Search

The need to improve the dental health of the population does not lose its relevance and remains an unresolved medical, economic and social problem, with the need to find new approaches to the provision of dental care.The aim of the study was to determine the effectiveness of preventive measures and public awareness of the course and consequences of dental pathology in order to improve dental health.To achieve this goal, the data of the annual reports of municipal dental services of Donetsk region were analyzed and a survey with additional functional (electromyography and digital analysis of occlusion) examination of the dental status of 200 people was conducted.Thus, in 2018, the number of primary visitors to therapeutic departments within the region included 718097 people. Patients who underwent primary preventive measures included: hygienic training and education, individual choice of prevention only 21.09% of the total number of people.Within the survey, 82.5 % did not understand the dependence of hygiene and carious processes, 75.5% had no information about the need for quality restoration of the anatomy of the dentition, and 21.5 % did not understand the need to replace the final defects of the dentition. It has been found some reflection of these facts in the analysis of annual reports. Thus, the percentage of filled teeth due to caries or its complications to removed teeth, for the same reasons, was 46.46 %. A similar result in 46.58 % was the number of patients who applied after the removal of teeth to the orthopedic department in order to restore the integrity of the dentition (removable, conditionally removable, non-removable structures). But in addition to the lack of full restoration of the dentition, it was found that the ratio of total filled teeth to cement fillings was 44.5 percent of all filled teeth due to both caries and its complications. 44.5 % was the restoration of lost tooth tissues using cements (zinc phosphate and SIC). Due to the impossibility of restoring quality anatomy, and as a result of the function of the tooth, such a percentage does not meet the needs of today in understanding quality dental services.Based on the results of the analysis of the study data, we concluded that patients are poorly informed about their condition, variations in their treatment and the consequences of lack of comprehensive treatment, the causes and consequences of certain dental conditions and prevention. The results of our surveys and diagnostic tests revealed the need for modern and objectively motivated approach to diagnosis and informing patients about their condition, which leads to a better understanding of the cause-and-effect relationships and the desire for full rehabilitation.In turn, this not only improves dental health at the end of treatment, but also helps to maintain it for a long time, which in turn improves the social and economic life of the patient.

Objective The aim: Is to define dentine chemical composition of intact teeth and those with wedge-shaped defects followed by the analysis of revealed differences. Patients and methods Materials and methods: Longitudinal sections of 22 clinically removed teeth (12 - clinically intact ones, 10 - with wedge-shaped defects) from both jaws were studied in patients aged between 25-54 years. JSM-6490 LV focused beam electron microscope (scanning) with system of energy-dispersive X-ray microanalysis INCA Penta FETх3 was used. The chemical composition of 148 dentine areas in the incisal region (tubercle), equator, cervical area has been determined as a percentage of the weight amounts of carbon, oxygen, calcium, phosphorus, sodium, magnesium, sulfur, chlorine, zinc, potassium, aluminum. Results Results: Dentine chemical composition of teeth with wedge-shaped defects differed from those of intact teeth by significantly lower content: sodium, chlorine and calcium - in the incisal region (tubercle); sodium, magnesium - at the equator; sodium, chlorine and calcium - in the cervical region (p≤0.05). In the sample groups with cervical pathology there was more sulfur and oxygen in the incisal region (tubercle), phosphorus and zinc - at the equator, carbon and potassium - in the cervical region (p≤0.05). Conclusion Conclusions: Differences in the chemical composition of intact teeth and teeth with wedge-shaped defects, the presence of correlation between the studied chemical elements confirm the role of macro- and microelements in the pathogenesis of non-carious cervical lesions.

Hyperesthesia (from the Greek hyper - increase and aisthesis - sensation) means any increase in pain sensitivity of the tooth tissues to external irritants of temperature, chemical and tactile nature. The number of the patients with hypersensitivity of the hard dental tissues has increased sharply in recent years and according to various authors’ findings it is from 60% to 90%. A wide range of prevalence fluctuations is observed in different age groups. The age of people with certain symptoms of teeth hypersensitivity is 25-50 years while the highest frequency is among the people aged 30-40 years. Starting from an earlier age women suffer more often than men. The generalized form of hyperesthesia is usually associated with such general causes as the functional state of the nervous system, endocrine diseases, disorders of mineral metabolism in the body. The localized forms of hyperesthesia are caused mainly by the defects in the hard tissues of individual teeth or periodontium. Rapid and effective treatment of hyperesthesia of the hard dental tissues is an important and urgent problem of modern practical dentistry. Therefore, a great amount of the techniques for the treatment of this pathology is constantly increasing. Now one of the most common methods is the local impact on the hard dental tissues. The aim of the study is to analyze the specialized medical literature that is concerned with modern methods and techniques for the treatment of hypersensitivity of the hard dental tissues. Materials and methods of the research. The review of the literature sources on modern concepts of the treatment of hyperesthesia of the hard dental tissues has been made and the information has been analyzed. Results. The problem of hypersensitivity of the tooth tissues has led to the invention of a whole class of the drugs aimed at its elimination. These medications have different chemical nature, the mechanism of the action on the tissues and even the indications for their use, but the purpose of all these medical preparations is common as they are aimed at reducing hypersensitivity of the tooth tissues. A wide range of the techniques is proposed to eliminate the problem of tooth sensitivity. One of the most common methods of the treatment is a local effect on the hard dental tissues which is aimed directly at the relief of the hydrodynamic mechanism. According to this theory, the stimulus which causes pain increases the flow of the fluid in the dentinal tubules that leads to the changes in osmotic pressure and increased activity of the nerve endings in its turn. Therefore, taking into account the mechanism of the action of desensitizing toothpastes they are divided into those ones that reduce the excitability of the nerve fiber and those ones that contribute to the obstruction of the dentinal tubules. Nowadays there have been also accumulated a sufficient number of clinical and experimental observations indicating that one of the main causes of dentin hypersensitivity is any disturbance of phosphorus-calcium metabolism of the hard dental tissues. A number of authors have shown that people with the generalized form of hyperesthesia has pronounced hypophosphatemia which is combined with the decrease in the content of inorganic phosphorus and calcium in the oral fluid. In this regard, the drugs of calcium (gluconate, chloride, glycerophosphate) and fluoride (sodium fluoride) are widespread in the treatment of dentin hyperesthesia and they are used by application and rubbing into sensitive areas, electro- and phonophoresis, in the form of varnishes and gels, as well as in toothpastes. Unfortunately, the mechanisms of dentinal pain have not been fully studied and its symptoms are nonspecific and subjective. Therefore, there is no ideal composition for the treatment of sensitive dentin. In addition, the result of the therapy occurs in many cases over a long period of time. Conclusion. Thus, according to modern ideas, the treatment of hypersensitivity of the hard dental tissues can be carried out in two ways: desensitization of the nerve fibers to reduce the corresponding response to irritation; obturation of the dentinal tubules to restore intra-tubular osmotic pressure. These days one hundred percent result in the treatment has not been achieved, so it is important to find and develop new techniques and methods to eliminate teeth hyperesthesia.

Harmonious facial aesthetics, proper bite, straight teeth are an integral part of individual psychological well-being and a modern person’s professional success. According to scientific studies, orthodontic pathology occupies third place in terms of incidence among dental diseases after dental caries and periodontal diseases. Being man-made polluted, the Donetsk region also has a high prevalence of dentoalveolar anomalies. In 7-15 year old children, the incidence rate is 68-90%. The aim of the study is to research the prevalence and structure of dentoalveolar anomalies among students of a medical university in the Donetsk region. Materials and methods. To fulfill the purpose of the study we analyzed the orthodontic status of 300 Donetsk National Medical University students. Examinations of students were performed according to the generally accepted method in dentistry. The material of the clinical trial was subjected to variational-statistical analysis in accordance with the purpose of the study. Results. The analysis of the study data showed that there were abnormalities in the attachment of the oral soft tissues, namely 56,0% (168/300) of those examined had a short bridle of the tongue, 20,0% (60/300) of students – a short bridle of the upper lip, 5,3% (16/300) patients – a short frenulum of the lower lip and 17,3% (52/300) of those examined – a shallow vestibule of the mouth. The data on the orthodontic status of the examined patients showed that the prevalence of dental anomalies was 98,7% (296/300). 64% (192/300) of examined subjects had anomalies of occlusion in combination with anomalies of individual teeth. Anomalies of individual teeth without occlusion pathology were diagnosed in 34,7% (104/300) of patients. 1,3% (4/300) of students have been found to be orthodontically healthy. Moreover, the case history of those examined shows that 30,7% (92/300) of students underwent orthodontic treatment in the past, which was not always successful. The external examination revealed facial signs of dentoalveolar anomalies in 50,0% (148/296) of students, which indicates the gnathic nature of orthodontic pathology. Deep bite (54,2%) and deep occlusion in combination with distal occlusion (25,0%) were significant. Class 2 pathology was detected in 10,4% (20/192) of individuals. The examination did not reveal any cases of open bite in the subjects. The prevalence of crossbite and mesial occlusion was low and amounted to 8,3% (16/192) and 2,1% (4/192) of cases, respectively. Teeth rotation was prevalent (71,6%; 212/296) among 296 students who had anomalies of individual teeth and dentition (isolated or combined with an occlusion anomaly). The results of the study indicate that 56,6% of those examined (120/212) had lower teeth rotation, 26,4% of subjects (56/212) presented with the combination of this pathology in both jaws, and tortoanomaly of upper teeth was found in 17,0% (36/212) of cases. Crowding of the frontal mandible segment was also a common pathology (58,1%;172/296), the first degree of this pathology’s severity being prevalent (79,0%; 136/172). Examination of students showed that 51,4% of subjects had a vestibular position of individual teeth (152/296). Oral position of teeth and crowding of the frontal upper segment were less common and were observed in 43,2% (128/296) and 29,7% (88/296) cases, respectively. Among the examined students diastemata and tremata were diagnosed in 13,5% (40/296) and 25,7% (76/296) cases, respectively. It should be noted that this pathology predominantly affected the upper jaw: diastema occured in 90% (36/40), and tremata in 57,9% (44/76) of cases. The examination revealed an abnormal inclination of the students’ front teeth. The overall prevalence of protrusion of incisors was 13,5% (40/296), maxillary protrusion of teeth being most prevalent (90%; 36/40). The incidence of incisor retrusion was 10,8% (32/296). Also, this pathology predominated in the upper jaw (87,5%; 28/32). The study of dentition disorders revealed the prevalence of transversely and sagittally oriented changes in the shape of dental arches. The results revealed that the shortening of the dentition was the most common dentition deformation, being detected in 66,9% (198/296) of cases. The narrowing of the dentition was found in 51,0% of subjects (151/296). Conclusions. Such studies allow to improve the prevention principles of dentoalveolar anomalies and to organize the timely provision of specialized medical care.

In the research for the highly efficient, wide spectrum, safe drugs, dental practitioners in recent years have been increasingly paying attention to complex bioregulatory drugs (CBDs). They affect the body in small doses, initiate, activate and regulate defense mechanisms, restore the processes of self-regulation and detoxification, all without suppressing immunity. Aim of the research was to analyze the scientific literature on the effectiveness of the bioregulatory drugs in the treatment of dental diseases. Materials and methods. The bibliosemantic and analytical methods were used in our research. Results. The use of CBDs in the treatment of periodontal diseases was the most researched. In the treatment of chronic generalized periodontitis of mild and moderate severity, along with the conventional methods (removal of dental deposits, curettage of periodontal pockets with subsequent polishing of the root’s surface), the Traumeel S ointment was applied to the vestibular and oral surfaces of the marginal gums of patients with mild degree of disease. Traumeel S in pills had been prescribed for patients with chronic generalized periodontitis of moderate severity, along with ointment applications. The course of treatment was 14 days. Clinical examination of patients during the course of treatment revealed that the drug Traumeel S contributed to the reduction of edema and bleeding in the gums. This was confirmed by a significant decrease in all periodontal and hygienic indices. Laboratory study of mixed saliva of patients found a significant reduction in the content of superoxide dismutase twice over. All this led to the conclusion that the Traumeel S exhibited pronounced anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. Thus, its use is justified in the supplementary treatment of chronic generalized periodontitis. Practical interest, in our view, lies in a comprehensive approach to the treatment of generalized periodontitis, depending on the age of patients and the severity of the disease. For all participants in the study group, the following CBDs were added to traditional periodontitis treatment: Traumeel S, Lymphomyosot and Echinacea compositum. Traumeel S ointment was issued in the form of applications; Lymphomyosot was administered by 10 drops three times a day for 3 weeks, and Echinacea compositum − intramuscularly. Patients with severe periodontitis were injected with Traumeel S under the mucous membrane of the gum. Effectiveness of the treatment was monitored by clinical and radiological examination. The authors of the method concluded that the use of CBDs relieved inflammatory processes in the short term, suspended dystrophic and destructive processes, and promoted long-term stabilization of the disease (up to 2 years). It should also be noted that the use of CBDs did not cause any side effects. In the treatment of the treatment of various forms of lichen planus (except atypical), drug Mucosa compositum was used via an injection under the lesions. In patients with an atypical form, it was administered as infiltration anesthesia to the transitional folds on the upper or lower jaw, depending on the localization and prevalence of the process. Regardless of lichen planus form, the subjective sensations in patients disappeared after 4-5 injections. In patients with atypical form either the complete disappearance of signs of the disease or its transformation into a typical form with the appearance of papules on an unchanged background were observed. The exudative hyperemic form after 8 injections had transformed into a typical form. In the erosive-ulcerative form, a decrease in the size of erosion was observed after 6-8 injections, and epithelialization, disappearance of hyperemia, transformation into a typical form − after 10-12 injections. During the observation period of 5-8 months, there were no symptoms of exacerbation in the patients. In addition, no adverse effects were reported in any of the patients examined using Mucosa compositum. A noteworthy study was carried out by the dental surgeons to substantiate the use of CBDs in maxillofacial surgery, especially in such difficult conditions as phlegmon of different etiology and localization. Comprehensive treatment of all patients included conventional surgery and traditional drug therapy. Therapy of patients in the main group was supplemented with the introduction of the drug Lymphomyosot intravenously; antibiotic therapy was not used. Therapy of patients in the comparison group was supplemented by intravenous administration of the drug Traumeel S. Antibiotic therapy was not used. Analysis of clinical and laboratory parameters, and of patients’ immunograms reliably showed that the use of these drugs provides a more positive course of the wound process and a more pronounced reduction in total intoxication, which leads to a shorter treatment time compared with the traditional therapy. Based on the analysis of available literature, we concluded that it is advisable to improve approaches to the treatment of major dental diseases by introducing complex bioregulatory drugs. The question of modern application of the CBDs in dentistry remains relevant and requires further study.

The results of studies of elastic cushioning materials in removable plate prostheses are presented. Negative role in the mechanism of the rapid aging of the elastic material of functional loads, causing compression, relatively higher than the reversible deformation of materials is shown. The technique of constructing elastic pads with removable plate denture prosthetics is proposed. Clinical assessment of durability of the elastic-elastic pads in the removable plate denture is carried out. In order to preserve the properties of elastic strips, dentures constructed so that the sealing materials during the function did not experience the load exceeds the value of their relatively reversible deformation. It is determined that the presence of prostheses stops deformation and elastic pads, designed to meet the functional prevent excessive contractions allow prosthesis significantly longer maintain their functional value.

The pH, buffer capacity, salivation rate, impedance, micellarity and mineralizing ability of the oral fluid have been determined by the indices of the dispersion coefficient. The dispersion coefficients impedance of oral fluid in patients with a wedge-shaped defect and precervical caries were significantly lower than in patients with intact hard tissues (p=0,004). The greatest steepness of dispersion coefficient was typical for the oral fluid of individuals without any precervical pathology, which corresponds to a high degree of its liquid crystal phase, greater dispersion and micellarity. The strong indirect correlation between impedance and pH and buffer capacity has been revealed and the vivid direct correlation with salivation rate and dispersion coefficient has been found. The interconnections between biophysical parameters of oral fluid require further research in order to diagnose precervical pathology and monitor the effectiveness of preventive measures.