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SACOS series of subchannel analysis codes have been developed by XJTU-NuTheL for many years and are being used for the thermal-hydraulic safety analysis of various reactor cores. To achieve fine whole core pin-level analysis, the input preprocessing and parallel capabilities of the code have been developed in this study. Preprocessing is suitable for modeling rectangular and hexagonal assemblies with less error-prone input; parallelization is established based on the domain decomposition method with the hybrid of MPI and OpenMP. For domain decomposition, a more flexible method has been proposed which can determine the appropriate task division of the core domain according to the number of processors of the server. By performing the calculation time evaluation for the several PWR assembly problems, the code parallelization has been successfully verified with different number of processors. Subsequent analysis results for rectangular- and hexagonal-assembly core imply that the code can be used to model and perform pin-level core safety analysis with acceptable computational efficiency.

The landscape of professional football in South Africa was drastically altered with the arrival of the National Party's multinational sports policy in the early 1970s. While multinational football was greeted in many quarters as a successful step in breaking down previous barriers to competition between the different racial groups, the controversial nature of these highly racialised encounters led to calls for full integration on the playing field – notably from some white football administrators. This paper will argue that such calls need to be considered on the backdrop of broader developments, in particular events at FIFA's 1974 congress in Frankfurt. During the latter the future expulsion of South Africa from world football's governing body became a distinct possibility. Consequently white football administrators changed strategy and pushed for further integration from the top down. This culminated in a series of quasi-international matches played against an incoming touring team from Argentina in March 1976. The significance of this tour lay in the fact that the South African team was racially mixed, with government approval – a first for football in the country. This event is contextualised within the shifting football landscape in South Africa at the time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The year 1990 is pivotal in South African history. The liberation movements were unbanned, and Nelson Mandela was freed in the midst of a tour by Mike Gatting’s English rebel cricket team. The newly constituted National Sports Congress, which had the support of the African National Congress, was at the forefront of protests against the tour. For once, Ali Bacher and apartheid cricket were on the back foot. However, the NSC did a sudden volte-face by calling off protests and negotiating the end of the tour. One reason for this decision was that the NSC was made aware of Mandela’s imminent release and that sport would play a key role in creating a ‘stable’ environment. These moves and countermoves accelerated cricket “unity” and saw South African return to international cricket before the formal end of apartheid. This paper interrogates the consequences of cricket returning to the international fold in such haste. It is entitled ‘Nelson’ because in some cricket countries, the score of 111 is called Nelson, and there is a superstitious belief that a wicket would fall. With Mandela’s release, 1990 was the year in which apartheid’s wicket fell, though victory celebrations appear to have been premature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Sub-channel analysis is essential to predict the flow, enthalpy and temperature distribution in core center, cladding and coolant outlet. The main international research focuses on the primary loop and there are hardly any special sub-channel analysis program existing. A sub-channel analysis code of steady-state (SACOS-PB) has been developed for the preliminary analysis in advanced lead bismuth fast reactor (ALBFR) fuel in Xi''an Jiao tong University. This paper uses SACOS-PB program to analyze ALBFR sub-channel characters. The results show that the maximum core center and cladding temperature are below the limit of design. What''s more, this paper also investigates the optimum pitch to diameter ratio in PBWFR with a new analytical method. After the research, the author finds that the optimum pitch to diameter ratio is 1.27 and the result coincides well with the real ratio in PBWFR, which proves the correctness of our new pitch to diameter ratio analytical method. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This article pieces together segments of the life and thought of writer, intellectual, sportsman and sport activist Richard Rive (1930-1989) in order to trace the genesis and promotion of his ideas of non-racialism, locating them in both his intensely personal experiences of childhood and youth, and in the formative socio-political, educational and sporting contexts of his time. It argues that formative to the man were his experiences as a child growing up under segregation and Apartheid in District Six, as well as the ideological influences of the intellectuals in the Non-European Unity Movement (NEUM) who were his teachers, and later colleagues and friends. The article, part of a larger project to write a biography of Rive, delineates and analyses his role in organized non-racial school sport from the 1950s to his death in 1989, and in the national non-racial body, the South African Council on Sport (SACOS). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The SACOS code is thermal-hydraulic subchannel analysis code designed to meet steady-state conditions and operational transients in different types of reactor cores. It uses a homogeneous flow or drift-flux model to simulate single-phase and two-phase flow characteristics. In order to achieve a more refined two-phase flow modeling for LWR cores, a new eight-equation two-fluid based analysis module of SACOS is developed in this study. The phasic equations for mass continuity, momentum, and energy are spatially discretized by the finite volume method (FVM) with a staggered grid structure. To reduce numerical diffusion and improve numerical accuracy, the high-resolution scheme with nonlinear flux limiter is implemented. The code assessment is performed with linear advection flow problem and the preliminary code validation is presented by comparing with the experimental results of Weiss 14 × 14 blockage test, CNEN 4 × 4 mixing test, Studsvik 3 × 3 mixing test, and ISPRA 4 × 4 mixing test covering single/two-phase and unheated/heated conditions. The application of SACOS implies that the code can be used to model and perform assembly-level core safety analysis with visualization capabilities for hexagonal and rectangular geometry. Development of a two-fluid based thermal-hydraulic subchannel analysis code and its application. [Display omitted] • A new eight-equation two-fluid based analysis module of SACOS is developed. • The high-resolution scheme with nonlinear flux limiter is implemented into code. • The validity of the higher-order scheme is verified with linear advection flow problem. • The two-fluid model is validated based on reported bundle experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]