been utilized to produce climatologies of atmospheric-boundary-layer (ABL) heights and general characterizations of specific cases. We analyze 2017–2019 AMDAR data for Santiago airport, located in the centre of a 40 × 100 km 2 subtropical semi-arid valley in central Chile, at the foothills of the Andes. Profiles derived from AMDAR data are characterized and validated against occasional radiosondes launched in the valley and compared with routine operational radiosondes and with reanalysis data. The cold-season climatology of AMDAR temperatures reveals a deep nocturnal inversion reaching up to 700 m above ground level (a.g.l.) and daytime warming extending up to 1000 m a.g.l. Convective-boundary-layer (CBL) heights are estimated based on AMDAR profiles and the daytime heat budget of the CBL is assessed. The CBL warming variability is well explained by the surface sensible heat flux estimated with sonic anemometer measurements at one site, provided advection of the cool coastal ABL existing to the west is included. However, the CBL warming accounts for just half of the mean daytime warming of the lower troposphere, suggesting that rather intense climatological diurnal subsidence affects the dynamics of the daytime valley ABL. Possible sources of this subsidence are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]