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Many parts of the world face severe and prolonged drought conditions, stressing the sustainability of water resources and agriculture. Transitioning to water-efficient crops is one strategy that can help adapt to water scarcity. An emerging drought-tolerant crop of interest is chia (Salvia hispanica). Yet, no study has compared its large-scale water use dynamics to those of widely established crops across the globe. Here, we use satellite data over multiple years to assess the water use efficiency of chia, alfalfa, corn, and soybean globally. Results show that chia consumed 13-38% less water than alfalfa, corn, and soy and assimilated 14-20% more carbon per amount of water used. Substituting 10% of Southwest United States alfalfa cultivation with chia would save 184 million liters of water per growing season, equivalent to the annual water consumption of 1,300 households. Future research shall explore the economic, societal, and environmental ramifications of substituting alfalfa with chia in dry areas worldwide. These insights can guide decision-makers in promoting sustainable agriculture and water resource management.

A new triterpene saponin, 2, 3, 21, 23-tetrahydroxyolean-12-en-28-oic-acid-28-O-β-D- glucosyl-(2"→1')-β-D-glucoside (1), was isolated from the n-butanol extract of dried aerial parts of Salvia argentea L. (Lamiaceae) in addition to two known flavonoids, apigenin 7-O-β-D-glucoside (2), threo-guaiacylglycerol 3-O-[6-O-p-hydroxybenzoyl]-β-D-glucoside (3), luteolin 7-O-β-D-glucoside (4), verbascoside (5) and rosmarinic acid (6). The structure elucidation of these compounds was based on analyses of spectroscopic data including 1D-, 2D-NMR and HR-ESI-MS techniques and by comparing their NMR data with those reported in the literature. Compound 6 exhibited the highest antioxidant activity in DPPH assay (IC50<3.00 µg/mL) which was better than the standards BHA, BHT, Trolox and ascorbic acid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the last years, special attention has been given to the nutritional properties of food, and the edible flowers (EFs) represent an uncommon fresh product to characterise, with the aim to explore new species with peculiar aesthetic and the aromatic features. This work investigated some nutritional properties of eight new EFs, such as Begonia boliviensis A.DC. (pink and white varieties), Dahlia pinnata Cav., Salvia farinacea Benth., S. × jamensis J.Compton, S. 'Purple Queen' Tulbaghia simmleri Beauv. 'Alba', T. violacea Harv. 'Alba', chosen for their different colours and corolla morphologies. Primary and secondary metabolites have been determined. The highest protein content was found in T. violacea 'Alba' and D. pinnata. The Salvia species showed the highest soluble sugar content. The two Tulbaghia species were notable for hexose and ascorbic acid content. D. pinnata showed the highest polyphenols, flavonoids and carotenoid content, with the highest antiradical activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transformed roots of Salvia austriaca were cultivated for 45 days in various systems, including Erlenmeyer flasks, a temporary immersion system (TIS) bioreactor, and a mist-trickling bioreactor, under controlled light conditions. The mist-trickling bioreactor yielded the highest biomass, with fresh and dry weights of 155.4 g/L and 10.2 g/L, respectively. Quantitative UHPLC analysis of hydromethanolic extracts revealed the biosynthesis of significant phenolic acids: caffeic acid, rosmarinic acid, and salvianolic acid A. Among these, rosmarinic acid was the most abundant, with its concentration varying based on the cultivation system. The highest total phenolic acid content, 165 mg/L, was obtained in the mist-trickling bioreactor, demonstrating its superiority in both biomass production and phenolic acid biosynthesis. This study highlights the potential of mist-trickling bioreactors for optimizing growth and metabolite production in S. austriaca transformed root cultures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salvia leucantha is a perennial herb of the genus Salvia in the family Labiatae, which has a wide range of biological activities, mainly including inhibition of acetylcholinesterase, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory activity. To explore the protective effects and mechanism of action of S. leucantha on Alzheimer's disease (AD), the anti-AD activity of SLE (extracts of S. leucantha) was determined by using a transgenic Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) model (CL4176). Analyses included paralysis assay, phenotypic experiments, transcriptome sequencing, RNA interference (RNAi), heat shock assays, and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). SLPE (S. leucantha petroleum ether extract) could significantly delay CL4176 paralysis and extend the longevity of C. elegans N2 without harmful effects. A total of 927 genes were significantly changed by SLPE treatment in C. elegans, mainly involving longevity regulatory pathways—nematodes, drug metabolism—cytochrome P450, and glutathione metabolic pathways. RNAi showed that SLPE exerted its anti-AD activity through up-regulation of the gene gst-5; the most abundant compound in SLPE analyzed by GC-MS was 2,4-Di-tert-butylphenol (2,4-DTBP), and the compound delayed nematode paralysis. The present study suggests that active components in S. leucantha may serve as new-type anti-AD candidates and provide some insights into their biological functions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluates the antioxidant activity and total phenolic, flavonoid, flavonol, and tannin contents of extracts obtained from the flower parts of Salvia sclarea using different extraction methods, such as maceration and rotavapor (RE). The results indicate that the maceration method yields extracts with higher antioxidant activity compared to the rotavapor method (DPPH IC50: 260.70 ± 65.41 mg/mL vs. 345.48 ± 27.91 mg/mL). Additionally, the maceration method produces higher values in terms of total phenolic (26.4 ± 7.78 mg GAE/g extract), flavonoid (10.44 ± 0.21 mg QE/g extract), flavonol (9.20 ± 0.84 mg QE/g extract), and tannin contents (8.36 ± 0.39 mg GAE/g extract), whereas the RE method shows lower values (phenolics: 19.8 ± 3.31 mg GAE/g extract, flavonoids: 10.35 ± 0.35 mg QE/g extract, flavanol's: 5.45 ± 0.01 mg QE/g extract, and tannins: 7.72 ± 0.10 mg GAE/g extract). The gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis of the extracts identified various bioactive compounds. Molecular docking studies revealed that Terpinen‐4‐ol obtained through maceration exhibits a strong binding affinity to a specific protein target, indicating potential biological activity. The predicted pharmacokinetic (ADME (absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion)) parameters for Terpinen‐4‐ol suggest favorable absorption and central nervous system (CNS) penetration, while Squalene obtained through maceration shows different pharmacokinetic properties. S. sclarea highlights significant antioxidant potential and provides insight into the bioactive compounds obtained through different extraction methods. To further investigate the potential biological interactions arising from these differences, molecular docking studies were conducted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The examination of Salvia verticillata extract encompassed an exploration of its anti-Candida properties, phytochemical composition, antioxidant activity, and the quantification of total tannins. The use of ethanol as a solvent yielded the highest extraction efficiency at 26.1%. The plant exhibited a substantial tannin content of 6.5 mg/kg, signifying a noteworthy concentration. The inhibitory zones against Candida tropicalis reached a minimum diameter of 17.6 mm, while Candida guilliermondii displayed the most significant inhibition with a zone diameter of 21.8 mm. The minor inhibitory concentration (MIC) findings for all Candida species ranged from 6.25 to 12.5 g/ml. In the case of Candida guilliermondii, the synthetic antifungal activity FLU/25 demonstrated a maximal inhibition zone measuring 39.30 mm. Additionally, the maximum antioxidant activity, recorded at 0.3 ml, reached a value of 98.65. Phytochemical screening unveiled elevated concentrations of phenols and flavonoids, with malic acid (1901.1 g/g), hesperidin (302.4 g/g), and rosmarinic acid (30619.93 g/g) all experiencing an increase in concentration. These findings provide a comprehensive understanding of the diverse bioactive components and properties associated with Salvia verticillata extract. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flowers of Salvia are characterized by a diversity of staminal lever types mediating pollen transfer. In the East Asian subgenus Glutinaria, species have been categorized based on their distinct flower and stamen morphologies. A hypothesized advantage of degraded-lever types suggests they may optimize pollinator foraging time, increase visitation rates, and potentially trigger autonomous self-pollination. However, this hypothesis remains untested. Here, Salvia castanea, S. miltiorrhiza, and S. liguliloba were selected as test species representing the three major flower and stamen types of the East Asian sages. We compared the species with regard to their inflorescence architecture, floral display, nectar reward, pollinator efficiency, and seed set. We found that S. liguliloba had a degraded-lever type that significantly reduced pollinator foraging time did not significantly increase pollination efficiency. These species have a mixed mating pattern with high seed set, no pollen- or pollinator limitation, and no inbreeding depression. We conclude that the diversity of floral traits is addressed to pollinators, whereas reproductive success emerges from a complex interplay of factors encompassing floral characteristics, pollination efficiency, plant life history, or/and other biotic and abiotic factors. For this reason, the link between floral morphological traits and mating systems should not overestimated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study used seeds of two endemic sage plants (Salvia siirtica and Salvia kronenburgii) as a starting material. Mucilage causes dormancy in the seeds of these plants. Therefore, it is important to improve the germination performance of these plants' seeds, and in this study, some treatments were applied to the seeds before or during sowing. To this end, sodium hypochlorite, ethyl alcohol, gibberellic acid, seed cracking, removal of the seed coat, pre-cold treatment, and sulfuric acid treatments were applied to the seeds of the two species separately or in combination, and their germination performances were investigated in comparison with a control group. Considering the results higher germination rates were obtained for both plants compared to the control group in all treatments except sulfuric acid treatments. The best germination rate for both plants was obtained from the treatments where the seed coat was mechanically removed. In this treatment, the germination rate in S. siirtica increased 3.3 times, while it increased 2.4 times in S. kronenburgii compared to the control group. Additionally, GA treatments for S. siirtica and cold pre-treatments for S. kronenburgii significantly increased germination rates. In light of these results, the removal of the seed coat, gibberellic acid, and cold pre-treatment effectively broke dormancy in sage seeds and increased germination rates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salvia sclarea L. and Citrus aurantium L. are used ethnobotanically for wound treatment. The aim of this study was to evaluate phytochemical composition of Salvia sclarea L. and Citrus aurantium L. leaf essential oils and wound healing activities of their combinations. The phytochemical analysis was performed gas chromatography (GC) and mass spectroscopy (MS). Major components of S. sclarea leaf essential oil was confirmed both by GC-FID and GC/MS as 67% linalyl acetate, 20.2% linalool, 2.6%a-terpineole, respectively. The major components of C. aurantium leaf essential oil was also confirmed as 55% linalyl acetate, 23.4% linalool, 5.4%a-terpineole, respectively. Combinations of essential oils were loaded into Carbopol gel formulations. Wound healing activity of essential oil and combinations was investigated using in vitro scratch assay. As a result of the study, it was determined that the most effective wound healing concentration for Salvia sclarea essential oil was 50 µg/mL. The most effective concentration of Citrus aurantifolia essential oil was determined as 12.5 µg/mL. The aim of the study is to investigate the wound healing activities of the tested essential oils individually and in combination. The fact that no activity is observed in empty formulations is evidence that the activity of the loaded formulations does not come from empty formulations. It was observed that the loaded formulations showed better effects than the control Madecassol. Studies need to be confirmed by working under in vivo conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

جنس مریم‌گلی (نعنائیان)، به دلیل پراکنش جهانی و تنوع ریخت‌شناسی گسترده، یکی از بزرگ‌ترین جنس‌های گیاهی محسوب می‌شود. این پژوهش به منظور بررسی ویژگی‌های ریزریخت‌شناسی اپیدرم و روزنه در 20 گونه منتخب از این جنس در مناطق مرکزی ایران انجام شد. برای این مطالعه نمونه‌های گیاهی با استفاده از میکروسکوپ نوری و الکترونی مورد بررسی قرار گرفتند. ویژگی‌های کمّی شامل شمارش تعداد روزنه‌ها و اندازه‌گیری ابعاد آن‌ها و ویژگی‌های کیفی شامل آرایش سلول‌های اپیدرمی و نحوه قرارگیری سلول‌های نگهبان روزنه مورد تحلیل قرار گرفت. نتایج نشان داد کهSalvia virgata وS. syriaca به ترتیب بالاترین و پایین‌ترین شاخص روزنه و S. viridis و S. officinalis به ترتیب بیش‌ترین و کم‌ترین طول روزنه را داشتند. تفاوت‌های قابل ملاحظه‌ای در شکل ظاهری روزنه‌ها و سلول‌های اپیدرمی در میان ‌گونه‌ها مشاهده شد، به طوری که روزنه‌ها در تمام گونه‌ها مربعی با نوع دیاسیتیک و سلول‌های اپیدرمی شیاردار و در برخی صاف بود. بر این اساس، ویژگی‌های ریزریخت‌شناسی اپیدرم و روزنه‌ها ابزارهای تشخیصی مفیدی برای شناسایی گونه‌ها محسوب می‌شوند. همچنین، مشخص شد که استفاده از میکروسکوپ نوری و الکترونی، اطلاعات دقیقی برای بهبود روش‌های آرایه­‌شناختی و کمک به شناسایی گیاهان فراهم می‌کند. تفاوت‌ها و شباهت‌های مشاهده ‌شده احتمالا به دلیل تأثیرات شرایط بوم‌شناسی و تفاوت‌های ژنتیکی بوده که درک بهتر این روابط می‌تواند به توسعه روش‌های دقیق‌تر برای طبقه‌بندی و شناسایی گونه‌ها در مطالعات گیاه‌شناسی کمک کند.

Background: The beneficial effects of n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in reducing high blood triglyceride (TG) levels have been well demonstrated. This study aimed to investigate the effect of chia seeds on blood TG and its associated cardiometabolic factors in hypertriglyceridaemic individuals. Methods: This three‐group randomised controlled trial compared the effects of a low‐calorie diet (n = 22), a low‐calorie diet with chia seeds (30 g/day, n = 22) or a low‐calorie diet with concentrated fish oil (1.8 g/day of n‐3 long‐chain PUFAs, n = 22) in patients with hypertriglyceridaemia. Anthropometrics, fasting blood lipids, proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9, insulin, adiponectin, leptin and interleukin‐6 levels were measured. Results: After 8 weeks, the mean reduction in weight exhibited by the three groups was not statistically different (2.0, 2.7 and 2.8 kg, respectively, for the control, fish oil and chia seed groups). The plasma TG decreased in both the chia seed and fish oil groups in comparison to the control group (p = 0.001). However, no significant difference was observed between the chia seed and fish oil groups (change from baseline mean: 145.2 and 136.7 mg/dL for the chia seed and fish oil groups, respectively). The consumption of chia seeds was associated with a reduction in diastolic blood pressure (change from baseline mean: 8.4 mmHg) compared to the other two groups. No significant alterations were observed in the other blood biochemical factors between the three groups. Conclusions: In people with moderate hypertriglyceridaemia, a low‐calorie diet with 30 g of chia seeds compared to fish oil supplements containing 1.8 g of long‐chain PUFAs has a similar effect on reducing plasma TG levels, whereas it has a higher blood pressure–lowering effect. Key points: It is recommended that individuals with hypertriglyceridaemia implement dietary and lifestyle modifications, including weight loss and an increase in n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, to reduce blood triglyceride (TG) levels.The incorporation of chia seeds into a low‐calorie diet is comparable to the administration of a moderate dose of fish oil in terms of its impact on plasma TG levels. However, it is more effective in reducing blood pressure in individuals with moderate hypertriglyceridaemia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract In recent years, the exploration of the therapeutic potential of Salvia has gained considerable attention, leading to a growing number of scientific studies emphasizing its pharmacological properties. Despite this, therapeutic applications of Salvia remain underexploited, requiring further investigation. Iran is a major center for sage diversity in Asia, boasting 60 Salvia species, 17 of which are unique to the area. This study aimed to comprehensively explore and compare the extracts of 102 Salvia samples belonging to 20 distinct Salvia species from Iran, providing a deeper understanding of their specific polyphenol content and, consequently, their antioxidant capabilities and potential therapeutic uses. All samples were analyzed to determine the contents of total phenolics, total flavonoids, total tannin, photosynthetic pigments, and ascorbic acid, along with their antioxidant activity. These data were then combined with the forty distinct chemical fingerprints identified by ultrafast high-pressure liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry. Multivariate data analysis was employed to find correlations and differences among the huge number of data obtained and to identify Salvia species with similar phytochemical and/or antioxidant properties. The results show that each Salvia species is characterized by a distinct class of polyphenols recognized for their antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, cardioprotective and neuroprotective properties. Overall, our findings reveal the potential of some Salvia species for targeted therapeutic applications and provide a rational basis for the development of Salvia-derived nutraceuticals, ultimately improving the prospects for the use of Salvia in medicine.

The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between the evolution of key Salvia enzyme genes and metabolite biological activity on mitochondrial quality control. Metabolomics and transcriptomics were performed to detect the metabolites of Salvia and 76AH1 (CYP450) genes and a maximum likelihood tree for Salvia was established. Additionally, the protein properties of 76AH were analyzed and the metabolite, as well as mitochondrial quality control, targets were downloaded from the TCMSP, BATMAN, and GeneCards databases and analyzed. Molecular docking of PINK1 with cryptotanshinone and tanshinone IIA was assessed and a molecular binding area was identified. Moreover, the specific types of Salvia secondary metabolites were accurately identified and quantified with nearly all AH1 genes having been sequenced. This study begins to elucidate the relationship between species evolution and biological activity. Specifically, the structural analysis demonstrates that cryptotanshinone and tanshinone IIA exhibit strong pharmacological activity in mitochondrial quality control.

Chia (Salvia hispanica L.) flour seeds produce films with good barrier properties against water vapor and could be used as food packaging; however, their mechanical properties are poor, which limits their application. The incorporation of nanoparticles into natural polymers is a strategy used to improve the properties of films to increase their applications. Furthermore, nanoparticles can encapsulate antioxidant agents and generate active films. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of chia flour (4%-7%), glycerol (15%-25%), and chia extract-loaded chitosan nanoparticles (ChCNp) (0%-0.75%) on the physical, mechanical, barrier, structural and antioxidant properties of chia flour nanocomposite films. Chitosan nanoparticles loaded with antioxidant chia extract were synthesized by ionic gelation and incorporated into the films. The thickness, water vapor permeability, tensile strength, and antioxidant properties of the films were evaluated using a Box-Behnken experimental design. Structural analysis was conducted using the FTIR technique. The results of the ANOVA of the responses were adjusted to second and third order polynomial models obtaining determination coefficients of 0.96-0.99. The water vapor permeability of the films was 3.89 × 10-8-1.68 × 10-7 g mm/Pa s m2, tensile strength was 0.67-3.59 MPa and antioxidant activity was 57.12%- 67.84%. The variables presented different effects on the films. Increasing the chia seed flour concentration negatively affected the water vapor permeability but improved the tensile strength and the antioxidant capacity of the films. The increase in glycerol concentration caused the films to become brittle. The nanoparticles had a significant effect on the thickness of the films and improved their mechanical and antioxidant properties. However, they did not show an effect on barrier properties. The results demonstrate that it is possible to obtain nanocomposite films with antioxidant capacity from chia seed flour and with the incorporation of chitosan nanoparticles loaded with antioxidants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Lamiaceae family is widely distributed worldwide. In this study, we investigated the insecticidal activity of five Lamiaceae essential oils against Thrips flavus Schrank and the phytotoxic activity against Glycine max (L.) Merr., Zea mays L., Portulaca oleracea L., and Echinochloa oryzoides (Ard.) Fritsch. Then, the chemical composition of the five essential oils was analyzed by using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The five Lamiaceae essential oils were melissa, basil, rosemary, negundo chastetree, and salvia. The main constituents of the five Lamiaceae essential oils were preliminarily determined to be as follows: α-pinene and 1,8-cineole in the rosemary essential oil; β-pinene, γ-terpinene, and d-limonene in the negundo chastetree essential oil; β-cadinene and isolongifolen-5-one in the melissa essential oil; 5-allylguaiacol in the basil essential oil; and isopropyl myristate, linalyl acetate, and linalool in the salvia essential oil. Using a bioassay, it was found that, among the five essential oils, the melissa essential oil exhibited the lowest LC50 value, which was 0.18 mg/mL, and the salvia essential oil exhibited the highest LC50 value, which was 0.42 mg/mL. The control efficacy of the five essential oils significantly increased with time and concentration in pot experiments. The negundo chastetree, basil, rosemary, and salvia essential oils at 900.00 g a.i.·hm−2 showed high control efficacy against T. flavus, with values higher than 90%. Female thrips were attracted to the negundo chastetree essential oil. The five essential oils were also tested for their effects on the germination rate, germination potential, germination index, and shoot length of G. max, Z. mays, P. oleracea, and E. oryzoides. The basil essential oil significantly inhibited the germination of P. oleracea, with germination at a concentration of 1.0 mg/mL being only 11.11 ± 5.09%. This study provides a reference for the development of botanical pesticides to control T. flavus, crops, and weeds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, a phenolic extract derived from the Pimpinella affinis plant underwent nanoencapsulation. The nanoencapsulation process employed chitosan, Salvia macrosiphon gum (SMG), and a chitosan–SMG complex (1:1) (CCS) as coating agents. The evaluation of nanoemulsions encompassed measurements of particle size, polydispersity index (PDI), ζ‐potential, encapsulation efficiency, and intensity distribution parameters. The overall results of these assessments indicated that the nanoemulsion coated with CCS exhibited the most favorable characteristics when compared to other treatments. Subsequently, this specific nanoencapsulated sample was utilized to enhance the oxidative stability of canola oil at concentrations of 100, 200, and 300 ppm (parts per million). Oxidative stability tests, assessed through the total oxidation value (TOTOX) index, highlighted the superior performance of the nanoencapsulated extract, particularly at a concentration of 300 ppm. This enhancement can be attributed to the increased release of phenolic compounds from the CCS coating into the canola oil. The findings illustrate that the nanoencapsulation process can significantly enhance the efficacy of P. affinis extract in improving the oxidative stability of canola oil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aims The California Floristic Province (CA-FP) is the most species-rich region of North America north of Mexico. One of several proposed hypotheses explaining the exceptional diversity of the region is that the CA-FP harbours myriad recently diverged lineages with nascent reproductive barriers. Salvia subgenus Audibertia is a conspicuous element of the CA-FP, with multiple sympatric and compatible species. Methods Using 305 nuclear loci and both organellar genomes, we reconstruct species trees, examine genomic discordance, conduct divergence-time estimation, and analyse contemporaneous patterns of gene flow and mechanical reproductive isolation. Key Results Despite strong genomic discordance, an underlying bifurcating tree is supported. Organellar genomes capture additional introgression events not detected in the nuclear genome. Most interfertility is found within clades, indicating that reproductive barriers arise with increasing genetic divergence. Species are generally not mechanically isolated, suggesting that it is unlikely to be the primary factor leading to reproductive isolation. Conclusions Rapid, recent speciation with some interspecific gene flow in conjunction with the onset of a Mediterranean-like climate is the underlying cause of extant diversity in Salvia subgenus Audibertia. Speciation has largely not been facilitated by gene flow. Its signal in the nuclear genome seems to mostly be erased by backcrossing, but organellar genomes each capture different instances of historical gene flow, probably characteristic of many CA-FP lineages. Mechanical reproductive isolation appears to be only part of a mosaic of factors limiting gene flow. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, the exploration of the therapeutic potential of Salvia has gained considerable attention, leading to a growing number of scientific studies emphasizing its pharmacological properties. Despite this, therapeutic applications of Salvia remain underexploited, requiring further investigation. Iran is a major center for sage diversity in Asia, boasting 60 Salvia species, 17 of which are unique to the area. This study aimed to comprehensively explore and compare the extracts of 102 Salvia samples belonging to 20 distinct Salvia species from Iran, providing a deeper understanding of their specific polyphenol content and, consequently, their antioxidant capabilities and potential therapeutic uses. All samples were analyzed to determine the contents of total phenolics, total flavonoids, total tannin, photosynthetic pigments, and ascorbic acid, along with their antioxidant activity. These data were then combined with the forty distinct chemical fingerprints identified by ultrafast high-pressure liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry. Multivariate data analysis was employed to find correlations and differences among the huge number of data obtained and to identify Salvia species with similar phytochemical and/or antioxidant properties. The results show that each Salvia species is characterized by a distinct class of polyphenols recognized for their antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, cardioprotective and neuroprotective properties. Overall, our findings reveal the potential of some Salvia species for targeted therapeutic applications and provide a rational basis for the development of Salvia-derived nutraceuticals, ultimately improving the prospects for the use of Salvia in medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, several studies have demonstrated the benefits of medicinal plants in managing type 2 diabetes. In this work, we evaluated the beneficial effects of the polyphenolic extract (PESB) from Salvia blancoana subsp. mesatlantica in the management of hypercaloric-feeding and small-dose alloxan-brought type 2 diabetes in rats. We analyzed the chemical constituents of the extract, including flavones and flavonols content, to understand its biological action. The antioxidant activities were evaluated by total antioxidant action, scavenging effect of the free radical DPPH, and reducing power. The obtained results showed that the value of TFC was estimated at 31.90 ± 0.34 mgEQ/g in the PESB extract. The total antioxidant capacity was estimated at 593.51 ± 4.09 mg (EAA)/g, the value of DPPH IC50 was 7.3 ± 0.00 μg/mL, and the value of EC50 of reducing power was estimated at 6.43 ± 0.01 μg/mL. In total, 14 phenolic compounds were identified and the naringin was the most dominant (63.19%) while the vanillin was the less recorded (0.10%). Serum glucose decreased significantly (p < 0.05) in rats given PESB (100 mg/kg) after four weeks. Glibenclamide (GLB) and PESB reduced HbA1c and increased plasma insulin in diabetic rats, restoring HOMA-β and HOMA-IR levels to near-normal. Additionally, diabetic rats treated with GLB or PESB showed statistically equivalent results to those of non-diabetic rats regarding hepatic enzymes, renal and lipid markers, as well as cardiovascular indices. The weight loss was significantly lower in diabetic rats receiving a dose of PESB (100 mg/kg), and GLB compared to corresponding untreated diabetic rats (p < 0.01). PESB and GLB showed a prominent protective function in the pancreas, liver, and kidney tissues. This investigation demonstrates the capacity of extracts from leaves of S. blancoana subsp. mesatlantica to manage diabetes mellitus due to their richness in a wide range of bioactive compounds. Therefore, more investigations are required to estimate the safety of the plant use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: High‐quality genome of rosemary (Salvia rosmarinus) represents a valuable resource and tool for understanding genome evolution and environmental adaptation as well as its genetic improvement. However, the existing rosemary genome did not provide insights into the relationship between antioxidant components and environmental adaptability. In this study, by employing Nanopore sequencing and Hi‐C technologies, a total of 1.17 Gb (97.96%) genome sequences were mapped to 12 chromosomes with 46 121 protein‐coding genes and 1265 non‐coding RNA genes. Comparative genome analysis reveals that rosemary had a closely genetic relationship with Salvia splendens and Salvia miltiorrhiza, and it diverged from them approximately 33.7 million years ago (MYA), and one whole‐genome duplication occurred around 28.3 MYA in rosemary genome. Among all identified rosemary genes, 1918 gene families were expanded, 35 of which are involved in the biosynthesis of antioxidant components. These expanded gene families enhance the ability of rosemary adaptation to adverse environments. Multi‐omics (integrated transcriptome and metabolome) analysis showed the tissue‐specific distribution of antioxidant components related to environmental adaptation. During the drought, heat and salt stress treatments, 36 genes in the biosynthesis pathways of carnosic acid, rosmarinic acid and flavonoids were up‐regulated, illustrating the important role of these antioxidant components in responding to abiotic stresses by adjusting ROS homeostasis. Moreover, cooperating with the photosynthesis, substance and energy metabolism, protein and ion balance, the collaborative system maintained cell stability and improved the ability of rosemary against harsh environment. This study provides a genomic data platform for gene discovery and precision breeding in rosemary. Our results also provide new insights into the adaptive evolution of rosemary and the contribution of antioxidant components in resistance to harsh environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Species belonging to the genus Salvia, Lamiaceae, have been deeply involved in the folk medicine of different nations since ancient times. Lilac sage, or Salvia verticillata L. (S. verticillata) is a less studied species from the genus. However, it seems to have a prominent potential for the future drug discovery strategies of novel phytopharmaceuticals. This review aims to summarise the data on the biological activity and the phytochemical profile of extracts and essential oils derived from S. verticillata. This review is based on data from 57 in vitro and in vivo studies. The chemical profile of S. verticillata includes different synergic compounds like phenolic acids, flavonoids, terpenes, and salvianolic acids. Although some small amounts of salvianolic acid B were found in S. verticillata extracts, the major compound among the salvianolic acids is salvianolic acid C, a compound associated with the potential for improving liver fibrosis, cardio- and hepatoprotection, and the inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 infection. The cannabinoid type 2 receptor agonist β-caryophyllene is one of the major compounds in S. verticillata essential oils. It is a compound with a prominent potential in regenerative medicine, neurology, immunology, and other medical fields. The in vivo and the in vitro studies, regarding S. verticillata highlighted good antioxidant potential, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and antifungal activity. S.verticillata was also reported as a potential source of drug candidates for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, because of the inhibitory activity on the acetylcholinesterase. However, the number of studies in this direction is limited. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Salvia hispanica L. (chía) is a plant whose seed has been attributed to lipid-lowering, antihyperglycemic and antihypertensive effects that position it as a nutritional alternative to reduce cardiovascular risk. Despite the importance of this nutraceutical in cardiovascular health, clinical evidence remains limited. To assess the beneficial potential of chía, a systematic review and meta-analysis of the reported data was carried out. Based on a PICO strategy and algorithm-based instructions, a literature review of chía interventions were included in the study. Consumption of chía was associated with statistically significant decrease of total cholesterol (−0.08 mmol/L, 95% CI [−0.15, −0.02]; p = 0.009), glycosylated hemoglobin (−0.20%; 95% CI [−0.25, −0.15]; p = 0.00001), C-reactive protein (−1.05 mg/L; 95% CI [−1.68, −0.41]; p = 0.001), waist circumference (−2.99 cm; 95% CI [−3.40, −2.58]; p < 0.00001), systolic blood pressure (−3.11 mmHg; 95% CI [−5.02, −1.21]; p = 0.001), diastolic blood pressure (−3.98 mmHg; 95% CI [−5.59, −2.37]; p < 0.00001), and increase in plasma insulin (14.77 pmol/L; 95% CI [8.26, 21.27]; p < 0.00001). No statistically significant association was found in the rest of the parameters. Results show statistically significant (low/moderate) changes in clinically relevant parameters, such as blood pressure, inflammation, and glucose homeostasis. Nevertheless, evidence from randomized clinical trials remains insufficient and of low quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To elucidate the mechanism underlying the therapeutic impact of Astragalus-Danshen in chronic glomerulonephritis (CGN), a comprehensive exploration was conducted utilizing network pharmacology. The TCMSP database was employed to aggregate the chemical constituents and targets associated with Astragalus and Danshen. Simultaneously, disease targets specific to CGN were sourced from the Genecards database. The convergence of these datasets yielded a set of intersection genes, representing potential targets for CGN treatment through Astragalus-Danshen formulations. Subsequently, protein interaction networks and "chemical composition-target" networks were meticulously constructed. Core targets were subjected to GO and KEGG enrichment analyses. The investigation revealed a total of 240 targets corresponding to 20 and 65 chemical components of Astragalus and Danshen, respectively. From this pool, 86 potential targets associated with CGN treatment were discerned, ultimately identifying 29 core targets. Noteworthy among these were TNF, JUN, TP53, IL1B, RELA, MMP9, CASP3, IL10, MAPK14, MYC, and TGFB1. KEGG enrichment analysis illuminated pathways pertinent to CGN, encompassing the IL-17 signaling pathway, TNF signaling pathway, and the AGE-RAGE signaling pathway in diabetic complications. In summary, Astragalus-Danshen exhibited a potential anti-inflammatory and renoprotective effect on CGN, particularly through modulating the IL-17 signaling pathway, TNF signaling pathway, and AGE-RAGE signaling pathway in diabetic complications, involving key regulators such as TNF, JUN, TP53, IL1B, MAPK14, and others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Danshen (Salvia miltiorrhiza) is a perennial medicinal plant belonging to the Lamiaceae family. It is adapted to a wide range of soil pH with the potential to serve as an alternative crop in the United States. To enhance its cultivation and economic viability, it is crucial to develop production practices that maximize bioactive compound yields for danshen. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of different harvest times on plant growth and subsequent yields of bioactive components of danshen. Three harvest times were selected (60, 120, or 180 days after transplanting [DAT]). In general, plants harvested at 180 DAT had higher plant growth index (PGI), shoot number, shoot weight, root number, maximum root length, maximum root diameter, and root weight compared to plants harvested at 60 or 120 DAT. However, plants harvested at 60 or 120 DAT had higher SPAD (Soil Plant Analysis Development) values. Plants harvested at 120 or 180 DAT had a higher content of tanshinone I, tanshinone IIA, cryptotanshinone, and salvianolic acid B compared to those harvested at 60 DAT. This study provides insights for optimizing the time of harvest of danshen to maximize plant growth and bioactive compound production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

THE PRESENT experiment was undertaken to study the behavior of titanium in soil and the effect of application methods (foliar spraying or soil injection) and TiO2 concentrations (0, 5, 7.5, and 10 ppm as nanoparticles or 25, 50, and 75 ppm as bulk particles) as well as their interaction treatments on Salvia fruticosa (three-lobed sage) plant. In most cases, the tallest plants, the maximum yield of dry herb/feddan, yield of volatile oil/feddan, values of chlorophyll, and nitrogen, phosphorous, and potassium (NPK) values of Salvia fruticosa were achieved from the interaction treatment between foliar spraying and 10 ppm TiO2 nanoparticles while the main components of three-lobed sage essential oil were 1,8-cineole, camphor, α-pinene, and camphene, respectively. Also, from the sequential extraction method of Ti in soil, the highest fraction of Ti was found in residual forms at each of the treatments. This confirmed that using TiO2 (bulk or nanoparticles) in either soil or foliar application is harmless and improved chlorophyll production and consequently improved photosynthesis which leads to increased productivity of the plants under this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pulmonary fibrosis is a progressive, irreversible, chronic interstitial lung disease associated with high morbidity and mortality rates. Current clinical drugs, while effective, do not reverse or cure pulmonary fibrosis and have major side effects, there are urgent needs to develop new anti-pulmonary fibrosis medicine, and corresponding industrially scalable process as well. Salvia castanea Diels f. tomentosa Stib., a unique herb in Nyingchi, Xizang, China, is a variant of S. castanea. and its main active ingredient is rosmarinic acid (RA), which can be used to prepare methyl rosmarinate (MR) with greater drug potential. This study presented an industrially scalable process for the preparation of MR, which includes steps such as polyamide resin chromatography, crystallization and esterification, using S. castanea Diels f. tomentosa Stib. as the starting material and the structure of the product was verified by NMR technology. The antipulmonary fibrosis effects of MR were further investigated in vivo and in vitro. Results showed that this process can easily obtain high-purity RA and MR, and MR attenuated bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in mice. In vitro, MR could effectively inhibit TGF-β1-induced proliferation and migration of mouse fibroblasts L929 cells, promote cell apoptosis, and decrease extracellular matrix accumulation thereby suppressing progressive pulmonary fibrosis. The anti-fibrosis effect of MR was stronger than that of the prodrug RA. Further study confirmed that MR could retard pulmonary fibrosis by down-regulating the phosphorylation of the TGF-β1/Smad and MAPK signaling pathways. These results suggest that MR has potential therapeutic implications for pulmonary fibrosis, and the establishment of this scalable preparation technology ensures the development of MR as a new anti-pulmonary fibrosis medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many species of Salvia have excellent ornamental, culinary, and medicinal values. Salvia daiguii, is an ornamental and highly medicinal perennial herb endemic to the prefecture‐level city of Zhangjiajie in Hunan Province, China, with a narrow geographical distribution. However, currently, it has only been assessed as a Critically Endangered species according to the IUCN classification criteria, but its conservation has not yet been studied. This study investigated the distribution and niche characteristics of S. daiguii, and compared the differences in growth, flowering characteristics, and soil nutrients between the wild and ex situ populations. We also analyzed the effects of soil nutrients on plant growth and flowering characteristics. During the survey, we found 274 individuals on a rock approximately 200 m from ZEFR1. Nevertheless, S. daiguii were still restricted in three populations, TNFP, TGM, and ZEFR in Zhangjiajie City, with a total of about 500 plants and less than 250 mature individuals. Our results show that aspects such as adverse environmental conditions, low seedling renewal rate, a lack of soil nutrients, and competition for the characteristic niche of this and other dominant plants in the natural community are the main ecological factors affecting the growth, flowering, and geographic distribution of S. daiguii. Based on the results of field surveys, we recommend that (1) S. daiguii be classified as Critically Endangered C2b and China's List of Plant Species with Extremely Small Populations. (2) Comprehensive conservation strategies were developed, such as the establishment of nature reserves, reintroduction, public education, and institutional development to provide management recommendations related to the conservation of S. daiguii and other endangered plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lamiaceae is a botanical family rich in aromatic species that are in high demand such as basil, lavender, mint, oregano, sage, and thyme. It has great economical, ecological, ethnobotanical, and floristic importance. The aim of this work is to provide an updated view on the aerobiology of species from the family Lamiaceae, with an emphasis on novelties and emerging applications. From the aerobiology point of view, the greatest interest in this botanical family is related to the volatile organic compounds emitted by the plants and, to a much lesser extent, their pollen. Research has shown that the major volatile organic compounds emitted by the plants from this botanical family are monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes. The most important monoterpenes reported across studies include α-pinene, β-pinene, 1,8-cineole, menthol, limonene, and γ-terpinene. Most reports tend to cover species from the subfamily Nepetoideae. Volatile oils are produced by glandular trichomes found on aerial organs. Based on general morphology, two main types are found in the family Lamiaceae, namely peltate and capitate trichomes. As a result of pollinator-mediated transfer of pollen, Lamiaceae species present a reduced number of stamens and quantity of pollen. This might explain the low probability of pollen presence in the air from these species. A preliminary synopsis of the experimental evidence presented in this work suggests that the interplay of the organic particles and molecules released by these plants and their environment could be leveraged for beneficial outcomes in agriculture and landscaping. Emerging reports propose their use for intercropping to ensure the success of fructification, increased yield of entomophilous crops, as well as in sensory gardens due to the therapeutic effect of volatiles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salvia penghuana, a new species from Guizhou Province of southwestern China, is described and illustrated. Morphologically, Salvia penghuana is similar to S. filicifolia, but can be easily distinguished from the latter by ovate-lanceolate bracts, purple corolla, and foot-shaped fused lower arms of connective. In addition, S. penhuana is morphologically similar to S. cavaleriei, but differs by having 3–4-pinnate leave, ovate-lanceolate bracts, puberulent calyx, and longer upper arms of connective. Based on the fibril root, small calyx and corolla, and completely reduced posterior thecae, S. penghuana should be placed in section Sobiso of subg. Glutinaria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study utilized phytochemical screening to conduct the qualitative analysis of plant extracts, aiming to identify various classes of secondary metabolites. Moreover, the antibacterial activity of different types of Oregano vulgare and Salvia triloba extracts was determined. To achieve the aim of this study, aqueous, ethanolic, and enzymatic extracts were prepared and screened for phytochemical capacity and antioxidant activities. The determination of the antibacterial activity included phenotypic screening of antibiotic susceptibility pattern of oral and food pathogenic bacterial strains, determination of the minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration—via microdilution broth test and in vitro valuation of antibacterial efficacies—of the anti-biofilm properties of the studied herbal extractions. Results: Our study evaluated the phytochemical composition and the antioxidant, antibacterial, and anti-biofilm properties of O. vulgare and S. triloba extracts. The analyzed samples contained bioactive compounds, such as phenolics and flavonoids, contributing to the observed strong antioxidant effect. Furthermore, they exhibited notable activity against oral biofilm formation and demonstrated significant antibacterial efficacy against dental caries' microorganisms as well as food pathogens. Despite methodological variations, all extracts showed significant antioxidant capacity and promising antibacterial activity against various pathogens, including resistant strains, while also inhibiting biofilm formation. Although limited to two plant species and facing methodological constraints, this study lays the groundwork for future research, indicating the therapeutic potential of O. vulgare and S. triloba extracts. Further exploration is needed to report on underlying mechanisms and validate efficacy through clinical trials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to the study carried out at the University of Bristol, 60% of oregano spices present on the European Union (EU) market are adulterated with olive, myrtle, cistus, and hazelnut leaves. According to the same authors, the sage products are adulterated by similar bulking agents. The aim of this study was to assess possibilities for detection of sage adulteration by olive leaves using high‐performance thin‐layer chromatography (HPTLC) coupled with digital image analysis and multivariate linear regression/classification (partial least squares and partial least squares discriminant analysis). Twenty‐four samples (4 pure sage leaves, 4 pure olive leaves, and 16 mixtures of olive and sage leaves with content of added olive leaves varying in 5%, 10%, 20%, and 50%) have been prepared, extracted, and analyzed under normal‐phase conditions. Several derivatization methods were tested, and derivatized HPTLC plates were inspected under visible or ultraviolet light. Digital images of chromatograms were recorded. In order to minimize effects of intraplate and interplate peak shifts, background changes, and baseline drifts, correlation‐optimized warping, standard normal variate, and mean centering were applied to acquired signals. Partial least squares and partial least squares discriminant analysis models with moderate complexity (two to four latent variables) based on chromatographic signals obtained after derivatization by FeCl3, anisaldehyde–sulfuric acid, and 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl demonstrated good statistical performances with R2 ranging 0.894–0.998 and relative prediction error of 4–12%. Misclassification error <4% was obtained in the case of 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl and anisaldehyde–sulfuric acid derivatization. Therefore, HPTLC combined with multivariate image analysis, signal processing, and linear modeling proved to be promising, cost‐effective chromatographic tool for assessment of sage adulteration by olive leaves. A possibility for detection of sage adulteration by olive leaves using high‐performance thin‐layer chromatography (HPTLC) coupled with digital image analysis and multivariate linear regression/classification (PLS and PLS‐DA) was assessed. HPTLC derivatization by anisaldehyde–sulfuric acid (detection of terpenoids), DPPH reagent (antioxidants), and 3% FeCl3 solution (phenolic compounds) lead to models of good statistical performances with R2 ranging 0.894–0.998 and relative prediction error of 4–12%. Misclassification error <4% was obtained in the case of DPPH and anisaldehyde–sulfuric acid derivatization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Very little is known about the preservation and storage of fresh medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs) and/or herbs. As with many leafy vegetables, i.e., lettuce, fresh spearmint is a very perishable product throughout the production line and requires special handling/processing. The current study aimed to examine the antibacterial activity of selected MAPs (Origanum dubium, Salvia fruticosa and Sideritis cypria) grown in Cyprus towards foodborne pathogens. Then, the most effective MAPs' essential oil (EO) and hydrosol (at different doses; combination of concentration and time of dipping submerge) were tested to preserve fresh spearmint quality and safety. The results showed that O. dubium EO and hydrosol presented great in vitro antibacterial activity against four foodborne pathogens and those products were further selected for application on fresh spearmint. During sensory evaluation, it was observed that higher O. dubium EO concentrations and longer time of application resulted into a less marketable product (less acceptable with less spearmint-like aroma), while hydrosol resulted in a more marketable product even at high doses. In general, EO and hydrosol applications increased spearmint's antioxidants (including polyphenols, flavonoids, and ascorbic acid), resulting in a product of increased nutritional value. The bacterial populations of Salmonella enterica and Listeria monocytogenes inoculated on fresh spearmint were decreased with the EO and hydrosol application doses applied, and their effects were evident even after six days of storage at 4 °C. From the findings of this study, it can be concluded that O. dubium EO and hydrosol could be a potential sanitation method for fresh spearmint preservation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Callus cultures of the Iranian medicinal plant Salvia atropatana were initiated from three-week-old seedlings on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with α-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) and various cytokinins. Although all tested hormonal variants of the medium and explant enabled callus induction, the most promising growth was noted for N-(2-chloro-4-pyridyl)-N′-phenylurea (CPPU)-induced calli. Three lines obtained on this medium (cotyledon line-CL, hypocotyl line—HL, and root line—RL) were preselected for further studies. Phenolic compounds in the callus tissues were identified using UPLC–MS (ultra-performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry) and quantified with HPLC (high-performance liquid chromatography). All lines exhibited intensive growth and contained twelve phenolic acid derivatives, with rosmarinic acid predominating. The cotyledon-derived callus line displayed the highest growth index values and polyphenol content; this was exposed to different light-emitting diodes (LED) for improving biomass accumulation and secondary metabolite yield. Under LED treatments, all callus lines exhibited enhanced RA and total phenolic content compared to fluorescent light, with the highest levels observed for white (48.5–50.2 mg/g dry weight) and blue (51.4–53.9 mg/g dry weight) LEDs. The selected callus demonstrated strong antioxidant potential in vitro based on the 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) tests. Our findings confirm that the S. atropatana callus system is suitable for enhanced rosmarinic acid production; the selected optimized culture provide high-quality plant-derived products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this work was to enhanced functionality of beer with natural materials such as selected herbs from Lamiaceae family (salvia, oregano, wild thyme, lemon balm) and consequently to determine the impact of the addition of herbs on the technological parameters and sensory profile of beer. For purposes of this study a top-fermented beer was produced and herbs: salvia (Salvia officinalis L), oregano (Origanum vulgare L.), wild thyme (Thymus serpyllum L.) and lemon balm (Melissa officinalis L.) were used for beer fortification. The basic qualitative parameters of beer as real extract, alcohol content, pH, colour, total polyphenol content and antioxidant activity were determined. Results showed that in the analysed samples, the values of the actual extract ranged from 3.64 wt.% to 4.02 wt.%. Alcohol content ranged from 3.99 vol.% to 4.46 vol.%. Total polyphenol content was significantly increased by the herbs addition to beer. The content of phenolic substances increased the most in beer with oregano 801.63 mg GAE.g-1. Moreover, the antioxidant activity in beer samples enriched with herbs was significantly increased; it ranged from 50.30 mg TEAC.g-1 (control beer) to 78.17 mg TEAC.g-1 (beer with oregano). Values of antioxidant activity were positively correlated with the content of total polyphenols. Sensory evaluation of beer was conducted using a nine-level hedonic scale. Sensory analyses revealed that the most intense, pleasurable herbal aroma and taste was evaluated in beer with salvia. From the overall impression point of view beer enriched with wild thyme manifested the best performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study assessed the larvicidal and ovicidal effects of essential oils extracted from the above ground of Origanum minutiflorum and Salvia dorystoechas, belonging to the Lamiaceae plant family, on Aedes aegypti mosquito larvae and eggs. The research utilized essential oil concentrations ranging from 1 to 100 ppm. Larvicidal activity was evaluated 6 hours postexposure and subsequently at 24-hour intervals over a period of 5 days while ovicidal activity was monitored every 2 days for a total of 10 days. Findings indicated that both essential oils demonstrated significant larvicidal effects at 50 and 100 ppm concentrations against Ae. aegypti larvae. In contrast, ovicidal effects were not observed to be statistically significant. Throughout the experiment, O. minutiflorum essential oil consistently showed higher larvicidal potency compared to S. dorystoechas. Therefore, while essential oils from both O. minutiflorum and S. dorystoechas effectively target Ae. aegypti larvae, especially at elevated concentrations, they did not exhibit ovicidal properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This study was conducted in two steps to evaluate the influence of freezing methods and natural extracts on cryopreserved ram sperm quality. Initially, the research compared the effects of two freezing methods: liquid nitrogen (LN2) versus −80 °C, on post-thawed ram semen on total and progressive motilities and velocity parameters. Experiment I revealed no significant differences (P > 0.05) between the LN2 and −80 °C freezing methods, indicating similar effects on the analyzed parameters. Experiment II aimed to examine the influence of Spirulina platensis (SP) and Salvia verbenaca (SV) extracts added to egg yolk extender on cryopreserved sperm quality, utilizing the −80 °C freezing method. Various concentrations (1.25, 3.75, 6.25 and 8.75 µg*mL−1) of acetone (Ac-SP and Ac-SV) and hexanoic (Hex-SP), as well as methanolic (MeOH-SV) extracts, were added into the extender. A thorough assessment of post-thawed sperm quality parameters, encompassing motility, velocity parameters, viability, membrane integrity, abnormality and lipid peroxidation was conducted. The outcomes demonstrated that 1.25 and 3.75 g*mL−1 of Ac-SP and Hex-SP and 1.25 µg*mL−1 of AC-SV and MeOH-SV increased the post-thawed ram sperm quality. In conclusion, this study emphasizes the antioxidant properties of SP and SV extracts, highlighting their potential to protect cryopreserved sperm cells from oxidative stress at −80 °C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current work was developed focusing on the synthesis of new polymeric latexes through the in reactor oxidative polymerisation of chia oil alkyd resins using the miniemulsion process. These latexes have potential applications, primarily in coating applications. Initially, an oil length mixture was obtained from chia oil through saponification and acidification reactions. The resulting mixture was characterized by 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR, confirming the presence of unsaturation and the characteristic functional groups associated with this compound. Phthalic anhydride and glycerol (esterification reaction) were used in the synthesis of alkyd resin. Alkyd resins were obtained by varying the oil length content in its composition: 30% wt% oil length alkyd resin is called short alkyd resin, 43% wt% oil length is medium resin and 64% wt% is the long alkyd resin. The 1H NMR spectra of alkyd resins showed peaks indicative of the presence of groups coming from phthalic anhydride and glycerol, as well as unsaturations that varied in intensity according to the size of the resin (short, medium or long). The miniemulsions were obtained from alkyd resins demonstrating colloidal stability over 90 days and with stable miniemulsions the oxidative polymerisation of the alkyd resins was carried out in a high-pressure reactor with temperature and pressure control and in the presence of the radicalinitiator benzoyl peroxide (BPO) and oxygen. Based on 1H-NMR analysis, polymers are formed through the oxidative polymerisation of alkyd resins from chia oil using the miniemulsion process. These polymers can be used as a paint base with a low solvent fraction or no solvent, depending on the application, and without using heavy metals-based catalysts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Genus Salvia is considered one of the largest genera of family Lamiaceae with many recorded species and hybrids of valuable biological importance. This study involved the phytochemical characterization of four Salvia hybrids (KNM23 (S. fructicosa × S. officinalis), KNM101 (S. aramiensis × S. officinalis), KNM5 (S. aramiensis × S. officinalis) and KNM12 (S. fructicosa × S. officinalis)) through measuring their total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) together with profiling through UPLC/MSn analysis followed by investigation of their antioxidant activities and enzyme inhibitory potential through different techniques. Hybrid KNM23 presented significantly high concentration of both phenolic and flavonoid, displaying a TPC of 92.10 mg GAE/g and a TFC of 50.85 mg RE/g. The UPLC/MSn profiling resulted in the tentative identification of one hundred eighty components from different phytochemical classes mainly flavonoids, phenolic acids, phenyl propanoids, tannins and many others. The antioxidant assay showed that hybrid KNM23, a hybrid of S. fruticosa and S. officinalis, exhibited the highest antioxidant activity in the DPPH, ABTS, and PBD assays, measuring 436.38 mmol TE/g, 543.65 mmol TE/g, and 3.20 mmol TE/g, respectively. KNM23 and KNM12 showed no inhibition of AChE and α‐glucosidase. However, KMN12 demonstrated highest BChE and tyrosinase 2.57 mg GALAE/g and 12.91 mg KAE/g, respectively. Our results suggest that the Salvia hybrids can be considered as natural sources of bioactive compounds in the development of health‐promoting applications.

Plant epiphytic microorganisms have established a unique symbiotic relationship with plants, which has a significant impact on their growth, immune defense, and environmental adaptation. However, the impact of fertilization methods on the epiphytic microbial community and their correlation with the yield and quality of medicinal plant was still unclear. In current study, we conducted a field fertilization experiment and analyzed the composition of epiphytic bacterial and fungal communities employing high throughput sequencing data in different organs (roots, stems, and leaves) of Salvia miltiorrhiza, as well as their correlation with plant growth. The results showed that fertilization significantly affected the active ingredients and hormone content, soil physicochemical properties, and the composition of epiphytic microbial communities. After fertilization, the plant surface was enriched with a core microbial community mainly composed of bacteria from Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, and Actinobacteria, as well as fungi from Zygomycota and Ascomycota. Additionally, plant growth hormones were the principal factors leading to alterations in the epiphytic microbial community of S. miltiorrhiza. Thus, the most effective method of fertilization involved the application of base fertilizer in combination with foliar fertilizer. This study provides a new perspective for studying the correlation between microbial community function and the quality of S. miltiorrhiza, and also provides a theoretical basis for the cultivation and sustainable development of high-quality medicinal plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salvia castanea Diels, a relative of the medicinal plant Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge, belongs to the genus Salvia and family Lamiaceae. Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 (UBC) is an important ubiquitin-binding enzyme in protein ubiquitination. This study aimed to analyze the regulatory role of UBC genes, particularly ScUBC2/5, on the growth and adaptation of S. castanea to extreme environments including cold or drought stress. We identified nine UBC genes in S. castanea and found that these genes were extremely stable and more highly expressed in the roots than other tissues. This suggested that UBC genes might play a role in promoting root adaptation to cold and dry environments. Further analysis of UBC gene expression in hairy roots under cold (4 °C) and UV stress also confirmed their importance under stress. The contents of tanshinone and salvianolic acid in hairy roots with the overexpression of ScUBC2/5 were increased compared to non-transgenic wild type, and the cold and UV resistance of hairy roots was increased compared with that of wild type. Together, these findings highlighted the role of ScUBC2/5 in enhancing secondary metabolite accumulation and regulation in response to cold and ultraviolet stress in S. castanea, providing a new perspective for genetic improvement in its phytochemistry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides an overview of the various applications of the bioactive compounds found in S. rosmarinus. at present. Additionally, it explores emerging technologies for its extraction, such as ultrasound, which is an effective, fast, and sustainable technology for obtaining these secondary metabolites from this millenary plant. S. rosmarinus has gained considerable importance due to its beneficial properties, including antimicrobial, antioxidant, hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, and anticarcinogenic effects. These effects result from the different metabolites, which, without the use of ultrasound, are produced in S. rosmarinus. The main objective of this research is to provide an overview of some of the main applications in which S. rosmarinus is involved and to present a viable and effective alternative for the extraction of the different metabolites it contains using a technique such as ultrasound. The literature review was performed by searching for information on digital platforms such as SciFinder, PubMed, Scopus, and ScienceDirect, using keywords such as Rosemary, S. rosmarinus, ultrasound, green extraction, and secondary metabolite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since prostate cancer (PCa) relies on limited therapies, more effective alternatives are required. Essential oils (EOs) and their bioactive compounds are natural products that have many properties including anticancer activity. This review covers studies published between 2000 and 2023 and discusses the anti-prostate cancer mechanisms of the EOs from several plant species and their main bioactive compounds. It also provides a critical perspective regarding the challenges to be overcome until they reach the market. EOs from chamomile, cinnamon, Citrus species, turmeric, Cymbopogon species, ginger, lavender, Mentha species, rosemary, Salvia species, thyme and other species have been tested in different PCa cell lines and have shown excellent results, including the inhibition of cell growth and migration, the induction of apoptosis, modulation in the expression of apoptotic and anti-apoptotic genes and the suppression of angiogenesis. The most challenging aspects of EOs, which limit their clinical uses, are their highly lipophilic nature, physicochemical instability, photosensitivity, high volatility and composition variability. The processing of EO-based products in the pharmaceutical field may be an interesting alternative to circumvent EOs' limitations, resulting in several benefits in their further clinical use. Identifying their bioactive compounds, therapeutic effects and chemical structures could open new perspectives for innovative developments in the field. Moreover, this could be helpful in obtaining versatile chemical synthesis routes and/or biotechnological drug production strategies, providing an accurate, safe and sustainable source of these bioactive compounds, while looking at their use as gold-standard therapy in the close future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phytochemical study of the Salvia santolinifolia root extract resulted in the isolation of one new quinone diterpenoid, aegyptinone E (1) as well as two known ones, aegyptinone A (2) and aegyptinone D (3). All the isolated compounds were reported for the first time from S. santolinifolia. Spectroscopic analyses including 1 D and 2 D NMR and HRESIMS were used to determine the chemical structures. Aegyptinone A (2) showed moderate antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermis, and Bacillus subtilis with MIC of 25 μg/mL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Floral nectar is mainly a reward in the form of food for pollinators. Its composition plays an important role when pollinators choose their food. Several studies have shown that the popularity of flowers with nectar is influenced by the concentration and ratio of sugars. Here, we present the nectar chemical composition with regard to three main sugars and their concentrations in correlation with abiotic factors for the plant species Salvia pratensis L. and Salvia glutinosa L. through their 2023 flowering season. We sampled nectar using microcapillaries at three different times during the day on sites in nature. Our results show that nectar production in both species is the highest at around 12 a.m. The abiotic factor that affects nectar production in both species is the soil temperature, while UVB radiation does not influence nectar production. Air temperature and air humidity affect the nectar production of S. glutinosa, while soil humidity affects nectar production in S. pratensis. The most represented sugar in S. glutinosa nectar is sucrose, while S. pratensis nectar has more glucose and fructose. Our results show that UVB radiation has an effect on the sucrose level, although it does not have any direct effect on nectar productivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant secondary metabolites have great applications in the nutritional and cosmetic aspects of human health. Terpenes, and in particular bioactive diterpenoids, represent an important group of compounds found in Salvia species. Their production in plants is often limited, and chemical synthesis is often not economically feasible. Biotechnological approaches using plant cell and tissue cultures can be routinely established under sterile conditions from explants for biomass production and the extraction of secondary metabolites. The biosynthesis and accumulation of bioactive diterpenoids in vitro in Salvia cells and tissues can be enhanced by strain improvement, techniques to select high-producing cell lines, optimisation of the growth medium, use of specific precursors or elicitors, induction of their release into the culture medium, and the overexpression of genes. This review analyses the biotechnological techniques applied to the in vitro culture of Salvia cells and tissues to enhance the production and accumulation of bioactive diterpenoids and summarises their biological activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Essential oil (EO) of Salvia spp. has been widely used for culinary purposes and in perfumery and cosmetics, as well as having beneficial effects on human health. The present study aimed to investigate the quantitative and qualitative variations in EOs in wild-growing and cultivated pairs of samples from members in four Salvia sections or three clades, namely S. argentea L. (Sect. Aethiopis; Clade I-C), S. ringens Sm. (Sect. Eusphace; Clade I-D), S. verticillata L. (Sect. Hemisphace; Clade I-B), S. amplexicaulis Lam., and S. pratensis L. (Sect. Plethiosphace; Clade I-C). Furthermore, the natural variability in EO composition due to different genotypes adapted in different geographical and environmental conditions was examined by employing members of three Salvia sections or two phylogenetic clades, namely S. sclarea L. (six samples; Sect. Aethiopis or Clade I-C), S. ringens (three samples; Sect. Eusphace or Clade I-D), and S. amplexicaulis (five samples; Sect. Plethiosphace or Clade I-C). We also investigated the EO composition of four wild-growing species of two Salvia sections, i.e., S. aethiopis L., S. candidissima Vahl, and S. teddii of Sect. Aethiopis, as well as the cultivated material of S. virgata Jacq. (Sect. Plethiosphace), all belonging to Clade I-C. The EO composition of the Greek endemic S. teddii is presented herein only for the first time. Taken together, the findings of previous studies are summarized and critically discussed with the obtained results. Chemometric analysis (PCA, HCA, and clustered heat map) was used to identify the sample relationships based on their chemical classes, resulting in the classification of two distinct groups. These can be further explored in assistance of classical or modern taxonomic Salvia studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Leishmaniasis is highly prevalent worldwide, and while conventional medicine offers numerous treatment methods for cutaneous leishmaniasis, Iranian traditional medicine suggests various remedies. We aimed to evaluate the efficacy of an herbal combination containing Indigofera argentea leaves, Pistacia atlantica resin, and Salvia hispanica seeds in patients with zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis. Methods: This study was conducted at the Leishmaniasis Department of Chabahar Health Center in southeastern Iran in 2021. It was a double-blinded randomized clinical trial involving 68 patients enrolled after clinical diagnosis, examination of smear samples using Giemsa staining, and PCR confirmation. The volunteers were randomly divided into intervention and control groups. Both groups received 'Glucantime ® as the primary medication weekly until complete healing or up to 12 weeks. Glucantime ® was administered intralesionally at a dosage of 0.1 cc on the wound's margin, with repeat injections at 1 cm intervals along the wound edge when necessary. In addition to the main drug, the intervention group received the herbal product topically twice daily until wound healing or for up to 4 weeks, while the control group received a placebo in the same manner. Results: 82.35% of patients in the intervention group and 20.58% in the control group achieved complete healing within four weeks. There was a significant difference between the two groups (P < 0.001). Conclusion: The herbal product demonstrated effectiveness in treating patients with zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]