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Introduction Mortality attributed to fire and flame for children (0−14 years) over a fifty-year period has not been previously analyzed in Australia. The literature has focused on these deaths over a shorter time period or disaggregated with other causes of burns or deaths in one burns center. However, mortality associated with fire/flames affects this age group the greatest. The aims of this study are to: (1) develop a trends analysis of fire and flames mortality between1968 to 2016, using the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) mortality database and, (2) determine the association of interventions with fire and flames mortality using the Haddon's categorical intervention framework. Methods International Classification of Disease (ICD) codes were extracted and code equivalencies between ICD 8, 9, 10 and the Australian Bureau of Statistics for fire/flames data between 1968-–2016 were assessed. To determine whether population changes affected the risks of mortality, the frequency and, rates per 100,000 were used. A literature review was conducted that summarized the current knowledge of interventions associated with the major decreases in the fire and flames mortality rate. Results In Australia, we found was a downward trend for the period although with significant variation from year to year when compared to external cause mortality. Additionally, there were multiple successful interventions associated with a sustained decrease in mortality. After 2016, child fire-related mortality remains a problem particularly in low socioeconomic groups and indigenous peoples. A combination of research, public awareness, engineering, legal enforcement, advancements in burns care and, evidence-based policy development all have a role to play in future injury prevention initiatives. Although direct causation to an individual is not possible, associations can be drawn from interventions on a population level to decreases in mortality. Conclusion We found was a steady decline in both rates and frequency of childhood fire and flames mortality from 1968 to 2016 associated with multiple interventions.

To investigate the long-term stability of corneal astigmatism after combined femtosecond (fs)-assisted phacoemulsification and arcuate keratotomy.Retrospective, interventional case series.Surgery was performed using a Victus (BauschLomb) platform. A single, 450-μm-deep arcuate keratotomy was paired at the 8-mm zone with the main phacoemulsification incision in the opposite meridian. The keratotomy incisions were not opened. Corneal astigmatism measurements obtained preoperatively and at 2 and 5 years postoperatively were analyzed using vector analysis.A total of 44 eyes of 44 patients (mean age 66.0 ± 10.1 years) were included. The mean preoperative corneal astigmatism was 1.40 ± 0.66 diopters (D). This was reduced to 0.74 ± 0.54 D at 2 years and 0.70 ± 0.50 at 5 years postoperatively (P.001). There were no statistically significant differences between postoperative corneal astigmatism at 2 years and at 5 years (P = .609). Both magnitude of error and absolute angle of error were comparable between the 2 postoperative time points (P.805). At the end of 5 years, 65% of the eyes were within 15 degrees of the preoperative astigmatic meridian. Comparative analysis showed significantly higher surgically induced astigmatism, lower differences in vector and absolute angles of error for the eyes with preoperative with-the-rule (WTR) astigmatism than eyes with against-the-rule (ATR) astigmatism at 5 years (P.004).Our study showed the stability of femtosecond (fs)-assisted arcuate keratotomy was well-maintained over 5 years. There was a tendency of increasing overcorrection of preoperative WTR astigmatism and undercorrection of ATR astigmatism over time.

Uncorrected refractive errors are a leading cause of visual impairment across the world. In today's society, laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) has become the most commonly performed surgical procedure to correct refractive errors. However, regression of the initially achieved refractive correction has been a widely observed phenomenon following LASIK since its inception more than two decades ago. Despite technological advances in laser refractive surgery and various proposed management strategies, post-LASIK regression is still frequently observed and has significant implications for the long-term visual performance and quality of life of patients. This review explores the mechanism of refractive regression after both myopic and hyperopic LASIK, predisposing risk factors and its clinical course. In addition, current preventative strategies and therapies are also reviewed.

In this research, we studied the pressure drop affecting on the internal surface roughness and the curvature radius of a U-tube, which is used for the cooling system in PWR(Pressurized Water Reactor). Using ANSYS-FLUENT, a commercial code based on CFD(Computational Fluid Dynamics) technique, we compared a Moody chart with the Darcy friction factor changed by a range of various surface roughness and Reynolds numbers of a straight pipe model. We studied the effect giving variation about a range of various surface roughness and the curvature radius of the full scale U-tube model. The material of the heat transfer tube is Inconel 690 used in the steam generator. We compared the velocity distribution of selected 4 locations, and derived the correlation between the surface roughness and the pressure drop for the U-tube of each representative curvature radius using the linear regression method.

The heat shock transcription factor 1 gene (HSF1) plays a key role in the heat stress response. We previously found a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the 3'-untranslated region (g.4693GT) of HSF1 that was related to thermo tolerance in Chinese Holstein cattle through association analysis. However, it is not known whether other SNPs also affect thermo tolerance.In this study a novel SNP, g.1451GT, was identified by DNA sequencing and genotyped using creating restriction site-polymerase chain reaction methodology. The g.1451GT polymorphic site met Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (P0.05). Association analysis demonstrated that this SNP had no effect on thermo tolerance traits in Holstein cattle. Findings of the study compared to the analysis of g.4693 GT further indicated that g.4693 GT may play an important role in thermo tolerance, although the mechanism is not clear. RNA hybrid and Targetscan prediction showed that the minimum free energy hybridization of bta-miR-484 with HSF1 3'-UTR was -31.9 kcal/mol and g.4693 GT was in the seed sequence of bovine HSF1 that binds to bta-miR-484. Analysis by Luciferase assay indicated that HSF1 expression was directly targeted by bta-miR-484 in HEK 293T cells, and the Rluc/luc ratio of wildtype (GG) was lower than that of the mutant (TT) (P0.05). These results suggest that g.4693 GT affects binding of HSF1 to bta-miR-484.

Summary Objectives We aimed to characterize neurological outcomes and determine the prevalence of HIV encephalopathy in a cohort of HIV-infected children in Jamaica. Methods Data for 287 HIV-infected children presenting between 2002 and 2008 were reviewed and neurological outcomes characterized. A nested case–control study was conducted between July and September 2009 used 15 randomly selected encephalopathic HIV-infected children aged 7–10 years and 15 matched controls (non-encephalopathic HIV-infected). Their neurocognitive functions were evaluated using clinical assessment and standardized tests for intelligence, short term memory (visuo-spatial and auditory), selective attention, and fine motor and coordination functions. Outcomes were compared using Fisher's exact test and the Mann–Whitney U -test. Results Sixty-seven (23.3%) children were encephalopathic. The median age at diagnosis of HIV encephalopathy was 1.6 years (interquartile range (IQR) 1.1–3.4 years). Predominant abnormalities were delayed milestones (59, 88.1%), hyperreflexia (59, 86.5%), spasticity (50, 74.6%), microcephaly (42, 61.7%), and quadriparesis (21, 31.3%). The median age of tested children was 8.7 years (IQR 7.6–10.8 years) in the encephalopathic group and 9 years (IQR 7.4–10.7 years) in the non-encephalopathic group. Encephalopathic children performed worse in all domains of neurocognitive function ( p Conclusions A high prevalence of HIV encephalopathy was noted, and significant neurocognitive dysfunction identified in encephalopathic children. Optimized management through the early identification of neurological impairment and implementation of appropriate interventions is recommended to improve quality of life.

Co-based catalysts of the reaction by which hydrogen was obtained from NaBH4 solution were prepared by chemical reduction in a liquid phase. X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy analyses showed that the as-prepared Fe@Co catalyst was ultrafine and amorphous. The calculated Arrhenius activation energy of the Fe@Co catalyst was 35.62(1) kJ mol−1 while that of the Co catalyst was 38.81(2) kJ mol−1, demonstrating that Fe@Co nanoparticles reduce the activation energy of the reaction more than does a Co nanocatalyst. X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) clearly reveals the valences of Fe and Co. The Fe valence of Fe@Co is smallest among three catalysts because of the Co shell. The molar ration of Fe to Co is 1: 2 as determined by using XPS analysis, indicating that the novel catalyst reduces costs. The generation of hydrogen is schematically elucidated.

IntroductionPatients with subthreshold bipolar disorder (sub-BP) experience severe clinical courses and functional impairments, which are comparable to those with bipolar I and II disorders (BP-I and -II). Nevertheless, lifetime prevalence, socioeconomic correlates and diagnostic overlaps of bipolar spectrum disorder (BPS) have not yet been estimated in the general population of South Korean adults.AimsThis study aimed to estimate the lifetime prevalence, correlates and diagnostic comorbidities of BPS using a validated screening instrument in the nationwide general population of South Korea.MethodsA total of 3013 adults among the 2011 Korean Epidemiologic Catchment Area survey (KECA-2011) completed face-to-face interviews using the Korean versions of the composite international diagnostic interview 2.1 and mood disorder questionnaire (K-CIDI and K-MDQ).ResultsThe lifetime prevalence of BPS in the South Korean adults was measured to be 4.3% (95% CI 2.6–6.9). Nearly 80% of the subjects with BPS were codiagnosed with other DSM-IV nonpsychotic mental disorders: 35.4% (95% CI 24.2–48.5) for major depression and dysthymic disorder, 35.1% (95% CI 27.7–43.3) for anxiety disorders and 51.9% (95% CI 40.5–63.1) for alcohol and nicotine use disorders. Younger age (18–34 years) was the only sociodemographic predictor of BPS positivity (P = 0.014) and the diagnostic overlap patterns were different between men and women.ConclusionsPositivity for BPS was estimated to be much greater than the prevalence of DSM-IV BP in South Korea. Most of the respondents with BPS were diagnosed with other major mental disorders and this might be related with mis and/or underdiagnosis of clinically relevant Sub-BP.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

A boundary-layer pump with a single disk has been experimented to obtain its characteristic curve by changing the impeller of a centrifugal pump to a single disk. The primary objective to use of these types of pumps is to avoid hurting water life during transportation unnecessarily. The change of impeller should degrade the performance of pump, so we used the method to increase the roughness on the disk with sandpaper and mesh. The enhancement of shear force from the rotation of disk to the internal flow brought an augmentation of momentum transport, and the characteristics were far improved from the original single-disk pump without decreasing the survival rate of water life in the case of Pseudobagrus fulvidraco (bullhead fish). However, in the case of Artemia cyst (zooplankton), the survival rate was very degraded due to the micro scale smaller than turbulent eddy size. The result of this study could be used for the design of transportation and bio-filtering of water lying on a specific bandwidth of its scale of size.

A kind of disk-shape boundary layer pump is designed numerically by using a software of computational fluid dynamics, which is widely used for the special purposes such as artificial hearts, bio-fluidics and transportation of oceanic lives, etc. From the numerical simulation with an axisymmetric model, some benchmark problems are tested and compared with experimental results. The performance of disk pump is graphically visualized from the computational results, and converted to the dimensionless parameters. Finally, the obtained numerical data in the present investigation can be used for the baseline for new design to achieve a more efficient disk pump.

The paper introduces an advanced nonconductive film (NCF) typed FC technology employing a novel compliant composite interconnect structure. The interconnect reliability and bondability of the technology are demonstrated through experimental thermal humidity (TH) test in conjunction with a two-point daisy chain resistance measurement. The alternative goal of the study aims to look into the insight of the thermal-mechanical behaviors of the novel packaging technology during NCF bonding process and thermal testing through numerical modeling and experimental validation. For effectively simulating the bonding process, a process-dependent finite-element (FE) simulation methodology is performed. The validity of the proposed methodology is verified through several experimental methods, including a Twyman-Green (T/G) interferometry technique for warpage measurement, and a four-point probe method for contact resistance measurement. At last, a design guideline for improved process-induced thermal-mechanical behaviors is presented through parametric FE analysis. Both numerical and experimental results demonstrate the feasibility in applying the novel compliant interconnects to achieve a proper contact stress at various temperature environments so as to hold a low and stable connection resistance at elevated temperature. Most importantly, the novel interconnects survive the 85degC/85%RH TH test for 500 hours.

This paper presents a magnetic circuit model to the estimation of machine parameters of an interior permanent magnet synchronous machine. It extends the earlier work of Hwang and Cho that focused mainly on the magnetic aspects of motor design. The proposed model used to calculate EMF, d- and q-axis reactances. These calculations are compared to those from finite element analysis and measurement with good agreement.

This paper reports the fabrication of MOSFETs with dual metal gate electrodes. Low threshold voltage (Vt) was achieved using TaC for nFETs and MoNx for pFETs. The transistors show excellent Ion-Ioff performance with well-controlled short channel effects. Benefited from a novel approach in base oxide formation, high mobility at ~90% of poly/SiO2 was achieved on thick HfO2 (30A). Improvement in current drivability by the incorporation of conventional cap stressor was also presented. The data demonstrates one of the best MOSFETs to date with dual metal gates on high-k dielectrics. It is further observed that high-k crystallization induces Vt non-uniformity in small devices. To our knowledge, the impact of crystallization to high- k manufacturability is addressed here for the first time

Experimental results are presented for noise voltage, responsivity, and specific detectivity (D*) for the long wavelength infrared (IR) HgCdTe photoconductive detectors. Hg/sub 0.8/Cd/sub 0.2/Te photoconductive detectors passivated with ZnS/photo-enhanced native oxide have an improved noise spectral density and D* than the detectors passivated with only ZnS. The low frequency 1/f noise charges were measured for a Hg/sub 0.8/Cd/sub 0.2/Te photo detector, as a function of bias at 77 K, and the effective surface trap density determined from the 1/f noise charges measured at 1 Hz. It was found that the surface effective trap densities of stacked passivated sample and the sample passivated only with ZnS are close to 4/spl times/10/sup 17/ and 9/spl times/10/sup 17/ cm/sup -2/ eV/sup -1/ under 0.4 V bias and 1 /spl mu/s integration time, respectively. We found that the numerical values of noise are strongly dependent upon surface passivation properties. It can be seen clearly that an HgCdTe photo detector with a stacked ZnS/photo-enhanced native oxide passivation is better than the HgCdTe photo detector passivated with a single ZnS layer.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the parameters such as thermal loads, adhesive material properties and fillets, hump materials, and moisture to affect the warpage and hump-joint stresses of the COG (Chip-on-Glass) packages with ACF (Anisotropic Conductive Film). Two- and three-dimensional finite element models are employed for calculating the warpage and bump- joint stresses in tenns of such parameters. In addition, the real-time full-field Twyman-Green interferometry is used for measuring the out-of-plane deformations of the specimens and providing validation of the warpage calculated from finite element models. And Suhir's close-form solution of a die-substrate assembly is applied for looking into insight of thermo-mechanics especially for adhesive stresses and correlated with finite element results. The results show that the fillets strongly affect the warpage of the COG specimens by changing the convex shape of warpage for those without fillets to the saddle shape for those with fillets.

Boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) is one of the effective methods of radiation therapy for the treatment of tumors such as malignant glioma. Boronophenylalanine (10B-BPA) solution has been used as a potential boron carrier for such a treatment. The aim of this study is to investigate 4-borono-2-[18F]-fluoro- l -phenylalanine-fructose ([18F]FBPA-F) in rats injected in the brain with glioma using in vivo small animal positron emission tomography (PET) imaging (microPET). Male Fischer 344 rats with F98 glioma in the left brain were used for these studies. Dynamic PET imaging of [18F]FBPA-F was performed on the 13th day after tumor inoculation. Arterial blood sampling was performed to obtain an input function for tracer kinetic modeling. The accumulation ratios of [18F]FBPA-F for the glioma-to-normal brain approached 3. The uptake characteristics of BPA-F and [18F]FBPA-F were similar. The results indicate that 4 h after BPA-F injection would be the optimal irradiation time for BNCT. Rate constants were estimated using a three-compartment model. This study provides useful information for the clinical application of BNCT in patients with brain tumors.

Objectives This study was performed to evaluate the prevalence and to identify predictors of depressive symptoms among inpatients with schizophrenia. Methods One hundred and forty-one schizophrenic patients were included with randomized method. Sociodemographic characteristics were obtained by questionnaire. Depressive symptoms were evaluated using Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale(CES-D). A cutoff score 16 or above was used to indicate depressive symptoms. Results Prevalence of depressive symptoms was 46.8% in this sample, 43.7% in male and 50.0% in female. No familial support, six or more numbers of admission, infrequent visit of caretaker over the last month, impaired orientation and presence of pain or discomfort were predictors of depressive symptoms. Conclusion Depressive symptoms were highly prevalent in inpatients with schizophrenia. The predictors of depressive symptoms should be given special attention to prevent the onset and progression of depressive disorder in this group of patients.

Various film deposition techniques such as spin coating and variable concentration drop casting give rise to different film morphologies. Using electron diffraction we have studied films made by these techniques and show that they lead to a change in the underlying structure as well.