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Grasses are agriculturally, economically and ecologically dominant among plants. Their fungal diversity is fascinating but has been relatively poorly studied or restricted to a few important hosts or pathogens. Therefore, numerous grass-inhabiting fungal species are awaiting discovery or re-study based on morphology and molecular phylogeny. In an ongoing study of grass-inhabiting fungi in Thailand, two interesting saprobic members of Sodariomycetes were collected. Based on morphology, coupled with combined gene analyses of LSU and ITS sequence data, they were identified as Dinemasporium pseudostrigosum and Robillarda africana belonging to Chaetosphaeriaceae and Sporocadaceae, respectively. This is the first report of the two species for Thailand as well as the first record of R. africana occurring on grasses. The newly collected species are compared to other related species and comprehensive descriptions and photo-micrographs are provided.

Lophiostoma khanzada-kirgizbaeva Aluth., Gafforov & K.D. Hyde, sp. nov. Index Fungorum number: IF 558817; Facesoffungi number: FoF 10528, FIGURE 2. Etymology: khanzada-kirgizbaeva (Lat.) in honour of Uzbekistan mycologist Dr. Khanzada Kirgizbaeva (1937-2007) for her contribution in studying aquatic microfungi of Uzbekistan. Saprobic on unknown hosts in terrestrial habitats. Sexual morph: Ascomata 170–450 μm high × 150–400 μm diam. (x̅ = 226 × 259 μm, n = 10), scattered to gregarious, immersed, dark brown to black, surrounded by a small blackened pseudoclypeus, globose to subglobose, ostiolate. Ostioles 120–140 μm high × 20–30 μm wide (x̅ = 130 × 25 μm, n = 5), slit-like, central, with a reduced crest and a pore-like opening. Peridium 35–80 μm wide (x̅ = 54 μm, n = 20), wider at the apex, and thinner at the base, composed of two strata, outer stratum comprising several layers of dark brown to black, somewhat flattened cells of textura angularis, fusing and indistinguishable from the host tissues, inner stratum comprising several layers with lightly pigmented cells of textura angularis. Hamathecium comprising 1–1.5 μm wide, septate, branched, pseudoparaphyses, situated between and above the asci. Asci 80–150 × 10–18 μm (x̅ = 113 × 15 μm, n = 30), 8-spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate, cylindric-clavate, with a long pedicel, rounded at the apex. Ascospores 15–25 × 6–8μm (x̅ = 22 × 7 μm, n = 50), uniseriate to bi-seriate, overlapping, initially hyaline and turning dark brown at maturity, fusiform with narrow rounded ends at immature state and turns ellipsoidal at maturity, 1–3 septate, constricted at the septum, widest at the region above or below the central septum, smooth-walled, guttulate, with mucilaginous sheath present in immature ascospores. Asexual morph: Undetermined. Material examined: Uzbekistan, Jizzakh Region, Zaamin District, Zaamin National Nature Park, Supa Plateau in the Turkestan ridge of Pamir-Alay Mountains, on a dead branch of Rosa sp., 15 July 2019, Yusufjon Gafforov, YGZ75-1_1 (TASM 6158, holotype); ibid. on a dead stem of Rosa sp., YG-Z75-1_2 (TASM 6164, paratype). Notes: Lophiostoma khanzada-kirgizbaeva (TASM 6158) is phylogenetically closest to L. paramacrostomum (MFLUCC 11-0463). Our strain L. khanzada-kirgizbaeva (TASM 6158) composed of globose to subglobose ascomata while L. paramacrostomum (MFLUCC 11-0463) composed of subglobose to conical ascomata (Thambugala et al. 2015). Lophiostoma khanzada-kirgizbaeva (TASM 6158) consists of 1–3 septate, fusiform, hyaline ascospores, which turn ellipsoidal and dark brown at maturity. Lophiostoma paramacrostomum (MFLUCC 11-0463) is characterized by 1-septate, hyaline, fusiform ascospores with narrow, acute ends. The phylogenetic analysis of combined SSU, ITS, LSU, tef 1-α, rpb 2 sequence data of Lophiostomataceae species revealed our strain Lophiostoma khanzada-kirgizbaeva (TASM 6158) within the Lophiostoma clade with good statistical support (97% ML-BS/0.91 BI-PP, FIGURE 1). Hence, confirming Lophiostoma khanzada-kirgizbaeva (TASM 6158) as a new species.

Paucispora xishanensis Aluth., Wanas. & K.D. Hyde, sp. nov. Index Fungorum number: IF 558818; Facesoffungi number: FoF 10529; FIGURE 3. Etymology: The epithet reflects the district where the specimen was collected. Saprobic on dead twigs of an unknown host. Sexual morph: Ascomata 200–340 μm high, 370–400 μm diam. (x̅ = 291 × 379 μm, n = 10), scattered to gregarious, immersed to semi-immersed, papilla erumpent through host surface, conical, flattened at the base, uni-loculate, coriaceous, black, ostiolate. Ostioles 120–140 μm high × 40–50 μm wide (x̅ = 131 × 44 μm, n = 5), slit-like, central, with a crest-like apex, broadly papillate, with a pore-like opening, filled with hyaline periphyses. Peridium 20–60 μm wide (x̅ = 39 μm, n = 20) at sides, wider at the apex, and thinner at the base, multi-layered, composed of 10–12 layers, outer layers composed of dark brown to black cells of textura angularis, indistinguishable from the host tissues, inner layer composed of hyaline cells of textura angularis. Hamathecium 1.2–1.7 µm (x̅ = 1.4 µm, n = 30) wide, composed with numerous dense, filiform, transversely septate, branched, anastomosing, cellular pseudoparaphyses situated between and above the asci, embedded in a gelatinous matrix. Asci 60–90 × 9–13 μm (x̅ = 77×11 μm, n = 30), 2–4-spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate, cylindric-clavate, apically rounded, with an ocular chamber. Ascospores 16–22 × 7–9 μm (x̅ = 20 × 8 μm, n = 50), uniseriate, partially overlapping, initially hyaline and turn dark brown at maturity, except pale end cells, ellipsoidal, straight, 1–3 septate, constricted at the central septum, widest at the region above or below the central septum, smooth-walled, guttulate, lacking a mucilaginous sheath. Asexual morph: Undetermined. Material examined: Xishan, Kunming, Yunnan, China, Woody litter of unknown host plant, 19 July 2019. DN Wanasinghe, DW1344-4_1 (HKAS 115905, holotype); ibid. DW1344-4_2 (HKAS 115906, paratype) Notes: In our phylogenetic analysis, Paucispora xishanensis (HKAS 115905) groups basal to P. versicolor (MAFF 244508). Paucispora xishanensis (HKAS 115905) is morphologically similar to P. versicolor (MAFF 244508) and P. kunmingense (MFLU 17-0558). However, P. xishanensis (HKAS 115905) has depressed conical-shaped ascomata while P. versicolor (MAFF 244508) consists of globose to subglobose ascomata (Hirayama et al. 2014; Thambugala et al. 2015) and P. kunmingense (MFLU 17-0558) consists of globose to depressed globose ascomata (Hyde et al. 2017). Paucispora xishanensis (HKAS 115905) and P. versicolor (MAFF 244508) both consist of 2-4 spored asci (Hirayama et al. 2014; Thambugala et al. 2015), while P. kunmingense (MFLU 17-0558) consists of 4-spored asci (Hyde et al. 2017). Paucispora xishanensis (HKAS 115905) consists of initially hyaline ascospores, which turn dark brown at maturity, while P. versicolor (MAFF 244508) consists of brown to reddish-brown ascospores (Hirayama et al. 2014; Thambugala et al. 2015) and P. kunmingense (MFLU 17-0558) consists of hyaline ascospores (Hyde et al. 2017). In addition, the multilocus phylogenetic analyses also confirmed the phylogenetic placement of Paucispora xishanensis isolates HKAS 115905 and HKAS 115906 within the Paucispora clade as a phylogenetically distinct species with good statistical support (100 % ML-BS/1.00 BI-PP) (FIGURE 1)., Published as part of Aluthmuhandiram, Janith V. S., Wanasinghe, Dhanushka N., Chethana, K. W. Thilini, Gafforov, Yusufjon, Saichana, Natsaran, Li, Xing Hong, Yan, Jiye & Mamarakhimov, Oybek M., 2022, Lophiostomataceae (Dothideomycetes): Introducing Lophiostoma khanzadakirgizbaeva sp. nov. and Paucispora xishanensis sp. nov., pp. 247-262 in Phytotaxa 559 (3) on page 255, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.559.3.3, http://zenodo.org/record/7021719, {"references":["Hirayama, K., Hashimoto, A. & Tanaka, K. (2014) A new species, Lophiostoma versicolor, from Japan (Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes). Mycosphere 5: 411 - 417. https: // doi. org / 10.5943 / mycosphere / 5 / 3 / 3","Thambugala, K. M., Hyde, K. D., Tanaka, K., Tian, Q., Wanasinghe, D. N., Ariyawansa, H. A., Jayasiri, S. C., Boonmee, S., Camporesi, E., Hashimoto, A., Hirayama, K., Schumacher, R. K., Promputtha, I. & Liu, Z. Y. (2015) Towards a natural classification and backbone tree for Lophiostomataceae, Floricolaceae, and Amorosiaceae fam. nov. Fungal Diversity 74: 199 - 266. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 13225 - 015 - 0348 - 3","Hyde, K. D., Norphanphoun, C., Abreu, V. P., Bazzicalupo, A., Thilini Chethana, K. W., Clericuzio, M., Dayarathne, M. C., Dissanayake, A. J., Ekanayaka, A. H., He, M. - Q., Hongsanan, S., Huang, S. - K., Jayasiri, S. C., Jayawardena, R. S., Karunarathna, A., Konta, S., Kusan, I., Lee, H., Li, J., Lin, C. - G., Liu, N. - G., Lu, Y. - Z., Luo, Z. - L., Manawasinghe, I. S., Mapook, A., Perera, R. H., Phookamsak, R., Phukhamsakda, C., Siedlecki, I., Soares, A. M., Tennakoon, D. S., Tian, Q., Tibpromma, S., Wanasinghe, D. N., Xiao, Y. - P., Yang, J., Zeng, X. - Y., Abdel-Aziz, F. A., Li, W. - J., Senanayake, I. C., Shang, Q. - J., Daranagama, D. A., de Silva, N. I., Thambugala, K. M., Abdel-Wahab, M. A., Bahkali, A. H., Berbee, M. L., Boonmee, S., Bhat, D. J., Bulgakov, T. S., Buyck, B., Camporesi, E., CastanedaRuiz, R. F., Chomnunti, P., Doilom, M., Dovana, F., Gibertoni, T. B., Jadan, M., Jeewon, R., Jones, E. B. G., Kang, J. - C., Karunarathna, S. C., Lim, Y. W., Liu, J. - K., Liu, Z. - Y., Plautz, H. L., Lumyong, S., Maharachchikumbura, S. S. N., Matocec, N., McKenzie, E. H. C., Mesic, A., Miller, D., Pawlowska, J., Pereira, O. L., Promputtha, I., Romero, A. I., Ryvarden, L., Su, H. - Y., Suetrong, S., Tkalcec, Z., Vizzini, A., Wen, T. - C., Wisitrassameewong, K., Wrzosek, M., Xu, J. - C., Zhao, Q., Zhao, R. - L. & Mortimer, P. E. (2017) Fungal diversity notes 603 - 708: taxonomic and phylogenetic notes on genera and species. Fungal Diversity 87: 1 - 235. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 13225 - 017 - 0391 - 3"]}

Dinemasporium Lév., Annls Sci. Nat., Bot., sér. 3, 5: 274 (1846) Notes:— Léveillé (1846) introduced Dinemasporium with D. graminum (Lib.) Lév. as the type species. Dinemasporium members have superficial, setose, cupulate conidiomata, discrete or integrated conidiogenous cells and fusiform, naviculate or allantoid, aseptate conidia, with one setula at each end, with or without lateral appendages (Crous et al. 2012, Maharachchikumbura et al. 2016, Hyde et al. 2020a). This genus is broadly distributed on various woody plants and some species have been recorded from soil and human sputum (Hussaini et al. 2000, Crous et al. 2012, Deshmukh & Verekar 2012, Hashimoto et al. 2015, Liu et al. 2015). There are 43 Dinemasporium species listed in Index Fungorum (2021)., Published as part of Goonasekara, Ishani D., Jayawardena, Ruvishika S. & Saichana, Natsaran, 2022, New records of two appendage bearing ceolomycetes on grasses in Thailand, pp. 113-128 in Phytotaxa 541 (2) on page 120, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.541.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/6388680, {"references":["Leveille, J. H. (1846) Descriptions des champignons de l'herbier du Museum de Paris. Annales des Sciences Naturelles Botanique 5: 249 - 305.","Crous, P. W., Verkley, G. J. M., Christensen, M., Castaneda-Ruiz, R. F. & Groenewald, J. Z. (2012) How important are conidial appendages? Persoonia 28: 126 - 137. https: // doi. org / 10.3767 / 003158512 X 652624","Maharachchikumbura, S. S. N., Hyde, K. D., Jones, E. B. G., McKenzie, E. H. C., Bhat, J. D., Dayarathne, M. C., Huang, S-K., Norphanphoun, C., Senanayake, I. C., Perera, R. H., Shang, Q-J., Xiao, Y., D'souza, M. J., Hongsanan, S., Jayawardena, R. S., Daranagama, D. A., Konta, S., Goonasekara, I. D., Zhuang, W-Y., Jeewon, R., Phillips, A. J. L., Abdel-Wahab, M. A., Al-Sadi, A. M., Bahkali, A. H., Boonmee, S., Boonyuen, N., Cheewangkoon, R., Dissanayake, A. J., Kang, J., Li, Q-R., Liu, J. K., Liu, X. Z., Liu, Z-Y., J. Luangsaard, J., Pang, K. L., Phookamsak, R., Promputtha, I., Suetrong, S., Stadler, M., Wen, T. & Wijayawardene, N. N. (2016) Families of Sordariomycetes. Fungal Diversity 79: 1 - 317. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 13225 - 016 - 0369 - 6","Hyde, K. D., Norphanphoun, C., Maharachchikumbura, S. S. N., Bhat, D. J., Jones, E. B. G., Bundhun, D., Chen, Y. J., Bao, D. F., Boonmee, S., Calabon, M. S., Chaiwan, N., Chethana, K. W. T., Dai, D. Q., Dayarathne, M. C., Devadatha, B., Dissanayake, A. J., Dissanayake, L. S., Doilom, M., Dong, W., Fan, X. L., Goonasekara, I. D., Hongsanan, S., Huang, S. K., Jayawardena, R. S., Jeewon, R., Karunarathna, A., Konta, S., Kumar, V., Lin, C. G., Liu, J. K., Liu, N. G., Luangsa-ard, J., Lumyong, S., Luo, Z. L., Marasinghe, D. S., McKenzie, E. H. C., Niego, A. G. T., Niranjan, M., Perera, R. H., Phukhamsakda, C., Rathnayaka, A. R., Samarakoon, M. C., Samarakoon, S. M. B. C., Sarma, V. V., Senanayake, I. C., Shang, Q. J., Stadler, M., Tibpromma, S., Wanasinghe, D. N., Wei, D. P., Wijayawardene, N. N., Xiao, Y. P., Yang, J., Zeng, X. Y., Zhang, S. N. & Xiang, M. M. (2020 a) Refined families of Sordariomycetes. Mycosphere 11: 305 - 1059.","Hussaini, I. P., Lawrie, A. C. & McLaren, D. A. (2000) Pathogens on and variation in Nassella trichotoma (Poales: Poaceae) in Australia. In: Proceedings of the X International Symposium on Biological Control of Weeds, ed. Spencer, N. R., pp. 269 - 280.","Deshmukh, S. K. & Verekar, S. A. (2012) Fungal endophytes: a potential source of antifungal compounds. Frontiers in Bioscience 4: 2045 - 2070.","Hashimoto, A., Sato, G., Matsuda, T., Hirayama, K., Hatakeyama, S., Harada, Y., Shirouzu, T. & Tanaka, K. (2015) Molecular taxonomy of Dinemasporium and its allied genera. Mycoscience 56: 86 - 101. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. myc. 2014.04.001","Liu, J. K., Hyde, K. D., Jones, E. B. G., Ariyawansa, H. A., Bhat, D. J., Boonmee, S., Maharachchikumbura, S. S. N., McKenzie, E. H. C., Phookamsak, R., Phukhamsakda, C., Shenoy, B. D., Abdel-Wahab, M. A., Buyck, B., Chen, J., Chethana, K. W. T., Singtripop, C., Dai, D. Q., Dai, Y. C., Daranagama, D. A., Dissanayake, A. J., Doilom, M., D'souza, M. J., Fan, X. L., Goonasekara, I. D., Hirayama, K., Hongsanan, S., Jayasiri, S. C., Jayawardena, R. S., Karunarathna, S. C., Li, W. J., Mapook, A., Norphanphoun, C., Pang, K. L., Perera, R. H., Persoh, D., Pinruan, U., Senanayake, I. C., Somrithipol, S., Suetrong, S., Tanaka, K., Thambugala, K. M., Tian, Q., Tibpromma, S., Udayanga, D., Wijayawardene, N. N., Wanasinghe, D., Wisitrassameewong, K., Zeng, X. Y., Abdel-Aziz, F. A., Adamcik, S., Bahkali, A. H., Boonyuen, N., Bulgakov, T., Callac, P., Chomnunti, P., Greiner, K., Hashimoto, A., Hofstetter, V., Kang, J. C., Lewis, D., Li, X. H., Liu, X. Z., Liu, Z. Y., Matsumura, M., Mortimer, P. E., Rambold, G., Randrianjohany, E., Sato, G., Sri-Indrasutdhi, V., Tian, C. M., Verbeken, A., von Brackel, W., Wang, Y., Wen, T. C., Xu, J. C., Yan, J. Y., Zhao, R. L. & Camporesi, E. (2015) Fungal diversity notes 1 - 110: taxonomic and phylogenetic contributions to fungal species. Fungal Diversity 72: 1 - 197. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 13225 - 015 - 0324 - y","Index Fungorum (2021) Available from: http: // www. indexfungorum. org / names / Names. asp (accessed 6 October 2021)"]}

Dinemasporium pseudostrigosum Crous, Persoonia 28: 134 (2012) Index Fungorum number: IF 800164; Facesoffungi number: FoF 07316 (Fig. 3) Saprobic on culms of dead grass. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: Coelomycetous. Conidiomata 60–100 × 120–150 µm (x = 80 × 135 μm, n = 15), stromatic, brown to black, superficial, solitary to gregarious, occasionally confluent, pulvinate, oval to rounded in outline, cupulate, with incurved margins, unilocular, setose. Conidiomatal setae 200–250 µm long, 3–5 µm wide, arising from the basal stroma, straight or curved, septate, brown but pale at the apex, thick-walled, acute, unbranched. Conidiomatal wall 8–10 µm wide, of textura angularis with cells brown to pale brown, thick-walled. Conidiophores lining the basal stroma, rectangular to cylindrical, smooth, pale brown to hyaline, unbranched. Conidiogenous cells 6–11 × 2–3 µm (x = 9 × 2.3 μm, n = 20), phialidic, subcylindrical to lageniform, hyaline, smooth. Conidia 8–10 × 2–3.5 μm (x = 9 × 3 μm, n = 40), hyaline, naviculate to fusiform or ellipsoid, obtuse or slightly acute at the apex, slightly truncate at the base, unicellular, eguttulate or guttulate, smooth, bearing 3–6 µm long, unbranched, single tubular appendage at each end. Culture characteristics:— Colonies on PDA reaching 4–5 cm diam. after 2 weeks at 28–30 °C, medium sparse, irregular, slightly raised, surface smooth with undulate edge, fairly fluffy and strongly irregular, wrinkled, folded margins, colony from above white, reverse pale yellow becoming greyish brown just surrounding the center as the colony matures, grey to pale yellow at the margins, no pigmentation observed. Known hosts:— Bamboo species, dead grass (Poaceae), Elymus farctus (Poaceae), Stigmaphyllon sagraeanum (Malpighiaceae) (Crous et al. 2012, Hashimoto et al. 2015, Li et al. 2020, this study). Known distribution:— Germany, Italy, Japan, Thailand (Crous et al. 2012, Hashimoto et al. 2015, Li et al. 2020, this study). Material examined:— THAILAND. Chiang Mai Province: Mae Teang District, Mushroom Research Center (M. R. C.), on dead culms of unidentified grass (Poaceae), 24 March 2016, Ishani D. Goonasekara, IGm34 (MFLU 22-0006, new geographical record), living culture MFLUCC 16-0894; ibid., on dead culms of unidentified grass (Poaceae), 28 March 2016, Ishani D. Goonasekara, IGm38 (MFLU 22-0007), living culture MFLUCC 16-0896. Notes:— According to the phylogenetic tree (Fig. 1), our isolates (MFLUCC 16-0894 and MFLUCC 16-0896) are identified as Dinemasporium pseudostrigosum. This taxon was originally described in Crous et al. (2012) from Triticum aestivum in Germany. Our new isolates cluster with D. pseudostrigosum isolates (CBS 717.85, CBS 825.91 and MFLU 15-0588) in a strongly supported clade (81% ML, 91%, 0.99 BYPP). In particular, they have a close relationship with the strain CBS 825.91 showing high statistical support (76% ML, 71% MP, 0.97 BYPP). Morphologically, our collections resemble D. pseudostrigosum (CBS 717.85, CBS 825.91) in having stromatic, brown to black, superficial, unilocular, setose conidiomata, subcylindrical to lageniform conidiogenous cells and naviculate to fusiform or ellipsoid, aseptate, hyaline conidia with tubular appendages at each end (Crous et al. 2012). However, our collections have slightly smaller conidia (8–10 × 2–3.5 μm) than the type species (12–13 × 3 μm) (Crous et al. 2012). Herein, we introduce our collection as a new geographical record of D. pseudostrigosum for Thailand., Published as part of Goonasekara, Ishani D., Jayawardena, Ruvishika S. & Saichana, Natsaran, 2022, New records of two appendage bearing ceolomycetes on grasses in Thailand, pp. 113-128 in Phytotaxa 541 (2) on pages 120-121, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.541.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/6388680, {"references":["Crous, P. W., Verkley, G. J. M., Christensen, M., Castaneda-Ruiz, R. F. & Groenewald, J. Z. (2012) How important are conidial appendages? Persoonia 28: 126 - 137. https: // doi. org / 10.3767 / 003158512 X 652624","Hashimoto, A., Sato, G., Matsuda, T., Hirayama, K., Hatakeyama, S., Harada, Y., Shirouzu, T. & Tanaka, K. (2015) Molecular taxonomy of Dinemasporium and its allied genera. Mycoscience 56: 86 - 101. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. myc. 2014.04.001","Li, W. J., McKenzie, E. H. C., Liu, J. K. J., Bhat, D. J., Dai, D. Q., Camporesi, E., Tian, Q., Maharachchikumbura, S. S., Luo, Z. L., Shang, Q. J., Zhang, J. F., Tangthirasunun, N., Karunarathna, S. C., Xu, J. - C. & Hyde, K. D. (2020) Taxonomy and phylogeny of hyaline-spored coelomycetes. Fungal Diversity 100: 279 - 801. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 13225 - 020 - 00440 - y"]}

Chaetosphaeriaceae Réblová, M.E. Barr & Samuels, Sydowia 51(1): 56 (1999) Notes:— This family, introduced by Locquin (1984), was not considered as validly published due to not having a proper description. Therefore, Réblová et al. (1999) re-established this family to accommodate Chaetosphaeria as the type genus and six genera (Ascocodinaea, Melanochaeta, Melanopsammella, Porosphaerella, Porosphaerellopsis and Striatosphaeria).Chaetosphaeriaceae species are widely distributed as saprobes(Réblová etal. 1999, Maharachchikumbura et al. 2016, Lin et al. 2019, Hyde et al. 2020a). Forty-three genera are accepted in Chaetosphaeriaceae (Hyde et al. 2020a). We followed Lin et al. (2019) and Hyde et al. (2020a) as the latest treatments for Chaetosphaeriaceae.

Robillarda africana Crous & Giraldo López, IMA Fungus 6(1): 184 (2015) Index Fungorum number: IF 812797; Facesoffungi number: FoF 10700 (Fig. 4) Saprobic on grass litter. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: Coelomycetous. Conidiomata 100–140 × 170–230 µm (x = 125 × 190 μm, n = 20), pycnidial, scattered, globose to subglobose, semi-immersed, unilocular, dark brown to black, ostiolate. Conidiomatal wall 30–40 µm, brown to dark brown, arranged in a textura angularis, cells towards the inside hyaline, at the outside darker, fusing and indistinguishable from the host tissues. Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells 4–5 × 2–3 µm (x = 4.5 × 2.5 μm, n = 20), phialidic, ampulliform to subcylindrical, hyaline, smooth, guttulate, deliquescing at maturity. Conidia 10–12 × 1.5–3 µm (x = 11 × 2.2 μm, n = 30), cylindrical to fusiform, straight or slightly curved, 1-septate, slightly constricted at median septum, hyaline to pale brown, rounded at both ends, smooth-walled, 3 extracellular appendages, 11–16 µm long, arising from the conidial apex. Culture characteristics:— Colonies on PDA reaching 35 mm diam. after 15 days at 28–30 °C, medium to medium sparse, circular, flat, dull, entire, thinly hairy, slightly irregular margins, smooth, colony from above olive to dark grey at the center, with pale grey to white margins, reverse darker grey, punctiform-like at the center, with greyish and pale yellowish middle area and white margins, no pigmentation observed. Material examined:— THAILAND. Chiang Mai Province: Mae Teang District, Mushroom Research Center (M. R. C.), on dead culms of unidentified grass (Poaceae), 18 March 2016, Ishani D. Goonasekara, IGm25 (MFLU 22- 0005, new host and geographical record), living culture MFLUCC 16-0888. Known hosts:— dead grass (Poaceae) (this study). Known distribution:— South Africa, Thailand (Crous et al. 2015, this study). Notes:— As morphological characters examined largely overlap with those of Robillarda africana (CBS 122.75), we report our collection (MFLUCC 16-0888) as a new host and geographical record of R. africana from dead grass in Thailand. Robillarda africana (CBS 122.75) was initially introduced by Crous et al. (2015) from South Africa (exact location and substrate unknown). Both isolates (MFLUCC 16-0888 and CBS 122.75) have pycnidial, globose to subglobose, semi-immersed, unilocular conidiomata, ampulliform to subcylindrical, hyaline conidiogenous cells (4–5 × 2–3 µm vs 3–10 × 2–4 µm) and cylindrical to fusiform, straight or slightly curved, 1-septate, hyaline to pale brown conidia (10–12 × 1.5–3 µm vs 11–12 × 2.5–3 µm) with extracellular appendages (Crous et al. 2015). Phylogeny also shows that our collection clusters with R. africana (CBS 122.75) with strong support (96% ML, 89% MP, 1.00 BYPP, Fig. 2)., Published as part of Goonasekara, Ishani D., Jayawardena, Ruvishika S. & Saichana, Natsaran, 2022, New records of two appendage bearing ceolomycetes on grasses in Thailand, pp. 113-128 in Phytotaxa 541 (2) on pages 121-122, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.541.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/6388680, {"references":["Crous, P. W., Carris, L. M., Giraldo, A., Groenewald, J. Z., Hawksworth, D. L., Hernandez-Restrepo, M., Jaklitsch, W. M., Lebrun, M. - H., Schumacher, R. K., Stielow, J. B., van der Linde, E. J., Vilcane, J., Voglmayr, H. & Wood, A. R. (2015) The genera of fungi - fixing the application of the type species of generic names - G 2: Allantophomopsis, Latorua, Macrodiplodiopsis, Macrohilum, Milospium, Protostegia, Pyricularia, Robillarda, Rotula, Septoriella, Torula, and Wojnowicia. IMA Fungus 6: 163 - 198. https: // doi. org / 10.5598 / imafungus. 2015.06.01.11"]}

Sporocadaceae Corda, Icon. Fungorum (Prague) 5: 34 (1842) Notes:— Sporocadaceae, also known as pestalotioid fungi, was introduced by Corda (1842) to accommodate Sporocadus as the type genus. Species of Sporocadaceae are cosmopolitan and have diverse lifestyles as endophytes, plant pathogens, saprobes, and associated with a wide range of host plants (Bonthond et al. 2018, Liu et al. 2019, Hyde et al. 2020a). Typically, appendage bearing coelomycetes genera are included in this family and have been subjected to several taxonomic treatments (Nag Raj 1993, Jaklitsch et al. 2016, Maharachchikumbura et al. 2016, Liu et al. 2019). Thirty genera are accepted in Sporocadaceae (Liu et al. 2019; Hyde et al. 2020a). In this study, we follow Hyde et al. (2020a) as the most recent treatment for Sporocadaceae., Published as part of Goonasekara, Ishani D., Jayawardena, Ruvishika S. & Saichana, Natsaran, 2022, New records of two appendage bearing ceolomycetes on grasses in Thailand, pp. 113-128 in Phytotaxa 541 (2) on page 121, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.541.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/6388680, {"references":["Corda, A. C. J. (1842) Icones fungorum hucusque cognitorum 5. Calve, Prague. pp. 92.","Bonthond, G., Sandoval-Denis, M., Groenewald, J. Z. & Crous, P. W. (2018) Seiridium (Sporocadaceae): an important genus of plant pathogenic fungi. Persoonia 40: 96 - 118.","Liu, F., Bonthond, G., Groenewald, J. Z., Cai, L. & Crous, P. W. (2019) Sporocadaceae, a family of coelomycetous fungi with appendagebearing conidia. Studies in Mycology 92: 287 - 415. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. simyco. 2018.11.001","Hyde, K. D., Norphanphoun, C., Maharachchikumbura, S. S. N., Bhat, D. J., Jones, E. B. G., Bundhun, D., Chen, Y. J., Bao, D. F., Boonmee, S., Calabon, M. S., Chaiwan, N., Chethana, K. W. T., Dai, D. Q., Dayarathne, M. C., Devadatha, B., Dissanayake, A. J., Dissanayake, L. S., Doilom, M., Dong, W., Fan, X. L., Goonasekara, I. D., Hongsanan, S., Huang, S. K., Jayawardena, R. S., Jeewon, R., Karunarathna, A., Konta, S., Kumar, V., Lin, C. G., Liu, J. K., Liu, N. G., Luangsa-ard, J., Lumyong, S., Luo, Z. L., Marasinghe, D. S., McKenzie, E. H. C., Niego, A. G. T., Niranjan, M., Perera, R. H., Phukhamsakda, C., Rathnayaka, A. R., Samarakoon, M. C., Samarakoon, S. M. B. C., Sarma, V. V., Senanayake, I. C., Shang, Q. J., Stadler, M., Tibpromma, S., Wanasinghe, D. N., Wei, D. P., Wijayawardene, N. N., Xiao, Y. P., Yang, J., Zeng, X. Y., Zhang, S. N. & Xiang, M. M. (2020 a) Refined families of Sordariomycetes. Mycosphere 11: 305 - 1059.","Nag Raj, T. R. (1993) Coelomycetous anamorphs with appendage bearing conidia. Mycologue Publications, Waterloo. pp. 1 - 1101.","Jaklitsch, W. M., Gardiennet, A. & Voglmayr, H. (2016) Resolution of morphology-based taxonomic delusions: Acrocordiella, Basiseptospora, Blogiascospora, Clypeosphaeria, Hymenopleella, Lepteutypa, Pseudapiospora, Requienella, Seiridium and Strickeria. Persoonia 37: 82 - 105.","Maharachchikumbura, S. S. N., Hyde, K. D., Jones, E. B. G., McKenzie, E. H. C., Bhat, J. D., Dayarathne, M. C., Huang, S-K., Norphanphoun, C., Senanayake, I. C., Perera, R. H., Shang, Q-J., Xiao, Y., D'souza, M. J., Hongsanan, S., Jayawardena, R. S., Daranagama, D. A., Konta, S., Goonasekara, I. D., Zhuang, W-Y., Jeewon, R., Phillips, A. J. L., Abdel-Wahab, M. A., Al-Sadi, A. M., Bahkali, A. H., Boonmee, S., Boonyuen, N., Cheewangkoon, R., Dissanayake, A. J., Kang, J., Li, Q-R., Liu, J. K., Liu, X. Z., Liu, Z-Y., J. Luangsaard, J., Pang, K. L., Phookamsak, R., Promputtha, I., Suetrong, S., Stadler, M., Wen, T. & Wijayawardene, N. N. (2016) Families of Sordariomycetes. Fungal Diversity 79: 1 - 317. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 13225 - 016 - 0369 - 6"]}

Robillarda Sacc., Michelia 2(no. 6): 8 (1880) Notes:— Robillarda was introduced by Saccardo (1880) and typified by R. sessilis Sacc. Robillarda members are characterized by their flexuous, narrow tubular, aseptate appendages and holoblastic conidiogenous cells, proliferating sympodially or percurrently near the apex (Crous et al. 2015, Jaklitsch et al. 2016, Hyde et al. 2020a). Robillarda species have a worldwide distribution, on various host species (Crous et al. 2015, Liu et al. 2019, Hyde et al. 2020a). There are 17 Robillarda species listed in Index Fungorum (2021)., Published as part of Goonasekara, Ishani D., Jayawardena, Ruvishika S. & Saichana, Natsaran, 2022, New records of two appendage bearing ceolomycetes on grasses in Thailand, pp. 113-128 in Phytotaxa 541 (2) on page 121, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.541.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/6388680, {"references":["Saccardo, P. A. (1880) Fungi Gallici lecti a cl. viris P. Brunaud, Abb. Letendre, A. Malbranche, J. Therry vel editi in Mycotheca Gallica C. Roumegueri. Series II. Michelia 2 6: 39 - 135.","Crous, P. W., Carris, L. M., Giraldo, A., Groenewald, J. Z., Hawksworth, D. L., Hernandez-Restrepo, M., Jaklitsch, W. M., Lebrun, M. - H., Schumacher, R. K., Stielow, J. B., van der Linde, E. J., Vilcane, J., Voglmayr, H. & Wood, A. R. (2015) The genera of fungi - fixing the application of the type species of generic names - G 2: Allantophomopsis, Latorua, Macrodiplodiopsis, Macrohilum, Milospium, Protostegia, Pyricularia, Robillarda, Rotula, Septoriella, Torula, and Wojnowicia. IMA Fungus 6: 163 - 198. https: // doi. org / 10.5598 / imafungus. 2015.06.01.11","Jaklitsch, W. M., Gardiennet, A. & Voglmayr, H. (2016) Resolution of morphology-based taxonomic delusions: Acrocordiella, Basiseptospora, Blogiascospora, Clypeosphaeria, Hymenopleella, Lepteutypa, Pseudapiospora, Requienella, Seiridium and Strickeria. Persoonia 37: 82 - 105.","Hyde, K. D., Norphanphoun, C., Maharachchikumbura, S. S. N., Bhat, D. J., Jones, E. B. G., Bundhun, D., Chen, Y. J., Bao, D. F., Boonmee, S., Calabon, M. S., Chaiwan, N., Chethana, K. W. T., Dai, D. Q., Dayarathne, M. C., Devadatha, B., Dissanayake, A. J., Dissanayake, L. S., Doilom, M., Dong, W., Fan, X. L., Goonasekara, I. D., Hongsanan, S., Huang, S. K., Jayawardena, R. S., Jeewon, R., Karunarathna, A., Konta, S., Kumar, V., Lin, C. G., Liu, J. K., Liu, N. G., Luangsa-ard, J., Lumyong, S., Luo, Z. L., Marasinghe, D. S., McKenzie, E. H. C., Niego, A. G. T., Niranjan, M., Perera, R. H., Phukhamsakda, C., Rathnayaka, A. R., Samarakoon, M. C., Samarakoon, S. M. B. C., Sarma, V. V., Senanayake, I. C., Shang, Q. J., Stadler, M., Tibpromma, S., Wanasinghe, D. N., Wei, D. P., Wijayawardene, N. N., Xiao, Y. P., Yang, J., Zeng, X. Y., Zhang, S. N. & Xiang, M. M. (2020 a) Refined families of Sordariomycetes. Mycosphere 11: 305 - 1059.","Liu, F., Bonthond, G., Groenewald, J. Z., Cai, L. & Crous, P. W. (2019) Sporocadaceae, a family of coelomycetous fungi with appendagebearing conidia. Studies in Mycology 92: 287 - 415. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. simyco. 2018.11.001","Index Fungorum (2021) Available from: http: // www. indexfungorum. org / names / Names. asp (accessed 6 October 2021)"]}