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In current Salt Lake Industry, the dodecyl morpholine (DMP) organic flotation agent is widely used, and bring an enormous harm to the fragile ecological aquatic environment. In this work, a green and eco-friendly photocatalytic technique has been attempted to tackle the environmental crisis in the Plateau Salt Lake. Here, WO 3 /g-C 3 N 4 series of composites (WO/gCN-X) with different mass ratio of W/C were prepared by heat treatment and following the hydrothermal reaction. The construction of WO/gCN-X heterojunction promoted the photo-degradation efficiency of DMP under the sunlight irradiation dramatically. The optimized WO/gCN-5 sample achieved an impressive DMP degradation efficiency rate of 73 % within 60 min light irradiation, increasing 4.1- and 3.9-fold of WO 3 and g-C 3 N 4 , respectively. Meanwhile, WO/gCN-5 sample presented excellent cycling stability, which has important directive for the practical application. Such a dramatically enhancement is largely due to the construction of Z-scheme heterojunction between WO 3 and g-C 3 N 4 , which can efficient suppress the recombination of photo-excited charge carriers and promote the redox ability simultaneously. Certainly, its bigger specific surface area and stronger optical harvesting capability also play a positive role. This research offers a new perceptiveness for the construction of a promising photocatalysts with perfect performance for removing flotation agent in Salt Lake Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This study aims to analyze the effect of Management Capability on IT Capability, Innovation, and Competitive Advantage in the Salt Industry. Salt is a basic need for the people of Indonesia, not only for household needs, salt is also a raw material for the alkaline sector industry (chlor-alcali plant/CAP). the main need for salt is not accompanied by the quality of the industry that produces quality salt. In an effort to increase competitive advantage in the salt industry, management's ability to adopt IT Capability and the ability to innovate are very important factors. This research is a type of explanatory research with data collection using survey research. Respondents in this study were all units of analysis, namely salt UKM managers, totaling 105 people. The data analysis method used is Partial Least Square (PLS) analysis. This research gives the result that the management capability variable has a significant and positive effect on competitive adventage, IT capability and sustainable innovation. In addition, this research also gives the result that IT capability has a positive and significant effect on innovation. There is a significant and positive influence between innovation and competitive advantage. Meanwhile, IT capability has no significant effect on competitive advantage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spray technology is an innovative salt production process technology that is able to increase seawater salinity and accelerate the salt production process. This study aims to determine the effect of variations in the amount of spray and discharge in spray technology on increasing seawater salinity. The experimental method was carried out by varying the spray and water discharge amount in spray technology according to the variables. This research has been successfully carried out to increase the salinity of synthetic seawater where to increase from the initial seawater salinity of 2.5°Be to 24°Be. It takes 16 hours taken in 3 days using the number of sprays as much as 5 sprays with a seawater flow rate of 0.2424 m³/hour in an evaporation pond of 15×7 m. The use of the spray method proved effective in accelerating the rate of increase in salinity of synthetic seawater, which was tested to increase the salinity of synthetic seawater from 2.5 °Be to 12 °Be with an evaporation time in traditional methods of 15 days to only 11 hours. This can also happen because the temperature, humidity and wind speed were relatively stable when the research took place. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Switching regular salt (sodium chloride) to salt enriched with potassium chloride (25 % potassium chloride, 75 % sodium chloride) has been shown to reduce blood pressure and the risk of cardiovascular diseases. We sought to define the potential for the current production of sodium chloride and potassium chloride to support a global switch to the use of potassium-enriched salt. Design: We summarised data from geological surveys, government reports and trade organisations describing the global production and supply of sodium chloride and potash (the primary source of potassium chloride) and compared this to potential requirements for potassium-enriched salt. Setting: Global. Participants: Not applicable. Results: Approximately 280 million tonnes of sodium chloride were produced in 2020 with China and the USA the main producers. Global production of potash from which potassium chloride is extracted was about forty-four million tonnes with Canada, Belarus, Russia and China providing 77 % of the world's supply. There were forty-eight countries in which potassium-enriched salt is currently marketed with seventy-nine different brands identified. Allowing for loss of salt between manufacture and consumption, a full global switch from regular salt to potassium-enriched salt would require about 9·7 million tonnes of sodium chloride to be replaced with 9·7 million tonnes of potassium chloride annually. Conclusions: Significant upscaling of the production of potassium chloride and the capacity of companies able to manufacture potassium-enriched salt, as well as a robust business case for the switch to potassium chloride, would be required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sodium metasilicate (SM) is a synthetic hazardous water-soluble salt used in industry as an active ingredient in household cleaning products. The impact of SM on the aquatic environment has been discussed worldwide, but its toxicity has not been well documented and researched. Studies have only been performed on a handful of aquatic organisms: algae, plants, blackworms, water fleas, dipteran larvae, and two fish species. Hydra is a simple freshwater cnidarian with diploblastic organisation, where all the cells are in permanent contact with the surrounding aqueous media, and represents a sensitive model organism for environmental toxicity assessments. This research aimed to determine and compare the effect of SM on the morphology, excitability, and behaviour of green and brown hydra and endosymbiotic microalgae as a microbiome of green hydra. The hydras were treated with four sublethal SM concentrations (0.050, 0.365, 0.380, and 0.390 g/L) for 72 h. Standard preparations were made for the cyto-histological analysis of green hydra, and damaged cellular layers and mesoglea and a changed distribution of microalgae were recorded. The SM caused muted responses to mechanical stimuli and damage to the tentacles in both hydra species. The changes were more pronounced in brown hydra, while green hydra showed better adaptability to unfavourable environmental conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salt production is one of the concerns of the Indonesian government. Several government policies such as salt imports have had a major impact on local salt farmers. Other factors are due to the increased demand for salt, decreased domestic salt production which is unfavorable due to weather factors, and the price of imported salt is lower than that of local salt. Many people express their opinions regarding the salt import policy, via Twitter social media. Sentiment analysis can be applied to analyze tweets or writings by the public regarding salt import policies and classify the data. This study uses the naïve Bayes classifier algorithm model as a sentiment classification algorithm on Twitter social media tweets. The classification process uses the Naïve Bayes algorithm. The feature extraction and weighting method is the TF-IDF method. Not all of the features resulting from the TF-IDF process are used, so feature selection is carried out using the information gain method. Model testing was carried out 5 times with 500 data, using feature selection and without feature selection. Without feature selection, the highest accuracy result is 84% at K=4, while without feature selection it produces an accuracy of 71% at K=3, so there is an increase of 13%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Objective: Switching regular salt (sodium chloride) to salt enriched with potassium chloride (25 % potassium chloride, 75 % sodium chloride) has been shown to reduce blood pressure and the risk of cardiovascular diseases. We sought to define the potential for the current production of sodium chloride and potassium chloride to support a global switch to the use of potassium-enriched salt. Design: We summarised data from geological surveys, government reports and trade organisations describing the global production and supply of sodium chloride and potash (the primary source of potassium chloride) and compared this to potential requirements for potassium-enriched salt. Setting: Global. Participants: Not applicable. Results: Approximately 280 million tonnes of sodium chloride were produced in 2020 with China and the USA the main producers. Global production of potash from which potassium chloride is extracted was about forty-four million tonnes with Canada, Belarus, Russia and China providing 77 % of the world’s supply. There were forty-eight countries in which potassium-enriched salt is currently marketed with seventy-nine different brands identified. Allowing for loss of salt between manufacture and consumption, a full global switch from regular salt to potassium-enriched salt would require about 9·7 million tonnes of sodium chloride to be replaced with 9·7 million tonnes of potassium chloride annually. Conclusions: Significant upscaling of the production of potassium chloride and the capacity of companies able to manufacture potassium-enriched salt, as well as a robust business case for the switch to potassium chloride, would be required.

Efforts to achieve optimal iodine intake through salt iodisation have focussed primarily on iodisation of household salt. However, there is strong evidence that in most regions of the world, industrially processed foods and condiments are an increasingly important source of dietary salt. In this context The Iodine Global Network (IGN) and partners developed programme guidance to help national programme managers assess the potential contribution of widely consumed industrially processed foods and condiments to iodine intake. The programme guidance additionally aimed to facilitate better understanding of iodised salt use by the processed food industry, review existing salt iodisation legislation for inclusion of food industry salt, and investigate how regulatory monitoring of food industry practices could be strengthened if needed. To evaluate the utility of the guidance in practice and identify areas where it could be improved, the IGN requested expressions of interest to pilot test implementation. Five pilots were implemented in Kenya, North Macedonia, The Republic of Moldova, Sri Lanka and Thailand, with remote technical support from IGN. The pilots demonstrated how evidence from implementation could be used to strengthen existing salt iodisation initiatives. In particular, how modelling existing processed food intake data enhanced understanding of potential or actual iodised salt intake and provided an evidence base for strategic change, as well as encouraging alignment with salt reduction programmes. In summary, the guidance provided a useful framework for national teams to conduct a relatively rapid assessment of the existing programme for achieving optimal iodine nutrition and opportunities to strengthen it. National teams involved with the pilot implementation were highly engaged and motivated by the outcomes. The pilot implementation process resulted in the development of strategic recommendations nationally and provided invaluable feedback to IGN on the utility of the guidance, facilitating development of an improved version. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Women all over the world suffer different forms of repression and underdevelopment due to some patriarchal structures. Patriarchy appears a universal phenomenon and a nightmare to women. In many instances, globalization worsens the already bad situations. Gender-based careers especially those that relate to women are prone to neglect and absence of advancement unlike those that relate to men. This study interrogates the Uburu women's traditional salt industry as a victim of globalization and patriarchy; globalization that saturated local communities with imported and refined salt as a result of the use of modern technologies, and patriarchy that impeded the growth and development of the local salt industry as a result of cultural norms which hold down the women from being exposed to the use of modern technologies in salt making. In this context, globalization aggressively interlocks with patriarchy to weaken the resolve of the women in self-advancement. The result is the collapse of the gendered local salt industry which once was a source of women's economic power. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper relies on hitherto unexplored archival sources to understand the origin of differentiated systems for collecting salt revenue in different regions of colonial India. It finds that the government's salt policies, both reactive and proactive, established its control over salt sources and supply, which resulted in higher revenue, replaced indigenous salt with British salt in Bengal and stifled the salt industry in many regions. In the process, salt, an everyday condiment, was transformed into a source of revenue, then into a commodity and, finally, into a political tool in the hands of the government and Indians. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The salt trade in early colonial Orissa was shaped by its unique landscape with intersecting river valleys, forested plateaus, and a long coastline where salt was produced. In the late eighteenth century, the East India Company (EIC) followed a policy of escalating political interventions in the Orissa-Bengal salt trade. In this region, salt was not merely a commodity, but signified power and patronage with local elites actively participating in the trade. The EIC's ignorance of geographical, social and political realities resulted in destabilising salt production and trade in the region. This article explores the conflicts and collusions among local elites, EIC officials, salt traders and producers to trace a history of salt trade in early colonial Orissa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Although national legislation in the Republic of Moldova includes the use of iodized salt in processed food industry as well as household (cooking and table) salt, little is known of the actual use of iodized salt in the food industry and its contribution to the overall iodine intake of the population. This study has helped to address the gap in understanding about how much iodized salt is used in the production of different foods and to identify where more information is still required in order to more fully characterize the contribution of food industry salt to population iodine intake. Methods: Using the available food consumption and production data, the assessment introduces a novel modelling technique, based on the methodology of the IGN Programme Guidance to assess the use of iodized salt in industrially produced foods (IPF). The method included the identification of key salt containing IPF and modelling of the salt and potential iodine intake in two groups of the population, non-pregnant adults and pregnant women. The findings were synthetized to develop a list of recommendations for adjustment or strengthening the existing salt iodization strategy. Main results: In RM, the salt used for industrially produced bread and household use provide almost 80% of all salt intake for adults. The intake from iodized salt at household level and the 8 key salt- containing IPF is estimated to currently meet 89% and 53% of the recommended nutrient for adults and pregnant women, respectively. If all salt used at household level and industrial bread baking would be iodized, then, potentially, it could ensure 181% and 109%, respectively, of the required iodine intake. Conclusions: Use of iodized salt in the processed food industry is of growing significance and universal use of iodized salt at household level and in bread production could result in a desirable increase in iodine intake. The national salt iodization strategy should include strengthened regulatory monitoring of iodized salt use in the bread baking industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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In this essay, I consider how The History of Mary Prince, A West Indian Slave, Related by Herself (1831) extends vital affordances for assembling a literary history of ecological rupture, settler colonialism, and transatlantic slavery. These insights arise from my experiences teaching Prince in "Plotting the Plantationocene in Early Atlantic Literature" (Fall 2021), a course which took up what it means to orient to historical formations of climate change as co-emergent with plantation systems. I argue that my students explored how figures like Prince open politically vibrant pathways for being in the world otherwise to plantation modernity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a strategic commodity, salt in Indonesia faces the challenges of increasing imports rather than the capacity to produce locally, which SMEs almost produce. Therefore, the research explored the extent of the government’s role in the competitiveness of salt SMEs. The research applied a descriptive method with a qualitative approach. For policy analysis, literature review, observation, and in-depth interviews were conducted to analyze the effectiveness of government policies using Regulatory Impact Assessment (RIA) and Cost-Benefit Analysis (CBA). The results find that at least six issues on the existing policies need concern. It consists of local people who are allowed to produce salt, the President Decree 69/1994 role and position, the salt consumption, which is mandatory to have SNI, the changeable salt classification, the other SNI than voluntary iodized consumption salt, and SNI for food-grade salt and caustic soda (chlor-alkali products). The situation shows the government’s significant role in influencing the competitiveness of sustainable salt SMEs. Subsequently, the research proposes recommendations for the sustainable competitiveness of Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) on salt industry development, such as arranging new regulations or revising the existing regulation by integrating and harmonizing the interest cross-ministries, establishing the task force under the Coordinating Ministry for Economic Affairs or directly under the president to prepare the national salt industries development. The national salt classification needs to be considered as the applicable classification internationally. Salt is salt, so there is no need to differentiate it into local and imported salt. Therefore, the imported salt can be classified into food-grade and Chlor-Alkali products (CAP) salt, which should meet international standards and be mandatory.

This study investigates how small corporations in rural areas of Japan obtained funding from the 1880 s through the 1910s and reassesses the role of market-based financing for Japanese small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). While most previous literature shows that Japan effectively used bank-based financing for SMEs, this study provides evidence that corporations of various sizes, including small ones in rural areas, arranged funding through the stock and bond markets during Japan's early industrialisation period. While this type of financing arrangement helped promote early industrialisation, it also strengthened the dual economy during full-fledged industrialisation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Systematic flotation survey and spatial analysis of artifacts at the submerged salt work of Ek Way Nal reveal evidence of a residence, salt kitchens, and additional activities. Ek Way Nal is one of 110 salt works associated with a Late to Terminal Classic (A.D. 600–900) salt industry known as the Paynes Creek Salt Works. Wooden posts that form the walls of 10 buildings are remarkably preserved in a peat bog below the sea floor providing an opportunity to examine surface artifacts in relation to buildings. Numerous salt kitchens have been located at the Paynes Creek Salt Works by evidence of abundant briquetage—pottery associated with boiling brine over fires to make salt. As one of the largest salt works with 10 buildings, there is an opportunity to examine variability in building use. Systematic flotation survey over the site and flagging and mapping individual artifacts and posts provide evidence that the Ek Way Nal salt makers had a residence near the salt kitchens, along with evidence of salting fish for subsistence or surplus household production. The results are compared with ethnographic evidence from Sacapulas and other salt works. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]