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Zusammenfassung Hintergrund: Die Spiegeltherapie stellt bei der Behandlung von Hemiparesen nach Schlaganfall bei Erwachsenen eine effektive Therapieform zur Verbesserung motorischer Funktionen dar. Aufgrund der vorliegenden Evidenz bei Erwachsenen und den Wirkmechanismen dieser Therapieform kann vermutet werden, dass sie auch bei der Behandlung eines Kindes mit Hemiparese positive Effekte hervorrufen kann. Ziel: Die Studie diente der Evaluation möglicher Effekte von Spiegeltherapie auf die motorische Funktionsfähigkeit des betroffenen Arms bei einem Kind mit Hemiparese. Zusätzlich wurde auch die praktische Umsetzung betrachtet. Methode: Die Probandin (weiblich, 7 Jahre) der kontrollierten Einzelfallstudie im A-B-Design führte die Spiegeltherapie über einen Zeitraum von 4 Wochen lang 3-mal täglich für 10 Minuten aus. Es wurden sowohl uni- als auch bilaterale Bewegungen integriert. Die primäre Fragestellung betraf das Assisting Hand Assessment (AHA). Zur Verlaufskontrolle erfolgte 2-mal wöchentlich der Box-and-Block-Test. Daneben kamen Skalen zur Erfassung der Motivations- und Konzentrationsfähigkeit während der Spiegeltherapie zum Einsatz. Ergebnisse: Die Probandin zeigte bei allen eingesetzten Assessments positive Veränderungen. Der Posttest des AHA wies eine deutliche Verbesserung auf. Schlussfolgerung: Es besteht Grund zur Annahme, dass Spiegeltherapie bei Kindern mit Hemiparese eine effektive Behandlungsmaßnahme darstellt. Für evidenzbasierte Aussagen bedarf es weiterer und umfangreicherer Studien.

ZusammenfassungSpiegeltherapie zur Behandlung hemiparetischer Kinder wird mehr und mehr eingesetzt, Wirksamkeitsstudien stehen jedoch noch weitestgehend aus. Diese kontrollierte Einzelfallstudie im A-B-Design soll eine mögliche Verbesserung der Armfunktion durch die Spiegeltherapie aufzeigen. Ein männlicher Studienteilnehmer im Alter von 9 Jahren führte die Spiegeltherapie über einen Zeitraum von vier Wochen 3-mal täglich für 10 Minuten aus, wobei uni- als auch bilaterale Bewegungen geübt wurden. Primäres Outcome-Measure war bei dem Studienteilnehmer der Box and Block Test (BBT). Zusätzlich wurden vorher-/nachher-Videos zweier problematischer Handlungen bewertet. Daneben wurden in einem Tagebuch Fragen zur Erfassung der Motivations- sowie Konzentrationsfähigkeit während der Spiegeltherapie beantwortet. Der Studienteilnehmer zeigte im Box and Block Test und in der subjektiven Wahrneh-mung deutlich positive Veränderungen, jedoch auch Nebenwirkungen auf emotionaler Ebene. Neben verbesserter Teilhabe wird eine eingangs problematische Handlung als verbessert beschrieben, sodass Grund zu der Annahme besteht, die Spiegeltherapie sei eine effektive Maßnahme bei Kindern mit Hemiparese.

AbstractThe currents flowing in metal–CaF_2– n -Si and metal–SiO_2–CaF_2– n -Si structures with the same (about 1.5 nm) fluoride thickness are compared in the reverse-bias mode. It is revealed that the current in the case of a two-layer dielectric can be notably higher within a certain voltage range. Such unexpected behavior is associated with the coexistence of both electron and hole components of the current as well as with the configuration of the SiO_2–CaF_2 barrier through which tunneling occurs. The results of measurements and explanatory simulation data are presented.

AbstractThe effect of increasing the tunnel current in a metal–calcium fluoride–silicon structure with addition of a silicon dioxide layer between fluoride and metal (which seems paradoxical at first glance) has been considered. This effect of nonmonotonic change in the tunnel conductivity with an increase in the insulator thickness may occur at a relatively high bias at the structure and is related to the tunnel-barrier deformation, at which electrons are tunneling through its part formed by the oxide. At low biases, the occurrence/ thickening of an additional layer leads to a natural decrease in the current. Similar behavior is possible in principle for some other combinations of materials.

We demonstrate the combination of a hemispherical solid immersion lens with a micro-photoluminescence setup. Two advantages introduced by the SIL, an improved resolution of 0.4 times the wavelength in vacuum and a 5 times enhancement of the collection efficiency, make it an ideal system for spatially resolved spectroscopy applications. The influence of the air gap between the SIL and the sample surface is investigated in detail. We confirm the tolerance of the set--up to an air gap of several micrometers. Such a system is proven to be ideal system in the studies of exciton transport and polarization dependent single quantum dot spectroscopy., 8 pages, 10 figures

We investigate the homogeneous linewidth of localized type-I excitons in type-II GaAs/AlAs superlattices. These localizing centers represent the intermediate case between quasi-two-dimensional and quasi-zero-dimensional confinements. The temperature dependence of the homogeneous linewidth is gained with high precision from micro-photoluminescence spectra. We confirm the reduced exciton-acoustic-phonon interaction with decreasing dimensionality. An enhancement of the average exciton-LO-phonon interaction by localization is found in our sample. But this interaction is very sensitive to the detailed structure of the localizing centers.

The influence of coherent photoexcited excitons on the absorption spectra and the Four Wave Mixing response of ZnSe/ZnMgSSe quantum wells is investigated for various polarization configurations. For purely resonant excitation at the heavy-hole-exciton a blue shift and an increasing homogeneous line width of the exciton absorption peak is found. The clear and stable blue shift shows a linear dependence on excitation fluence both in experiment and theory with different slopes for the different pump and probe polarization configurations. The equivalence of pump and probe, and Four Wave Mixing results is shown experimentally.

Supernova fallback disks around neutron stars have been discussed to influence the evolution of the diverse neutron star populations. Slowly rotating neutron stars are most promising to find such disks. Searching for the cold and warm debris of old fallback disks, we carried out Herschel PACS (70 $\mu$m, 160 $\mu$m) and Spitzer IRAC (3.6 $\mu$m, 4.5 $\mu$m) observations of eight slowly rotating ($P\approx 3 - 11$ s) nearby ($5\sigma$) at locations consistent with the positions of the neutron stars RX J0806.4-4123 and RX J2143.0+0654. No other significant infrared emission was detected from the eight neutron stars. We estimate probabilities of 63%, 33% and 3% that, respectively, none, one, or both Herschel PACS 160 $\mu$m detections are unrelated excess sources due to background source confusion or an interstellar cirrus. If the 160 $\mu$m emission is indeed related to cold (10 K to 22 K) dust around the neutron stars, this dust is absorbing and re-emitting $\sim 10$% to $\sim 20$% of the neutron stars' X-rays. Such high efficiencies would be at least three orders of magnitude larger than the efficiencies of debris disks around nondegenerate stars. While thin dusty disks around the neutron stars can be excluded as counterparts of the 160 $\mu$m emission, dusty asteroid belts constitute a viable option., Comment: 22 pages, 26 Figures, 5 tables; accepted for publication in ApJS

We report on localization dynamics of excitons in ensembles of self–organized CdSe islands embedded in ZnSe. The experimental methods employed are temperature–dependent, spatially resolved photoluminescence (μ–PL), spatially integrated PL (macro-PL), as well as time–resolved PL (TRPL). We observe the well known non–monotonous shift of the PL maximum with temperature caused by redistribution of the excitons amongst the islands. The measured shift is compared with the exact shift of the bandgap deduced from μ–PL measurements and found to depend strongly on island size and distribution. These transport processes are recovered in the temporal evolution of the PL. The decaytime of the spectrally integrated PL reaches its maximum at exactly the same temperature at which the redhift of the macro–PL turns into a blueshift. In TRPL the PL–spectrum consists of two contributions. We put the emission on the high energy side down to excited states in the islands.

Using CdS compound and elemental Se, we have grown CdSe/ZnSe quantum structures with improved optical and structural properties exploiting an exchange reaction which leads to the substitution of sulfur by selenium. Typical S contamination is below 2%. A possibly enhanced surface diffusion of adatoms caused by the high CdS oven temperature and a surfactant-like effect of the S–Se exchange lead to a suppression of Cd segregation in the case of migration enhanced epitaxy with long Se exposure times. The new growth method leads to CdSe quantum wells with outstanding optical quality. Their properties are compared to CdSe island structures obtained in a non-migration-enhanced growth mode.

We have obtained 7 nights of time-resolved VI photometry of the double-lined cataclysmic variable Phoenix 1. We detect two candidate orbital periods, 0.1344 day and 0.2683 day. The former, which would correspond to a single modulation caused by viewing the irradiated face of the secondary star, is the less favored choice based on the folded light curves. The latter, which would correspond to a double modulation with unequal minima depths caused by ellipsoidal variation of the secondary star, is inconsistent with the observed late spectral type (M2-5) of the secondary star. However, we discuss some recent results from the literature that may make it possible to reconcile the longer orbital period and later spectral type. Some ambiguity remains as to which of these two periods is the true orbital period.

We report on localization dynamics of excitons in ensembles of self-organized CdSe islands embedded in ZnSe. The experimental methods employed are temperature dependent, spatially-resolved photoluminescence (μ-PL), spatially-integrated PL (macro-PL), as well as time-resolved PL (TRPL). We see the often observed non-monotonous shift of the PL maximum with temperature which we can explain by a redistribution of the excitons amongst the islands. The measured shift is compared with the exact shift of the bandgap deduced from μ-PL measurements and is found to depend strongly on island size and distribution. These transport processes are recovered in the temporal evolution of the PL. The decay time of the spectrally integrated PL reaches its maximum at exactly the same temperature at which the redshift of the macro-PL turns into a blueshift.

We demonstrate a new technique to grow high-quality CdSe quantum films and islands with a very small sulfur contamination by using a cadmium sulfide compound source as Cd supply and additional Se flux. By monitoring the lattice constant with reflection high-energy electron diffraction, it is shown that the sulfur is almost completely substituted by Se and CdSe with a contamination below 5% sulfur is formed. The quantum structures obtained by the new method are generally of higher quality than those obtained by more conventional growth methods using elemental sources, even if migration enhanced methods were employed. With a brief growth interruption or post-growth annealing step the initially smooth CdSe layer can be reorganized into islands. The duration of this step as well as the initial amount of deposition allows a rather good control over the island formation. A strongly enhanced growth rate is observed for the first few monolayers of the ZnSe capping layer, which indicates a partial dissolution of the islands in the ZnSe growth front and Cd segregation.

We demonstrate the mutual influence of the dynamics in the real-space and the spin parts of the exciton wavefunction evoked by the exchange interaction. In the regime of high exciton density, the exciton–exciton interaction in ZnSe/ZnMgSSe quantum wells is found to be strongly affected by the exciton spin orientation and the longitudinal spin relaxation via single-fermion spin flips. The exciton's homogeneous linewidth as deduced from degenerate four-wave mixing with prepulse is significantly enhanced in spin-pure exciton populations by scattering including fermionic exchange. The transverse spin relaxation in the low-density limit is deduced from the decay of spin quantum-beats in photoluminescence experiments. We find an anti-proportionality between the spin relaxation and the optical dephasing times. The temperature dependence of both relaxation times is determined by the exciton–phonon interaction. The latter gradually reduces the electron–hole exchange coupling which is the dominating term in the exciton's transverse spin relaxation.

The signature of motional narrowing in the spin relaxation of excitons is the inverse proportionality between the spin relaxation time τs and the momentum relaxation time T2. We find such a relation in ZnSe quantum wells over a range of temperatures reaching from 8 up to 200 K. For low temperatures T < 60 K where the excitonic T2 is determined by scattering with acoustic phonons motional narrowing might be the reason for the increase of spin lifetime. But for higher temperatures where exciton ionization by optical phonons dominates we attribute the effect to a suppression of electron–hole exchange interaction due to the reduced spatial overlap of electron and hole wave functions.

Quantitative geometric descriptions of the movements of persons are obtained by fitting the projection of a three-dimensional person model to consecutive frames of an image sequence. The kinematic of the person model is given by a homogeneous transformation tree and its body parts are modeled by right-elliptical cones. The values of a varying number of degrees of freedom (DOFs; body joints, position, and orientation of the person relative to the camera) can be determined according to the application and the kind of image sequence. The determination of the DOFs is understood as an estimation problem which is solved by an iterated extended Kalman filter (IEKF). For this purpose, the person model is augmented by a simple motion model of constant velocity for all DOFs which is used in the prediction step of the IEKF. In the update step, both region and edge information are used. Various experiments demonstrate the efficiency of our approach.

We review studies on the coherent and incoherent exciton dynamics in ZnSe-based quantum wells. First, the exciton—exciton scattering parameter is determined from femtosecond four-wave mixing as a function of background exciton density generated by a prepulse. A linear increase in the excitonic homogeneous linewidth is found as a function of the background exciton density with significant different scattering parameters for the cases of interaction with coherent or incoherent excitons. Second, the thermalization dynamics of spectrally narrow hot-exciton distributions is investigated by time-resolved phonon sideband spectroscopy. Thermalization assisted by acoustic phonons occurs on a 100 ps timescale, which is in good agreement with model calculations in time dependent perturbation theory.

We report a reduction of inhomogeneous broadening in CdSe-related quantum wells in ZnSe by employing a growth technique that uses a CdS-compound source instead of the standard Cd elemental source for molecular-beam epitaxy. Assisted by the low sticking coefficient of sulfur and possibly an exchange reaction between S and Se, only a small S contamination is observed. A comparison with standard layers reveals an increase in quality and homogeneity by a strong reduction of the photoluminescence (PL) linewidth. Samples obtained by our method show extremely little lateral confinement as indicated by a lack of sharp single dot emission lines in micro PL and the absence of the extensive redshift observed in temperature dependent PL of fluctuating well potentials.

The Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) is a NASA medium class Explorer mission that performed an all sky survey in four infrared bands. We present an overview of the WISE InfraRed Excesses around Degenerates (WIRED) Survey, which has the goals of characterizing white dwarf stars in the WISE bands, confirming objects known to have infrared excess from past observations, and revealing new examples of white dwarfs with infrared excess that can be attributed to unresolved companions or debris disks. We obtained preliminary WISE detections (S/N > 2) in at least one band of 405 white dwarfs from the 9316 unique possible targets in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey Data Release 4 Catalog of Spectroscopically Identified White Dwarfs (not all potential targets were available in the sky coverage used here). A companion paper in this volume discusses specific results from our target detections.

The WISE IR Excesses around Degenerates (WIRED) Survey is designed to find low mass companions and dusty disks around white dwarfs using NASA’s Wide‐field Infared Survey Explorer (WISE) mission. WISE has finished scanning the entire sky, and we have currently cross‐correlated the SDSS DR4 white dwarf catalogue with 2MASS, UKIDSS, and WISE photometry to identify candidate excess sources. We show the expected sensitivity level of the WIRED Survey to white dwarfs with dust and/or low mass companions, and present two candidate WISE detections.

First, we measure the coherence time of optically oriented carrier spins in wide gap quantum wells and observe an increase with temperature from less than 10 ps at 20 K to 500 ps at 200 K. Second, we measure the temperature dependence of the momentum relaxation time by four wave mixing and absorption experiments. The spin relaxation time is approximately proportional to the inverse of the momentum relaxation time. In the low-temperature regime, the strong increase of spin lifetime can be caused by motional narrowing due to the faster scattering of excitons with increasing temperature. In the high-temperature regime, quenching of the electron-hole spin flip dephasing due to an increasing ionization of excitons with increasing temperatures can prolongate spin lifetime.

Cataclysmic variables have been extensively observed at optical, ultraviolet, and Xray wavelengths, where their white dwarf primary stars and bright accretion disks dominate their emitted luminosity. Comparatively little is known about the infrared properties of cataclysmic variables. The assumption that infrared observations would reveal only the “uninteresting” secondary star has been shown to be false: recent infrared observations of cataclysmic variables have instead shown that cool dust in these interacting binaries is possibly the most important contributor to their spectral energy distributions at long wavelengths. We present recent results from infrared observations of the cataclysmic variable EF Eridani obtained with the Spitzer Space Telescope.

We present the results of a multi-wavelength study of the star forming region in L1616. Our observations include ROSAT All-Sky Survey (RASS) and High Resolution Imager (HRI) X-ray observations, optical wide-field imaging and near-IR imaging data and optical long-slit and multi-object spectroscopic follow-up. 22 new low-mass pre-main sequence (PMS) stars are found to be distributed mainly to the East of the L1616 cometary cloud, in about a one-square-degree field. We find that the class-III infrared sources outnumber the class-II infrared sources by a factor of about three. The X-ray properties of the PMS stars in L1616 are quite similar to those of PMS stars detected in the Orion Nebula Cluster. The comparison of the position of the L1616 PMS stars in the HR diagram with theoretical PMS evolutionary tracks yields an average age of 1–2 Myr, with a very small age spread of about 1 Myr. Unlike the fossil star forming regions in Orion, L1616 appears to be a region of on-going star formation relatively far from the Orion A and B clouds. Given the small age spread, the spatial distribution of the PMS stars relative to the head of the cloud, as well as its cometary shape and high star formation efficiency, we conclude that the star formation in L1616 was most likely induced by a single event, the impact of the winds of the massive stars of the Orion OB association or a supernova explosion being the possible triggers. The Initial Mass Function (IMF) in L1616 is roughly consistent with that of the field in the mass range 0.3 < M/M_⊙ < 2.5. Several faint objects, detected in our optical images, are good candidates for young Brown Dwarfs (BDs). We might expect the number of BDs in L1616 to be intermediate between Taurus and the Trapezium.

We deduce the energy renormalization of the biexciton resonance in ZnSe quantum wells from polarization and intensity dependent pump-probe spectroscopy in the coherent regime. We confirm that the biexciton renormalization is exactly what one would expect from a compound particle of two excitons in opposite circular polarization states. Since the biexciton binding is measured with respect to the exciton resonance one has to consider the renormalization of the latter resonance as well. We present an exact method to determine the real biexciton binding energy using the low-excitation extrapolation of the exciton-to-biexciton transition energy.

The new transient IGR 16358-4726 was discovered on 2003 March 19 with INTEGRAL. We detected the source serendipitously during our 2003 March 24 observation of SGR 1627-41 with the Chandra X-ray Observatory at the 1.7 x 10^{-10} ergs s^{-1} cm^{-2} flux level (2-10 keV) with a very high absorption column (N_H=3.3(1) x 10^{23} cm^{-2}) and a hard power law spectrum of index 0.5(1). We discovered a very strong flux modulation with a period of 5880(50) s and peak-to-peak pulse fraction of 70(6)% (2-10 keV), clearly visible in the x-ray data. The nature of IGR 16358-4726 remains unresolved. The only neutron star systems known with similar spin periods are low luminosity persistent wind-fed pulsars; if this is a spin period, this transient is a new kind of object. If this is an orbital period, then the system could be a compact Low Mass X-ray Binary (LMXB)., Comment: 4 pages, 3 figures, Submitted to The Astrophysical Journal Letters

We investigate the homogeneous linewidth of localized type-I excitons in type-II GaAs/AlAs superlattices. These localizing centers represent the intermediate case between quasi-two-dimensional (Q2D) and quasi-zero-dimensional localizations. The temperature dependence of the homogeneous linewidth is obtained with high precision from micro-photoluminescence spectra. We confirm the reduced interaction of the excitons with their environment with decreasing dimensionality except for the coupling to LO-phonons. The low-temperature limit for the linewidth of these localized excitons is five times smaller than that of Q2D excitons. The coefficient of exciton-acoustic-phonon interaction is 5 ~ 6 times smaller than that of Q2D excitons. An enhancement of the average exciton-LO-phonon interaction by localization is found in our sample. But this interaction is very sensitive to the detailed structure of the localizing centers., 6 pages, 4 figures

The in-plane transport of excitons in ZnSe quantum wells is investigated directly by microphotoluminescence in combination with a solid immersion lens. Due to the strong Froehlich coupling, the initial kinetic energy of the excitons is well controlled by choosing the excess energy of the excitation laser. When increasing the laser excess energy, we find a general trend of increasing transport length and more importantly a pronounced periodic quenching of the transport length when the excess energy corresponds to multiples of the LO-phonon energy. Such features show the dominant role of the kinetic energy of excitons in the transport process. Together with the excitation intensity dependence of the transport length, we distinguish the phonon wind driven transport of cold excitons and defect-limited hot exciton transport., Comment: 4 pages, 4 figures

Laser Velocimetry measurements in the vicinity of reflecting surfaces are still a major problem in many fluid mechanical applications such as measuring close to walls or wall film surfaces, respectively. Moreover, in any kind of two phase flow an unambiguous separation of the gas and the liquid phase is of particular interest. Commonly used techniques like Phase Doppler Analysers (PDA) with size discrimination are limited to two phase flows where the smallest particle of the dispersed phase is significantly larger than the seeding particles. This condition can rarely be fulfilled in technically relevant spray/air systems. One of the most promising approaches is a phase discrimination using fluorescent tracer particles for the gas phase. In this paper the working principle of the “fluorescent” LDV (FLDV) will be explained. Moreover, the applicability of different fluorescent dyes will be discussed. Finally, a comparison between PDA results using size discrimination and FLDV results inside a hollow cone spray will be presented.

Staging of malignant tumours of the oral cavity and the oropharynx not only requires far more than a basic knowledge of anatomy and the usual pathways of spread, but also a broad understanding of the diagnostic benefits of current imaging modalities. As radiology should never try to replace histology, the main aim should be precise prediction of tumour margins and differentiation of tumour from edema and posttherapeutic changes. Only then will imaging studies have a significant clinical impact.

The development of objective criteria for selecting patients for seminal vesicle irradiation on radical radiotherapy for prostate cancer will be important for successful planning of 3D conformal radiotherapy.Based on morphometric studies from radical prostatectomy specimens, new imaging modalities with potential in the investigation of patients with gross seminal vesicle involvement and clinical factors with potential in the identification of patients with subclinical disease the development of objective guidelines is possible.Clinical tumor stage as determined by digital rectal examination, diagnostic tumor biopsy (Gleason Score), and pretherapy serum prostate-specific antigen value were significant factors for the probability of involvement of seminal vesicles. Studies show that seminal vesicle involvement is unlikely if the PSA is4 ng/ml or 4 to 10 ng/ml and Gleason Score7 and stageor = T2b. In contrast, involvement of seminal vesicles is highly likely with levels above 20 ng/ml. In patients with PSA levels between 10 and 20 ng/ml and Gleason Score7 ultrasonographic findings with regard to tumor volume and localization will be useful to determine the extent of the target volume. For treatment planning a significant reduction in the volumes of irradiation to the rectum and bladder is evident when seminal vesicles were excluded.Prospective use of the objective criteria will be useful in the selection of patients for seminal vesicle involvement and should be an integral part in 3D conformal radiotherapy of prostate cancer.

Judgement of image quality and detail recognition of digitized and post-processed portal films presented on a computer monitor compared to the present standard, conventional portal films presented on a light box.Conventional portal films of 3 different tumor sites (10 pelvis, 10 cranium, 10 vertebral column) were presented to a panel of 8 observers in 3 different matters: conventional film presented on a light box (Conv), digitized post-processed images (Dig-1) and digitized post-processed images (Dig-2) presented on a high resolution computer monitor. Subjective judgement of image quality, detailed recognition and time requirement of conventional films compared to monitor presentation were evaluated using a 5-scaled questionnaire (from 1 = much better to 5 = much worse). Furthermore the observers had to point out predefined anatomical bony structure on the conventional films (Conv) as well as on the digitized post-processed images (Dig-2). Standard deviations of the landmark outlined by 10 different observers were used as a criterion of objective detail recognition (Figure 1).Image quality of digitized post-processed images presented on the computer monitor was judged statistical significant better than that of conventional films (pelvis 78%, vertebral column 62%, cranium 45% better) (Figure 3). Similar results were found for comparison of detail recognition: digitized post-processed images were scored better for pelvis in 81%, for vertebral column in 57%, for cranium in 40% (Figure 4, Table 1). Most benefit from portal film enhancement was found for pelvic images, where portal films are known to be of poor image quality (Figure 2). In contrast image quality of non-processed digital images compared to conventional films was graded worse (pelvis 69%, vertebral column 53%, cranium 71% worse) (Figure 4). Digital post-processed images were especially for the pelvis judged to require less time (pelvis 68%, vertebral column 26%, cranium 8% less time requirement) (figure 5). For the pelvis a statistical significant decrease of standard deviations was found for Dig-2 compared to conventional films, indicating an objective increase of image quality and detailed recognition (Table 2). In case of vertebral column and cranium no significant differences were evaluated (Table 3).Digitized enhanced portal films presented on a computer monitor resulted in a quicker assessment and equal to better image quality as well as detail recognition compared to conventional films. Non-processed digitized images were judged to be of less image quality.