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Translation abstract Recommendations for the design of sandwich constructionsParallel to the revision and new publication of the product standard for sandwich panels EN 14509, EN 1993‐7 for the design and construction of sandwich panels will soon be published as part of the Eurocode 3 series of standards. The innovations in this standard compared to Annex E – Design method of DIN EN 14509:2013‐12 are presented and explained below using calculation examples. In an additional example, the influence of the lateral support of sandwich wall elements on wall beams is examined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractAdhesive bonding is crucial for joining lightweight, mixed-material car bodies but can cause distortion due to changes in adhesive properties during heat curing. In this paper, based on the characteristics of the roller-hemming structures, a sandwich adhesive bonded structure of aluminum-steel dissimilar materials was designed. A viscoelastic model for the hemming adhesive was developed, and a coupled thermal-chemical-structural model was implemented in ABAQUS. Baking experiments validated the model. Stress and strain variations were analyzed to understand warping mechanisms during the temperature cycle. Further analysis results showed that decreasing heating rate, holding temperature, or increasing cooling rate can reduce deformation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractElectro-magneto-thermo-mechanical critical loads of a sandwich microplate composed of a core integrated with piezoelectric/piezomagnetic face-sheets are analyzed in this paper based on higher order shear and normal deformation theory and modified couple stress theory. The constitutive relations are developed based on generalized Hooke’s law and electromagnetic relations. In order to measure athletic performance and his/her quantitatively or qualitatively grades, a force plate is used. The thickness stretching of the sport force plates is accounted based on a new function in displacement field. The electric and magnetic potentials are assumed as summation of a linear function including applied electric/magnetic potential and two functions for satisfying the zero condition at top and bottom of the sport force plates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conventional approaches for establishing bioequivalence (BE) between test and reference formulations using non‐compartmental analysis (NCA) may demonstrate low power in pharmacokinetic (PK) studies with sparse sampling. In this case, model‐integrated evidence (MIE) approaches for BE assessment have been shown to increase power, but may suffer from selection bias problems if models are built on the same data used for BE assessment. This work presents model averaging methods for BE evaluation and compares the power and type I error of these methods to conventional BE approaches for simulated studies of oral and ophthalmic formulations. Two model averaging methods were examined: bootstrap model selection and weight‐based model averaging with parameter uncertainty from three different sources, either from a sandwich covariance matrix, a bootstrap, or from sampling importance resampling (SIR). The proposed approaches increased power compared with conventional NCA‐based BE approaches, especially for the ophthalmic formulation scenarios, and were simultaneously able to adequately control type I error. In the rich sampling scenario considered for oral formulation, the weight‐based model averaging method with SIR uncertainty provided controlled type I error, that was closest to the target of 5%. In sparse‐sampling designs, especially the single sample ophthalmic scenarios, the type I error was best controlled by the bootstrap model selection method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In health technology assessment, matching‐adjusted indirect comparison (MAIC) is the most common method for pairwise comparisons that control for imbalances in baseline characteristics across trials. One of the primary challenges in MAIC is the need to properly account for the additional uncertainty introduced by the matching process. Limited evidence and guidance are available on variance estimation in MAICs. Therefore, we conducted a comprehensive Monte Carlo simulation study to evaluate the performance of different statistical methods across 108 scenarios. Four general approaches for variance estimation were compared in both anchored and unanchored MAICs of binary and time‐to‐event outcomes: (1) conventional estimators (CE) using raw weights; (2) CE using weights rescaled to the effective sample size (ESS); (3) robust sandwich estimators; and (4) bootstrapping. Several variants of sandwich estimators and bootstrap methods were tested. Performance was quantified on the basis of empirical coverage probabilities for 95% confidence intervals and variability ratios. Variability was underestimated by CE + raw weights when population overlap was poor or moderate. Despite several theoretical limitations, CE + ESS weights accurately estimated uncertainty across most scenarios. Original implementations of sandwich estimators had a downward bias in MAICs with a small ESS, and finite sample adjustments led to marked improvements. Bootstrapping was unstable if population overlap was poor and the sample size was limited. All methods produced valid coverage probabilities and standard errors in cases of strong population overlap. Our findings indicate that the sample size, population overlap, and outcome type are important considerations for variance estimation in MAICs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Valuing something is complicated. Philosophers have offered different stories about what we do when we value something. However, we have not paid enough attention to the thought that, sometimes, valuing something is what makes us the kind of practical agents we are. In this paper, I offer a novel account of valuing, which I call thick valuing, to capture this special phenomenon in which our valuing makes us who we are. This requires us to recognize that the cognitive, motivational, and affective components of thick valuing do not merely co-occur. More importantly, it is key to focusing on how thickly valuing something partially constitutes, and indeed crucially expresses, our practical identities. Beyond that, the account sheds new light on how we can better understand in authenticity – to act without authenticity is to act from what one thickly values but where that which one thickly values are not values of one’s own. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sandwich d/f heterometallic complexes [(Ln(hfac)3)2M(acac)3] (Ln = La, Pr, Sm, Dy and M = Co; Ln = La and M = Ru) were prepared in strictly anhydrous conditions reacting the formally unsaturated fragment [Ln(hfac)3] and [M(acac)3] in a 2-to-1 molar ratio. These heterometallic complexes are highly sensitive to moisture. Spectroscopic observation revealed that on hydrolysis, these compounds yield dinuclear heterometallic compounds [Ln(hfac)3M(acac)3], prepared here for comparison purposes only. Quantum mechanical calculations supported, on the one hand, the hypothesis on the geometrical arrangement obtained from ATR-IR and NMR spectra and, on the other hand, helped to rationalize the spontaneous hydrolysis reaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work presents an analytical solution for the bending analysis of a porous functionally graded sandwich plate with and without holes resting on elastic supports. The analysis is performed using the first-order shear deformation theory implemented in a finite element method. The study investigates the change of material properties in the thickness direction using three different mathematical models: Power law, sigmoid law, and exponential law. Additionally, the study considers three different forms of porosity distribution. The study examines the porosity distribution across the thickness of the functionally graded material (FGM) core of the sandwich plate, taking into account homogeneous, nonhomogeneous symmetric, and nonhomogeneous asymmetric porosity. A MATLAB program is created and validated by assessing convergence and comparing the obtained results with previously reported findings. An examination is conducted to assess the impact of different parameters, such as the volume percentage of porosity, grading power index, ratio of plate thickness, boundary conditions, aspect ratio, and the radius of the holes, on the deflection and interfacial stresses. It is observed that for sandwich without porosity, S-FGM shows minimum normalized transverse central deflection (NTCD) while in porous FGM core sandwich plates, it depends on porosity distributions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polyvinyl butyral (PVB) laminated glass is widely used in architectural structures and automotive glass due to its remarkable cushioning and cohesive properties, and its lamination thickness has a significant effect on the overall impact resistance of the glass. In this paper, two conventional laminated glass thicknesses of 0.76 mm and 1.52 mm were selected to study the dynamic performance and damage morphology of laminated glass under three different impact velocities using light gas gun impact tests combined with industrial CT scanning-3D reconstruction techniques. The results showed that the PVB sandwich thickness had a significant positive correlation with the energy absorption effect, but under different impact velocities and glass thickness, the sandwich thickness and impact resistance showed a differentiated "marginal effect". At moderate impact velocities, the impact resistance was most sensitive to the change in sandwich thickness. With the increase in glass thickness, the sensitivity of impact resistance to the change of sandwich thickness decreased. According to the characterization of full-dimensional cracks under medium-velocity impact conditions, it could be seen that the sandwich had the function of buffering dissipation and gathering recovery in different stress directions, and the thickness of the sandwich was a key functional parameter to reduce the flying of glass fragments. Therefore, the results of this study can provide a reference for the analysis and design of the impact resistance of PVB laminated glass. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We consider the classical problem of droplet impact and droplet spread on a smooth surface in the case of an ideal inviscid fluid. We revisit the rim–lamella model of Roisman et al. (Roisman et al. 2002 Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A458, 1411–1430 (doi:10.1098/rspa.2001.0923)). This model comprises a system of ordinary differential equations (ODEs); we present a rigorous theoretical analysis of these ODEs, and derive upper and lower bounds for the maximum spreading radius. Both bounds possess a We1/2 scaling behaviour, and by a sandwich result, the spreading radius itself also possesses this scaling. We demonstrate rigorously that the rim–lamella model is self-consistent: once a rim forms, its height will invariably exceed that of the lamella. We introduce a rational procedure to obtain initial conditions for the rim–lamella model. Our approach to solving the rim–lamella model gives predictions for the maximum droplet spread that are in close agreement with existing experimental studies and direct numerical simulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Let { X n } n ∈ Z be a stationary process with values in a finite set. In this paper, we present a moving average version of the Shannon–McMillan–Breiman theorem; this generalize the corresponding classical results. A sandwich argument reduced the proof to direct applications of the moving strong law of large numbers. The result generalizes the work by Algoet et. al., while relying on a similar sandwich method. It is worth noting that, in some kind of significance, the indices a n and ϕ (n) are symmetrical, i.e., for any integer n, if the growth rate of (a n) n ∈ Z is slow enough, all conclusions in this article still hold true. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Let E be an equivalence on a set X and let T ∃ (X) denote the semigroup (under composition) of all f : X → X that reflect E. Fix an element θ ∈ T ∃ (X) and for f , g ∈ T ∃ (X) , define a new operation ∗ on T ∃ (X) by f ∗ g = f θ g where f θ g denotes the product of g , θ and f in the original sense. In this paper, we characterize Green's relations on the variant semigroups T ∃ (X , θ) of T ∃ (X) with sandwich operation θ . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

IntroductionSandwiches are commonly consumed in the United States. This study summarizes contributions of beef sandwiches to energy and select nutrient intakes.MethodsBeef sandwiches were categorized as beef burger sandwiches (hamburgers or cheeseburgers) and non-burger beef sandwiches. Per capita and per user consumption of beef sandwiches (total and by type) and contributions to total nutrient intakes from beef and non-beef sandwich components were estimated for the population ages ≥2 years (n = 15,984) participating in WWEIA/NHANES, 2013–2016.ResultsOn any given day, 21.4% of the population consumed a beef sandwich. Among all Americans, beef sandwiches provided 6.3% of mean energy intake and accounted for approximately 10% of the population’s mean intake of vitamin B12 and saturated fat, 9% of protein and sodium, 7% of iron, 6% of choline, and 5% of potassium. Among beef sandwich consumers, beef sandwiches accounted for 26.2% of mean energy intake on a day of consumption. The beef component of sandwiches accounted for the majority of vitamin B12, choline, and protein, non-beef components accounted for the majority of sodium, iron, and potassium, and beef and non-beef components made similar contributions to saturated fat. Hamburgers provided consumers the lowest energy, sodium, and saturated fat intake, while non-burger sandwiches provided the highest intake of these nutrients.DiscussionBeef sandwiches are an important source of energy, protein, vitamin B12, iron, and choline, and like other sandwiches, are also a source of sodium and saturated fat. Americans could enhance nutrient contributions from sandwiches by selecting lean meat and limiting use of saturated fat- or sodium-rich non-beef components.