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This paper argues that Tom Lodge's Red Road to Freedom is a milestone in South African history and a model of historical writing. The author reconstructs the history of an underground revolutionary movement in all its complexity mobilizing a huge array of sources. He details the role the protagonists played, provides a wealth of information, and delves into local politics without ever losing sight of the bigger picture. Lodge demonstrates that the South African Communist Party (SACP) made "national democracy" and the alliance with ANC its cause and rallying cry effectively taking ownership of post-Stalinist Soviet political theory. Thus, he compels historians to delve into the actual materialization of international ideological currents in the global South. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the year of the South African Communist Party's centenary, Tom Lodge's in-depth, scholarly work is a landmark achievement. The account is particularly strong in tracing the ideological currents that shaped the party and the changing and diverse sociology of its membership. The influential role of the party in helping transform the African National Congress into a mass-based campaigning formation from 1945 is a central focus. Lodge also traces the critical role of the party in the re-building, at first largely in exile, of a weakened ANC following the major strategic setback of the liberation movement in the mid-1960s. There is less focus on the reciprocal impact of the ANC upon the party, especially in the context of the practice of "dual membership" in both formations. This neglect is one factor in weakening the analysis of the post-1994 period in which the ANC has been the ruling party. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Formed in 1921, the SACP has had an influence on South African politics totally disproportionate to their size. This was attained through its close alliance with the ANC in line with the commands given by Vladimir Lenin at the Third Communist International that communist parties must align with nationalist parties to achieve a two-stage revolution. The SACP used its influence on the ANC to guide it in a communist direction, and through its influence led South Africa in the same direction. For this reason, it is crucial to understand their worldview since this is the guiding force behind the National Democratic Revolution. James Anderson developed a tool for worldview analysis named TAKES (Theology, Anthropology, Knowledge, Ethics, Salvation). Understanding the SACP’s views on each of these, as well as the ideological groundwork laid by Marx and Lenin for each, will allow for a better understanding of the party, the ANC, and communism in general. This will lay the groundwork for a holistic Christian response to it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cornelius van Til developed the Presuppositional Apologetic approach of engaging with non-biblical worldviews, that can be simplified in a twostep process. First, the apologist must assess the competing worldview honestly by using its own logic and principles. This will show that any worldview not based on Scripture will always be self-contradicting and logically incoherent. Second, the apologist must present the Biblical response to the different aspects of the worldview to show that one may find hope and a coherent understanding of the world. This process will be applied to the worldview of the SACP. To do this, its worldview will be divided into five aspects based on James Anderson’s TAKES method – namely, Theology, Anthropology, Knowledge (epistemology), Ethics, and Salvation. Following this method, various logical and ethical problems of the SACP’s worldview will be clear, as well as the Christian response to them. The following article aims to give a Reformed presuppositional critique of the South African Communist Party’s (SACP) worldview. The TAKES method of worldview analysis is used (Anderson, 2018), because it speaks to the most important aspects of a worldview, namely those of Theology, Anthropology, Knowledge (Epistemology), Ethics and Salvation. The twofold approach of the presuppositional method is used while considering these five aspects. In his introduction to a new edition of Van Til’s book, Christian Apologetics, William Edgar gives a helpful summary of the presuppositional method, breaking it down in two steps. The heart of Van Til’s apologetic approach is twofold. These are not meant to be sequential steps, but complementary moves. First, the apologist must get over onto the ground of the unbeliever for argument’s sake and show him that his claims cannot succeed. This does not mean conceding ground, but, rather, patient exploration, as though a particular form of unbelief were true, in order to show how impossible it is. With confidence, the apologist will know that there is no sufficient basis for meaning and value (or “predication” as Van Til liked to put it) in his friend’s view. Gently, but firmly, he will “remove the iron mask”, or “take the roof off” the house of unbelief, to show how dark it is without the Lord ... Second, the apologist should invite the unbeliever over onto Christian ground, for argument’s sake, and show him how meaning and value are established by the biblical worldview. This is the equivalent of saying, with the psalmist, “O taste and see how good the Lord is.” In so many ways, this means preaching the gospel (Van Til, 2003:7). Following this twofold approach, this article will first evaluate each of the five aspects of the SACP’s worldview to determine whether it is logically coherent and consistent. The internal contradictions within and between each of the five areas will be investigated. This can be done because “the natural man is never fully consistent” in his worldview, and the apologist should “seek to make men ever more epistemologically self-conscious” (Bahnsen, 1998:411, 416). Accordingly, the Christian apologist can and should show that any worldview not based on God’s revelation will never be consistent. By showing the contradictions inherent in a non-Christian worldview, the apologist seeks to prove how weak and incoherent these worldviews truly are – in this case, that of the SACP. In the second place, this article seeks to provide the biblical alternative to what the SACP believes and show how this is more logically consistent and more in line with human flourishing. The apologist’s job is not only to point out the untenability of other worldviews, it is also to offer hope. This article assumes that the only sure source of hope is found in a consistent Christian worldview. Cornelius van Til developed the Presuppositional Apologetic approach of engaging with non-biblical worldviews, that can be simplified in a twostep process. First, the apologist must assess the competing worldview honestly by using its own logic and principles. This will show that any worldview not based on Scripture will always be self-contradicting and logically incoherent. Second, the apologist must present the Biblical response to the different aspects of the worldview to show that one may find hope and a coherent understanding of the world. This process will be applied to the worldview of the SACP. To do this, its worldview will be divided into five aspects based on James Anderson’s TAKES method – namely, Theology, Anthropology, Knowledge (epistemology), Ethics, and Salvation. Following this method, various logical and ethical problems of the SACP’s worldview will be clear, as well as the Christian response to them. The following article aims to give a Reformed presuppositional critique of the South African Communist Party’s (SACP) worldview. The TAKES method of worldview analysis is used (Anderson, 2018), because it speaks to the most important aspects of a worldview, namely those of Theology, Anthropology, Knowledge (Epistemology), Ethics and Salvation. The twofold approach of the presuppositional method is used while considering these five aspects. In his introduction to a new edition of Van Til’s book, Christian Apologetics, William Edgar gives a helpful summary of the presuppositional method, breaking it down in two steps. The heart of Van Til’s apologetic approach is twofold. These are not meant to be sequential steps, but complementary moves. First, the apologist must get over onto the ground of the unbeliever for argument’s sake and show him that his claims cannot succeed. This does not mean conceding ground, but, rather, patient exploration, as though a particular form of unbelief were true, in order to show how impossible it is. With confidence, the apologist will know that there is no sufficient basis for meaning and value (or “predication” as Van Til liked to put it) in his friend’s view. Gently, but firmly, he will “remove the iron mask”, or “take the roof off” the house of unbelief, to show how dark it is without the Lord ... Second, the apologist should invite the unbeliever over onto Christian ground, for argument’s sake, and show him how meaning and value are established by the biblical worldview. This is the equivalent of saying, with the psalmist, “O taste and see how good the Lord is.” In so many ways, this means preaching the gospel (Van Til, 2003:7). Following this twofold approach, this article will first evaluate each of the five aspects of the SACP’s worldview to determine whether it is logically coherent and consistent. The internal contradictions within and between each of the five areas will be investigated. This can be done because “the natural man is never fully consistent” in his worldview, and the apologist should “seek to make men ever more epistemologically self-conscious” (Bahnsen, 1998:411, 416). Accordingly, the Christian apologist can and should show that any worldview not based on God’s revelation will never be consistent. By showing the contradictions inherent in a non-Christian worldview, the apologist seeks to prove how weak and incoherent these worldviews truly are – in this case, that of the SACP. In the second place, this article seeks to provide the biblical alternative to what the SACP believes and show how this is more logically consistent and more in line with human flourishing. The apologist’s job is not only to point out the untenability of other worldviews, it is also to offer hope. This article assumes that the only sure source of hope is found in a consistent Christian worldview. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Deep hypothermic circulatory arrest (DHCA) technique has been an important armamentarium in the correction of congenital heart diseases. There have been many controversies and concerns associated with DHCA, particularly neurological damage. Selective ante grade cerebral perfusion (SACP) was introduced as an adjunct to DHCA with the objective of limiting the neurologic injury during aortic arch repairs. Over the past two decades, various aspects of cardiopulmonary bypass and DHCA have been studied and modified such as optimisation of flows, anti-inflammatory interventions, haematocrit, and temperature to improve neurologic outcomes. With the changes in practice of DHCA, outcomes have significantly improved but SACP intuitively appears attractive to offer better neuroprotection. The strategy of conduct of SACP is evolving and needs to be standardised for comparing outcomes. In this review we have discussed the various physiological and technical factors involved in conduct of SACP in paediatric cardiac surgery and outcomes with SACP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Technisches Messen is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Two trajectories of two individuals in the fight against apartheid are juxtaposed; two narratives with a diachronic relationship put in train. In both Nelson Mandela's and Ruth First's cases, the expected and self-written arcs of the individuals are disrupted by (our noticing) a neglected or written-out aspect of their lives. In both cases, the new or eclipsed information is gendered in an awkwardly askew way. They both underline the unsettled nature of their times. For Mandela, a source points to his infidelities, dissimulation, and violence in his home, as a vector strangely paralleling his increasing radicalism. For Ruth First, a long-time Communist, the evidence suggests that in the immediate aftermath of the arrests in July 1963, she briefly became the determining political authority - a white woman in charge during the death throes of the internal sabotage and guerrilla movement, Umkhonto we Sizwe (MK), even though she never represented herself in writing as such. The silences of these two persons about these matters intersect in a zone from which we may, perhaps, glimpse the history of the mobilisation of the ANC freshly, in three dimensions as it were, even if only fleetingly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The underwater electric potential (UEP) signature is an electric signal, which can be exploited by naval mines to be utilized as a possible trigger indicator and may cause severe damage to the vessel and the onboard crew. Hence, knowing the UEP signature as exactly as possible can help to evaluate a possible risk of the vessel being detected by naval mines or if the UEP signature is within a noncritical region. As the UEP signature differs for changes of the corrosion protection system, the UEP signature is usually unknown for new conditions. In this work, we present a simple mathematical formulation to predict the UEP signature based on the mere use of a single reference UEP signature, and the corresponding currents, which are excited by the impressed current cathodic protection (ICCP) system. With this methodology, deviations below 10% between the maximum of the simulated UEP signature and the predicted UEP signature can be achieved, even in the presence of the nonlinear corrosion process. Furthermore, a corrosion protective coating of the propellers can significantly reduce the influence of the nonlinear corrosion process on the total UEP signature to improve the prediction accuracy of the superposition formulation as presented in this work.

Like trade unions elsewhere in Africa, South African trade unions played a crucial role in the struggle against oppression. They fought the oppressive governments mostly in an alliance with democratic political organisations. In South Africa, the Congress of South African Trade Unions (COSATU) was formed three decades ago and remains the largest trade union federation in the country. It allied with the African National Congress (ANC) and the South African Communist Party (SACP) in their fight against the apartheid government. This article starts by providing for a historical background to COSATU. It then assesses some important trends in its development and the current state of affairs. The divorce between COSATU and NUMSA and the alliance between COSATU, ANC and SACP are also looked at. Finally, the article reflects on the future of the trade union movement in post-apartheid South Africa. The article concludes that currently, there is a need for COSATU to ascertain its position as a labour federation and that the alliance between COSATU and the ANC and SACP is no longer relevant since the circumstances under which this relationship was conceived have since changed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The aim of this study was to elucidate the mechanism of cerebral injury and to evaluate selective antegrade cerebral perfusion (SACP) as a superior neuroprotective strategy for prolonged deep hypothermic circulatory arrest (DHCA). Methods: Twelve pigs (6-8-week old) were randomly assigned to DHCA alone (n=6) and DHCA with SACP (n=6) at 18°C for 80 min groups. Serum S100 was determined using an immunoassay analyzer. The concentrations of cerebral dialysate glucose, lactate, pyruvate, glycerol, and glutamate were measured using a microdialysis analyzer. Results: Compared with a peak at T4 (after 60 min of rewarming) in the DHCA group, the serum S100 in the SACP group was significantly lower throughout the study. The DHCA group was susceptible to significant increases in the levels of lactate, glycerol, and glutamate and the ratio of lactate/pyruvate as well as decreases in the level of glucose. These microdialysis variables showed only minor changes in the SACP group. There was a positive correlation between cerebral lactate and intracranial pressure during reperfusion in the DHCA group. However, the apoptosis index and C-FOS protein levels were lower in the SACP group. Conclusion: Metabolic dysfunction is involved in the mechanism of cerebral injury. SACP is a superior neuroprotective strategy for both mild and prolonged DHCA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oliver Tambo, who led the ANC/SACP alliance throughout the difficult struggle era, is often portrayed as a religious Christian who, not being a member of the SACP, allied himself only for pragmatic reasons with that party. This is the narrative spread by the alliance itself, but also by his biographer, Luli Callinicos and certain other historians. Tambo's political views with regard to communism have, however, never been independently investigated. This article seeks to fill in that lacune. Firstly, the general relationship between the ANC and the SACP is broadly analysed. The conclusion is that the SACP's ideological and political domination of the ANC grew through the years until Party members filled almost all leading positions by the 1980's. Tambo's public pronouncements during the exile years are then subjected to analysis. It is shown that Tambo tailored his message according to the audience he was addressing. When speaking to Western audiences, he spoke like a moderate social democrat. Before Third World audiences, he extolled the virtues of socialism. And in the presence of communist audiences, he sounded almost more communist than the Kremlin. In the conclusion, it is taken into account that his main task had to be to keep the fractious alliance together, and that the alliance was very dependent on the USSR and other communist powers, so that he could not very well stray too far from the beaten communist path. Nevertheless, it is shown that Tambo's political and socio-economic ideas differed formally only marginally from those of the SACP, although one gets the impression that his attitude towards communism was, to a certain extent, opportunistic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Collection of selected area channeling patterns (SACPs) on a high resolution FEG-SEM is essential to carry out quantitative electron channeling contrast imaging (ECCI) studies, as it facilitates accurate determination of the crystal plane normal with respect to the incident beam direction and thus allows control the electron channeling conditions. Unfortunately commercial SACP modes developed in the past were limited in spatial resolution and are often no longer offered. In this contribution we present a novel approach for collecting high resolution SACPs (HR-SACPs) developed on a Gemini column. This HR-SACP technique combines the first demonstrated sub-micron spatial resolution with high angular accuracy of about 0.1°, at a convenient working distance of 10 mm. This innovative approach integrates the use of aperture alignment coils to rock the beam with a digitally calibrated beam shift procedure to ensure the rocking beam is maintained on a point of interest. Moreover a new methodology to accurately measure SACP spatial resolution is proposed. While column considerations limit the rocking angle to 4°, this range is adequate to index the HR-SACP in conjunction with the pattern simulated from the approximate orientation deduced by EBSD. This new technique facilitates Accurate ECCI (A-ECCI) studies from very fine grained and/or highly strained materials. It offers also new insights for developing HR-SACP modes on new generation high-resolution electron columns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Perlindungan badan kapal terhadap korosi dengan menggunakan metode perlindungan katodik pada prinsipnya adalah sel elektrokimia untuk mengendalikan korosi dengan mengkonsentrasikan reaksi oksigen pada sel galvanik dan menekan korosi pada katoda dalam sel yang sama. Pada proteksi katodik, logam yang akan dilindungi dijadikan katoda dan reaksi oksidasi terjadi di anoda. Ada dua macam cathodic protection yaitu Sacrificial Anode Cathodic Protection (SACP) dan Impressed Current Cathodic Protection (ICCP). Dilakukan penelitian tentang analisa teknis dan ekonomis penggunaan ICCP dibandingkan dengan SACP dalam proses pencegahan korosi, kedua sistem dibandingkan dalam jangka 20 tahun, dari segi teknis dengan menggunakan perbandingan perhitungan sesuai standar DnV, yang dibandingkan dari tahap design, tahap instalasi, dan maintenance, dari segi ekonomis perbandingan dibedakan dari tahap pengadaan komponen-komponen sistem, tahap instalasi, dan tahap maintenance. Data perbandingan diperoleh dengan perhitungan sesuai standar, study literature, diskusi dan interview. Hasil perhitungan perbandingan yang diperkirakan selama 20 tahun, dari segi teknis kedua sistem memenuhi standar yang berdasar pada sistem perhitungan standar DnV B-401, sedangkan dari segi ekonomis, biaya untuk sistem ICCP sebesar Rp. 205.405.000,00 dan sistem SACP sebesar Rp. 562.590.000,00, sehingga lebih ekonomis menggunakan sistem ICCP sebesar Rp 357.185.000, 00 atau 63,49% dari biaya untuk sistem SACP

Copyright of Historia is the property of Historical Association of South Africa and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract: In this study we describe a rapid and novel method to assess the morphological stage differentiation in Leishmania donovani by flow cytometry (FCM). FCM is fast, accurate, and inexpensive to study the stage differentiation of promastigote into L. donovani axenic amastigote (LdAxAm). The non-flourimetric FCM method is easy to perform; with requirement of little expertise, and provides unambiguous results. It is an advanced tool, requires minimal time, and no fluorescent dyes. The gradual increase of differentiation and reduction in size from promastigote stage to LdAxAm leads to peak shifting from right to left on histogram. Earlier reports assessed the stage differentiation of Leishmania by studying the expression of stage specific markers like surface or secretory proteins and genes. For validation, conventional methods like microscopic analysis are used. These methods are quite expensive, laborious and time consuming. Non-flourimetric morphological parameters were further validated by conventional methods like optical and scanning electron microscopy. Additionally, differential expression of stage specific genes (e.g. upregulation of amastin and ATP binding cassette A3 (ABCA3) transporter gene transcripts) and differential activity of enzymes (down regulation of secretory acid phosphatase (SAcP) and 3′-nucleotidase enzyme activity) in LdAxAm suggest stage differentiation. Therefore, we believe that our method is an alternative tool for high reproducibility and reliability in assessment of stage differentiation. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Some 20 years ago, I coauthored a book on the history of the SACP and ANC in exile at a time when rather little information was available on the inner workings of the Alliance. This article looks back at the core argument of the book, Comrades against Apartheid, and considers some new themes from the history of the exile period that have become more prominent in retrospect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Why did the African National Congress (ANC) appear to embrace violence in 1961? Can one say it did so? Was the Communist Party responsible behind the scenes? What did the ‘turn to violence’ mean? With a plethora of new sources and reminiscences emerging, one can begin to craft a set of answers. Communists as Communists did not determine the timing of the ANC's embrace of MK (Umkhonto we-Sizwe, ‘Spear of the Nation’). The ANC was a large member-based organisation which could not nimbly shift in any direction. During the state's repressive and punitive measures in 1960–1962, however, a group of Communist African men from within the ANC hierarchy made use of the unsettled nature of political life to commit the ANC to a new path. They interacted intensively, together with non-African Communists, in the Treason Trial (1956–1961), and then in jail during the 1960 ‘State of Emergency’. Their aim was revolution. Preeminent among them was Nelson Mandela. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

• High spatial resolution SACPs have been produced on an FEI/Thermo Elstar electron column for the first time. • SACP spatial resolution of 300 nm with 20° collections angles has been achieved. • Spatial resolution improves with decreasing collection angles, to 125 nm at 4°. • iFast scripting of the SACP electron column parameters facilitates push button SACP formation and high collection rates. An approach for producing ultrahigh spatial resolution selected area electron channeling patterns (UHR-SACPs) using the FEI/Thermo Elstar electron column is presented. The approach uses free lens control to directly assign lens and deflector values to rock the beam about precise points on the sample surface and generate the UHR-SACPs. Modification of the lens parameters is done using a service application that is preinstalled on the microscope or using the iFast scripting interface to run a short program to assign lens and deflector currents. Using the approach outlined here, the UHR-SACPs are collected at normal instrument scanning rates and pixel densities, resulting in rapid collection times and sharp patterns with simple push button changes in instrument mode. UHR-SACPs with spatial resolutions of 300 nm with angular ranges of 20° are demonstrated, as are patterns approaching 125 nm spatial resolution with angular ranges of 4°. Such spatial resolution/angular range combinations are significantly better than any reported previously. This approach for rapidly collecting high accuracy crystallographic information greatly enhances the ability to carry out electron channeling contrast imaging (ECCI) for a broad range of materials applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For the localization of coating damages of naval vessels numerical simulation using the FEM software COMSOL Multiphysics were carried out to calculate the corresponding underwater electric potential (UEP) signature. Therefore, we defined said damages at random hull surface positions and used the information provided by the impressed current cathodic protection (ICCP) system, more exactly the cathodic current itself, and the calculated UEP signatures as input parameters to train an artificial neural network (ANN) for predicting the coating damage location. With this deep learning approach, more than 90 % of all coating damages are predicted correctly, considering a generic ship model with 50 m length, whose hull is divided into 12 different sectors. Even the mere use of ICCP currents as highly aggregated input parameters for the ANN lead to a satisfactory prediction rate over 80 % within the predefined sectors, thus providing quite accurate results using minimal amount of data. • Over 80% prediction accuracy of the ANN using only ICCP currents as input variables. • More than 90% prediction accuracy using additional UEP signature data. • Prediction of ANN valid for various shapes and sizes of coating damages. • ANN prediction on naval vessels can be the next generation of monitoring systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel approach to use two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy (2D-COS) to analyze bilinear data is proposed. A phenomenon called Systematic Absence of Cross Peaks (SACPs) is observed in a 2D asynchronous spectrum. Two theorems relevant to SACPs have been derived. The SACP-based 2D-COS method has been successfully applied on analyzing bilinear data from mixed samples (including one model system and two real systems). Implicit isolated peaks can be identified and assigned to different components based on characteristic pattern of SACPs even if the time-related profiles of different components are severely overlapped. Based on the results of SACPs, spectra of pure components can be retrieved. Identification of SACPs can still be achieved in the presence of artifacts. Thus, neither noise nor baseline drift can produce significant influence on the results obtained from the approach described in this paper. We have used several well-established chemometric methods, including N-Findr, VCA, and MCR with various initial settings, on two systems that can be successfully solved using the 2D-COS method. The chemometric methods mentioned above cannot provide correct spectra of pure components because of severe problem of rotational ambiguity derived from severe overlapping of the time-related profiles. Only when the information from SACPs in 2D-COS is used as additional constraints in MCR calculation, correct spectra can be obtained. That is to say, the SACP-based 2D-COS method provides intrinsic information which is crucial in the analysis of chromatographic-spectroscopic and analogous data even if the time-related profiles of different components overlap severely. Unlabelled Image • Two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy (2D-COS) has been used to analyze bilinear data to retrieve spectra of pure components. • Systematic Absence of Cross Peaks (SACPs) is found in 2D-COS spectra. • Peaks are assigned to components via SACPs even if elution profiles severely overlap. • Spectra can be retrieved via SACPs even if the elution profiles severely overlap. • The method has been applied to two real systems, and satisfactory results have been obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]