Search

Telomeres are specialised nucleoprotein end structures of eukaryotic chromosomes and protect and maintain genome integrity from recombination, exonuclease degradation and end-to-end fusion. Because of the end replication problem, telomere length in somatic cells tends to decrease with organismal age. Telomere shortening is known to occur in chicken somatic tissues and correlates with advanced developmental age. However, age is not the only determinant of telomere length in an individual. Several factors at the genetic and epigenetic levels are known to affect telomere length in different ways. Herein, we review several factors that affect telomere length in the chicken. Genetic factors include breed and sex, while the epigenetic factors include environmental and stochastic influences. Age, stocking density and living or housing systems were reviewed as environmental factors pertaining to the habitat of the organism. Factors such as oxidative stress, antioxidants in feed and restriction feeding were the stochastic factors that we reviewed.

Since a 100 m, 22.9 kV/50 MVA high temperature superconductor (HTS) cable system was installed at the Gochang test yard of Korea Electric Power Corp. (KEPCO) in 2005, a long-term test has been performed. In this paper, the transport characteristics of the KEPCO HTS cable system were examined by the electrical and calorimetric methods. To analyze the shield current in this system, an equivalent circuit model for the KEPCO HTS cable was suggested, and the calculated shield current compared with the measured one. The results show that the electrically measured total loss, which includes the AC and ohmic losses, corresponds well with the loss measured from the calorimetric method. The measured AC loss of the HTS cable is proportional to the 2.5th power of transport current, and four times larger than the conductor loss calculated from the monoblock model. This is because the conductor’s geometry in the HTS cable is not identical to a cylindrical superconductor in the monoblock model, its temperature rises due to a thick insulator, and the shield loss is included in the measured AC loss. In addition, the measured AC resistance of the current-lead is constant regardless of transport current, particularly in the low current region. Finally, the shield current calculated from our equivalent circuit model is in good agreement with the measured one.

Recently, power transmission cables made of a high temperature superconductor (HTS) are being developed, showing progress in field tests on a power network of distribution level. The HTS power cable consists of a conductor and a shield, which are composed of dozens of HTS tapes. In addition, the HTS cable with a large current capacity has a multi-layered structure in both the conductor and the shield. In such a complicated HTS cable with a multi-layered structure, the AC loss estimation is very difficult and thus not cleared yet. In this study, a hex-cable sample was prepared by arranging six Bi-2223(Bi 2 Sr 2 Ca 2 Cu 3 O 10 ) tapes on the surface of a normal copper-rod in order to experimentally investigate the AC loss characteristics of an HTS cable. The AC loss characteristics of the Bi-2223 tape in the hex-cable were estimated in different transport modes of the tape. The AC loss characteristics of the hex-cable were also examined in different cable transport modes in order to experimentally simulate the various transport situations of the conductor and the shield in an actual HTS cable. The measured AC loss of Bi-2223 tape in the hex-cable strongly depends on the transport mode. In particular, the measured AC losses for the simultaneous mode increase as the arrangement of tapes approaches a polygonal shape. The measured AC loss when the current of the same direction flows in the hex-cable and the copper-rod is about two times larger than the transport loss. On the contrary, it is almost half of the transport loss for the current flowing in the opposite direction, especially in the region of high currents.

Department of Animal Science & Biotechnology, Jinju National UniversityABSTRACT This study was carried out to investigate the effect of dietary supplementation of Acanthopanax (A) senticosus and Eucommiaceae on the expression of lipogenic, myogenic and oxidative stress genes in broiler chickens. Birds were subjected (assigned) to one of the following 5 dietary treatments: control (CON), A. senticosus 0.5% (T1), 1.0% (T2), Eucommiaceae 0.5% (T3) and 1% (T4). Each treatment was replicated 8 times with 4 birds per replication, housed in 4 birds per cage. Birds were arranged according to randomized block design. Feeding trial was conducted from day 4 to 35th day of age. Liver and muscle tissues were collected for analysis. Broilers subjected to 1% A. senticosus had higher feed conversion ratio than the other treated birds whereas no significant differences were found in body weight, weight gain and feed intake. The gene expression levels of fatty acid synthase were not different among the treatments while the transcription factor PPARγwas highly expressed in Eucommiaceae but not in control and A. senticosus. The gene expression levels of myogenin were high in both A. senticosus and Eucommiaceae compared to control group. MyoD also showed high expression in treated groups furthermore, Eucommiaceae stimulated the expression of MyoD more than that of A. senticosus. The antioxidant gene expressions (SOD, CAT, SOD, GPX) generally were not much different among the treatments, however, SOD and GPX were stimulated in broilers consumed 1% Eucommiaceae diet. The result of this experiment showed that dietary supplementation of A. senticosus and Eucommiaceae in broiler may improve the antioxidant defence system through SOD and GPX without affect of growth performance in broilers.(Key words : Acanthopanax senticosus, Eucommiaceae, antioxidant, gene expression, broiler)

A combination of a charcoal pack during irradiation and α -tocopherol addition into ground beef was applied to eliminate an irradiation characteristic off-odor and to retard the lipid oxidation caused by the irradiation process. Ground beef was mixed with 200 ppm α -tocopherol and gamma irradiated with 0, 5, and 10 kGy with or without a charcoal pack present during the irradiation treatment. The pH of the control group was lower than that of α -tocopherol and charcoal pack treatment initially but increased rapidly and showed higher pH at day 7. Addition of α -tocopherol with or without charcoal pack addition showed lower 2-thiobarbituric acid reactive substances values in irradiated ground beef at days 3 and 7 compared to those without addition. The color of ground beef was not significantly affected by the treatment. However, odor preference result showed that 10 kGy-irradiated ground beef with a combination of charcoal pack and α -tocopherol addition had higher scores than the control group regardless of irradiation. Solid-phase microextraction (SPME) gas chromatograph/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis identified various volatile compounds that were created by irradiation of ground beef. These compounds were reduced or eliminated when a charcoal pack was used during the irradiation process. The results of the present study imply that combination of packaging with a charcoal pack during the irradiation process and addition of α -tocopherol into ground beef is a good method to effectively eliminate an irradiation off-odor and retard the lipid oxidation development in ground beef caused by irradiation.

There are many kinds of anti-oxidant materials in natural plant resources. The Siberian ginseng and Eucommia are well known as anti-oxidant and medicinal plants. To investigate the effect of their anti-oxidant-like activity on telomere quantity and egg quality, diets containing Siberian ginseng leaf and Eucommia leaf at 0.5% and 1% were given Hyline Brown commercial laying hens during two periods of age: 20 to 30 wks and 60 to 70 wks. The amount of telomere in lymphocyte, liver, ovary, heart and lung was analyzed by quantitative fluorescence in situ hybridization using telomeric DNA probe. Egg weight, albumin height, Haugh unit, egg yolk color, egg shell color, egg shell thickness, egg shell weight and egg shell density were measured to analyze egg quality. The chickens consuming diets Siberian ginseng and Eucommia had higher telomeric DNA in lymphocytes than control chickens in younger layers whereas no significant differences were detected in all target cells analyzed from older layers. Egg quality was increased in younger hens with dietary supplementation as determined by egg weight, albumin height and Haugh unit but there were no effects in older hens. These results imply that dietary supplementation of Siberian ginseng and Eucommia in layers improves bio-activity and egg quality at early laying stage.

The Siberian ginseng and Eucommia are a kind of medicinal plant with powerful anti-oxidant activity. An ex-periment was conducted to investigate the effect of Siberian ginseng leaf and Eucommia leaf at level of 0.5% and 1% per feed in Ross commercial broiler for 4 to 35 days of age on performance, organ weight, blood biochemical profiles and telomere quantity. Chickens consuming diets containing 1% Siberian ginseng had higher feed conversion ratio than the other treated chicken during experimental period whereas no significant differences were detected in body weight, weight gain and feed intake. The weight of bursa of fabricius was significantly increased in chickens with dietary supplementation compared with chickens fed control but this was not seen in liver, spleen and thymus. In blood biochemical profiles, chickens with dietary supplementation had higher con-centration than chickens fed control in triglyceride, cholesterol and glucose. The concentration of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, albumin and total protein, however, was not significantly different between dietary supplemented chickens and control chickens. The relative amount of telomeric DNA of lymphocytes in chickens with dietary supplementation was significantly higher than that of control chickens but the difference was not found in liver, heart and testis tissues. In conclusion, dietary supplementation of Siberian ginseng and Eucommia in broiler improved immune activity and telomere length without decreasing chicken growth performance.(Key words : Siberian ginseng, Eucommia, anti-oxidant, telomere, growth performance, broiler)

We had designed and manufactured a 22.9 kV/50 MVA class HTS (high temperature superconducting) power cable in cooperation with LS Cable Ltd. The HTS cable system was installed on the testing site of KEPCO (Korea Electric Power Corporation) in Kochang, Korea on March 2007. Some measurements which are related with electrical insulation characteristics such as partial discharge (PD) and tan δ were performed in accordance with the general guidance prescribed in IEC cable qualification standards. And also we measured the DC critical current of the HTS cable core and the AC loss for various transport currents and some temperature levels. These two testing results will be used just as a reference added on the IEC cable qualification standards for the 3rd party inspection test. In this paper, we describe the methods and results of the DC critical current and AC loss measurements of the superconducting cable core.

The high-temperature superconductor (HTS) with large current capacity has been developed for power applications such as power transmission cables and fault current limiters. Especially, in these power applications, AC loss is very important in an economic point of view but this issue has not been completely elucidated due to its many complexities. In this work, two HTS conductors with very different critical current densities, which consist of several Bi-2223 tapes placed on a cylindrical former, were fabricated in an attempt to arrive at a clear understanding of their AC loss characteristics. AC loss characteristics for such two cylindrical multi-tape conductors have been experimentally investigated. Moreover, the influence of current transport mode on the AC loss of the Bi-2223 tape in the conductors was investigated. DC voltage-current characteristics of the Bi-2223 tapes were also measured for discussions on the measured AC losses. The results show that for the conductor with high critical current density, the measured AC loss strongly depends on the transport mode as in the conductor with low critical current density. However, the transport mode dependence of the conductor with high critical current density becomes weaker and weaker as transport current increases. In the simultaneous mode, the measured AC loss of the conductor with low critical current density is in good agreement with the calculated loss from the monoblock model. However, the measured loss of the conductor with high critical current density does not coincide with both the numerically calculated loss and loss calculated from the monoblock mode.

A new 100 m underground HTS cable system was planned for an experimental study in a real scale. The main targets of the project were the verification of the system application. Various types and multipoint analogue data including digital control sequence data were required to be measured. Because of the long operating period of the system cooling and warming sequence, very high operating stability was required. Additionally the economically designed main cooling facility was requested over-night manual operation. The basic function of the data acquisition and control system was the gathering of various type data and the control of test facilities include the cooling facility. Most effort of the design procedure was focused on making the automatic operation including under an emergency situation and the alerting of the emergency state to the operators staying even remote place. The main focus of this function was reducing of the operating man power, specially requested for over-night. So various emergency situations and scenarios were considered and analyzed for the automation operation.

Several verification tests are being underway world widely in order to apply HTS cable to real grid. KEPCO (Korea Electric Power Corporation) has initiated HTS cable project since 2002 with the aid of MOCIE (Ministry of Commerce, Industry and Energy), Korea. The HTS cable system with the specification of three-phase, 1.25 kArms, 22.9 kV and 100 m was installed at the KEPCO’s Gochang test yard. In consideration of economical efficiency on retrofit for typical underground cable, the HTS cable was designed to be applicable for 175 mm ELP duct and 55 m-long cable was laid on underground trench in the same manner as the conventional pulling method. Cool-down to LN2 temperature and warm-up to room temperature were performed several times to investigate the influence of thermal cycle. The main objectives of this project are to verify performance of the HTS cable system and evaluate the economical and technical feasibility from all angles. Expected pros and cons of HTS cable including reliability and maintainability will be assessed with the view point of utilities. This paper summarizes some results of installation and after-laying tests.

A heifer co-twin to a bull, in most cases, is a sterile freemartin which needs to be identified and culled from replacement stock. Various methods are available for the diagnosis of freemartinism, but none is ideal in terms of speed, sensitivity, or specificity. The present study was thus conducted to develop and validate a satisfactory fluorescence in situ hybridization procedure on interphase nuclei (I-FISH) for identifying the bovine XX/XY-karyotypic chimerism, the hallmark of freemartinism. A 190-bp DNA FISH probe containing the bovine male-specific BC1.2 DNA sequence was synthesized and labeled with digoxigenin by PCR. The FISH was performed on metaphase spreads and interphase nuclei of blood lymphocytes. Upon FISH, the probe expectedly bound to the nucleus of the male cell or to a region of the p12 locus of the Y chromosome. Twenty-four young heterosexual twins (Holstein-Friesian and Korean Cattle breeds; 10 pairs and 4 singletons) were analyzed in the present study; all but three exhibited the XX/XY-karyotypic chimerism to varying extents in both I-FISH and karyotyping. One heifer was identified to have 100% XX cells by both analyses, whereas two bulls were judged as 100% XY- and XX/XY-chimeric karyotypes by karyotyping and I-FISH, respectively. Nevertheless, the ratios of the XY to XX cells in these animals were very similar between the two analyses. In conclusion, the present I-FISH was a rapid and reliable procedure that can be used for early-life diagnosis of bovine freemartinism.

As high temperature superconducting (HTS) power cables have some merits over conventional cables, several demonstration projects on the HTS cable system are presently under way around the world. Korea Electric Power Corporation (KEPCO) also initiated an HTS cable project in 2002 with the Korean government's support. A three phase 100 m HTS cable system with a capacity of 50 MVA has been installed at Gochang test yard, located in Chonnbuk province, Korea. The HTS cable system is composed of a 100 m-long cable, two terminations and a cooling system. The rated current is 1,250 Arms and the rated voltage is 22.9 kV considering compatibility with the conventional power distribution system in Korea. Main purposes of this project are to verify the performance of an HTS cable system and to evaluate the potential of the HTS cable system from the viewpoint of power utilities. The real grid application of the HTS cable system requires the demonstration of system reliability, accumulated operation experiences, and it has to meet the practical needs of the utilities. In such a meaning, this project provides various challenges for KEPCO, and the feedback will be delivered to cable manufacturers. This user initiative test will facilitate the introduction of HTS cable systems into a real grid network. The installation process of the HTS cable system and some results of the preliminary test were presented in this paper.

Eighty crossbred barrows aged 120 to 141 days and weighing 71.2F0.8 kg were randomly divided into eight pens, after which each of 40 animals in four pens was implanted with 24 mg of estradiol-17h (E2; CompudoseR). The animals were allowed an unrestricted access to water and a finisher diet containing 16% crude protein and 3.4 Mcal DE/kg and slaughtered at 107.4F0.8 kg. Blood samples were obtained by jugular venipuncture at day 0 before the implantation and at days 21 and 42. Serum concentration of E2 increased between days 0 and 21 after the implantation and declined to a level above that of day 0 (Pb0.01) by day 42. E2 implantation caused a decrease (Pb0.01) in feed intake and backfat thickness and a tendency (P=0.08) of decreased average daily gain. However, feed conversion efficiency (FCE; live weight gain/feed intake) did not change due to the implantation (P=0.20). The E2 implantation did not affect physicochemical characteristics of longissimus muscle including percentages of protein (P=0.17) and fat (P=0.43), 24-h pH (P=0.39), drip loss (P=0.99), L* (lightness; P=0.78) and a* (redness; P=0.49) values. Serum concentration of insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I decreased between days 0 and 21 (Pb0.01) and also between days 21 and 42 (Pb0.05) in unimplanted pigs, but not in implanted pigs (PN0.05), which resulted in a greater (Pb0.05) mean IGF-I concentration in the implanted vs. unimplanted group. By contrast, serum concentrations of IGF-II and IGF-binding protein-3 did not differ between the two groups (PN0.05). In summary, results suggest that E2 suppresses voluntary feed intake and backfat deposition without significantly affecting growth efficiency and muscle characteristics in barrows and that effects of E2 may be partly mediated by IGF-I. D 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Telomeres locate at the end of chromosomes and consist of a tandem repeat sequence of and associated proteins. Telomerase is a ribonucleoprotein which act as a template for the synthesis of telomeric DNA. Telomeres are essential for chromosome stability and are related with cell senescence, apoptosis and cancer. This study was carried out to analyze the amount of telomeres and telomerase activity of chicken cells during embryonic and developmental stages. The whole embryos and prenatal tissues such as brain, heart, liver, kidney and testis at different developmental stages were obtained from Korean Native Chicken. The amount of telomeres on embryonic cells was analyzed by quantitative fluorescence in situ hybridization (Q-FISH) techniques using the chicken telomeric DNA probe. Telomerase activity was measured by telomeric repeat amplification protocol (TRAP) assay. Results indicated that the amounts of telomeric DNA on the most embryonic cells were gradually decreased during ontogenesis. Furthermore, the quantity of telomeres was quite different among embryonic tissues according to developmental origin. The relative amount of telomeres has more in regenerative cells such as embryonic disc and testicular cells than in non-regenerative cells such as liver, brain, heart and kidney cells. Telomerase activity was also highly detectable in most chicken cells at early embryonic stages. After 9 days of incubation, however, the telomerase activitie W

The insulin-like growth factor(IGF) system, consisting of IGFs-I and -II ligands and their receptors and six IGF-binding proteins(IGFBPs), plays an important role in survival, proliferation and differentiation of a variety of cell types. Lithium is a known modulator of survival and proliferation of many cell types in vitro .T he present study was undertaken to investigate the relationship between LiCl-induced changes in cell survival and growth and the expression of the IGF system components in C6 rat glioma cell line which, besides IGF-I and its receptor, is known to express IGFBP-3 as its major IGF carrier. When C6 cells were cultured for 24h in the absence or presence of 2mM or 5mM LiCl in a 10% serum-containing medium, the viability and the number of cells were not affected by added lithium. In 72-h culture, however, C6 cells clearly exhibited a dose-dependent response to added LiCl. The cells cultured for 72h in the presence of 0, 2mM and 5mM LiCl exhibited a typical mitotic, a growth-arrested and an apoptotic appearances, respectively. Moreover, the apoptotic cells were accompanied by reduced expression of IGF-I, IGF-I receptor and IGFBP-3 as examined by semi-quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Interestingly, blockade of IGFBP-3 mRNA translation by addition of 10 M IGFBP-3 anti-sense oligodeoxyribonucleotide in serum-free, 24-h culture μ resulted in a decrease in the number of cells as well as relative abundance of the target mRNA. In summary, results suggest that the cytotoxic effect of lithium in C6 cell is likely to be mediated, in part, by suppression by this agent of the expression of the IGF system components. In this regard, IGFBP-3 may play at least a 'permissive' role in normal proliferation of this cell.

Using the G ,C , and NOR-banding techniques, a karyotyping for Korean Native Pig was performed. Blood samples were collected from 50 male Korean Native Pigs that had been bred at the National Livestock Research Institute and then blood cells were prepared from in vitro cultures followed by karyotyping; G ,C , and NOR-banding patterns of metaphase chromosomes were analyzed. The karyotype of Korean Native Pig is 38, XX or XY which consists of 5 pairs of submetacentric chromosomes(Group I), 2 pairs of acrocentric chromosomes with short p-arm(Group II), 5 pairs of medium metacentric chromosomes(Group III), 6 pairs of acrocentric chromosomes(Group IV) and metacentric X and Y sex chromosomes. On GTG-banding, the Korean Native Pig exhibited a typical and identical banding pattern in each homologous chromosomes. Overall chromosomal morphology and positions of typical landmarks of the Korean Native Pig were virtually identical to those of Committee for the Standardized Karyotype of the Domestic Pig(CSKDP). However, numbers of G-bands of the Korean Native Pig chromosomes were more than those of CSKDP. In chromosomes 1, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18 and X, the Korean Native Pig exhibited more separated bands as compared with CSKDP. In C-banding patterns, although the quantity of heterochromatin was variable in each chromosome, most of the Korean Native Pig chromosomes had heterochromatic C-bands on centromeres. However, the heterochromatic C-band was constantly observed on the whole Y chromosome. In AgNOR staining, the NORs were located at centromeres on the chromosomes 8 and 10. The number of NORs per metaphase ranged from 2 to 4 giving a mean value of 2.13. The number of NORs were distributed on all chromosome pair 10 but not on chromosome 8. The sizes of NORs were also differed between homologous chromosomes 8. Numbers of NORs of Korean Native Pig were significantly higher than those of Yorkshire. The pattern of pig NORs was polymorphic in breeds, individuals and cells, especially on chromosome 8.

Nucleolus Organizer Regions (NORs) are the specific chromosome sites where ribosomal genes are located and highly expressed. We have applied the AgNOR staining to identify the distribution of NORs in the chromosomes of Korean Cattle. We have also studied the NORs pattern on the cells originated from different breeds, tissues and sex. Peripheral blood from forty-four Korean Cattle and Holstein was cultured for chromosme preparation. The fibroblast culture from biopsied ear skins was also conducted for chromosome analysis. The distribution of NORs was analyzed by sequential Ag staining and G-banding on metaphases of the cells. In Korean Cattle, the NORs are localized on the telomeres of the five chromosome pairs number 2, 3, 4, 11 and 28. The number of NORs per metaphase ranged from 2 to 10 giving a mean value of 5.6. The number of NORs per cell varied among individuals and cells within same individual. The size of NORs also differed in NO-chromosomes. The number of NORs was significantly different between Korean Cattle and Holstein, fibroblasts and lymphocytes, and male and female. However, the distribution and frequency of NORs were similar among the cells regardless of breeds, tissues, and sex.

The charge transfers in compound semiconductors are estimated for the zincblend (110) surface, based on the point-charge model. It is found that the charge transfers at the (110) surface are larger than those in the bulk in contrast to the earlier results. It is, therefore, expected that surface appears to be more ionic than the bulk. The estimated results contain information about the charge distribution and ionicity, which will be helpful to understand the electronic properties at the surface such as the surface binding energy, the surface polarization and surface excitons.

This study was conducted to evaluate whether the sex of donor primordial germ cells (PGCs) influences production of chimeric semen from recipient hatchlings produced by interspecies transfer between pheasant (Phasianus colchicus) and chicken (Gallus gallus). Pheasant PGCs were retrieved from 7-d-old embryos and subsequently transferred into circulatory blood of 2.5-d-old (Stage 17) embryos. The sex of embryos was discerned 3 to 6 days after laying, and in preliminary study, overall rate of embryo survival after sexing was 74.6% with male-to-female ratio of 0.49 to 0.51. In Experiment 1, magnetic-activated cell sorting (MACS) using QCR1 antibody was effective for enriching the population of male and female PGCs in gonadal cells (9.2- to 12.5-fold and 10.8- to 19.5-fold increase, respectively). In Experiment 2, an increase in the number of hatchlings producing chimeric semen was detected after the homosexual transfer of male-to-male compared with that after the heterosexual transfer of female-to-male (68% to 88%). Significant increase was found in the frequency of chimeric semen production (0.96 to 1.68 times); production of pheasant progenies by artificial insemination using chimeric semen was also increased in the homosexual transfer (0 to 3 cases). In conclusion, the homosexual PGC transfer of male-to-male yielded better rate of generating pheasant progenies after test cross-reproduction than that of the heterosexual transfer of female-to-male, which could improve the efficiency of interspecies germ cell transfer system.

The objective of the present study was to investigate whether nuclear transfer of postmortem wolf somatic cells into enucleated dog oocytes, is a feasible method to produce a cloned wolf. In vivo-matured oocytes (from domestic dogs) were enucleated and fused with somatic cells derived from culture of tissue obtained from a male gray wolf 6h after death. The reconstructed embryos were activated and transferred into the oviducts of naturally synchronous domestic bitches. Overall, 372 reconstructed embryos were transferred to 17 recipient dogs; four recipients (23.5%) were confirmed pregnant (ultrasonographically) 23-25 d after embryo transfer. One recipient spontaneously delivered two dead pups and three recipients delivered, by cesarean section, four cloned wolf pups, weighing 450, 190, 300, and 490g, respectively. The pup that weighed 190g died within 12h after birth. The six cloned wolf pups were genetically identical to the donor wolf, and their mitochondrial DNA originated from the oocyte donors. The three live wolf pups had a normal wolf karyotype (78, XY), and the amount of telomeric DNA, assessed by quantitative fluorescence in situ hybridization, was similar to, or lower than, that of the nuclear donor. In conclusion, the present study demonstrated the successful cloning of an endangered male gray wolf via interspecies transfer of somatic cells, isolated postmortem from a wolf, and transferred into enucleated dog oocytes. Therefore, somatic cell nuclear transfer has potential for preservation of canine species in extreme situations, including sudden death.