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Broiler meat is known for its nutritional value, widespread availability, and low price. However, broilers are sensitive to environmental conditions and need a specific environment for optimum production. Global warming and natural disasters are important obstacles to broiler production. Therefore, we conducted this study during analysed the years 2019, 2020, and 2021, to reveal the broiler production status throughout the year in a subtropical region. The study area included Noakhali and Lakshimpur, located in the southern part of Bangladesh. We selected 10 smallholder broiler farms following specific conditions and collected information at the end of each month for analysis. The body weight of broilers was significantly lower in July than in other months. However, the mortality was significantly lower in July than in other months of the year. Nonetheless, the prevalence of viral disease was higher in the winter season (December, January and February). Although, the prevalence of metabolic diseases was higher in October, a high prevalence of bacterial disease was found in April. These results suggest that high temperatures decrease broiler performance while broilers are more susceptible to viral disease in the winter season. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Small study areas are vastly underrepresented in the criminological literature, including the literature on the relationship between crime and weather. North Bay, ON (population 50,000) provides a useful study area in which to begin to address this lack. Using five years of police call for service data (2015–2019), negative binomial regression models were used to assess the relationships between weather variables and assaults, break and enters, domestic disputes, and thefts. For each crime type, the resulting models were compared based on their Aikake information criteria (AICs) to determine which performed the best. Significant relationships were found to differ between crime types. Temperature played a significant role in determining the temporal distribution of thefts, while for break and enters a model without weather variables performed best, even though both are property crimes. Similarly, for violent crimes, assaults were found to be positively correlated to temperature, while domestic disputes depended mainly on day of the week. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Moroccan steppe rangelands based on Stipa tenacissima L. continue to deteriorate over time and natural regeneration by seed is very rarely observed. The purpose of this study is to assess the germination capacity of Stipa tenacissima seeds under two regimes of temperature 10/25°C (winter) and 30/40° C (Spring). Thus, various physical pre-treatments were tested (soaking caryopsis in normal water and cold stratification). The results showed that the highest germination rate (70%) was observed after soaking in normal water for 24 hours where the temperature varied between 10 and 20°C. However, the lowest germination rate was recorded with seeds soaked at 5°C which was harmful for the germination rate of the Stipa tenacissima seeds. Likewise, germination latency times were significantly shorter following soaking in normal water. This study is very useful and open up potential prospects for controlling multiplication in the nursery and, beyond that, would contribute to preserve this indigenous species and to the rehabilitation of degraded rangelands.

Copyright of Algerian Journal of Environmental Science & Technology is the property of Algerian Journal of Environmental Science & Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study aims to characterize the quantity of drinking water taken by households in the Lower Oueme Valley in Benin. To identify the determinants of the quantity of water used, simple and multiple logistic regressions were performed using SPSS 23 and XLSTAT software. Data included in this study were collected in 175 households. The results reveal that the quantity of drinking water used in the Lower Oueme Valley for domestic needs is 34 ± 12 L·d-1 per inhabitant. However, this amount of water varies, depending on the geographical setting and factors such as the availability of drinking water sources, the distance to the source, and the season. Thus, the quantity of water used in the communes of Adjohoun (39 ± 14 L·d-1 per inhabitant) and Dangbo (36 ± 12 L·d-1 per inhabitant) is greater than the average of the study, while those of Bonou (34 ± 12 L·d-1 per inhabitant), Sô-Ava (32 ± 12 L·d-1 per inhabitant) and Aguegues (27 ± 10 L·d-1 per inhabitant) are below the average. The non-availability of drinking water sources (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 0.05 [0.01-0.29], p < 0.01), the rainy season (AOR = 0.17 [0.04-0.76], p < 0.05) as well as distances greater than 300 m (AOR = 0.13 [0.02- 0.7], p < 0.05) predict a risk of water comsumption of less than 20 L·d-1 per inhabitant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Animal Science is the property of Canadian Science Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of International Journal of Language Academy is the property of Rota Kariyer and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of e-Journal of Science & Technology is the property of e-Journal of Science & Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The effects of the feed level on the seasonality of the sexual activity were studied in Timahdite ewes in the Middle Atlas region of Morocco (33°N). Non pregnant and non lactating adult ewes (3-4 years) were allocated to two groups according to two diet levels: HL (n = 10) received double the maintenance requirements and LL (n = 9) the maintenance requirements. Over a one-year period, estrus was recorded twice daily and blood samples were collected weekly to determine progesterone, leptin, IGF-1, IGFBP-2 and IGFBP-3 plasmatic levels. The higher feed level stimulated the reproductive activity in HL ewes, which presented a longer reproductive season and a significantly higher number of normal estrous cycles than LL ewes (7.8 ± 1.4 vs 3.9 ± 1.9, respectively; P < 0.05). Leptin, IGF-1 and IGFBP-2 seemed involved in the stimulation of the reproductive activity. Compared with LL ewes, HL ewes showed significantly higher plasmatic levels in leptin (3.79 ± 0.38 vs 3.30 ± 0.29 ng/mL; P < 0.05) and in IGF-1 (76 ± 28 vs 58 ± 21 ng/mL; P < 0.01), and a significantly lower level in IGFBP-2 (68 ± 21% vs 99 ± 24%; P < 0.01). No significant difference was recorded between the two groups regarding the IGFBP-3 levels (103 ± 52% vs 96 ± 17%; P > 0.05). These results showed that the Timahdite ewe exhibited a seasonal reproductive pattern which was modulated by the feed level.

Copyright of Bulletin de la Societe Zoologique de France is the property of Societe Zoologique de France and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Endocrinal parameters of two sexual hormones [luteinizing hormone (LH) and testosterone] were studied in three Tuareg rams and two bicolor Peul rams during April and October 1997. Blood samples were collected at 15 min intervals from 1h00 to 7h00 AM. Means (± standard error) obtained for the various parameters studied in Peul and Tuareg rams were as follows, respectively: basal levels of testosterone 4.17 ± 1.82 and 4.55 ± 2.71 ng/ml, and LH 0.80 ± 0.13 and 0.96 ± 0.33 ng/ml; peaks of testosterone 10.16 ± 3.11 and 11.09 ± 2.82 ng/ml, and LH 1.75 ± 0.90 and 2.65 ± 1.29 ng/ml; duration of peaks of testosterone 85 ± 18.7 and 88.63 ± 27.47 min, and LH 75 ± 23.71 and 61.87 ± 24.23 min; frequency of peaks of testosterone 2.38 ± 1.3 and 2.03 ± 1.2 peaks/6h, and LH 1.08 ± 0.15 and 1.85 ± 0.97 peaks/6h. Time intervals between the peak of LH and the first significant rise of testosterone were 26.25 ± 6.49 and 31.87 ± 15.79 min, respectively. The only significant (p < 0.05) differences between the two breeds were their average amplitude of LH. Tuareg rams had an amplitude higher than that of Peuls (2.65 ± 1.29 ng/ml vs 1.75 ± 0.90 ng/ml). For all the other parameters studied, the differences between the two breeds were not significant (p > 0.05). The duration of the peak of LH was significantly affected by the season (p < 0.05), whereas the other parameters were not. Parallel evolutions of the basal levels of testosterone and LH during both seasons highlighted the interaction between the two hormones.

A study was carried out from records on 453 calves kept at the Okpara Breeding Farm between 1994 and 1998. Nongenetic factors affecting the birth weight, weight at three and twelve months of age as well as average daily gains from birth to three months, birth to twelve months and three to twelve months were investigated. A linear model comprising the fixed effects of birth season, birth year, dam age at calving and sex was used to perform the analysis of variance by the least squares. The birth season had a significant effect (p < 0.001) on weight and average daily gains. The best weight performance was observed in animals born during the rainy season. The birth year significantly (p < 0.001) influenced the birth weight, weight at twelve months and average daily gains from birth to twelve months. The effect of dam age at calving was observed in twelve-month-old calves (p < 0.05) and in average daily gains from birth to twelve months (p < 0.05). The male weight at birth was significantly higher than that of females (p < 0.05).

Résumé Contexte Le trouble bipolaire (TB) est une maladie psychiatrique sévère et fréquente. La sévérité et le pronostic de cette maladie sont liés à un taux élevé de récurrences des épisodes de l’humeur qui peuvent suivre une cyclicité saisonnière. Cette communication présente l’état des connaissances de l’effet des saisons sur la sémiologie des troubles bipolaires. Méthodes Cette synthèse sera divisée en trois perspectives cliniques : i) l’utilisation des registres d’admission des services de santé ; ii) une approche dimensionnelle des symptômes du trouble bipolaire ; et iii) une approche catégorielle comparant les sujets avec et sans caractéristique saisonnière des récurrences thymiques. Résultats Les différents niveaux d’évaluation de cette saisonnalité indiquent qu’à la fois les épisodes thymiques mais aussi les symptômes du TB présentent des variations saisonnières. Des observations internationales et très répliquées rapportent un pic principal d’épisodes maniaques en printemps/été et un pic en automne. Les taux d’admissions pour épisode dépressif caractérisé présentent un pic majeur au début de l’hiver et un second pic au cours de l’été. Il apparaît que les conditions climatiques peuvent influencer et/ou déclencher les symptômes du TB. L’étude des dimensions cliniques montre que les caractéristiques thymiques et cognitives, la suicidalité, l’irritabilité et l’agressivité des patients souffrant de TB subissent également l’effet des saisons. L’approche catégorielle, type DSM, indique qu’environ 15 % des sujets atteints de TB présentent une caractéristique saisonnière de leurs épisodes maniaques et 25 % d’entre eux de leurs épisodes dépressifs caractérisés. Cette caractéristique saisonnière s’associe à un tableau clinique plus sévère et s’exprime différemment selon le sexe. Enfin, elle est sous-tendue par une influence génétique, où le gène circadien NPAS2 pourrait avoir un rôle important. Conclusion Il existe une saisonnalité du TB, dont la spécification pourrait être utilement intégrée dans les algorithmes de décision thérapeutique, de prévention et de dépistage. Introduction Bipolar disorder (BD) is a common and severe psychiatric disorder. BD's severity and prognosis are related to a high manic or depressive episode recurrence rate, which is about 60–80% 2 years after an episode, despite a well-conducted treatment. These mood relapses may have a seasonal pattern (SP). This communication summarizes the state of knowledge about the effect of seasons on BP semiology. Materials and methods This synthesis will be divided in three clinical perspectives: i) examination in health service registries of seasonal rates of hospital admission for mood episode for patients with BD; ii) a dimensional approach examining seasonal symptom variance; and iii) a categorical approach comparing subjects with and without SP. Results Findings from the three clinical perspectives demonstrate that mood episodes but also BD symptomatology suffer from seasonal fluctuations. Worldwide and replicated observations show two peaks of admission for manic episode: A major in spring/summer and, to a lesser extent, one in autumn. Admissions for depressive episodes peak in early winter and, to a lesser extent, in summer. It appears that climatic conditions can influence or trigger the BD symptomatology. Dimensional studies observed that mood, cognitive, suicidal, irritability and aggression characteristics present seasonal fluctuations. From a categorical perspective, studies reported that 25% of patients with BD met DSM-IV criteria for depressive episodes with SP, and 15% for manic episodes with SP. Clinical characteristics statistically associated with depressive episodes with SP were subtype II and number of depressive episodes, and were different according to gender. Finally, this SP was underpinned by a genetic influence, more especially the circadian gene NPAS2 , which may play an important role. Conclusions There is consistent evidence that seasons have effects on BD semiology. A better understanding of the underlying mechanisms would facilitate the development of personalized chronobiological therapeutic and preventive strategies and integration of SP in decision algorithms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Bulletin de la Societe Zoologique de France is the property of Societe Zoologique de France and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Bulletin de la Societe Zoologique de France is the property of Societe Zoologique de France and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Larhyss Journal is the property of Biskra University, Research Laboratory in Subterranean & Surface Hydraulics and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

De 1986 à 1991, les données relatives au poids à la naissance et à la mortalité néonatale ont été recueillies sur 377 et 422 agneaux de race Massa et Foulbé, à la Station de Recherches Zootechniques de Yagoua, Cameroun. Le modèle linéaire général (GLM) et c2 ont été utilisés pour analyser les données et pour identifier et quantifier les facteurs affectant le poids à la naissance et la mortalité natale. Les résultats ont montré qu'à la naissance les effets suivants étaient très significatifs (p < 0,001) : la race, la saison et l'année de naissance, le type de naissance, la parité, les interactions saison-race et saison-année de naissance. Les interactions race-parité, race-type de naissance, type de naissance-parité étaient également significatives quant aux variations de poids à la naissance. Bien que la race Foulbé ait présenté un poids à la naissance significativement plus élevé que celui de la race Massa (2,88 vs. 1,99 kg), la mortalité était significativement plus faible chez cette dernière (49,76 vs. 50,24 %). La mortalité était significativement plus faible pendant la saison pluvieuse (16,82 %) que pendant la saison sèche froide (42,90 %) et la saison sèche chaude (40,28 %). La race Massa, malgré son faible poids à la naissance, était mieux adaptée que la race Foulbé à l'environnement chaud et sec.

The article discusses a study on the population dynamics of Stomoxys calcitrans, or stable flies, found in southwestern France. Topics include a detailed description of what stable flies are, a description of the National Veterinary School of Toulouse (NVST) as the study area, and a discussion of the traps and experimental design used for the study. The results are also shown detailing the climatic variables and the population fluctuations of the stable flies.

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Animal Science is the property of Canadian Science Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

La production agricole de l’Afrique sub-saharienne essentiellement pluviale est particulièrement vulnérable à la variabilité climatique. A l’échelle des exploitations, cette variabilité a un impact direct sur la production primaire, sur le revenu et la sécurité alimentaire de la famille. Dans cette étude, nous évaluons l’intérêt économique de mettre la prévision de la pluviométrie d’hivernage à la disposition des producteurs. Cette étude a été menée dans la zone de Dano au sud-ouest du Burkina Faso. Elle repose sur l’utilisation d’un modèle de programmation linéaire qui maximise le revenu en optimisant l’allocation des terres, du travail et des intrants entre plusieurs types de cultures, les rendements variant selon le type de sol, d’itinéraire technique et d’hivernage. Quatre scénarios ont été analysés : un scénario témoin où le paysan n’a pas accès aux prévisions, un scénario où les producteurs ont accès à une prévision d’hivernage sec, un autre où ils ont accès à une prévision d’hivernage normal et un dernier où ils ont accès à une prévision d’hivernage humide. Les résultats des simulations montrent que c’est une prévision d’hivernage sec qui présente le plus d’intérêt mais c’est aussi celui où l’erreur de prévision serait la plus coûteuse. Globalement le gain de revenu de la prévision est relativement peu élevé, mais le coût d’une erreur de prévision pose le problème des responsabilités et des compensations. Ces résultats relativisent l’intérêt des prévisions saisonnières pour la réduction de la vulnérabilité des populations des pays sahéliens.

The article focuses on a study related to the examination of meat quality and health of pigs which is transported for two hours using two vehicle types during two seasons of the year. According to the study, type of vehicle, animal location in the truck and the seasonal variation affect the health of pigs during transportation. It further states that researchers used pot-belly trailer (PB) and a hydraulic double-decked truck (DD) in order to assess the affect of vehicle on pork quality.

Allergy prevalence and severity varies seasonally in humans, presumably due to intra-annual changes in allergen exposure. However, it is possible that seasonality of allergic responses is also influenced by seasonal changes in the immune system. Here, we asked whether extended exposure to different day lengths would alter allergic responses to pentadecylcatechol (PDC), an allergenic component of poison ivy ( Toxicodendron radicans (L.) Kuntze), in Siberian hamsters ( Phodopus sungorus (Pallas, 1773)), a species exhibiting extensive seasonal variation in immune functions. We found that contact dermatitis responses were larger in short day-length (SD) housed animals than in long day-length (LD) housed animals even though sensitization and challenge dosages of allergen were identical. Furthermore, SD animals were smaller and had regressed reproductive tissues compared with LD animals, results typically observed in this species in response to photoperiod. These data suggest that endogenous changes in immune functions, perhaps via melatonin, may underlie some seasonal variation in allergic responses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To investigate the seasonal pattern of overall mortality among children aged below 5 years living in two informal settlements in Nairobi City. Methods We used data collected from January 2003 to December 2005 in the Nairobi Urban Health and Demographic Surveillance System on demographic events (birth, death, and migration). Analyses of seasonal effects on under-five mortality are based on Poisson regression controlling for sex, age, study site and calendar year. Results During the study period, there were 17 878 children below 5 years in the study sites. Overall 436 under-five deaths were recorded. The overall death rate for the under-five children was 19.95 per 1 000 person years. There is a significant seasonal variation of under-five mortality. The mortality risk was significantly higher in the second and third quarters of year than in the fourth quarter (RR = 1.6, CI: 1.3–2.2 and RR = 1.5, CI: 1.1–2.0). Conclusion This paper demonstrates that overall mortality among under-five children in the urban poor is seasonal. Overall during the second quarter of the year, the death rate increases by nearly twofold. This evidence generated here may help to support well targeted interventions in reducing under-five mortality in the slums. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The period, known to UK farmers and processors as the "spring flush", when the cows' diet changes from dry feed to spring pasture, has long been established as a time of change in milk properties and processing characteristics. Although it is believed to be a time when problems in processing are most likely to occur (e.g. milk that does not form clots or forms weak gels during cheesemaking), there is little evidence in the literature of detailed changes in milk composition and their impact on product manufacture. In this study, a range of physicochemical properties were analysed in milk collected from five commercial dairy herds before, during and after the spring flush period of 2006. In particular, total and ionic calcium contents of milk were studied in relation to other parameters including rennet clotting, acid gel properties, heat coagulation, alcohol stability, micelle size and zeta potential. Total divalent cations were significantly reduced from 35.4 to 33.4 mmol·L-1 during the study, while ionic calcium was reduced from 1.48 to 1.40 mmol·L-1 over the same period. Many parameters varied significantly between the sample dates. However, there was no evidence to suggest that any of the milk samples would have been unsuitable for processing - e.g. there were no samples that did not form clots with chymosin within a reasonable time or formed especially weak rennet or acid gels. A number of statistically significant correlations were found within the data, including ionic calcium concentration and pH; rennet clotting time (RCT) and micelle diameter; and RCT and ethanol stability. Overall, while there were clear variations in milk composition and properties over this period, there was no evidence to support the view that serious processing problems are likely during the change from dry feed to spring pasture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To determine the economic burden of malaria in a rural Tanzanian setting and identify any differences by socioeconomic status and season. Methods Interviews of 557 households in south eastern Tanzania between May and December 2004, on consumption and malaria-related costs. Results Malaria-related expenses were significantly higher in the dry, non-malarious season than in the rainy season. Households sought treatment more frequently and from more expensive service providers in the dry season, when they have more money. Malaria expenses did not vary significantly across socioeconomic status quintiles, but poorer households spent a higher proportion of their consumption in both seasons. Conclusion Poorer households bear a greater economic burden from malaria relative to their consumption than better-off households. Households are particularly vulnerable to malaria in the rainy season, when malaria prevalence is highest but liquidity is lower. Alternative strategies to assist households to cope with seasonal liquidity issues, including insurance, should be investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The occurrence of the most prevalent chlorinated disinfection by-products (DBPs) was investigated in three Quebec City distribution systems that deliver drinking water subjected to different treatment strategies. Trihalomethanes (THMs), haloacetic acids (HAAs), and other complementary parameters were monitored in several locations representing variable water residence times over 16 months. The occurrence of chlorinated DBPs levels was considerably lower in the system where raw water is subjected to pre-ozonation instead of pre-chlorination (as pre-treatment) or direct chlorination. Seasonal analysis of the data showed that according to the system and to the group of chlorinated DBPs, the average DBP concentrations in winter were two to four times lower than the average DBP levels of the entire period under study. Considerable variations of both DBP groups were observed according to the water residence time in the distribution system, but the behavior was not the same for THMs as for HAAs. In fact, correlations between THM and HAA levels were good only for cold water and low residence time conditions. Seasonal and spatial variations of DBPs documented in this study have important implications on regulatory issues and from an epidemiological point of view. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyses the role played by trade fairs in fashion production today. It uses Goffman's concept of frames to analyse the way in which trade fairs constitute a kind of ‘neutral ground’ onto which exhibitors inscribe their relative position vis-a-vis other exhibitors. The article includes both a macro-analysis of the changing function of fairs as buyer-supplier relations have become routinized throughout the year, and a micro-analysis that zooms in on different encounters that take place during fairs. These include encounters for trade, networks and knowledge. The term ‘intermediary fairs’ is introduced to capture the recent development from export fairs, designed to represent regionally based industries, to a highly globalized condition. As the regional base of industries is eroding, fairs increasingly redefine themselves as global sourcing hubs with a number of added functions and services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This report deals with the existence of epidemiological, clinic and evolutional particularities in bipolar disorder relating to cultures and to geography underlined in the literature. The objective of this work was to analyse bipolar trouble by descriptive and comparative profiles of two samples belonging to French and Tunisian cultures and to discuss the differences based on epidemiological, clinical, therapeutic and environmental parameters. We have carried out a descriptive and comparative retrospective study among 45 bipolar I in-patients including 30 Tunisian and 15 French subjects. Our study brings to evidence trans-cultural differences in the expression and evolution of bipolar trouble, these diffe-rences reflect the impact of environmental factors. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Copyright of Zeitschrift für Jagdwissenschaft is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)