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The unearthed book "Shanshu-shu (算数書)" is the oldest book of mathematics in China. In order to report this book's proper collation, translation, and annotation, the very first procedure was to decipher the letters from photographs with the following investigation of the results with the mathematical and historical viewpoints. This is the fifth released article based on our research and results in which we studied 10 sections named "Silian (糸練)", "Chongsu (春粟)", "Tongmao (銅耗)", "Futan (負炭)", "Lutang ()", "Yushi (羽矢)", "Fumi (負米)", "Fenqian (分銭)", "Michuqian (米出銭)", and "Fangtian (方田)".

In a digraph, a vertex of odd out(in)-degree is called an odd out(in)-vertex. This paper will give the ordinary generating functions for labelled digraphs and unlabelled withgiven numbers of odd out-vertices and odd in-vertices.

Bombyxin-IV, a molecular species of bombyxin, which is a member of insulin-like heterodimeric peptides of the silkworm Bombyx mori with prothoracicotropic hormone activity, was synthesized. The A- and B-chains of bombyxin-IV containing four and two Cys residues, respectively, were first synthesized separately by solid phase chemistry using Boc protocol. Then they were coupled by stepwise removal of two different protecting groups at the cysteinyl thiols for semiselective formation of disulfide bridges to give bombyxin-IV in 8% yield. The synthetic bombyxin-IV was shown to have chromatographic and biological properties identical with those of natural bombyxin-IV.

すでに,筆者らは化学物質を経口投与することによって,4眠性の交雑種から3眠蚕を出現させうることを,コウジ酸やその関連物質で見い出していたが,今回,アビエチン酸と37種の関連化合物および16種のヒドロフルオレン系化合物の3眠蚕出現活性を調べたところ,それらのあいだに,コウジ酸より強い活性を示す化合物を見い出すことができた。すなわち,供試化合物を200ppm添加した人工飼料を4齢起蚕より連続投与したところ,アビエチン酸誘導体で3種,ヒドロフルオレン系化合物で11種のものが3眠蚕を出現させた。そして,これらの化合物のあいだで,構造-活性相関について若干の知見が得られた。上記14種の化合物のうち,9種類については,100ppmでも3眠蚕出現活性が認められた。最も強い活性を示した〔A-11〕 (methyl 6, 7-dioxo-5α, 10α-podocarpa-8, 11, 13-trien-15-oate)は,50ppmでも3眠蚕を出現させた。また,この化合物の100ppm添加飼料を3齢起蚕より連続投与したところ,無添加区が5齢になった時点でも,多くの幼虫が3齢のままで生存することがわかった。

Rhodotorucine A is a peptidyl factor which induces mating tube formation in Rhodosporidium toruloides . The amino acid sequence of the factor was determined by Edman degradation and enzymatic hydrolysis. Rhodotorucine A was shown to contain a lipophilic amino acid, S-farnesyl cysteine, at C-terminus by proton magnetic resonance, mass spectrometry and chemical synthesis. We proposed the following structure for rhodotorucine A . H-Tyr-Pro-Glu-Ile-Ser-Trp-Thr-Arg-Asn-Gly-Cys(S-farnesyl)-OH

The structures of ezomycins A1. and A2, antifungal antibiotics produced by a strain of Streptomyces, were determined as 1 and 2, respectively, by degradative and spectrometric studies.

From 1.2 × 106 male adult heads of the silkworm, Bombyx mori, 0.16 mg of bombyxin-IV was isolated, which was a novel molecular species of bombyxin, previously called 4K-prothoracicotropic hormone. Injection of 0.1 ng of bombyxin-IV into a dauer pupa of the Eri-silkworm, Samia cynthia ricini, evoked adult development. Microsequencing, chemical modification, enzymatic digestion, and fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry showed that bombyxin-IV consisted of two heterogeneous peptides linked by disulfide bonds and had a considerable sequence homology (62.5%) with bombyxin-II.

A simple and highly reproducible procedure for partial purification of prothoracicotropic hormone (PTTH) was established starting with 96,000 male adult Bornbyx heads. Approximately 28,500-fold pulification of PTTH was accomplished with a yield of about 50% and 6 ng of the most purified preparation (“highly purified PTTH”) caused adult development in a brainless Samia pupa. The peptidal nature of PTTH was reconfirmed through the effects of various enzymatic and chemical treatments on the biological activity of “highly purified PTTH”. Gel-filtration indicated the molecular weight of PTTH to be 4,400. Several investigators have previously attempted to isolate the prothoracicotropic hormone (PTTH, brain hormone) (2, 3, 6, 8, 9, 11, 13, 14) and the accumulated data implies that PTTH is a protein or peptide. In 1967, ISHIZAKI and ICHIKAWA (6) achieved about 8,000-fold purification of PTTH from 118,000 pupal brains of Bombyx mori and the most purified preparation caused adult development of Sumiu pupa at a dose of 2ng. However, their purified PTTH still seemed to contain impurities, and consisted of heterogeneous molecules with molecular weights of 9,000 to 31,000. Later, YAMAZAKI and KOBAYASHI (13) also purified PTTH from 100,000 brains of Bombyx pupae and 20 ng of their preparation could cause adult development in a brainless Bombyx pupa, but their preparation appeared impure by electrophoresis. These reports indicate that the brain of Bombyx pupa contains only a small amount of PTTH and that. 100,000 brains is insufficient starting material for isolation of pure PTTH. In 1969, ISHIZAKI (5) reported that the head of the Bombyx moth contains more PTTH than that of the pupa, and later NISHIITSUTSUJI-UWO (1 I) obtained partially purified PTTH from the heads of adult Bombyx which caused adult development in a brainless Samia pupa at a dose of 1.1 pg. We have established a simple procedure for partial purification of PTTH from the heads of Bombyx adults. The preparation termed “crude PTTH” showed activity on a Sumiu pupa at a dose of 1-2 pg (12). In the preceding paper, we reported the effects of various enzymes and chemicals on “crude PTTH”, concluding that PTTH is peptidal and probably contains basic and aromatic amino acids (7). Recently, we prepared “highly purified PTTH” from the 96,000 heads of male Bombyx moths, and found that its specific activity was comparable with that reported by ISHIZAKI and ICHIKAWA (6). This paper describes the preparation of “highly purified PTTH” and studies on its properties.

Twelve new quarternary ammonium compounds were synthesized and their plant growth retarding activities were examined. Among the candidates, N,N,N-trimethyl-l-methyl-3-(3′,3′5′-trimethylcyclohexyl)- and N,N,N-trimethyl-l-methyl-3-(3′,3′,5′,5′-tetramethylcyclohexyl)-2-propenylammonium iodides were the most effective to suppress the growth of rice and cucumber seedlings, and their activities were far stronger than those of any growth retardants hitherto known.

The isothermal degradation of high cis-1,4-polyisoprene vulcanizates having different crosslinking structures was investigated by a measurement of weight loss of sample, IR and NMR, gel permeation chromatography (GPC), and gas chromatography (GC). The degradation behavior of dicumy peroxide-cured sample is similar to that of the uncrosslinked one. On the other hand, a sulfur-cured sample is very different from the other samples. At the initial stage of the degradation, weight loss in this sample is faster than that in an uncrosslinked one. Furthermore, a microstructural change in this polymer occurring by thermal degradation is also very much larger than microstructural changes in the others. This will be attributed to polythiyl radicals produced by the scission of polysulfide crosslinkages. Although the polyisoprene chain undergoes random scission along the main chain above 473 K under inert gas or in vacuo, a molecular weight distribution of the residue after thermal degradation was broadened as the degradation proceeded. That is to say, the fragments having enormous molecular weight increase together with the production of lower molecular weight compounds. This indicates the occurrence of crosslinking reaction and the addition of polymer radicals to carbon–carbon double bonds in another polymer molecule in the thermal degradation process. Such reactions are thought to take place in the crosslinked polymers, in particular the sulfur-cured polymer, in larger quantities. Thermal degradation mechanisms were discussed in some detail.

117種の植物の地上部より得られたメタノール抽出物を人工飼料に混入し,4令起蚕に連続投与して6日間飼育し,カイコの成育におよぼす影響を調べ,その程度によって供試植物を5群に区分けした。6日間の飼育中にすべての幼虫が死亡したI群の植物は34種,成育の著しく劣ったII群は16種であった。ついで,III群は19種,IV群は22種で,ほとんど影響の見られなかったV群は26種であった。植物の分類学的位置とそれらがカイコの成育におよぼす影響との関係を,同一の科で三種以上を試験した植物について調べたところ,ミカン科,ツツジ科,スギ科,モクレン科,ウコギ科には強い悪影響が認められた。これに対して,ユリ科,セリ科,ショウガ科にはほとんど影響が見られなかった。キク科では悪影響の強いものと弱いものとに分かれた。成育に対してはなんらかの影響を示した植物中より25種を選び,それらのメタノール抽出物を分画して活性区を追求したところ,中性区のみに活性のみられたものは10種,水溶性区5種,塩基性区2種,不溶解性区1種で,残り7種は二つ以上の分画に活性が認められた。

From the phytopathogenic fungus, Colletotrichum nicotianae, three phytotoxic substances have been isolated and named colletotrichin, colletotrichins B and C (1, 2 and 3). The structures of these compounds have been elucidated from the physical and chemical evidence. When applied on the tobacco leaves, colletotrichins induced the symptom similar to that of the tobacco anthracnose caused by C. nicotianae. The compounds were also toxic to the lettuce and rice seedlings.

A new insecticidal cyclodepsipeptide, bassianolide (1), was isolated from the mycelia of two entomophagous fungi and its structure was elucidated. Silkworm larvae exhibited an atonic symptom and were killed by administration of 1.

Three acidic growth inhibitors were isolated from leaves of peanut and were identified as ferulic acid, p-cumaric acid and salicylic acid, respectively.

葉を主体とした地上部のメタノール抽出物が,カイコの生育に悪影響を与えることを確認した4種類の植物に含まれる活性成分を単離し,それらの成分のカイコの生育におよぼす影響を調べた。1. キバナオランダセンニチに含まれる活性成分はspilantholであった。spilantholを人工飼料中に200ppm添加すると,すべての幼虫は6日後までに死亡した。2. ジギタリス中の活性成分はdigitoxinにdigitalinが加わったものであると推定された。digitoxinは25ppmで虫体を軟化させ,100ppmで6日後にすべての幼虫を死亡させた。digitalinでは100ppmで虫体の軟化が見られたが,400ppmでも死亡するものはなかった。3. コブシの活性成分としてsesaminとkobusinが単離された。kobusinは新しく見い出された化合物で,400ppm添加飼料を与えると,幼虫に強い生育阻害が見られ,すべてのものが5日後に死亡した。sesaminはkobusinの約1/2の活性を示した。4. キツネノマゴからは活性成分として,justicidin AとBが単離された。justicidin Aでは20ppm添加飼料を与えると6日後にすべての幼虫が,Bではほとんどの幼虫が死亡するという強い活性が認められた。

The influence of the cis/trans ratio of 1,4-polybutadienes on the volatile products formed during temperature programmed thermal degradation to 15 percent weight loss has been investigated using a mass chromatograph (a chromatograph which directly provides mass numbers of resolved components of a mixture) and an 'on the fly' vapor phase infrared spectrophotometer. In order of amounts, major volatile products were 4-vinyl-1-cyclohexene (dimer), 1,3-butadiene (monomer), cyclopentene and 1,3-cyclohexadiene. With increasing trans content the relative quantities of 4-vinyl-1-cyclohexene decreased strongly, cyclopentene increased strongly, 1,3-butadiene decreased moderately and 1,3-cyclohexadiene increased moderately. For a high trans polybutadiene, increasing the heating rate produced relatively more monomer and dimer but less cyclopentene. Mass chromatograms from 1,4-polybutadienes which had been heated to 15 percent weight loss in their prehistory were similar to those obtained from 1,2-poly-butadiene indicating that 1,4-polybutadiene undergoes isomerization prior to degradation. Mechanisms for the fromation of the main volatile products of decomposition are discussed. (Author)

The kinetic behavior of the thiyl radical in the solution containing polyisoprenes and polybutadienes has been studied by the flash photolysis method. For benzothiazole-2-thiyl radical, the addition rate constants toward these polymers and the model compounds of the polymers were evaluated. The relative reverse rate constants and equilibrium constants were also estimated. The addition rate constants decrease with an increase in the degree of polymerization; the ratio of the addition rate constant for polyisoprene (3.1 × 104M−1 s−1 (in monomer unit); Mv = 674,000) to that for 2-methyl-2-butene (1.5 × 105M−1 s−1) is about 1/5. This indicates that the polymer chain effect appears in the free-radical addition reaction. The relative reverse rate constants for the polymers are also smaller than those for 2-methyl-2-butene, suggesting a kind of polymer effects; i.e., it can be presumed that the bonded-thiyl radicals migrate very rapidly to the neighboring double bonds in the polymer. Significant differences in the rate parameters were observed between polyisoprene and polybutadiene, between cis- and trans-polyisoprenes, and between 1,4- and 1,2-polybutadienes.

Crude extracts of Bombyx mori brains can provoke adult development when injected into brain-removed dormant pupae of Bombyx mori and Samia Cynthia ricini. From this fact the prothoracicotropic hormone (PTTH) of Bombyx has long been thought to be species-nonspecifically active on Samia. Chemical fractionation of Bombyx brain or head extracts by fractional precipitation with acetone, Sephadex G-50 gel-filtration, and DEAE-Sepharose CL-6B chromatography, however, separated the fractions which activated Bombyx brainless pupae from those which activated Samia. Those results reveal the existence of two species-specific PTTHs.

The solution conformations of protodestruxin, desmethyldestruxtn B and destruxin B, insecticidal cyclodepsipeptides, in DMSO-d6 have been studied through the use of 100–MHz proton NMR spectroscopy. Proton-deuteron exchange and temperature dependence of the peptide proton chemical shift were used to delineate peptide protons in terms of exposure to solvent. The results defined the β-alanine and isoleucine peptide protons of desmethyldestruxin B and destruxin B as solvent-shielded. A rigid conformation of desmethyldestruxin B and destruxin B, in which there are two hydrogen-bonded rings of ten atoms, is proposed. Protodestruxin seems to have a mobile conformation in DMSO–d6. The results indicate that the biological N-methylation of the alanine peptide proton in protodestruxin decreases the number of possible conformations which are stabilized by intramolecular hydrogen bonding and, as the result, fixes the molecule in a specific conformation.

Five alkaloids were isolated from ripe fruits of Evodia rutaecarpa Hook, f.et Thoms. Four of these were found to be indoloquinazoline type alkaloids: rutecarpine (I), evodiamine (II) and two new alkaloids, dihydrorutecarpine (IV) and its 14-formyl derivative (III). The remaining one was a new quinolone alkaloid, 1-methyl-2-nonyl-4(1H)-quinolone (V). The synthesis of II, III and IV was also achieved.

One molecular species of prothoracicotropic hormone with a molecular weight of about 22, 000 (22K-PTTH) of the silkworm, Bombyx mori, was isolated from 5 × 105 adult heads. The purification procedure consisted of 16 steps including defatting, salt-extraction, fractional precipitations, conventional column chromatographies, and high performance liquid chromatographies. An approximately 5 × 106-fold purification was attained to yield 5.4 μg (0.25 nmol) of the pure hormone with a recovery of 3.3%. Injection of 0.11 ng of the purified 22K-PTTH could elicit adult development in a brainless Bombyx pupa. 22K-PTTH is a basic protein (pI 7.7 ~ 8.7) containing disulfide bond(s). The amino-terminal amino acid sequence of 22K-PTTH was determined to be Gly-Asn-Ile-Gln-Val-Glu-Asn-Gln-Ile-Pro-Asp-Pro-.

A peptidyl factor named α substance-IA, which induces sexual agglutinability in a type cells of the heterothallic Saccharomyces cerevisiae, was found to be composed of twelve amino acid residues. Further, the amino acid sequence was elucidated by the combined application of the Edman-dansyl procedure and the cleavage reaction with cyanogen bromide to be H- His-Trp-Leu-Gln-Leu-Lys-Pro-GIy-Gln-Pro-Met-Tyr-OH.

Chemorheological studies were carried out on three kinds of natural rubber vulcanizates, differing in the structure of their crosslinks, in nitrogen in the temperature range 100° to 230°C. The crosslinking site in these polymers consists of a carbon-carbon bond (sample 1), a carbon-sulphur-carbon bond (sample 2), and carbon-carbon and carbon-sulphur-carbon bonds (sample 3), respectively. The stress decay curve of all the samples was expressed by the sum of two exponential terms, that is, two different scission reactions took place in the polymer networks at the same time. Sample 1 underwent two different random scissions in the main chains above 180°C: one was the oxidative scission due to the oxygen molecules in the sample and the other was the thermal scission involving the peroxy and/or carbonyl groups on the polymer chains. The stress decay of sample 2 was based on the cleavages of two different types of crosslink which were mono- and disulphide linkages, whereas that of sample 3 was attributed to the scission both of crosslinkages and of the main chain. The scission of crosslinkages occurred at lower temperatures (above 120°C).

Physical and chemical properties of IR/SBR blend systems crosslinked by dicumyl peroxide were investigated in detail. In order to study physical structure of cross-linked rubber blends, measurement of birefringence of extended samples and observation by scanning electron microscope (SEM) of ones ruptured in liquid nitrogen were also carried out. In the vicinity of IR/SBR = 30/70 (weight ratio) the phase structure of blends was reversed. The size of domain was in about 0.2 to 0.7 μm dependent on the blend ratio. In preparing the cross-linked rubber blends, cross-linking reaction seemed to occur independently in each rubber phase. The birefringence linearly increased with the blend ratio in the range of IR/SBR = 100/0 to 40/60 and then largely increased in IR/SBR < 30/70. Stress relaxation of rubber blends was observed at 373 K in both air and nitrogen. Chemical stress relaxation of these systems could be represented by a combination of rate constant of stress relaxation and volume fraction of each cross-linked rubber, that is, the degradation of the networks of cross-linked rubber blends occurred independently in each rubber phase.

Summary Earlier investigations had demonstrated that steryl-glucosides may stimulate growth in the Avena coleoptile bioassay ( Kimura et al., 1975). As it was now possible to obtain synthetic substances in larger amounts, the effects of sitosteryl-, campesteryl-, stigmasteryl- and cholesteryl-glucosides were tested over a wide range of concentrations on the growth of Avena -coleoptiles, on the germination of cress seeds ( Lepidium sativum L.) and on the H + -efflux of protoplast suspensions prepared from leaves of Vicia faba L. Avena -assay: concentrations from 0.4 to 200 ppm of steryl-glucoside were tested, in some cases with the addition of 1 ppm IAA. Fig. 2 shows that the dose response curves were mostly biphasic and that the 4 substances tested yielded similar results. Addition of IAA did not markedly change the shape of the curves in relation to the behavior of the control. To explain such dose response curves it is necessary to postulate a multisite system at the site of action, which might be the outer cell membrane. Germination: the percentage of germination was not markedly affected by steryl-glucosides applied in the same concentrations as in the Avena -assay. However the lengths of shoots and roots of 3 days old cress seedlings revealed dose response curves similar to those obtained in the Avena coleoptile test (Fig. 4). Protoplasts: if the mode of action of steryl-glucosides is similar to that of IAA, it must be possible to demonstrate a H + -efflux at the cell membrane. Therefore steryl-glucosides (40 ppm) were applied to a protoplast suspension containing 0.35 M D-mannitol and pH changes were recorded continuously. The results show that already 1.5 hours after application a marked drop in pH was detectable, whereas the pH of the control increased slightly over a period of approximately 7 hours. As the solutions appear to be slightly buffered, it must be born in mind that H + -efflux begins before the first changes can be measured. Addition of 10 −4 M IAA accelerates the efflux of H + , whereas 10 −4 M 2,4-dinitrophenol applied 1 hour prior to the application of the steryl-glucosides inhibits acidification (Fig. 6). As sterols are probably involved in the structure of biological membranes, it is concluded that steryl-glucosides and IAA may act in a similar manner at the outer cell membrane, inducing changes in permeability and hydrogen-ion secretion. It may be that steryl-glucosides or sterols themselves are a kind of secondary messenger affected by hormones, for example by IAA.