Search

We present all-optical studies of spin dynamics in two classes of ferrimagnets. Both sets of experiments use table-top laser-based pump–probe techniques to examine the ultrafast and longer timescale spin excitations. We use the visible/near infra-red time-resolved magneto-optical Kerr effect (tr-MOKE) to follow the spin dynamics of a series of metallic (FeCo)1−xGdx thin films with varying Gd content. Magnetic compensation in the films occurs at a Gd concentration of ≈26%, and the spin dynamics of the films exhibit a non-monotonic variation in effective magnetization. We also examine spin dynamics in an insulating NiFe2O4 spinel using ultrafast techniques up at extreme ultraviolet energies, which permit element-specific investigations. The element and time-resolved delay scans reveal a non-trivial interaction between spin excitations on the different magnetic sub-lattices of the magnetic insulator.

To assess the effectiveness and safety of treatment consisting of extending chemotherapy (ECT) with capecitabine following capecitabine plus oxaliplatin (CAPOX) chemotherapy for stage 3 gastric carcinoma (GC) after D2 gastrectomy.In this retrospective study, we included 214 patients with stage 3 GC who underwent D2 gastrectomy between January 2012 and April 2014. The CAPOX regimen chemotherapy was administrated to all of the patients as adjuvant therapy. The CAPOX regimen consisted of capecitabine (1000 mg/m2, in 2 divided doses for 14 d) and oxaliplatin (130 mg/m2 given on Day 1), repeated every 21 d for 8 cycles. Following CAPOX chemotherapy, 102 of these patients received extending chemotherapy (the ECT group) with capecitabine, whereas 112 patients (the control group) received no ECT. The ECT consisted of capecitabine (1000 mg/m2, in 2 divided doses for 14 d), repeated every 21 d for 8 cycles at most. The chemotherapy was discontinued if unacceptable toxicity or disease progression occurred or upon the request of the patient. All cases were followed up, and overall survival (OS), recurrence-free survival (RFS), and toxicities were compared.The ECT group exhibited a distinctly higher 5-year OS (p=0.0468) and RFS (p=0.0483) than those of the control group. The incidence of hand-foot syndrome was markedly greater in the ECT group (p=0.0043). No toxicity-related death occurred.Extending chemotherapy with capecitabine following the CAPOX regimen chemotherapy provides significant survival benefit for stage 3 GC after D2 gastrectomy.

Evolution of Kondo effect in Weyl semimetal Mn3Sn leads to extraordinary terahertz and DC transport properties., Topology and strong electron correlations are crucial ingredients in emerging quantum materials, yet their intersection in experimental systems has been relatively limited to date. Strongly correlated Weyl semimetals, particularly when magnetism is incorporated, offer a unique and fertile platform to explore emergent phenomena in novel topological matter and topological spintronics. The antiferromagnetic Weyl semimetal Mn3Sn exhibits many exotic physical properties such as a large spontaneous Hall effect and has recently attracted intense interest. In this work, we report synthesis of epitaxial Mn3+xSn1−x films with greatly extended compositional range in comparison with that of bulk samples. As Sn atoms are replaced by magnetic Mn atoms, the Kondo effect, which is a celebrated example of strong correlations, emerges, develops coherence, and induces a hybridization energy gap. The magnetic doping and gap opening lead to rich extraordinary properties, as exemplified by the prominent DC Hall effects and resonance-enhanced terahertz Faraday rotation.

A detection procedure for a moving magnetic dipole target by using at least three scalar magnetometers is proposed in this letter. The magnetometers are deployed on the ground or seafloor, while the target is traveling along a straight line at a constant speed above the ground. First, the range from each magnetometer to the closest point of approach (CPA) on the flight line as well as the instant that the target passes by the CPA is estimated by adopting the orthonormal basis function expansion method. Then, the moving parameters, including the moving direction, speed, and elevation, are found through basic geometry relations. Finally, the magnetic moment is determined by solving a linear system by using the least-squares method. Both simulated and field experimental data are employed to demonstrate the proposed scheme.

This paper presents an approximate method for analysis of scattering by skin cancer tissues at Terahertz. The complex dielectric parameters of skin tissues are based on the double Debye model. The cancer tissue is taken to be a weak disturbance to the bulk skin organ. Born approximation is used to calculate the scattering field by the equivalent volume currents of cancer tissues in a layered configuration. Discrete complex image method is employed to evaluate the Sommerfeld-type integral. Numerical results show that the proposed approach is efficient and viable.

An electrical current applied in Kondo insulator SmB6 could induce the magnetization of an adjacent ferromagnet to switch., The advent of topological insulators (TIs), a novel class of materials that harbor a metallic spin-chiral surface state coexisting with band-insulating bulk, opens up new possibilities for spintronics. One promising route is current-induced switching of an adjacent magnetic layer via spin-orbit torque (SOT), arising from the large spin-orbit coupling intrinsically possessed by TIs. The Kondo insulator SmB6 has been recently proposed to be a strongly correlated TI, supported by the observation of a metallic surface state in bulk SmB6, as evidenced by the thickness independence of the low-temperature resistance plateau. We report the synthesis of epitaxial (001) SmB6/Si thin films and a systematic thickness-dependent electrical transport study. Although the low-temperature resistance plateau is observed for all films from 50 to 500 nm in thickness, the resistance is distinctively thickness-dependent and does not support the notion of surface conduction and interior insulation. On the other hand, we demonstrate that SmB6 can generate a large SOT to switch an adjacent ferromagnetic layer, even at room temperature. The effective SOT generated from SmB6 is comparable to that from β-W, one of the strongest SOT materials.

This paper addresses the problem of estimating range-varying parameters of the height-dependent refractivity over the sea surface from radar sea clutter. In the forward simulation, the split-step Fourier parabolic equation (PE) is used to compute the radar clutter power in the complex refractive environments. Making use of the inherent Markovian structure of the split-step Fourier PE solution, the refractivity from clutter (RFC) problem is formulated within a nonlinear recursive Bayesian state estimation framework. Particle filter (PF), which is a technique for implementing a recursive Bayesian filter by Monte Carlo simulations, is used to track range-varying characteristics of the refractivity profiles. Basic ideas of employing PF to solve RFC problem are introduced. Both simulation and real data results are presented to confirm the feasibility of PF-RFC performances.

Self-incompatibility has been studied extensively at the molecular level in Solanaceae, Rosaceae, and Scrophulariaceae, all of which exhibit gametophytic self-incompatibility. In the present study, we successfully isolated nine S-RNase alleles from cultivars of Chinese cherry by PCR amplification from genomic DNA and stylar cDNA combining with cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence marker. Analysis of amino acid sequences revealed five novel S-alleles, S 2 , S 4 , S 6 , S 8 , and S 9 , with respective accession numbers in the NCBI database of EF541168, EF541173, EF541172, FJ628598, and FJ628599. Results showed that “Dongtang” and “Yinzhu” contained six S-alleles (S 1 , S 3 , S 5 , S 7 , S 8 , and S 9 ); “Taishanganying” contained four S-alleles (S 1 , S 2 , S 4 , and S 6 ); “Daiba”, “Dayingzui”, and “Xiaomizi” contained four S-alleles (S 1 , S 2 , S 5 , and S 8 ); “Laiyangduanzhi”, “Shuangquanchangba”, and “Daqingye” contained three S-alleles (S 1 , S 2 , and S 8 ). It is interesting that different cultivars collected from the same place hold the same S-genotypes. Moreover, pollination tests and pollen tube growth assays showed that nine cultivars were self-compatible. Chinese cherry presented in this article are naturally polyploidy, which is a very useful material for the study of self-compatibility, and much of this information will be valuable for further work on self-(in)compatibility of fruit tree in Rosaceae.

Self-incompatibility (SI) has been studied extensively at the molecular level in Solanaceae, Rosaceae and Scrophulariaceae, all of which exhibit gametophytic self-incompatibility (GSI). In the present study, four PpsS-haplotypes (Prunus pseudocerasus S-haplotypes) comprising at least two genes, i.e., PpsS-RNase (P. pseudocerasus S-RNase) and PpsSFB (P. pseudocerasus S-haplotype-specific F-box) have been successfully isolated in tetraploid P. pseudocerasus Lindl. CV. Nanjing Chuisi ("NC") which exhibited self-compatibility (SC), and its S-genotype was determined as S-1/S-3'/S-5/S-7. These PpsS-RNases, which were expressed exclusively in style, shared the typical structural features with S-RNases from other Prunus species exhibiting GSI. All PpsSFBs showed similar structure characteristics of SFBs from other Prunus species, and matched with the necessary conditions for pollen S-determinant. No mutations leading to dysfunction of S-haplotype were found in their full-length c-DNA sequences, except for PpsS-3'-haplotype which was not amplified by PCR. These four S-haplotypes complied with tetrasomic inheritance. Diploid pollen grains with S-genotypes S-7/S-1, S-7/S-5 and S-1/S-5 can grow the full length of the style after self-pollination, while pollen grains with S-3'/S-7, S-3'/S-1 and S-3'/S-5 cannot. These results suggest that PpsS-haplotypes-1, -5 and -7 are functional, and that competitive interaction between two of them confer self-compatibility on cultivar "NC". Furthermore, in terms of recognition specificity, diploid pollen grains carrying PpsS-3'-haplotype are equal to monoploid pollen grains carrying the other functional S-haplotype.

SummaryChinese pear (Pyrus spp.) exhibits gametophytic self-incompatibility (GSI), as do other fruit species in the family Rosaceae. This work determined S-locus diversity in 20 native Chinese pear cultivars or wild accessions using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and pollination experiments. After cloning and sequencing the PCR products, the S-genotypes of all 20 pear cultivars or wild accessions were determined. Subsequent sequence analysis showed that P. sinkiangensis Yu ‘Aolian’ (SpS32), P. phaeocarpa Rehd. ‘Diaodan’ (SdSe), P. xerophila Yu ‘Shageda’ (S36Sd) and ‘Xingyeli’ (S22Sc), originating in China, shared some S-RNase genes with P. communis, providing evidence that oriental and occidental Pyrus species may share the same pool of alleles at the S-locus. Two novel S-RNase genes were also discovered in P. ussuriensis ‘Maili’ and ‘Neimenggushanli’, and deposited as S40 and S41, under the accession numbers DQ903313 and DQ988687, respectively. Their deduced amino acid sequences showed high similarity t...

SummaryPrunus mume (Japanese apricot) cultivars are self-incompatible and orchards require pollinator cultivars to guarantee optimal fruit production. Identification of the self-incompatibility (S) genotypes of P. mume cultivars is therefore useful for choosing pollinators and for breeding. To elucidate the S-genotypes of eleven Chinese and one introduced cultivar, PCR was performed with primers amplifying the variable second intron of the S-RNase gene. The S-genotyping results were as follows: S4S12 for ‘Dantaofen’; S3S4 for ‘Duoezhusha’; S12S13 for ‘Fubantiaozhi’; S15S16 for ‘Hongding’; S13S14 for ‘Longyanmei’; S5S11 for ‘Musashino’; S10S14 for ‘Xiaoyezhugan’; and S3S15 for ‘Qingfeng’,‘Qingjia’, ‘Xiyeqing’, ‘Dayeqing’ and ‘Changnong 17’. We identified seven new S-RNase alleles, S10-RNase to S16-RNase, deposited in GenBank under the accession numbers: DQ011150, DQ201191, DQ201192, DQ345781, DQ768219, DQ903312 and EF990750, respectively.

SummaryPolymerase chain reaction (PCR) was conducted with Prunus S-RNase gene-specific primers on 17 Chinese cultivars of Japanese plum (Prunus salicina Lindl.). These primers were designed from the conserved regions of Prunus S-RNase genes. Each cultivar produced two amplicons, apart from two cultivars that had three amplicons. In all, 36 amplicons were cloned and sequenced. Analysis of these sequences revealed 13 novel S-alleles, the amino acid sequences of which showed 62% (S15 vs. S19) to 92% (S22 vs. S24) identity. The sequences also demonstrated several typical structural features of Prunus S-RNase genes: three conserved regions (C1, C2 and C3), one hypervariable region (RHV) with one intron, and another intron located at the junction between the signal peptide and the mature protein. Compared to S2 from apricot, S26 from Japanese plum had only two nucleotide substitutions in the exon region, which resulted in only one amino acid residue difference in the signal peptide. However, there were large nu...

Self-incompatibility has been studied extensively at the molecular level in Solanaceae, Rosaceae and Scrophulariaceae, all of which exhibit gametophytic self-incompatibility controlled by a single polymorphic locus containing at least two linked genes, i.e., the S-RNase gene and the pollen-expressed SFB/SLF (S-haplotype-specific F-box/S-locus F-box) gene. However, the SFB gene in Japanese plum (Prunus salicina Lindl.) has not yet been identified. We determined eight novel sequences homologous to the SFB genes of other Prunus species and named these sequences PsSFB. The gene structure of the SFB genes and the characteristic domains in deduced amino acid sequences were conserved. Three sequences from 410 to 2,800 bp of the intergenic region between the PsSFB sequences and the S-RNase alleles were obtained. The eight identified PsSFB sequences showed S-haplotype-specific polymorphism, with 74–83% amino acid identity. These alleles were exclusively expressed in the pollen. These results suggest that the PsSFB alleles are the pollen S-determinants of GSI in Japanese plum.

The present experiment was conducted to assess the efficacy of liquid methionine hydroxy analogue-free acid (MHA- FA) in comparison to DL-methionine (DL-Met) in broilers. 567 day-old Avian chicks were divided into 7 treatments with 5 replicates of 16 birds each. During the 35d (7-42 d) experimental periods chicks were given two basal diets. From 7 to 21d of age, a starting basal diet containing 19.5% protein and 0.33% methionine was supplemented with two graded levels of DL-Met (0.070 and 0.160%) or four levels of MHA-FA (0.118, 0.143, 0.221 and 0.268%). From 22 to 42d of age DL-Met (0.050 and 0.080%) or MHA-FA (0.071, 0.074, 0.112 and 0.140%) were added to a finishing basal diet with 18.0% protein and 0.28% methionine. Chicks fed on supplemental DL-Met or MHA-FA had significantly higher (p

A study was carried out to determine the effect of dietary supplementation of 3000 mg kg–1 zinc oxide (ZnO) on the small intestinal morphology and populations of enterobacteriaceae, lactobacilli and clostridia in ileal digesta and feces of weaned pigs. At 17 d of age, 36 pigs from nine litters were fitted with simple T-cannulae at the distal ileum and after a 2-h post-surgery recovery returned to their sows. At 21 d of age, the pigs were weaned and housed in individual metabolism crates. Pigs were allocated to receive a standard starter diet supplemented with or without 3000 mg kg–1 of ZnO. Ileal digesta and fecal samples were collected immediately before weaning and then on days 2, 4, 7, 9, and 11 after weaning and were used to quantify enterobacteriaceae, lactobacilli and clostridial populations by colony enumeration on selective media. Pigs were euthanized following the final sampling, and 2 cm sections of tissue were collected from sites 25, 50 and 75% along the length of the small intestine for determination of mucosal thickness (MT), crypt depth (CD), villous height (VH) and villous width (VW). Zinc oxide supplementation altered the mucosal morphology of the small intestine. Mucosal thickness (P < 0.08) and VH (P < 0.05) were increased at sites 25 and 50% along the length of the small intestine by ZnO supplementation. Overall VW also increased (P < 0.01) with ZnO supplementation. Crypt depth decreased (P < 0.05) at 75% along the length of the small intestine with ZnO supplementation. The ratio of VH to CD was higher (P < 0.05) for ZnO-supplemented than for control-fed pigs at sites 25, 50 and 75% along the length of the small intestine. There was no effect (P > 0.05) of supplementary ZnO on bacterial populations in ileal digesta or feces. The present study indicates that supplementing ZnO in starter diets changes the epithelial morphology of the small intestine, which may affect nutrient digestion and absorption in newly weaned pigs. Key words: Pigs, zinc oxide, bacteria, intestinal morphology

Studies were carried out to determine the effect of micronization on energy, starch and amino acid digestibilities in hulless barley. Six pigs (Canabrid × Camborough) were weaned at 21 d of age and fitted with a simple T-cannula at the distal ileum on days 23 or 24. The pigs were fed one of three diets with major constituents of hulless barley and soybean meal (HB + SBM), micronized hulless barley and soybean meal (MHB + SBM) and corn starch and soybean meal (C + SBM) according to a repeated Latin square design. The pigs were fed three times daily, equal amounts at 8-h intervals. The diets were supplied at a rate of 5% (wt/wt) of body weight. The average body weight of the pigs was 9.3 kg at start and 15.9 kg at the conclusion of the experiment at 58 d of age. Faeces were collected for 48 h on days 6 and 7 and ileal digesta for 24 h on days 8 and 9. Chromic oxide was used as digestibility marker. The apparent ileal amino acid digestibilities in HB and MHB were determined by the difference method. The apparent ileal digestibilities of the indispensable amino acids were higher in MHB than in HB and ranged from 5.3 to 10.0 percentage units. Of the indispensable amino acids, the differences were significant (P

We demonstrate a close relationship between superconductivity and the dimensions of the Fe-Se(Te) tetrahedron in FeSe0.5Te0.5. This is done by exploiting thin film epitaxy, which provides controlled biaxial stress, both compressive and tensile, to distort the tetrahedron. The Se/Te height within the tetrahedron is found to be of crucial importance to superconductivity, in agreement with the scenario that (π, π) spin fluctuations promote superconductivity in Fe superconductors.

Relaxation of stored charge carriers in the persistent-photoconductivity (PPC) mode in a ${\mathrm{CdS}}_{0.5}$${\mathrm{Se}}_{0.5}$ semiconductor alloy has been investigated. The relaxation time constant of PPC is systematically measured as a function of temperature, from which the recombination barrier height ${\mathit{E}}_{\mathrm{rec}}$ has been determined. Low-temperature exciton luminescence has also been investigated and the exciton transition linewidth, which is broadened due to the presence of compositional fluctuations, is measured. The values of ${\mathit{E}}_{\mathrm{rec}}$ deduced from the measured exciton linewidth and the localized-to-delocalized transition temperature in the PPC mode are consistent with the results obtained from the PPC-decay measurements. These experimental results are consistent with our previous interpretation that PPC in ${\mathrm{CdS}}_{0.5}$${\mathrm{Se}}_{0.5}$ semiconductor alloys is caused by random local potential fluctuations induced by compositional fluctuations.

The weather satellite makes it possible to acquire meteorological data on a global basis, which are powerful means of weather monitoring /predicting and research of atmospheric sciences. By remote sensing we mean to inverse the space/ time patterns of meteorological elements from the signals of atmospheric sound, light and electromagnetic waves. Additionally, such a satellites is capable of deriving quantitative information on meteorological parameters beyond the limits of nations and orography, and with this means it is likely to get data over oceans covering more than 70% of the earth’s surfaces).

An experiment was carried out to investigate the variability in apparent ileal amino acid (AA) digestibilities in simulated samples of wheat shorts consisting of different proportions of wheat bran (WB), wheat shorts (WS), and wheat flour (WF), hereafter referred to as wheat fractions. The proportions of WS, WB, and WF and the NDF content (DM basis) of the wheat fractions were as follows: A, 70% WS, 30% WB, and 42.3% NDF; B, 85% WS, 15% WB, and 41.8% NDF; C, 100% WS and 41.3% NDF; D, 85% WS, 15% WF, and 35.2% NDF; and E, 70% WS, 30% WF, and 29.5% NDF. Six barrows, average initial BW of 37.2 kg, fitted with a simple T-cannula at the distal ileum, were fed one of six experimental diets according to a 6 x 6 Latin square design. Six diets were formulated to contain 17% CP (as-fed basis). Diets A, B, C, D, and E contained 17.53% soybean meal (SBM), which contributed 50% of the CP in these diets. The wheat fractions contributed the remaining 50% of the CP in these diets. Diet F contained 35.05% SBM, which was the sole source of dietary CP. Chromic oxide was used as the digestibility marker. During the first experimental period, the daily dietary allowance was provided at a rate of 5% (wt/wt) of the average BW. Thereafter, the daily dietary allowance was increased by 100 g at each successive period. Each experimental period comprised 12 d. Following a 7-d adaptation period, feces were collected for 48 h and ileal digesta for a total of 24 h. The apparent ileal digestibilities of AA in the wheat fractions were calculated using the difference method. The digestibilities were usually lowest in the wheat fractions containing WB and highest in those containing no WB. The average of the digestibilities of the indispensable AA was 63.5% for wheat fraction A, which contained 30% WB, and 71.9% for wheat fraction C, which did not contain WB. There were no differences (P > .05) in lysine digestibilities among the wheat fractions, which ranged from 54.7 to 64.1%. Of the indispensable AA, with the exception of arginine, lysine, and methionine, the apparent ileal digestibility values of AA were negatively correlated (P < .05) with the NDF content in the wheat fractions.

Studies were carried out to determine the effect of beta-glucanase supplementation to hulless barley-soybean meal (HB+SBM) or wheat-soybean meal (W+SBM) diets on the digestibilities of GE, CP, beta-glucans, and amino acids. Twelve barrows, average BW 7.3 kg, were fitted with a simple T-cannula at the distal ileum, approximately 5 cm from the ileo-cecal sphincter. After a 7-d recuperation period, six pigs were allotted to each dietary treatment according to a two-period crossover design. Both diets were formulated to contain 20% CP without and with supplementation of .2% beta-glucanase. beta-glucanase refers to a mixture of enzymes with endo- and exo-beta-glucanase and beta-glucosidase activities. Chromic oxide was included as a digestibility marker. The pigs were fed three times daily at 0800, 1600, and 2400 and the daily allowance was offered at a rate of 5% of BW. Each experimental period lasted 9 d. Feces were collected for 48 h on d 6 and 7 and ileal digesta for a total of 24 h on d 8 and 9. beta-glucanase supplementation to the HB+SBM diet increased (P.05 or P.01) the ileal digestibilities of GE, CP, beta-glucans, and the majority of the amino acids and the fecal digestibilities of GE, CP, and all amino acids measured; the fecal digestibility of beta-glucans in the HB+SBM diet was not affected by beta-glucanase supplementation. There was no effect (P.05) of beta-glucanase supplementation to the W+SBM diet on the ileal digestibilities of any criteria measured except for beta-glucans (P.05). The supplementation of beta-glucanase to the W+SBM diet increased (P.05) the fecal digestibility of energy but not (P.05) the other criteria measured.

The paper outlines some of the authors’ ongoing research in developing generative process planning systems. It reports on a reference model used as the basis for generating process plans for prismatic machined components. A feature-based model for describing component geometry and connectivity is also outlined, as are methods used for representing the capabilities of machine tools. These models form the basis for decision making in the prototype process planning system GENPLAN. The paper also discusses how some of the planning domain knowledge is represented using the knowledge-based software GENERIS that is used for planning system development.

Experiments were conducted to determine the effect of fumaric acid supplementation and buffering capacity of the diet on ileal and fecal digestibilities of CP, GE, and amino acids in early-weaned pigs. In two experiments, 12 pigs each were weaned at 14 d of age and fitted with a simple T-cannula at the distal ileum between 15 and 17 d of age. In both experiments, the pigs were fed four diets, based on wheat and soybean meal without (control) or with 1, 2, or 3% fumaric acid according to a balanced two-period change-over design. In Exp. 2, the buffering capacity of the diets was increased by supplementation of 3% sodium bicarbonate. The pigs were fed three times daily: equal amounts at 8-h intervals. The diets were supplied at a rate of 5% (wt/wt) of body weight. The inclusion of fumaric acid to the diet with a low buffering capacity increased (P.05) the ileal digestibilities of CP, GE, and the majority of amino acids. The highest responses were found at an inclusion level of 2% fumaric acid. The improvements in apparent ileal amino acid digestibilities ranged from 4.9 to 12.8 percentage units. Supplementation of fumaric acid to a diet with a high buffering capacity led only to numerical increases in ileal digestibilities of CP, GE, and amino acids. In both studies, fumaric acid supplementation had no effect (P.05) on the fecal digestibilities of CP, GE, and amino acids, except histidine. A high buffering capacity of the diet decreased the ileal amino acid digestibilities by 1 to 10 percentage units compared with diets with the low buffering capacities. In both experiments, ileal and fecal digestibilities were higher (P.05) in Period 2 (on d 24 after weaning) than in Period 1 (on d 11 after weaning). A positive correlation (P.05) between ileal digestibilities and fumaric acid supplementation to the diets with the low buffering capacities was observed in Period 1 (on d 11 after weaning), but not in Period 2 (on d 24 after weaning). No relationship (P.05) between ileal digestibilities and fumaric acid supplementation to the diets with a high buffering capacity could be established. In conclusion, supplementation of fumaric acid to starter diets during the first 3 to 4 wk after weaning increases the ileal digestibilities of GE, CP, and amino acids.

[EN] Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) is a major crop plant and a model system for fruit development. Solanum is one of the largest angiosperm genera(1) and includes annual and perennial plants from diverse habitats. Here we present a high-quality genome sequence of domesticated tomato, a draft sequence of its closest wild relative, Solanum pimpinellifolium(2), and compare them to each other and to the potato genome (Solanum tuberosum). The two tomato genomes show only 0.6% nucleotide divergence and signs of recent admixture, but show more than 8% divergence from potato, with nine large and several smaller inversions. In contrast to Arabidopsis, but similar to soybean, tomato and potato small RNAs map predominantly to gene-rich chromosomal regions, including gene promoters. The Solanum lineage has experienced two consecutive genome triplications: one that is ancient and shared with rosids, and a more recent one. These triplications set the stage for the neofunctionalization of genes controlling fruit characteristics, such as colour and fleshiness., This work was supported by: Argentina: INTA and CONICET. Belgium: Flemish Institute for Biotechnology and Ghent University. China: The State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Ministry of Science and Technology (2006AA10A116, 2004CB720405, 2006CB101907, 2007DFB30080) Ministry of Agriculture ('948' Program: 2007-Z5); National Natural Science Foundation (36171319); Postdoctoral Science Foundation (20070420446). European Union: FP6 Integrated Project EU-SOL PL 016214. France: Institute National de la Recherche Agronomique and Agence Nationale de la Recherche. Germany: the Max Planck Society. India: Department of Biotechnology, Government of India; Indian Council of Agricultural Research. Italy: Ministry of Research (FIRB-SOL, FIRB-Parallelomics, ItaLyco and GenoPOM projects); Ministry of Agriculture (Agronanotech and Biomassval projects); FILAS foundation; ENEA; CNR-ENEA project L. 191/2009. Japan: Kazusa DNA Research Institute Foundation and National Institute of Vegetable and Tea Science. Korea: KRIBB Basic Research Fund and Crop Functional Genomics Research Center (CFGC), MEST. Netherlands: Centre for BioSystemsGenomics, Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research. Spain: Fundacion Genoma Espana; Cajamar; FEPEX; Fundacion Seneca; ICIA; IFAPA; Fundacion Manrique de Lara; Instituto Nacional de Bioinformatica. UK: BBSRC grant BB/C509731/1; DEFRA; SEERAD. USA: NSF (DBI-0116076; DBI-0421634; DBI-0606595; IOS-0923312; DBI-0820612; DBI-0605659; DEB-0316614; DBI 0849896 and MCB 1021718); USDA (2007-02773 and 2007-35300-19739); USDA-ARS. We acknowledge the Potato Genome Sequencing Consortium for sharing data before publication; potato RNA-Seq data was provided by C. R. Buell from the NSF-funded Potato Genome Sequence and Annotation project; tomato RNA-Seq data by the USDA-funded SolCAP project, N. Sinha and J. Maloof; the Amplicon Express team for BAC pooling services; construction of the Whole Genome Profiling (WGP) physical map was supported by EnzaZaden, RijkZwaan, Vilmorin&Cie, and Takii & Co. Keygene N. V. owns patents and patent applications covering its AFLP and Whole Genome Profiling technologies; AFLP and Keygene are registered trademarks of Keygene N. V.