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This milestone work overcomes the lower bandwidth limitation of Erbium Doped Fiber Laser (EDFRL) by inserting a Moiré Grating in the laser loop, with closely spaced wavelengths so that beating of wavelengths produces a very high bandwidth pulsed chaos. The chaos bandwidth variation is studied with respect to three parameters i.e., wavelength spacing, fiber Bragg grating bandwidth and fiber nonlinearity. The high bandwidth chaos can be produced with rich and flatter spectral content by controlling the said parameters in a narrow range studied in this work. The chaotic pulses become narrow in pulse width, closely spaced in time and more dynamic in amplitude. The Lyapunov Exponent increases as the chaos becomes more unpredictable. The EDRFL, known for more control parameters can be deployed in higher bandwidth chaos generation applications besides semiconductor laser.

Abstract Continuous occurrence of heavy metals is a major cause of environmental pollution due to its toxic effects. At minimum concentrations, these metals are highly reactive and can gather in the food chains and food web, causing major dangers to public health concerns. Soil samples were collected from Paharang drain, Faisalabad. Cadmium tolerant bacteria were isolated and evaluated for their MIC against Cd. The isolated bacterial strain GCFSD01 showed MIC value upto 30 mM/L. The bacterial strain with the highest resistance against Cd was selected for further study. Molecular characterization of bacterial isolate GCFSD01 was performed by 16S rRNA which confirmed it as Bacillus cereus. Optimum growth conditions of bacterial strain were also evaluated. Strain GCFSD01 showed optimum growth at pH 7 and 37 °C temperature. Our result revealed that B. cereus strain GCFSD01 reduced 61.3% Cd after 48 hrs. Multiple metal tolerance and Cd reduction by B. cereus indicate its potential for further use for decontamination of polluted soil.

Abstract Earias vittellaFabricius, 1794 (Noctuidae: Lepidoptera) is deliberated to be one of the most destructive pests of cotton and okra vegetation in the world including Asia. The pest has established resistance to various synthetic insecticides. The use of bio-pesticide is one of the unconventional approaches to develop a vigorous ecosystem without harming non- target pests and beneficial natural insect fauna. In the present study, the toxicity levels of Citrullus colocynthis seed extract have been evaluated against the populations of E. vittellaunder standardized laboratory conditions. The toxic effects of C. colocynthis on development periods, protein contents and esterase activity of the life stages of E. vittella were also evaluated. The toxicity levels of methanol, ethanol, hexane, water and profenofos were evaluated on the 1st instar larvae of E. vittella. LC30 and LC80 concentrations exhibited the effectiveness of methanol-based C. colocynthis seed extract against 1st instar larvae of E. vitella. The enhanced larval and pupal periods were revealed in treated samples during the comparison with untreated samples. The intrinsic rate of increase, net reproductive rate in the LC30 and LC80 concentrations exposed larvae remained less than the control treatment. Fecundity, the esterase activity and protein contents were declined in LC30 and LC80 treated samples as compared to the control. The present findings suggest that C. colosynthis extracts based botanical insecticides are beneficial, ecosystem sustainable and can be integrated with insect management programs from environment safety perspective.

Background: Medical students are more susceptible to stress associated with long working hours, arduous studies, and living alone away from the home, which may affect their psychological well-being. They may indulge in the use of internet and pornography to ameliorate their stress. Internet is one of the main sources of pornographic content as it is easily available, affordable, and accessible. Objective: The current study seeks to quantitatively estimate the extent of internet addiction and pornography use among medical students in India, and its effect on their general well-being. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study in a medical college in North India involving undergraduate (including interns) and postgraduate medical students. Those using internet for porn use were assessed using a semi-structured sociodemographic questionnaire, General Health Questionnaire 30, WHO Quality of Life Index (WHOQOL)-BREF, and Internet Addiction Test (IAT). Results: A total of 393 medical students who agreed on their pornography internet usage were recruited for the study. Problematic pornography internet usage (moderate and 0severe IAT scores) was seen in 11% (80) of the participants. Male and married students were more likely to be problematic users. The mean duration of pornography use was 8.02±6.32 h/week. The time spent on pornography use positively correlated with IAT and General Health Questionnaire scores, whereas it negatively correlated with WHOQOL-BREF scores. Conclusions: Internet pornography use is significantly prevalent amongst medical students in India. As the duration of pornography use increases, general health measures and quality of life decrease, which may impact their well-being and academic performance.

Abstract Thimerosal is an organomercurial compound, which is used in the preparation of intramuscular immunoglobulin, antivenoms, tattoo inks, skin test antigens, nasal products, ophthalmic drops, and vaccines as a preservative. In most of animal species and humans, the kidney is one of the main sites for mercurial compounds deposition and target organs for toxicity. So, the current research was intended to assess the thimerosal induced nephrotoxicity in male rats. Twenty-four adult male albino rats were categorized into four groups. The first group was a control group. Rats of Group-II, Group-III, and Group-IV were administered with 0.5µg/kg, 10µg/kg, and 50µg/kg of thimerosal once a day, respectively. Thimerosal administration significantly decreased the activities of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione (GSH), and protein content while increased the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) levels dose-dependently. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine, urobilinogen, urinary proteins, kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1), and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) levels were substantially increased. In contrast, urinary albumin and creatinine clearance was reduced dose-dependently in thimerosal treated groups. The results demonstrated that thimerosal significantly increased the inflammation indicators including nuclear factor kappaB (NF-κB), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), Interleukin-1β (IL-1β), Interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) activities, DNA and histopathological damages dose-dependently. So, the present findings ascertained that thimerosal exerted nephrotoxicity in male albino rats.

الخلاصة: الهدف: الهدف من هذه الدراسة هو مقارنة فعالية المبارد اليدوية نوع هيدستروم و بين مبارد البروتيبر المستخدمة في علاج وإعادة علاج الجذور، في إزالة اقماع الجوتابيركا أثناء إعادة المعالجة اللبية باستخدام تقنية التصوير الإشعاعي الرقمي. الطرق: هذه الدراسة تمت خارج الأجسام الحيه / دراسية مختبريه، استخدمت تقنية أخذ العينات المتتالية غير الاحتمالية. واستُخدمت الدراسة ستين من الأسنان الأمامية الدائمة احادية الجذور ذات القنوات المستقيمة. بعد تحضير الاسنان تم حشو القنوات واروائها بأقماع الجوتابيركا ومالئ الفجوات ومن ثم تم الاحتفاظ بها لمدة اربعة عشر يوما في بيئة رطبة في درجة حرارة ٣٧ مئوية. ثم تم اختيار ثلاثة وثلاثين من الاسنان بصورة عشوائية لمجموعتي المراقبة (المجموعة الأولى) والمجموعة التجريبية (المجموعة الثانية). تمت عملية إزالة الجوتابيركا بمبارد الهيدستروم اليدوية في المجموعة الاولي ومبارد البروتيبر الممكنة المستخدمة في علاج الجذور وإعادة علاج الجذور في المجموعة الثانية. وتم الحصول على إشعاعات رقمية باستخدام برنامج كيرستريم ( كودك) إصدار رقم RVG VER.6.10.8.3-A ، وجرى تحليلها لمعرفة الفرق بين الشوائب التي تمثل بقايا الجوتابيركا. واستُخدم برنامج AutoCAD 2006 في توضيح قنوات الجذور وبقايا حشوات الجذور. واستُخدم اختبار العينة المستقلة t لمقارنة مجموع ما تبقى من الجوتابيركا في كلتا المجموعتين. النتائج: لم تتم ملاحظة أي فروق ذات دلالة إحصائية في بقايا حشو العصب باستخدام الطرق المختلفة التي تم اختبارها ومقارنتها. في كلا المجموعتين، كان الجزء المتبقي من حشو العصب محصورًا في الثلث الاسفل من الجذور. الاستنتاجات: تعد مبارد البروتيبر الممكنة ومبارد الهيدستروم اليدوية فعالة بنفس القدر لإزالة حشو العصب من الاسنان احادية الجذور ذات القنوات المستقيمة. Abstract: Objective: This research was aimed at assessing the effectiveness of manual H-files versus a combination of a Pro-Taper universal rotary canal preparation system and retreatment system in removing gutta-percha (GP) during endodontic retreatment, by using a digital radiography technique. Methods: This ex vivo study used a non-probability consecutive sampling technique. The study sample comprised 60 extracted anterior permanent teeth, each with one root with a straight root canal (RC). After preparation, RCs were obturated with GP and sealer. Subsequently, teeth were stored for 2 weeks in a humid environment at 37 °C. Thirty teeth each were randomly assigned to the control (group I), and experimental (group II) groups. GP removal was performed with H-files {group I) or a combination of a Pro-Taper universal rotary canal preparation system and retreatment system (group 2). Digital radiographs were acquired with Carestream digital radiovisiography software (Kodak; version-VER.6.10.8.3-A), and the presence of residual GP was analyzed. AutoCAD (2006) software was used to demarcate the RC and residual root filling. The residual GP in both groups was compared with independent sample t-tests. Results: The remaining root filling did not significantly differ when GP was removed with conventional Hedstrom files versus a combination of Pro-Taper Universal preparation and retreatment file systems. The residual GP was confined to the apical third of the canals in both groups. Conclusions: Pro-Taper Universal preparation and retreatment file systems have similar effectiveness to manual H-files in GP removal in straight canals.

Lemongrass (Cymbopogon flexuosus) is a highly valuable aromatic and therapeutic herb, well known for its essential oil content. The present study was carried out during 2021–2023 at Centre for Aromatic Plants, Selaqui, Dehradun, Uttarakhand to analyse the diversity of various lemongrass accessions collected from Uttarakhand for their morphological traits, oil yield, and oil composition traits. These various lemongrass accessions were further evaluated in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications under different fertility levels for their agro- morphological performance. Yield components such as herb yield and essential oil yield, including oil composition, were also determined. Statistical analysis and genetic parameters indicated significant variations among lemongrass accessions for the majority of morphological and yield traits. Accessions AC-16 and AC-37 performed superiorly for traits such as plant height, leaf length, and width, whereas accessions AC-51 and AC-37 showed higher herb and oil yields under an increased dose of fertilizer. The accessions showed wide variability with respect to oil composition; from our study, we identified each of the three citral-rich (AC-16, AC-37, and AC-51) and geraniol-rich (AC-20, AC- 71, and AC-65) accessions. The better-performing accessions for morphological, yield and oil composition related traits may also be used in breeding programmes as potential genetic stock.

BACKGROUND: Literature on the frequency, response to treatment, and outcomes of acute ischemic stroke (AIS) due to intracranial atherostenosis (ICAS)-related intracranial large artery occlusion (ILAO) from Saudi Arabia is scarce. The aim of this study was to identify the percentage, describe the characteristics, and observe the treatment response in patients with AIS attributed to ICAS-related ILAO. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This cross-sectional study included all adult patients from 2017-2021 who fulfilled the inclusion criteria for the diagnosis of ICAS-related AIS. Patients were dichotomized based on ILAO. Mortality and functional outcomes (FOCs) based on 90 days’ dependence level were compared between the two groups. The association between ILAO and other variables was assessed using the Chi-squared test, odds ratios (OR), and 95% confidence interval (CI). RESULTS: ILAO was found in 38.7% of patients with ICAS-related AIS. Men comprised three-fourths of the cohort and were more frequent in the ILAO group. Smoking was associated with increased (P = 0.04) likelihood of ILAO. Patients with ILAO had more severe strokes (P ≤ 0.001) than patients without. Middle cerebral artery was the most common occluded vessel (52%). Functional dependence (P = 0.003, OR = 2.87, CI = 1.42–5.77), malignant transformation (P = 0.001, OR = 8.0, CI = 1.82–35.9), and mortality (P ≤ 0.001, OR = 7.67, CI = 2.40–24.5) were significantly higher among ILAO group. Patients with ILAO with unfavorable FOC were older than those who achieved better FOC (P ≤ 0.001). Thrombolysis (P = 0.02, OR = 2.50, CI = 1.15–5.41) and mechanical thrombectomy (MT) improved FOC in patients with ILAO (P = 0.04, OR = 2.33, CI = 1.10–4.92). CONCLUSION: ILAO is common in patients with ICAS-related AIS. Timely hyperacute stroke treatment can help improve the FOC of otherwise disabling stroke due to ILAO. Raising awareness of the community about stroke is needed, so that a higher number of patients can arrive at hospital within the golden hours. Further data from the region are required to recognize the efficacy of MT in ICAS-related ILAO.

الملخص: أهداف البحث: يهدف هذا البحث إلى تقييم فهم ومواقف ووجهات نظره أطباء وطلبة طب الأسنان تجاه الذكاء الاصطناعي في طب الأسنان، مما يتحدى الفرضية الصفرية المتمثلة في افتقارهم إلى الفهم الأساسي. طرق البحث: أجرت الدراسة مراجعة منهجية وفقا لإرشادات بريزما، اعتبارا من مايو 2023. تضمنت الدراسات المؤهلة مقالات مقطعية نشرت باللغة الإنجليزية حتى يوليو 2023 ، مع التركيز فقط على أطباء الأسنان أو طلاب طب الأسنان. تم استخراج البيانات المتعلقة بالمعرفة الذكاء الاصطناعي والاستخدام والتصورات وتقييمها لمخاطر التحيز باستخدام قائمة مراجعة معهد جوانا بريجز. النتائج: من بين 408 منشورات، تم تحديد 22 مقالة ذات صلة، وتم تضمين 13 دراسة في المراجعة. كان متوسط المعرفة الأساسية الذكاء الاصطناعي لطلاب طب الأسنان 58.62٪ ، بينما كانت المعرفة الأولية لأطباء الأسنان 71.75٪. أظهر طلاب طب الأسنان إيمانا أعلى (72.01٪) بإمكانات الذكاء الاصطناعي للتقدم في طب الأسنان مقارنة بأطباء الأسنان (62.60٪). الاستنتاجات: هناك حاجة ماسة إلى تعليم الذكاء الاصطناعي في كليات طب الأسنان، إلى جانب برامج التعليم المستمر للممارسين، لتعظيم الفوائد المحتملة للذكاء الاصطناعي في طب الأسنان. يمكن لبرامج الدكتوراه المتكاملة أن يقود الاكتشافات وتحسن رعاية المرضى على مستوى العالم. إن احتضان الذكاء الاصطناعي مع الفهم المستنير والتدريب سيضع المتخصصين في طب الأسنان في طليعة التطورات التكنولوجية في هذا المجال. Abstract: Objectives: This research was aimed at assessing comprehension, attitudes, and perspectives regarding artificial intelligence (AI) in dentistry. The null hypothesis was a lack of foundational understanding of AI in dentistry. Methods: This systematic review following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines was conducted in May 2023. The eligibility criteria included cross-sectional studies published in English until July 2023, focusing solely on dentists or dental students. Data on AI knowledge, use, and perceptions were extracted and assessed for bias risk with the Joanna Briggs Institute checklist. Results: Of 408 publications, 22 relevant articles were identified, and 13 studies were included in the review. The average basic AI knowledge score was 58.62 % among dental students and 71.75 % among dentists. More dental students (72.01 %) than dentists (62.60 %) believed in AI's potential for advancing dentistry. Conclusions: Thorough AI instruction in dental schools and continuing education programs for practitioners are urgently needed to maximize AI's potential benefits in dentistry. An integrated PhD program could drive revolutionary discoveries and improve patient care globally. Embracing AI with informed understanding and training will position dental professionals at the forefront of technological advancements in the field.

BACKGROUND: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic, inflammatory demyelinating disease that affects various parts of the central nervous system. Fatigue, a common symptom, transient, prolonged, or chronic experienced by individuals with MS, can significantly impact daily functioning. It can be associated with underlying pathological processes or can have an idiopathic cause, such as chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS). The study aimed to assess the presence and etiology of fatigue in MS patients and its relationship with CFS. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia. Data were collected using a questionnaire from a sample of 225 MS patients receiving care at our university hospital. The questionnaire included the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) criteria for diagnosing CFS and the Expanded Disability Status Scale to evaluate fatigue in MS patients. RESULTS: Of the total of 225 MS patients who participated in this study, 87.1% were diagnosed with relapsing-remitting MS, 6.7% with primary progressive MS, 3.6% with clinically isolated syndrome, and 2.7% with secondary progressive MS. About 53% had experienced fatigue that persisted for over 6 months. Analysis of CFS diagnosis revealed that 7.3% of patients met both CDC criteria and self-reported answers while 17.5% reported having CFS despite not meeting the CDC criteria. These findings highlight a significant lack of agreement between patient-reported diagnoses and established criteria, indicating poor agreement (P = 0.028). CONCLUSION: The study found an association between CFS and MS, and a significant impact on daily functioning. The study revealed lack of agreement between patient-reported diagnoses and established criteria for CFS. This emphasizes the need for a standardized approach to diagnosis and evaluation of fatigue in MS patients.

Objective: The study is designed to assess the psychiatric morbidity in childern reporting at psychiatry OPD, of National Institute of Childern Health (NICH), Karachi. Study Design: Simple descriptive study Patients & Methodology: All consective patients who reported in child psychiatry clinic were enrolled in this study if they fulfilled the inclusion criteria having age of 3 years to 15 year of either sex. Cases excluded in the study were psychiatric presentation associated with physical illness and symptoms related excluded in the study were psychiatric presentation associated with physical illness and symptoms relatedto drug side effects.

ABSTRACT The present study was carried out to evaluate the prevalence and hematological effects of Toxoplasma gondii in sheep and goat in district Dera Ghazi Khan. Blood samples (n=204) were collected comprise goats (n=101) and sheep (n=103) alongwith age, gender and breeds of animals. Samples were collected randomly from 25 flocks of 7 different union council Viz. Vehova, Tibbi Qaisrani, Lakhani, Kohar, Tuman Qaisrani, Nutkani and Kot Qaisrani of Tehsil Taunsa Sharif at least 4 animals from each flock. All ruminants divide into three groups based on age, breed and gender. The prevalence was detected through two different kits Viz. LAT and ELISA kit. The overall prevalence suspected in goats through LAT and ELISA kit was (35.64%), (32.67%) and in sheep was (25.24%), (23.30%) respectively. The Toxoplasma gondii had a significant effect on goats in age groups and non-significant all other groups of goats and sheep. Toxoplasma gondii had a significant effect on all hematological parameters like Hemoglobin, total leukocyte cells, granulocytes, lymphocytes, platelets, and red blood cells, except monocytes. In conclusion of the current study, toxoplasmosis is prevalent among ruminants, reveals the possibility of transmission to humans on the use of host animals as protein source.

الملخص: أهداف البحث: تهدف هذه الدراسة إلى تحديد قوة الثني ثنائي المحور لمواد الراتنج المركبة في معدلات تشوه محددة. طرق البحث: تم اختيار اثنين من الهجائن الدقيقة من مواد الراتنج المركبة [فلتك زي ١٠٠ ريستوراتف تي ام (زي ١٠٠) وفلتك زي تي ام ٢٥٠ (زي ٢٥٠)]، واثنين من مواد الراتنج المركبة المعبأة عن طريق النانو (فلتك سبريم اكس تي بودي وفلتك عالي الشفافية). كما تم تصنيع عينات على شكل أقراص (١٢×١ مم) باستخدام قوالب نايلون مقسمة، من أجل تحديد معامل الثني. وتم تصنيع عينات على شكل قضبان (٢٥×٢×٢مم) من كل مادة. وتم اختبار العينات لاحتساب قوة الثني ثنائي المحور ومُعامله في الظروف الجافة والظروف الرطبة بعد أسبوع و١٣ أسبوعا و٥٢ أسبوعا. النتائج: سُجّلت أعلى قوة ثني ثنائي المحور لـ ''زي ٢٥٠'' (١٦٢+/- ١٩ ام بي أي) ويتبعها فلتك عالي الشفافية (١٥٤+/- ١٦ ام بي أي) و ''زي ١٠٠'' (١٥٠ +/- ١٨ ام بي أي) وفلتك سبريم اكس تي بودي (١٣٦+/- ١٨ ام بي أي). وأظهرت الزيادة في معدل التشوه وجود نمط واضح بزيادة قوة الثني ثنائي المحور في المواد. بعد أسبوع واحد من الغمر، كانت قوة ثني ثنائي المحور ١٢٦ +/- ١٨ لـ ''زي ١٠٠'' و١٢٤ +/-١٧ لـ ''زي ٢٥٠''، التي كانت أعلى من فلتك سبريم اكس تي بودي ٩٩+/- ١٦ ام بي أي وفلتك عالي الشفافية ١١٥+/- ١٩ ام بي أي في ظروف مماثلة. انخفض المُعامل الانثنائي للعينات المغمورة لمدة أسبوع واحد بشكل واضح مقارنة بالعينات الجافة؛ ''زي ١٠٠'' من ١٨.٣± ١.٢جي بي أي إلى ١٥.٧± ٠.٨ جي بي أي، و''زي ٢٥٠'' من ١٦.٧± ٠.٨ جي بي أي إلى ١٣.٣± ١.٤جي بي أي، وفلتك سبريم اكس تي بودي من ١٣.٧± ٠.٦ جي بي أي إلى ١١.٠± ٢.١ جي بي أي وفلتك عالي الشفافية من ١٢.٧± ٢.٣ جي بي أي إلى ١٠.٤± ١.٠جي بي أي. الاستنتاجات: تنخفض قوة ومعدلات انحناء مواد ترميم الأسنان المصنوعة من الراتنج عند غمرها في وسط مائي لحين تشبعها بالماء. وبعد الوصول إلى التوازن فإن الوسط المستخدم للغمر لا يؤثر على المواد التركيبية. إن تأثيرات معدل التشوه على قوة الثني ثنائي المحور في مواد ترميم الأسنان المصنوعة من الراتنج ليست ذات قيمة. Abstract: Objectives: This study aimed to determine the biaxial flexural strength (BFS) of resin composite materials at distinct deformation rates. Methods: Two micro-hybrid [Filtek Z100™ Restorative (Z100), Filtek™ Z250 (Z250)] and two nano-filled [Filtek™ Supreme XT Body (FSB), Filtek™ Supreme Translucent (FST)] composite resins were selected. Disc-shaped (12 × 1 mm) specimens were fabricated using nylon split moulds. Bar-shaped specimens (25 × 2 × 2 mm) were fabricated from each material to determine the flexural modulus. The specimens were tested for BFS and flexural modulus under dry and wet conditions after 1, 13, and 52 weeks. Results: The highest BFS was recorded for Z250 (162 ± 19 MPa), followed by FST (154 ± 16 MPa), Z100 (150 ± 18 MPa), and FSB (136 ± 18 MPa). The materials exhibited a clear trend of increase in BFS with deformation rate. Following immersion for 1 week, the BFS was 126 ± 18 MPa for Z100, and 124 ± 17 MPa for Z250, which were higher than those of FSB (99 ± 16 MPa) and FST (115 ± 19 MPa) under comparable conditions. There was a remarkable reduction in the flexural moduli of the specimens immersed for 1 week compared to those of the dry specimens: Z100 (from 18.3 ± 1.2 GPa for dry specimen to 15.7 ± 0.8 GPa after immersion for 1 week), Z250 (from 16.7 ± 0.8 GPa to 13.3 ± 1.4 GPa), FSB (from 13.7 ± 0.6 GPa to 11.0 ± 2.1 GPa) and FST (from 12.7 ± 2.3 GPa to 10.4 ± 1.0 GPa). Conclusion: This study concludes that the BFS and flexural moduli of resin-based dental restoratives decline when they are immersed in an aqueous medium until saturation with water. However, after equilibrium is established, the immersion medium does not affect the restorative materials further. Variations in deformation rate did not have a significant effect on the BFS of resin-based dental restoratives. الكلمات المفتاحية: مواد طب الأسنان, الخواص الميكانيكية, مُعامل, طب الأسنان الترميمي, Keywords: Dental materials, Mechanical properties, Modulus, Restorative dentistry

Objectives: Bisphosphonates (BPs) are a class of drugs that are used to treat osteoporosis. It has been suggested that BP coatings on dental implants have a positive effect on new bone formation. The purpose of this review is to analyse the currently available data concerning the clinical and experimental efficacy of BP-releasing titanium implants such that their potential in clinical oral implant dentistry may be ascertained. Methods: Based on a literature review, a focused research question was constructed: what is the effect of a BP-releasing coating on the osseointegration of titanium dental implant? The databases of PubMED/MEDLINE; ISI Web of Knowledge; Embase and Google Scholar were searched electronically using the keywords ‘dental implant’; ‘bisphosphonate’ and ‘titanium.’ The quality; general characteristics and outcomes of each study were summarized and analysed systematically. Results: A total of eleven articles fulfilled the criteria to be included in this review. Eight studies were experimental; two studies were clinical; and one study was experimental and clinical. In nine studies (82%), BP-coated implants resulted in higher osseointegration, as indicated by higher resonance frequency values, removal torque, bone-implant contact and new bone formation. In two studies (18%), there was no difference between the osseointegration of BP-coated implants and controls. Conclusions: Bisphosphonates-loaded implants may have a positive effect on osseointegration. However, more well-designed clinical studies are required to demonstrate their osseoconductive effects.

Introduction: Angiogenesis is regarded as a complex activity required for physiological process as well as many pathological conditions as solid tumor progression and metastasis. Stachys Lavandulifolia of Laminacea family prossesses antioxidant and anti-apoptosis effects. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effect of Stachys Lavandulifolia alcoholic extract on angiogenesis in chorioallantoic membrane of Ross chicken embryo. Methods: In this experimental study, 30 Ross fertilized eggs were divided into 5 random groups consisting of: control, sham-exposed, treatment with 25, 50, 100 mg/kg doses of alcoholic extract. On the 2nd day of incubation, windows were opened for eggs under the sterile conditions. On the 8th day, a gelatine sponge with 1×4×4 diameter (Albumen and Agar solution in normal saline) was placed on chorioalantoic membrane (CAM) to which extract was added. On the 12th day, length and weight as well as chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) of embryos were photographed. Then, the number and length of vessels in a special area on the CAM were measured by Image J. The study results were analyzed by Minitab (16) via applying t-test and ANOVA. Results: Length and weight mean of embryos as well as number and length of vessels in control and sham-exposed groups did not show any significant differences. Length and weight mean of embryos and vessels length in all treatment groups demonstrated a significant difference compared to the sham group, Moreover, mean of vessel number did not reveal any significant differences in dose of 50. Conclusion: As the study findings indicated, the effect of this extract is dose dependet, so as it demonstrates pro angiogenesis in low doses and anti-angiogenesis effect in high doses.

Pain control during the dental procedure is essentials and challenging. A complete efficacious pulp anesthesia has not been attained yet. The regional anesthesia such as inferior alveolar nerve block (IANB) only does not guarantee the effective anesthesia with patients suffering from irreversible pulpitis. This main aim of this review was to discuss various aspects of intraseptal dental anesthesia and its role significance in pain-free treatment in the dental office. In addition, reasons of failure and limitations of this technique have been highlighted. Literature search was conducted for peer-reviewed articles published in English language in last 30 years. Search words such as dental anesthesia, pain control, intraseptal, and nerve block were entered using a web of knowledge and Google scholar databases. Various dental local anesthesia techniques were reviewed. A combination of block anesthesia, buccal infiltration and intraligamentary injection resulted in deep anesthesia (P = 0.003), and higher success rate compared to IANB. For pain-free management of conditions such as irreversible pulpitis, buccal infiltration (4% articaine), and intraosseous injection (2% lidocaine) are better than intraligamentary and IANB injections. Similarly, nerve block is not always effective for pain-free root canal treatment hence, needing supplemental anesthesia. Intraseptal anesthesia is an efficient and effective technique that can be used in maxillary and mandibular adult dentition. This technique is also beneficial when used in conjunction to the regional block or local dental anesthesia.