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Background and Purpose: The spectrum of brain infarction in patients with embolic stroke of undetermined source (ESUS) has not been well characterized. Our objective was to define the frequency and pattern of brain infarcts detected by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) among patients with recent ESUS participating in a clinical trial. Methods: In the NAVIGATE ESUS trial (New Approach Rivaroxaban Inhibition of Factor Xa in a Global Trial Versus ASA to Prevent Embolism in Embolic Stroke of Undetermined Source), an MRI substudy was carried out at 87 sites in 15 countries. Participants underwent an MRI using a specified protocol near randomization. Images were interpreted centrally by those unaware of clinical characteristics. Results: Among the 918 substudy cohort participants, the mean age was 67 years and 60% were men with a median (interquartile range) of 64 (26–115) days between the qualifying ischemic stroke and MRI. On MRI, 855 (93%) had recent or chronic brain infarcts that were multiple in 646 (70%) and involved multiple arterial territories in 62% (401/646). Multiple brain infarcts were present in 68% (510/755) of those without a history of stroke or transient ischemic attack before the qualifying ESUS. Prior stroke/transient ischemic attack ( P 0 ( P P =0.01) were associated with multiple infarcts. Topographically, large and/or cortical infarcts were present in 89% (757/855) of patients with infarcts, while in 11% (98/855) infarcts were exclusively small and subcortical. Among those with multiple large and/or cortical infarcts, 57% (251/437) had one or more involving a different vascular territory from the qualifying ESUS. Conclusions: Most patients with ESUS, including those without prior clinical stroke or transient ischemic attack, had multiple large and/or cortical brain infarcts detected by MRI, reflecting a substantial burden of clinical stroke and covert brain infarction. Infarcts most frequently involved multiple vascular territories. Registration: URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov ; Unique identifier: NCT02313909.

Background Patients seek submental liposuction to remove excess fat and fullness under the jawline and achieve a more youthful appearance. However, few studies have examined the effect of neck liposuction on perceived age, health, attractiveness, and likeability. The purpose of this study was to quantify the changes in these perceived parameters following submental liposuction and to identify anthropometric changes that correlate with perceived ratings. Methods This study was a retrospective evaluation of 3D preoperative and postoperative photographs of patients who underwent submental liposuction alone or with other facial rejuvenation procedures by the senior author (DS) between 2014 and 2019. The preoperative and postoperative photographs of patients were split into 2 surveys. The pre- and postoperative images were randomized, and the same patient's images were not included in the same survey to avoid recall bias. A total of 148 survey responses were obtained from laypersons with each individual rating perceived age, health, attractiveness, and likeability. Photogrammetric assessment of patient images was completed using 3D VECTRA software (Canfield, Fairfield, NJ). Differences between pre- and postoperative labiomental angle, cervicomental angle, chin-throat distance, and facial angle were recorded. Paired T-tests were used to assess differences pre- and postoperatively. Multivariate regression was utilized to identify the influence of photogrammetric changes on perceived ratings. Results Twelve patients met the study criteria. All received submental liposuction, 67% received concurrent genioplasty, and 33% received simultaneous neck and facelift. After surgery, the cervicomental angle decreased by 7.3° (P = .0171), chin-throat distance increased by 3.9mm (P Conclusion Submental liposuction is effective in reducing perceived patient age. This effect is more pronounced when preformed with neck lift. Furthermore, decrease in labiomental and cervicomental angle are associated with decreased perceived age.

Background/purpose Virtual surgical planning (VSP) in orthognathic surgery has enabled reconstructive surgeons to achieve more predictive results when compared to conventional methods. Still, few studies have evaluated the accuracy of VSP in more complex cases, such as those requiring maxillary segmentation. The aim of this study was to examine the conformity of virtual surgical plans to postoperative results following segmental procedures performed by a single surgeon. Methods This was a retrospective study of patients who had undergone triple jaw (segmental Le Fort I, bilateral sagittal split osteotomy, and genioplasty by the senior author (DMS) between 2016 and 2020. The preoperative virtual surgical plan and postoperative cone beam computed tomographic scan were registered in 3-Matic software (Materialise, Leuven, Belgium) using cranial base landmarks. The conformity of the postoperative skull model to the virtual surgical plan was quantified using linear and angular measurements at various 3D bony landmarks. The average mean difference (AMD) in the x-, y-, and z-axes was calculated. Paired T-tests were used to compare postoperative measurements with those from the pre-operative STL. Multivariate linear regression was performed to analyze and modifying effects of age, gender, number of segments (2 vs. 3), and malocclusion class. Results Twenty-nine patients were included (mean age 24.5 years; 72.4% female). Three-dimensional analysis showed significant AMD between the virtual plan and postop CBCT for the following landmarks: U1 Midpoint (y, AMD: 1.65mm, P = .03), B point (y, AMD: 1.63mm, P = .005), pogonion (y, AMD: 2.38mm, P = .0005), menton (y, AMD: 2.22mm, P = .0003). There were no differences between the virtual plans and postop CBCT at any other points. Transversely, the overall AMD was 1.15mm, with under-expansion occurring in 79.3% (2.18mm) and over-expansion in 20.7% of patients (1.65mm). Angular measurements revealed statistical significance for SNB (AMD: 1.38, P = .02), but not for SNA and ANB values. Multivariate regression showed no association between age, gender, segmentation (2 vs. 3), or class of malocclusion and the extent of conformity for any measurements. Conclusion There is a high degree of conformity between the VSP and postoperative results following triple jaw orthognathic surgery with segmental maxillary osteotomies. The greatest nonconformity was found in the sagittal plane and was mostly limited to the mandible. Segmentation did not affect surgical accuracy of the maxillary movements.

Statement of the problem The clinical decision to pursue open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) vs. closed treatment (CT) to treat mandibular condyle fractures has been long contested but predicated on understanding of absolute and relative indications and contraindications. This meta-analysis critically appraised the literature to compare and contrast clinical outcomes following these interventions. Materials and methods A systematic review and meta-analysis were performed to test the null hypothesis of no difference in clinical outcomes in ORIF vs. CT of mandibular condyle fractures. ORIF also was compared to endoscopically assisted open treatment. The PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, Elsevier text mining tool database and ClinicalTrials.gov trial registries were accessed from 1946 to 2020. The quality of evidence was determined using Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation methodology. No pediatric studies were included. The quality of evidence was downgraded due to risk of bias and imprecision in specific outcomes in observational studies. Data analysis Two authors extracted the following data from included studies: country of origin, study design, study period, number of patients, patient characteristics (i.e., age range, gender, ethnicity), fracture laterality (unilateral vs. bilateral), treatment used (CT vs. ORIF), and clinical outcomes. The study analyzed the data separately according to fracture location and study design (e.g., RCTs and observational studies). An experienced medical librarian was consulted on methodology and ran a medical subject heading (MeSH) analysis of known key articles provided by the research team to ensure complete capture of all articles pertaining to management of condylar fractures. In each database, the study ran scoping searches and used an iterative process to translate and refine the searches. Results and outcomes data Of 1507 screened articles, 14 met the inclusion criteria. There were 4 meta-analyses that were included, examining 7 randomized controlled (RCTs) trials and 31 non-randomized studies. Primary studies enrolled adults with displaced uni- or bilateral condylar fractures and did not report the results by fracture location (e.g., subcondylar or condylar) except with 2 RCTs that included all adults with subcondylar fractures. Primary studies compared the outcomes after open surgical procedure with those of fixation using 1 or 2 miniplates with various diameters. Open reduction and internal fixation were favored significantly when evaluating temporomandibular joint pain (RR 0.3; 95% CI 0.1-0.7) (NNTp 3; 2-6), laterotrusive movements of the mandible (MD 2.3; 1.7-3.0) (SMD 0.9; 0.4-1.3), and malocclusion (RR 0.5; 0.4-0.7) (NNTp 19; 10-200). However, open treatment yielded higher incidence of postoperative infection (RR 3.6; 95% CI 0.9-13.8). With respect to ORIF versus endoscopically assisted open treatment, no difference was seen in overall patient satisfaction with postoperative mandibular movement, disturbance to articulation, or occlusion. Conclusion Meta-analysis of high-level evidence in randomized controlled trial data suggests ORIF yields significantly superior clinical outcomes when evaluating restoration of translational and rotational mandibular movement, alleviation of pain, and restoration of occlusion and symmetry, although it is associated with higher risk of postoperative infection and facial nerve injury. These long-term benefits must be weighed against the increased risk of postoperative infection in ORIF; thus, treatment should be patient-specific. Future investigations with high-level evidence may further elucidate the relative effectiveness and safety of various open, endoscopic, and closed techniques in patients with facial trauma.

In most of the remote areas of Australia and in many other parts of the world, diesel generators are used to provide electrical power. Such systems are often characterised by either poor efficiency and high maintenance costs because of prolonged operation at low load levels, or intermittent power because the unit is only run during period of significant load. The addition of a battery bank and a power conditioner to produce a diesel-battery-inverter hybrid system has been identified as produccing a number of benefits. Such systems can be broadly classified according to their configuration as series, switched, or parallel hybrid systems. A new parallel hybrid energy system developed in Western Australia is described in this article. The heart of the system is a high quality sinewave inverter which can also be operated in reverse as a battery charger. The system can cope with loads ranging from zero (inverter only operation) to approximately three times the generator capacity (inverter and diesel operating in parallel) with excellent efficiency. The system is fully automatic, provides continuous power, and can readily incorporate input from wind or photovoltaic systems. This article also includes a description of a 5 kW wind generator charging a battery bank as part of the hybrid system, and an economic analysis indicates a favourable result for this hybrid system with payback period estimated to be the order of three years.

Caregiving for hematopoietic stem cell transplant patients (HSCTp) is burdensome resulting in inadequate self-care, possibly leading to negative patient outcome. This potential Caregiver–HSCTp relationship was examined through assessment of caregiver objective and subjective sleep measures. We hypothesized that better caregiver sleep would be related to shorter time to patient engraftment (TtoE). Dyads ( N = 109) were HSCTp (M (SD) age = 48.2(12.7)) and caregivers (M (SD) age = 52.7(12.6)). Linear regression controlled for clinically relevant patient variables (age, sex, pre-transplant treatment intensity, clinical status). Better caregiver subjective sleep quality (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index) and objective sleep efficiency (SE; actigraphy) collected prior to engraftment significantly predicted TtoE (std beta’s = .20 and −.30 respectively; p ’s p R squared = 24%). Further, the timespan of sleep assessment relative to engraftment (M (SD) days = 18.5(12.1)) was controlled for to address the potential bidirectional relationship (e.g., shorter TtoE led to better caregiver sleep), and significant effects of caregiver SE remained (std beta = −.18; p (Supported by NIH grant CA126971 and PCORI contract CE-1304-6208.)

Battery management and general storage performance and cost remain major problems in remote-area power-supply (RAPS) systems utilizing renewable energy sources. A brief review of field experiences with lead/acid batteries is presented, together with results from battery tests carried out in the laboratory. It is recommended that further collaboration between battery manufacturers and system designers is established to develop improved storage systems for RAPS applications.

This paper examines two electric generator options for use in autonomous wind systems producing asynchronous electric power. The first makes use of a capacitor-excited squirrel-cage induction generator feeding a battery bank and an induction motor driven centrifugal pump. The second uses a permanent magnet alternator. Results obtained from field tests and laboratory experiments are included. A model to calculate the wind energy captured by a commercial 5 kW wind turbine, used in the field tests, is presented. This information is then used in a cost benefit analysis based on the present value method.

The open area test site (OATS) has been in common use for over 20 years since the introduction of electromagnetic interference (EMI) regulations around the world The OATS must have very low RF ambients however the introduction of digital TV broadcasting and the proliferation of mobile telephone transmitters are threatening the validity of the OATS. This paper discusses the increasing difficulties caused by the masking of EMI emissions by new ambient threats at the OATS. The characteristics of ambients are analyzed and recommendations given for EMI measurements in the presence of the more common OATS ambients. Ambient profiles of old and new OATS are compared and the changes discussed. It is shown that validity of OATS in high ambient urban areas is questionable.

A UK consortium has developed semi-submersible technology capable of deploying sensors in vehicles with detachable dedicated instrumentation compartments from a ship, or from shore, as part of the NERC/DTI "Seasense" programme. The purposes were: /spl middot/To replicate the data gathering capability of the ship to reduce ship's time required for a specified task /spl middot/To remove sensors from noise, bubbles and pollution round the ship's hull /spl middot/To remove personnel from areas of potential danger /spl middot/To provide a link between surface control and submerged AUVs. This paper describes the proposed solution, the use of semi-submersible technology, and the progress made in implementing it.

A prototype hybrid energy system consisting of a diesel-alternator operating in parallel with a battery-inverter has been assembled and tested. The controller is based on a single-chip microprocessor and is designed to optimize the operation of the system. Management of the system is based on current system status as well as system constants. The theory behind the operation of the system and the development of the control software are described, and some of the results obtained with the prototype system are presented. >

The economics associated with the major system components for remote-area power supplies is discussed, and a detailed description of the various system configurations is given. The discussion covers diesel generators, battery storage, inverters, photovoltaic and wind-powered generators. Series, switched and parallel hybrid systems are considered. Results and conclusions based on tests carried out at Murdoch University Energy Research Institute are included. >

Two power electronic interfaces, each forming a complete photovoltaic pumping system requiring an "off-the-shelf" induction motor driven submersible centrifugal pump have been developed. An in-depth study of the developed system has been carried out by simulation and field tests. >

In recent years both Australian and international research efforts have been directed at the goal of introducing remote area power supply systems based on configurations of diesel powered generation equipment, photovoltaic cell arrays, wind generators, battery storage, and power conditioning. An overview of work carried out in Western Australia is given. Results are presented of an advanced hybrid system which utilizes a sine-wave power conditioner operating in synchronism with the diesel. The economic analysis included indicates that the new system is cost effective compared to the diesel-only option. >

We develop a telecommunications architecture based on IP routers and compare it empirically to the current TDM hierarchy. The study is based on two premises: first that data traffic will continue to grow much faster than voice traffic and will be mostly IP, and second, that IP routers and networks will soon achieve the scalability and dependability necessary to provide the service quality expected of telecommunications networks. The IP architecture exploits a number of mechanisms to improve network efficiency: mesh restoration requires less spare bandwidth than SONET rings; private line services are carried as virtual leased lines, enabling more fine-grained bandwidth offerings; a voice subnetwork uses OC-48 links rather than DS-1 trunk groups, so it requires less total bandwidth to achieve the same blocking probability; and the multiplying inefficiencies of layer-by-layer routing in the TDM hierarchy are avoided. We find that an all-IP architecture could offer much greater network efficiency and considerable capital savings. We examine how technology must evolve to support such an architecture.

Caregiving for hematopoietic stem cell transplant patients (HSCTp) carries a psychological burden and may affect HPA-axis dysregulation. Greater intraindividual cortisol variability (ICV) has been observed in a number of psychiatric conditions; however, no research has looked at ICV in caregivers. In this secondary analysis of cross sectional data we predicted greater ICV would be related to a lower psychological functioning in HSCTp caregivers. Participants (total n = 140) were primarily older (M age = 53.4, SD = 12.1) women ( n = 106). Salivary cortisol was collected using a filter paper method at 3 timepoints: at awakening, lunch and at 4PM. Psychological variables of interest included sleep quality (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index), mental health functioning (SF-36) and overall distress (principal component analysis). Multilevel modeling quantified ICV estimates. Correlation and regression analyses then examined relations between ICV and psychological variables of interest. ICV was significantly related to poorer sleep quality ( r = .17; p r = −.23; p r = .17; p p ’s (Supported in part by NIH grant CA126971 and PCORI contract CE-1304-6208.)

This report focuses on subsurface permeable barrier technologies potentially applicable to existing waste disposal sites. This report describes candidate subsurface permeable barriers, methods for emplacing these barriers, and methods used to monitor the barrier performance. Two types of subsurface barrier systems are described: those that apply to contamination.in the unsaturated zone, and those that apply to groundwater and to mobile contamination near the groundwater table. These barriers may be emplaced either horizontally or vertically depending on waste and site characteristics. Materials for creating permeable subsurface barriers are emplaced using one of three basic methods: injection, in situ mechanical mixing, or excavation-insertion. Injection is the emplacement of dissolved reagents or colloidal suspensions into the soil at elevated pressures. In situ mechanical mixing is the physical blending of the soil and the barrier material underground. Excavation-insertion is the removal of a soil volume and adding barrier materials to the space created. Major vertical barrier emplacement technologies include trenching-backfilling; slurry trenching; and vertical drilling and injection, including boring (earth augering), cable tool drilling, rotary drilling, sonic drilling, jetting methods, injection-mixing in drilled holes, and deep soil mixing. Major horizontal barrier emplacement technologies include horizontal drilling, microtunneling, compaction boring, horizontal emplacement, longwall mining, hydraulicmore » fracturing, and jetting methods.« less

This document discusses laboratory testing performed by Pacific Northwest Laboratory (PNL) for Westinghouse Hanford Company (WHC) of special grout formulations that incorporate specific sequestering agents to help improve the ability of the cement to resist contaminant leaching. To enhance the sequestering of contaminants we chose five additives to introduce (singly) to the control cement. The additives were Florida pebble phosphate, clinoptilolite (a natural zeolite), ferrous sulfide (a reductant), a mixed bed organic ion exchange resin and a proprietary anion-adsorbing mixed metal oxide. These additives were added one per test to the standard formulation and used to encapsulate a diluted high-salt alkaline liquid waste that is produced after various processes to remove uranium and plutonium from spent nuclear fuel. This report documents the testing of these additives.

The irritation of transdermal devices delivering levonorgestrel and the permeation enhancer ethyl acetate with or without ethanol was evaluated in rabbits. Erythema and oedema were assessed 24, 48 and 72 hr and 7 days after application of the 24-hr delivery system. The devices were found to be mild to moderately irritating, with erythema the primary manifestation. No differences were observed between devices using pure ethyl acetate or ethyl acetate-ethanol (7:3, v/v) as enhancers. Devices using pure ethanol as an enhancer gave levels of irritation similar to those using ethyl acetate-ethanol (7:3) or pure ethyl acetate. Control devices containing only water (no drug) were also found to be mildly irritating to rabbits following a 24-hr exposure period. A histological evaluation of the application sites of two of the formulations confirmed the visual observations of mild subacute irritation. The changes produced by transdermal levonorgestrel were reversible. The problems of skin irritation of transdermal devices is discussed with particular reference to the use of ethyl acetate and ethanol as skin penetration enhancers.

Pacific Northwest Laboratory conducted a series of investigations at the Hanford Site to develop technologies for characterizing and monitoring radioactive waste burial facilities that could be used in determining appropriate decommissioning alternatives. Specific objectives were to develop unique functional geophysics, geochemical, soil physics, numerical modeling, and biological methodologies needed to better characterize and monitor buried radioactive waste disposal sites. To meet these objectives the project was divided into four tasks: Task I, Geophysical Evaluation - Geophysical surveys were taken to locate and define the gross composition of waste materials. Task II, Geochemical Analysis - The interaction of disposed radionuclides with geologic media was analyzed through an integrated radiochemical procedure. Task III, Fluid Transport and Modeling - Computer modeling of water migration in partially saturated groundwater systems was verified with actual data collected at a field test facility used to monitor micrometeorological and geohydrological energy and mass transfer factors. Task IV, Biological Transport - Several biological organisms were evaluated for potential radionuclide uptake and transport. Along with the four tasks, the project included a review of pertinent literature and regulatory issues that might affect the alternatives selected. Surveys were taken of the surrounding area and specific sites and operations. The overallmore » results indicated that the 300 Area Burial Grounds have been adequate in containing radioactive waste. Based on the results of the project, the alternatives identified for decommissioning these sites are exhumation and translocation, entombment, perpetual care, and abandonment. Perpetual care (currently used) appears to be the best decommissioning alternative for these burial grounds at this time. However, another alternative may be selected depending on future waste management policies, plans, or activities.« less

Type I and type II keratins are major constituents of intermediate filaments that play a fundamental role in the cytoskeletal network. By using both somatic cell hybrids and conventional and interspecific linkage crosses, several genes encoding type I keratins, including the epidermal keratin K10, were shown to be closely linked to the homeobox-2 complex and the rex locus on mouse chromosome 11. The absence of crossovers between type I keratin-encoding genes and rex (N = 239), a locus affecting hair development, raises the possibility that mutations at rex and neighboring loci affecting skin and hair development involve type I keratin genes.

Shallow land burial has been a common practice for disposing radioactive waste materials since the beginning of plutonium production operations. Accurate monitoring of radionuclide transport and factors causing transport within the burial sites is essential to minimizing risks associated with disposal. However, monitoring has not always been adequate. Consequently, the Department of Energy (DOE) has begun a program aimed at better assuring and evaluating containment of radioactive wastes at shallow land burial sites. This program includes a technological base for monitoring transport. As part of the DOE program, Pacific Northwest Laboratory (PNL) is developing geohydrologic monitoring systems to evaluate burial sites located in arid regions. For this project, a field test facility was designed and constructed to assess monitoring systems for near-surface disposal of radioactive waste and to provide information for evaluating site containment performance. The facility is an integrated network of monitoring devices and data collection instruments. This facility is used to measure water and radionuclide migration under field conditions typical of arid regions. Monitoring systems were developed to allow for measurement of both mass and energy balance. Work on the facility is ongoing. Continuing work includes emplacement of prototype monitoring instruments, data collection, and data synthesis. At leastmore » 2 years of field data are needed to fully evaluate monitoring information.« less

This study evaluates leachate-soil interactions that will take place at the Morton Ranch for certain disposal alternatives. Laboratory tests were conducted to evaluate the following: 1) physical and chemical characteristics of geologic materials from the Morton Ranch. 2) physical and chemical characteristics of acid leach tailings and tallings solution, 3) leaching tests with selected tailings materials and leach solutions to evaluate the leachability of contaminants with time under specific disposal alternatives, 4) adsorption studies measuring the sorption characteristics of heavy metals and radionuclides on the geologic materials at Morton Ranch, 5) clay liner stability tests to evaluate effects of acid leachate on clay mineralogy and clay permeability.

The engineering plans for a test facility to monitor radionuclide transport in water through partially saturated geological media are included. Drawings for the experimental set-up excavation plan and details, lysimeter, pad, access caisson, and caisson details are presented. (DC)

This subsurface-instrumentation design has been developed for the first Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES) field experiment to be performed in porous media. Energy storage will be accomplished by alternating the injection and withdrawal of compressed air in a confined sandstone aquifer near Pittsfield, Illinois. The overall experiment objective is to characterize the reservoir's geochemical and thermohydraulic response to imposed CAES conditions. Specific experiment objectives require monitoring: air-bubble development; thermal development; cyclic pressure response; reservoir dehydration; and water coning. Supporting these objectives, four parameters will be continuously monitored at depth in the reservoir. They are: temperature; pressure; pore-air relative humidity; and pore-water content. Reservoir temperatures and pressures will range to maximum values approaching 200/sup 0/C and 300 psi, respectively. Both pore-air relative humidity and pore-water content will range from approx. 0 to 100%. This report discusses: instrumentation design; sensor and sensor system calibration; field installation and testing; and instrument-system operation. No comprehensive off-the-shelf instrument package exists to adequately monitor CAES reservoir parameters at depth. The best available sensors were selected and adapted for use under expected ranges of reservoir conditions. The instrumentation design criteria required: suitable sensor accuracy; continuous monitoring capability; redundancy; maximum sensor integrity; contingency planning; and minimum cost-information ratio. Three wells will be instrumented: the injection/withdrawal (I/W) well and the two instrument wells. Sensors will be deployed by wireline suspension in both open and backfilled (with sand) wellbores. The sensors deployed in the I/W well will be retrievable; the instrument-well sensors will not.

Twenty-four-hr renal preservation at hypothermic temperatures with pulsatile flow using either Medium 199 or a cryoprecipitate of plasma maintained a patent microcirculation prior to reestablishing blood flow. However, failed reflow of blood, the no-reflow phenomenon, occurred in kidneys preserved with Medium 199 within 4 hr after reimplantation into the host animal, as determined by the intra-arterial injection of carbon. The site of vascular obstruction in the renal microcirculation was documented to be within the glomerulus or in the preglomerular afferent arteriole. Renal preservation using a cryoprecipitate of plasma maintained a patent intrarenal vasculature after restoration of blood flow providing normal or near normal function.

Rockwell Hanford Operations is currently involved in an extensive effort to perform interim ground surface stabilization activities at retired low-level waste burial grounds located at the Hanford Site, Richland, Washington. The principal objective of these activities is to promote increased occupational and radiological safety at burial grounds. Interim stabilization activities include: (1) load testing (traversing burial ground surfaces with heavy equipment to promote incipient collapse of void spaces within the disposal structure and overburden), (2) barrier placement (placement of a {ge} 0.6 m soil barrier over existing overburden), and (3) revegetation (establishment of shallow rooted vegetation on the barrier to mitigate deep rooted plant growth and to reduce erosion). Low-level waste disposal caissons were used in 300 Area Burial Grounds as internment structures for containerized liquid wastes. These caissons, by virtue of their contents, design and methods of closure, require long-term performance evaluation. As an initial activity to evaluate long-term performance, the accurate location of these structures is required. This topical report summarizes engineering activities used to locate caissons in the subsurface environment at the Burial Ground. Activities were conducted to locate caissons during surface stabilization activities. The surface locations were marked, photographed, and recorded on an as built engineeringmore » drawing. The recorded location of these caissons will augment long-term observations of confinement structure and engineered surface barrier performance. In addition, accurate caisson location will minimize occupational risk during monitoring and observation activities periodically conducted at the burial ground.« less