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VII Encuentro de Oceanografía Física (EOF) - Expanding Ocean Frontiers Conference, VIII International Symposium on Marine Sciences, 6-8 July 2022, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, España, The South Atlantic Ocean is one of the central components of the climate system as it regulates the intensity of the Atlantic South Overturning Circulation (AMOC), which determines the amount of equatorward heat gained and transported to high latitudes (Garzoli and Matano, 2011). The main goal of the SAGA10W oceanographic cruise, carried out between March 7 and April 15 2021, was installing the appropriate equipment to perform a long time monitoring of the interior-ocean zonal flows linking the eastern and western South Atlantic basins. The equipment selected to perform the monitoring as well as the logistic of its installation was not trivial. It consisted of four PIES (Pressure Inverted Eco Sounder), and three 2000- m instrumented moorings installed along 10W on the spurs of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge between 34º20'S and 19º20'S. This vertical section takes place the verge of the subtropical and tropical gyres, in a region that has been recently identified as a pathway for both the starting and returning limbs of the AMOC: the South Atlantic Gateway (SAGA). To properly install the four PIES and three moorings it was absolutely necessary to perform a previous study of the bottom topography with enough resolution to decide the right location. Considering the period of planned monitoring (4 yrs), it was absolutely necessary to adequately prepare all submerged instrumentation. The detailed multibeam scanning of the bottom relief was performed around the points selected by GEBCO. The multibeam scanning covered a 20x20 nautical mile square and consisted of 5 meridional tracks 5 miles apart that allowed to obtain a real acoustic image of the bottom relief with a spatial resolution of 25 meters. Here, we present our experience in preparing the equipments, the cruise operations and the final setup of the entire SAGA array, The Spanish Government has supported this research through project SAGA (RTI 2018-100844-b-c33). We also recognize the institutional support of the Spanish Government through the Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence accreditation (CEX2019-000928-S)

3 pages, 2 figures, [EN] The ocean waters flow continuously, never stopping, with a variability that takes place at very different spatial and temporal scales. At some point it may seem that their motion is limited to a small area, but nothing is further from reality. The ocean is unique and global, and all waters and ecosystems are connected. One of the essential elements for understanding the functioning of the oceans is precisely our ability to track the movement of the fluid patches that connect the entire marine world, including the physical environments and the organisms and communities that inhabit them. […], [ES] Las aguas del océano fluyen continuamente, sin detenerse, con una variabilidad que tiene lugar a muy diferentes escalas espaciales y temporales. En algún momento puede parecer que su movimiento se limita a una zona de pequeña extensión pero nada más lejos de la realidad. El océano es único, global, y todas las aguas y ecosistemas están conectados. Uno de los elementos esenciales para comprender el funcionamiento de los océanos se basa precisamente en nuestra capacidad de rastrear el movimiento de las parcelas de fluido que conectan todo el mundo marino, tanto los ambientes físicos como los organismos y comunidades que en ellos habitan. […], [CAT] Les aigües de l’oceà flueixen contínuament, sense aturar-se, amb una variabilitat que té lloc a molt diferents escales espacials i temporals. En algun moment pot semblar que el seu moviment es limita a una zona de petita extensió però res més lluny de la realitat. L’oceà és únic, global, i totes les aigües i ecosistemes estan connectats. Un dels elements essencials per a comprendre el funcionament dels oceans es basa precisament en la nostra capacitat de rastrejar el moviment de les parcel·les de fluid que connecten tot el món marí, tant els ambients físics com els organismes i comunitats que en ells habiten. […]

3 pages, 2 figures, [EN] In 1987, Konstantin Fedorov, a prominent Soviet oceanographer of the time, dedicated one of his popular science talks to the salinity of the ocean and called it “The Cinderella of Dynamic Oceanology”. Fedorov said that “The fate of salinity as a physical parameter is closely related to the dynamics of ocean waters and is very similar to the fate of poor Cinderella in Charles Perrault’s fairy tale. And, like the fate of poor Cinderella, salinity has long cried out for justice”. […], [ES] En 1987, el Prof. Fedorov, destacado oceanógrafo soviético de la época, dedicó una de sus charlas divulgativas a la salinidad del océano y la llamó “La Cenicienta de la oceanología dinámica”. Fedorov decía que “El destino de la salinidad como parámetro físico está estrechamente relacionado con la dinámica de las aguas del océano y es muy similar al destino de la pobre Cenicienta del cuento de hadas de Charles Perrault. Y, como el destino de la pobre Cenicienta, hace tiempo que la salinidad clama justicia”. […], [CAT] El 1987, el Prof. Fedorov, destacat oceanògraf soviètic de l’època, va dedicar una de les seves xerrades divulgatives a la salinitat de l’oceà i la va anomenar “La Ventafocs de l’oceanologia dinàmica”. Fedorov deia que “El destí de la salinitat com a paràmetre físic està estretament relacionat amb la dinàmica de les aigües de l’oceà i és molt similar al destí de la pobra Ventafocs del conte de fades de Charles Perrault. I, com la pobra Ventafocs, fa temps que la salinitat clama justícia”. […]

VI Expanding Ocean Frontiers Conference (EOF 2021), 5-7 July 2021

Special issue 9th MARTECH: International Workshop on Marine Technology: 16-18 June 2021, Vigo, Spain.-- 2 pages, 2 figures, The first results of the PATI CIENTIFIC project are presented. This is a collaborative project funded by a Barcelona Institute of Culture’s grant for research and innovation under the 2019 Barcelona Science Plan. The main objective of this project is to develop a monitoring program for the coastal waters of Barcelona through a small-sailboat feet of the traditional and sustainable Patí de Vela (sailing skate). This pleasure boat is to become a scientifc sailing skate. This feet will acquire the essential oceanographic variables along the Catalan coast, which will be incorporated and accessible in a web platform. We present the initial adaptations done to the Patí de Vela to have an onboard platform holding the scientifc instruments (sensors and devices) for sampling the Barcelona coastal waters. These adaptations allow the systematic measurements of the essential physical and biogeochemical variables. These data, which will allow detecting variations along the coast, hence identifying potential sources of contamination and also providing the necessary knowledge of natural and anthropogenic seasonality, and will be freely available on a web platform. The PATI CIENTIFIC project will increase our knowledge of the coastal waters of the Barcelona coast, encouraging participation in sea monitoring activities and increasing social awareness on the need to love and protect our oceans, The work of Raul Bardaji is supported by the CSIC Intramural Project EMSO – Laboratorios Submarinos Profundos. The work of Carlos Rodero is supported by the H2020 Project MONOCLE (grant agreement No 776480)

VI Expanding Ocean Frontiers Conference (EOF 2021), 5-7 July 2021

En la actualidad las empresas tecnológicas están tendiendo hacia la arquitectura basada en microservicios frente a arquitecturas monolíticas. Esta nueva arquitectura a pesar de ser algo más compleja de desarrollar, soluciona muchos de los problemas de los programas monolíticos, como la localización de errores, el despliegue, el trabajo con mucho desarrolladores, entre otros problemas. Aunque los microservicios nos plantean otros dilemas, como puede ser la comunicación entre todos los módulos que forman la aplicación. A lo largo de este Trabajo de Fin de Grado se va a realizar un análisis de la Arquitectura Basada en Eventos, una forma de comunicación entre microservicios alternativa a la comunicación via REST, forma de comunicación predominante actualmente. Se puede dividir en dos partes, por un lado habrá un análisis más teórico y por otro lado se implementarán dos ejemplos de uso y de esta manera poder hacer un mejor análisis y ver si merece la pena la arquitectura en situaciones reales. El proyecto se ha realizado para la empresa Indra Sistemas, S.A, más específicamente para el departamento de arquitectura. Que incluirá parte de la documentación del análisis en su Marco de Referencia y se incluirán los ejemplos implementados como aceleradores para futuras implantaciones de la arquitectura. Esta arquitectura se basa en la generación de eventos al producirse un cambio de estado en el sistema, estos eventos se envían a un gestor de eventos que se encargará de transmitir los mensajes al resto de microservicios que estén suscritos y que se encargarán de procesarlos y realizar las operaciones pertinentes. En la primera parte se ha realizado un estudio de esta arquitectura buscando información teórica sobre la implantación y a través de esta información sacar conclusiones, ventajas, desventajas de su uso. Se harán diversas comparaciones con la que es su alternativa más directa, las peticiones REST y de esta manera se verá en que momentos es mejor usar un método u otro basándonos en complejidad, resistencia a fallos, consumos de recursos, etc. Además veremos las tecnologías con las que se puede implantar y la recomendaciones personales. En la segunda parte se han desarrollado dos módulos. Por un lado tenemos un sistema de ejemplo, que hará uso de EDA para la comunicación y kafka como gestor de eventos. Está formado por un productor que al tratarse de un ejemplo será un simulador que generará eventos con información aleatoria con una estructura basada en estado de vuelos. A parte tenemos varios consumidores que procesarán estos eventos. Todos ellos desarrollados en Spring. Por otro lado tenemos un servicio que actuará como un monitor del gestor de eventos, en el que podremos ver estado, mensajes, temas y consumidores. De esta forma podremos ver diferentes métricas de una manera visual, sin tener que entrar en la configuración de nuestro gestor de eventos y obtener información del sistema.

7th Euro-Argo Science Meeting, 22-23 October 2019, Athens, Greece, Here we show temperature and salinity maps obtained from Argo floats and different devices used in an oceanographic cruise carried out in the Brazil Malvines Confluence in April 2017. The floats deployed from the vessel were set up to have a high-frequencycycling of once per day during the 20-days period of the cruise before their 10-day cycle configuration. Other Argo floats that were already in the area were also included. This strategy increments substantially the study area and number of sampling locations allowing us to compute 3D grids of temperature and salinity data with different spatial and temporal resolution. The results allows a better understanding the frontal system of Brazil-Malvines Confluence in different scales. It is also a good example of multi-platform strategy that improves the efficiency of an oceanographic campaign as a result of a highly beneficial synergistic effort of Euro-Argo and a research team

[ES] Growglass es el nombre asignado a este nuevo proyecto de producto. Se trata de un invernadero inteligente y autogestionable para el hogar, cuya principal idea se basa en revolucionar el concepto del cultivo, cuidado y mantenimiento de las plantas del usuario en su hogar, incorporando tecnología novedosa que se encuentra en el mercado y ofreciendo al usuario una forma alternativa del cuidado de sus plantas sin una atención diaria sobre las mismas. La alimentación es un condicional importantísimo en nuestra actividad diaria a la hora de encontrarse bien tanto físicamente como clínicamente hablando. Durante los últimos meses o años se ha hablado de las alteraciones genéticas que sufren las verduras o frutas que podemos comprar en grandes superficies debido “a la ansiedad” de las grandes empresas del sector de aumentar su producción y por lo tanto sus ingresos. Por otro lado se habla mucho de la cantidad de pesticidas que todos los alimentos cultivados llevan para la protección de las posibles plagas de insectos o cambios climatológicos. Por esta razón, el Growglass, un invernadero para el hogar, ofrece la posibilidad de cultivar cualquier variedad de planta, tanto alimenticia como decorativa, independientemente de la estación del año en que se encuentra, así como de las características ambientales que necesite dicha planta para su crecimiento de una forma natural y libre de pesticidas. El objeto del proyecto comprende el diseño estético, funcional y técnico para la fijación de los distintos componentes tecnológicos utilizados, así como la parte de programación en la que se comprende una App para el funcionamiento del invernadero, y la programación interna del mismo. Por último la responsabilidad del diseñador se basa en crear un invernadero inteligente y autónomo, en el que se observan influencias actuales tanto estéticas como tecnológicas facilitando el proceso productivo y garantizando el crecimiento de la planta.

Joint Technical Commission for Oceanography and Marine Meteorology (JCOMM) Marine Technical Conference, The Technical Conference (TECO) Toward an Integrated Met-ocean Monitoring, Forecasting and Services System, 25-29 October 2017, Geneva, Switzerland, Improving the knowledge of the ocean and seas surrounding the Iberian Peninsula and Balearic and Canary islands is an objective of the Spanish oceanography. For that purpose, a number of fixed and drifting floats have been established in the last 25 years. Data buoys measure sea surface temperature and salinity, ocean current velocity, air temperature, humidity, wave characteristic and wind velocity across seas and ocean. The objective is increase the quantity, quality, coverage and timeliness of atmospheric and oceanographic data. These observations are used immediately to improve forecast and therefore increase marine safety. The main group of fixed buoys is formed by the Puertos del Estado deep and shallow buoy networks, but a series of well instrumented new platforms has been established in later times. The RAIA Project (Xunta de Galicia), PLOCAN, SOCIB, IEO, Euskalmet-AZTI, ICM and UTM (CSIC) and University and Polytechnic of Barcelona have completed the Observing System. Most of the buoys are transmitting data by GTS for using in atmospheric and ocean prediction models. Multidisciplinary sensors as Dissolved Oxygen, Fluorescence Chlorophyll or pCO2 has been mounted in the buoys and calibration/validation procedures has been developed for improve data quality. Antifouling systems recently developed have also been included and quality of the optical sensors measurements has improved. Drifting floats has increase its number and importance, from Argo floats to traditional deriving ones improving the Spanish contribution to IOC and WWO and JCOMM. Spain is member of EuroArgo ERIC. SOCIB and IEO are the main contributors. Also multidisciplinary work has been done associated to Argo buoys. BGQ ARGO incorporate O2 sensor. ICM, SMOS Barcelona Expert Center, and SOCIB are the main contributors to the drifting buoys group. Main objectives are improving Technological development as well as data management. Tropical and Southern Atlantic Ocean are the main studying areas

6th Euro-Argo Users Meeting, 4-5 July 2017, Paris, France, Ten years ago we began deploying Argo drifters during regional cruises, and this has been repeated for several regions: the Canary and Cape Verde Basins, the western equatorial Atlantic and the Brazil-Malvinas Confluence (BMC). Suring a field experiment, several floats were deployed in different areas of the study region, such as in both sides of a frontal system. The floats were always simultaneous with a CTD cast whose data was immediately transmitted to the Euro-Argo centre. In all instances the floats provided additional data for characterizing the study area. Here we report on floats deployed during a recent cruise (RETRO-BMC) carried out in the BMC, between 8 and 28 April 2017 onboard the R/V Hespérides. The vessel departed from Ushuaia (Argentina) and arrived to Santos (Brazil). A total of 6 floats were deployed during the cruise, four of them in the frontal system itself and two of them in the Malvinas and Brazil Currents before arrival and after departing the BMC. Those floats deployed near the frontal system had a high-frequency cycling of once per day down to 2000 m during the first 20 days of operation, providing for a total of 80 additional CTD casts in the area of study, synoptic with the cruise CTD casts. These experiments are a good example of a highly beneficial synergetic effort of Euro-Argo and the research teams, VA-DE-RETRo CTM2014-56987-P

Ejercicio internacional de salvamento y lucha contra la contaminación marina "Polex 24-17" organizado por la Dirección General de Marina Mercante y Salvamento Marítimo del 14 al 16 de junio de 2017 en Santander, Disponer en tiempo real de información sobre las corrientes oceánicas es clave para algunos de los servicios encomendados a la Sociedad de Salvamento y Seguridad Marítima y al Cuerpo Nacional de Policía (CNP). Un alto porcentaje de las emergencias de búsqueda de personas y náufragos, y de los incidentes de contaminación gestionados por Salvamento Marítimo, tienen lugar en zonas cercanas a la costa. Asimismo, el 71% de los casos de restos humanos no identificados (CSI) acontecidos en España durante el período 1968-2015 se da en zonas costeras. El proyecto COSMO busca mejorar la eficacia de las operaciones de búsqueda y de predicción de derivas, y mejorar la proporción de identificaciones positivas acelerando la resolución de casos de recuperación de restos humanos, Proyecto cofinanciado por el Ministerio de Economía Industria y Competitividad y Fondos FEDER de la UE (COSMO-CTM2016-79474-R, UE)

Pelegrí, Josep Lluís ... et al.-- Informe de Campaña RETRO-BMC, BIO Hespérides, Ushuaia‐Santos, 8‐28 abril 2017.-- 73 pages, 9 figures, 5 tables, annexes, La campaña RETRO‐MC se realizó a bordo del BIO Hespérides con salida de Ushuaia el 8 de abril y llegada a Santos el 28 de abril de 2017. La campaña se hizo en dos fases, una primera fase de 24 horas de trabajo (8 y 9 de abril) en el Canal de Beagle y una segunda fase de 12 días de trabajo (13 a 24 de abril) en la Confluencia de Brasil‐Malvinas, Proyecto VA‐DE‐RETRO (CTM2014‐56987‐P) Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad

Joint Assembly IAPSO-AIAMA-IAGA , Good Hope for Earth Sciences, 27 August - 1 September 2017, Cape Town, South Africa, We present the results of two field experiments carried in early austral fall over the Brazil-Malvinas Confluence (BMC) onboard the R/V Hespérides, each approximately lasting two weeks. The first experiment (March 2015) began encircling the BMC with hydrographic stations (lowered ADCP, CTD and water samples) along a perimeter of about 1200 km, in order to identify the water masses and fluxes reaching the BMC, and then sampled the collision region with six 100-km long and 400-m deep cross-frontal hydrographic sections. Data was also obtained from the vessel ADCP (velocities down to about 600 m), eight subsurface drifters and nine Argo floats. Here we describe the fluxes and structure of the BMC at three different scales: frontal, confluence and regional. The frontal sampling, approximately comprising a 200 km x 100 km region, shows intense cross-frontal property gradients (e.g. up to 20ºC in about 10 km at 50 m depth), numerous thermohaline intrusions (10-100 m thick, 10 km wide and 10-50 km long) and a very shallow (5-20 m) and fast (velocities close to 1.8 m/s) eastward surface brackish (salinities of 32-33) filament on the warm side of the front (narrowing from some 100 km over the slope to only a few kilometers in the outer stations). The confluence sampling followed the border of a 400 km x 200 km rectangle that encompassed the entire collision of the two impinging currents, characterized by large water recirculation in adjacent vortices (two anticyclones and one cyclone at distances less than 500 km from the collision point) before the eastward flushing along the frontal system. Finally, we used the ARMOR3D fields (Guinehut et al., 2012, Ocean Sci. 8, 845-857) to characterize the regional flow patterns and water masses, from 31ºS to 45ºS and from 38ºW to the continental platform. The second experiment (April 2017) will focus on the temporal and latitudinal evolution of the frontal system. It will include hydrographic and microstructure stations, the deployment of drifters and floats, and a towed vehicle to sample the uppermost 400 m of the water column

European Geosciences Union General Assembly 2017, 23-28 April 2017, Vienna, Austria.-- 1 page, Surface drifters have been introduced in the early 1990s by P.P. Niiler to measure the salinity of the near-surface water as well as its temperature. First, they were deployed to document large scale advection of surface salinity fronts, such as during TOGA-COARE (1991). More recently, salinity drifter data were used for three purposes:1 – provide in situ data coverage for validation of sea surface (SSS) products, such as provided by band-L microwave radiometry from satellite missions, Aquarius, SMOS, SMAP2 – provide data for better understanding upper ocean response to air-sea interactions, such as during rainfall, or near-surface warming during low wind events3 – provide estimates of surface advection of salinity features and their contribution to ocean freshwater budget. We will review the drifters that have been deployed and where data were collected, the challenges encountered in correcting the data, ongoing plans and future developments. A comparison of salinity data of more than60 SVP drifters to SMOS and Aquarius SSS fields in the North Atlantic subtropical gyre illustrates the potential for validating products from satellite missions over more than a year (SPURS-1 2012-2013 experiment). Data collocated during tropical rain events illustrate a short-term response of near-surface salinity and temperature that can be quantified, although we lack precise collocated wind data. It is rather consistent with independently-derived surface salinity response to rain based on SMOS salinity retrievals, and model estimations. An extreme case of close to 10 psu near-surface salinity drop due to rainfall is presented. Recent salinity drifter deployments in the rainy region of the eastern Pacific ITCZ (SPURS-2 2016 experiment) illustrate the small time and space scale variability associated with freshwater lenses in this region. Some data from a new tag (surpact) will be presented with simultaneous estimates of sea state, rain rate, temperature and salinity during rain events. Finally, we will illustrate from the SPURS data how large arrays of surface salinity drifters contribute to estimate the horizontal steering of surface salinity field by meso-scale features

IV Encuentro Oceanografía Física Española, celebrado del 20 al 22 de julio de 2016 en Alicante, España.-- 3 pages, 1 figure, Satellite-tracked drifting buoys are useful for sampling sea-surface currents. Standard drifting buoys have drogues centred at a depth of 15 m, a fundamental element that guarantees that the direct wind force on the buoy is much smaller than the drag on the anchor. When a drifter loses its drogue, it no longer becomes a good tracker of the surface currents, hence the relevance of identifying when this happens. Here we propose a spectral-based approach to analyse drifter velocity data so as to detect when a drifter loses its drogue without the need of concurrent wind data. The method, applied to data obtained during the SPURS 2013 cruise, shows a substantial increase in the band-passed velocity energy at the time the drifter loses its drogue, as deduced with an independent method that considers the temporal change of the correlation between wind and positioning data. The results are very promising, pointing at a new method that can detect drogue loss from a relatively simple analysis of positioning data, This research has been supported by the Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad of the Spanish Government through project VA-DE-RETRO (CTM2014-56987-P). Ignasi Vallès has been funded through a FPI contract of the Ministerio de Competitividad y Economía. The drifter data was obtained following deployments during the SPURS cruise, in the frame of the MIDAS-6 (AYA2010-22062-C05-01) project, financed by the Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad of the Spanish Government

Emelianov, Mikhail ... et al.-- IV Encuentro Oceanografía Física Española, celebrado del 20 al 22 de julio de 2016 en Alicante,España.-- 2 pages, 1 figure, La Confluencia de Brasil-Malvinas (CBM), donde confluyen las masas de agua de origen subtropical (Corriente de Brasil) y subantártico (Corriente de Malvinas), juega un papel clave en la transferencia meridional de masa, calor y sal, como parte del ramal de retorno de la cinta transbordadora global en el Océano Atlántico. En marzo de 2015 se realizó a bordo del BIO Hespérides la campaña TIC-MOC, con el fin de caracterizar las condiciones oceanográficas en la región de la BMC. Durante la campaña se hicieron 66 estaciones hidrográficas y se lanzaron 8 flotadores y 9 perfiladores de deriva, en lo que resultó ser un muestreo de alta resolución espacio-temporal de los procesos que se desarrollan en la Confluencia a distintas escalas. Las observaciones revelan la colisión frontal de las dos corrientes, cada una de ellas con altas velocidades, que en superficie pueden exceder 1 m s-1. Este choque crea un complejo sistema frontal, con elevados gradientes horizontales de variables físicas y biogeoquímicas, que está caracterizado por intrusiones termohalinas y remolinos de ambos signos, además de un filamento superficial que se extiende hacia el este con velocidades cercanas a 2 m s-1, Este trabajo ha sido posible gracias a la financiación del Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad del gobierno de España, a través de los proyectos TIC-MOC (CTM2011-28867) y VA-DE-RETRO (CTM2014-56987-P)

48th Liège Colloquium: Submesoscale Processes. Mechanisms, Implications and New Frontiers, 23-27 May 2016, Liège, Belgium.-- 1 page, 7 figures, In March 2015, the R/V Hespérides carried out the TIC-MOC cruise, a 14-day oceanographic expedition in the Brazil-Malvinas Confluence (BMC) region. One principal objective of this cruise was to characterize the fine structure of the frontal system (or front) between the subtropical and subantarctic waters. The surface position of the front (sea-surface front) was determined in near-real time using sea surface temperature (SST), color and altimetry data, as well as daily outputs from the operational Mercator global-ocean analysis and forecast system at 1/12 resolution. A total of 66 hydrographic stations were carried out and nine drifters were deployed. Additionally, seven Argo profilers (vertical cycles of either 5 or 10 days) were launched, which meant an additional 19 conductivity-temperature-depth (CTD) profiles down to 2000 m simultaneous with the cruise, and another two APEX profilers were left to drift in the region before their recovery, representing another 42 CTD profiles sampling the top 300-800 m of the water column. The vessel also sampled continuously the sea-surface temperature, salinity and fluorescence, and the velocity fields down to about 600 m, during a total of 11 crossings of the surface front. Here we pay special attention to the description of the front, with 37 hydrographic stations along six cross-frontal sections about 100 km long and down to at least 400 m plus all the CTDs from the APEX profilers, which are combined with a sequence of simultaneous high-resolution (1 km) SST images. The front is formed by the subantarctic waters intruding below the subtropical waters, with horizontal gradients of up to 20 degrees C in about 10 km at 50 m depth. The front steepens as both the Malvinas and Brazil Currents get deflected east, reaching a maximum slope of about 200 m in 50 km at distances less than 150 km from the initial colliding point. We observed numerous thermohaline intrusions (thickness about 10-50 m and width of the order of 10 km) that intrude several tens of km into both sides of the frontal system. The sea-surface front is very sharp in temperature but appears distorted in salinity because of the presence of a filament that carries brackish waters from Rio de la Plata. On its onshore end, the filament is rather wide (up to 100 km) and lays on the subtropical side of the front but, as it moves further offshore, it thins out (down to only a few km), moves towards the surface front and accelerates, reaching speeds close to 2 m s-1, much faster than expected if the flow was in geostrophic balance, This research has been financed by the Spanish R+D Plan through project "Tipping Corners in the Meridional Overturning Circulation" (TIC-MOC, reference CTM2011-28867)

XXXII Trobades Científiques de la Mediterrània, Planeta Oceà - Planet Ocean, celebradas del 5 al 7 de octubre de 2016 en Maó, Menorca.-- Homenatge als Drs. Marta Estrada, Jordi Font i Jordi Salat, pioners de l'oceanografia mediterrània moderna. A tribute to Drs. Marta Estrada, Jordi Font and Jordi Salat, pioneers of modern Mediterranean oceanography.-- 1 page, Henry Stommel, físico estadounidense considerado padre de la oceanografía física, predijo, después de toda una vida dedicada a estudiar las causas del movimiento de las aguas de la corteza terrestre, que el océano lo acabarían estudiando robots tele‐dirigidos. Hoy en día hemos llegado a ese punto que predecía Stommel. En el ICM‐CSIC de Barcelona en el marco de distintos proyectos se ha diseñado y construido una boya para medir salinidad y temperatura en la superficie del mar. El conjunto incorpora un instrumento comercial de prestaciones altamente contrastadas (SBE37SI) que se alimenta registrando un dato cada hora. Durante la campaña conjunta con la NASA que se llevó a cabo durante el mes de marzo del año 2013 se largaron, entre otros trabajos de registro de datos oceanográficos como el CTD ondulante, 50 boyas de deriva instrumentadas en superficie. De estas 50 boyas, 40 eran parte de la aportación de los Estados Unidos al estudio del máximo salino del centro sub‐tropical del Atlántico Norte, siendo las diez restantes la aportación española. En este póster se presenta, a modo de historia gráfica, las dispares ubicaciones a las que han llegado tres de estas boyas que han estado trabajando en aguas oceánicas durante tres años, a pesar de haber sido largadas en la misma ubicación

2016 Ocean Sciences Meeting, 21-26 February 2016, New Orleans, The Brazil-Malvinas Confluence (BMC) is the area where the Brazil and Malvinas Currents meet, respectively carrying waters of subtropical and subantarctic origin (Fig.1). As a result, the BMC plays a very important role in the meridional transfer of mass, heat, and salt, hence controlling the intensity of the returning limb of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC). In this communication we describe the oceanographic conditions in the BMC region during March 2015, as sampled from the R/V Hespérides in the frame of the Spanish project "Tipping Corners in the AMOC" (CTM2011-28867). During the cruise we performed 66 hydrographic stations, and released 8 drifters and 9 floats (2 floats were recovered at the end of the cruise), in what turned out to be a high-resolution sampling of the frontal encountering of the Malvina and Brazil Currents and the resulting mesoscale and small-scale structures. The observations characterize the frontal collision of the two currents, each of them with speeds in excess of 1 m/s. This clashing creates a complex frontal system with very high horizontal gradients of physical and biochemical variables, certainly among the most intense open-ocean frontal systems in the world (e.g. cross-frontal gradients of temperature up to 1°C per kilometer). The frontal system is distinguished by thermohaline intrusions, eddies, filaments, and an offshore surface jet with speeds in excess of 2 m/s

2nd International Ocean Research Conference, One planet one ocean, 17-21 November 2014, Barcelona, Spain, The advent of earth observation systems from satellite have greatly improved the ability of ocean operational systems (OOS) to make better forecasts at global and regional scales. One of the important applications of present OOS is the assessment to improve the strategies to search and rescue people and objects drifting at sea. We present the results from a series of regular search and rescue exercises simulating true shipwrecks by deploying dummies and life boats equiped with satellite tracked systems. In most cases several ocean operational models were available and intercompared\to validate their ability to provide accurate forecasts. The results clearly showed in an obvious way that improvements were obtained when the initial states of OOS capture true initial conditions. In such cases although the lagrangian trajectories did not match the real trajectories the target was found inside the preset searching area. However, when OOS failed simple procedures based on real time data were also able to provide successful results which stressed the importance and benefits of keeping marine observational networks

Annual Meeting Circumnavigation Expedition Malaspina 2010: Global Change and Biodiversity Exploration of the Global Ocean, 15-19 September 2014, Barcelona

European Geosciences Union General Assembly 2014 (EGU2014), 27 april - 2 may 2014, Vienna, Austria.-- 1 page, Mesoscale activity is expected to contribute to transport salt horizontally out of the region of maximum salinity of the North Atlantic subtropical gyre. Using in situ and satellite observations, we investigate the contribution of mesoscale activity to the salinity budget in the central part of the subtropical gyre. Surface current data originate from close to 150 surface drifters deployed for SPURS, as well as satellite altimetry from Aviso products, and salinity data originate mostly from Argo floats, over 100 drifters and thermosalinographs, in particular from the SSS observing system ships Coriolis and Toucan (www.legos.obs-mip.fr/fr/soa/ore-sss/distribution). The period investigated is from 2011 to 2013. Near 30ºN, north of the subtropics, as well as near 20ºN, SMOS data indicate significant meridional transport, despite the large noise on the data, and the filtering of the smaller scales (100 km) of the transport. Closer to the core of the subtropical gyre, we find evidence in the drifter data of significant meridional transport, but that is highly irregular in time, as it seems associated with a few specific events. Whether this is due to the inhomogneous and Lagrangian nature of the sampling is discussed. We also check the budget at a smaller spatial scale using a dedicated meso-scale cruise (Strasse) in August 2012

IV Congress of Marine Sciences, 11-13 June 2014, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria.-- 1 page, SPURS-MIDAS (March-April 2013) on board the Spanish R/V Sarmiento de Gamboa was a contribution to SPURS (Salinity Processes in the Upper ocean Regional Study) focused on the processes responsible for the formation and maintenance of the salinity maximum associated to the North Atlantic subtropical gyre. Scientists from Spain, Ireland, France and US sampled the mesoscale and submesoscale structures in the surface layer (fixed points and towed undulating CTD, underway near surface TSG) and deployed operational and experimental drifters and vertical profilers, plus additional ocean and atmospheric data collection. Validation of salinity maps obtained from the SMOS satellite was one of the objectives of the cruise. The cruise included a joint workplan and coordinated sampling with the US R/V Endeavor, with contribution from SPURS teams on land in real time data and analysis exchange. We present here an overview of the different kinds of measurements made during the cruise, as well as a first comparison between SMOS-derived sea surface salinity products and salinity maps obtained from near-surface sampling in the SPURS-MIDAS area and from surface drifters released during the cruise. The SPURS-MIDAS Team: D. Alcoverro, A. Castellon, L. Centurioni, E. Flo, A. Giraldez, L. Gonzalez, S. Guimbard, O. Hernandez, A. Martinez, M. Maso, B. Moli, J. Olive, M. Pastor, S. Quintana, G. Reverdin, M. Rosell, G. Sutherland, A. ten Doeschate, M. Umbert, X. Vidal, K. Walesby, N. Yarovenko

Proyecto Confidencial

5th Internacional Workshop on Marine Technology (MARTECH 2013), 9-11 October 2013, Girona, From 2005 the ICM-CSIC has designed, built and tested surface drifting buoys for the measurement of several oceanographic parameters, mainly temperature and salinity. These prototypes have evolved and been adapted to different sampling needs and strategies. We are presenting here the main characteristics and capabilities of the last developments, The design and construction of buoys at ICM-CSIC has been funded by different research projects. During the last two years three projects have supported the recent developments (MIDAS-6, Spanish I+D+i National Plan AYA2010-22062-C05-01; TIC-MOC, Spanish I+D+i National Plan CTM2011-28867; TOSCA, European Regional Development Fund MED Programme G-MED09- 425)

1 page, figures, 1. SPURS: Salinity Processes in the Upper ocean Regional Study. An international program in 2012-2013 to understand the processes responsible for the formation and maintenance of the salinity maximum associated to the North Atlantic subtropical gyre. http://spurs.jpl.nasa.gov/SPURS