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The new crisis/threat namely cyber security has become a priority for Malaysia due to the huge impact not only on this country, but also the people. Malaysia shows a trend of increasing cyber security despite various initiatives taken by the government to deal with it. The government has established the National Cyber Security Agency (NACSA) under the auspices of the National Security Council (NSC) where NACSA acts to coordinate all forms of cyber management with other agencies that handle cyber in Malaysia. The question arises is why cyber security continues to increase which is necessary to analyze to what extent NSC as a coordinating agency for managing cyber security successfully plays its role. The study carried out by analyzing the perception of the government, the private sector, and the people on the effectiveness of NSC 's involvement based on the 3P Model via qualitative methods that refer to primary and secondary documents such as official reports, academic journals, and online news as well as through interviews with government officials involved. The results of the analysis found that NSC's involvement is proactive in dealing with cyber security. NSC's coordination with other agencies is active, but there are challenges that need to be addressed. Coordination between the central and state NSC is effective. Political interference has influenced the determined decision but minimal. Cyber security management has led NACSA/NSC to updating/drafting the laws, increased program/strategy, more prominent, and collaborative involvement of all parties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The immediate response by countries worldwide to curb the spread of Covid-19 pandemic in early 2020 was through the implementation of border lockdown, minimizing human movements. Malaysia launched Ops Benteng (Fortress Operation) via National Task Force (NTF) as the country faced high risk transmission through under-detected illegal movements of people across the land and maritime borders. Human trafficking and smuggling has been a great concern before the pandemic, and thus posing unprecedented challenge to the Malaysian border security agencies. This paper aims to analyze the role of security agencies involved in Ops Benteng, the extent of coordination and challenges faced by NTF while implementing the border control measures. The methods include structured interview with officials from Ministry of Defence (MINDEF), the Home Ministry (KDN), and the National Security Council (NSC). This studywill be the first in articulating duties and responsibilities, as well as cooperation between border control agencies and challenges faced in security governance structures. The author argues that the dilemma of compartmentalizing problems by the agencies working in silo and the bureaucratic hurdles that impede coordination efficiencies need to be addressed by all involved stakeholders and the implementation efficiency can be further enhanced by an integrated cooperation framework. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]