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Liver biopsies for diagnosing cirrhosis, the last stage of chronic liver disease was analysed using imaging and it could able to determine the severity level of the disease. Liver lesions can be segmented for evaluation of tumor burden, therapeutic strategy, prognosis, and follow-up on the efficacy of therapy. Automatic technologies for malignancy identification and segmentation are preferable because manual segmentation is a laborious process that is prone to error. We thus propose an M-Net approach to cirrhosis of the liver segmentation. The liver datasets are collected initially as raw data, which, due to the existence of noise, must be normalized before the investigation can begin. With the help of the Bilateral Filter and the Wavelet Transform, we can get rid of the noise and improve the de-noised image. The Gabor Filter is used for feature extraction. Hybrid Genetic Algorithm (HGA) is used to pick the best feature subsets for classification. Ensemble Deep Convolutional Neural Network (EDCNN) method is applied to the classification process. MATLAB, a simulation program, is used to conduct the entire inquiry. In terms of accuracy, our system has outperformed the most sophisticated automatic techniques.

Introduction: A link between vitamin D and COVID-19 infection has been expressed by many experts. In this study, we aim to investigate the association of the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency with the severity and outcome of COVID-19 infection in patients who are admitted to Teaching Hospital Batticaloa, Sri Lanka. Methods: A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted among COVID-19 patients over a period of one month in May 2021. All patients who tested positive for COVID-19 were included. Patients with chronic kidney disease, known vitamin D deficiency, and patients on vitamin D supplements were excluded from the study. The vitamin D deficiency was defined according to the Oxford Academic Endocrine Society guidelines. The severity of the COVID-19 was defined according to the Provisional Clinical Practice Guidelines on COVID-19 suspected and confirmed patients. Primary endpoints of this study were 'recovered from COVID-19' or 'death'. Data was analysed to report the proportion of patients with different vitamin D levels and disease severity. Chi-squared and Fisher's exact tests were used to analyse the results. A p-value of

This paper presents the optimized surface morphology to enhance transferred charge between the mental and dielectric of the modelled triboelectric nanogenerator. The structured shape of the dielectric layer is a vital factor in enhancing the output performance of the triboelectric nanogenerator. In this study, flat, cone, circular and rectangular shapes are structured on the dielectric surface of TENG. Its output performance is examined by conducting a numerical study on the finite element method in COMSOL Multiphysics software. Among the above stated structured surface TENGs, the structured rectangular surface triboelectric nanogenerator produces an improved output open-circuit voltage of 26 V for an externally given 3K Pascal pulse pressure as input. Hence, the result indicates that the structured surface TENGs can make a portable self-powered healthcare device such as heart rate, respiratory rate, and blood pressure measurement.

A number of unexplained cases of pneumonia have been recorded since November 2019 in China. It is officially named the new corona virus (2019-nCov) by the World Health Organization on 12 January 2020. WHO officially named it COVID-19 on 11 February. COVID-19 is a highly transmitted and pathogenic viral infection that has been developed and spread across the world in Wuhan, China, caused by extreme acute respiratory syndrome corona-virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Genomic analysis showed that bats may also be a primary reservoir of SARS-CoV-2 phylogenetically associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome-like viruses (SARS). However, the rapid human to human transition has been generally reported. Intermediate source of origin and human transition is unknown. Clinically approved COVID-19 antiviral medication or vaccine is not available. In clinical trials, however, few broad-based COVID-19 antiviral medicinal drugs were tested, resulting in clinical recovery. This analysis summarizes the pathogenicity of COVID-19 and aims to raise awareness of COVID-19 among the population and to continually boost the detection, monitoring, diagnosis and care level. Over 50 COVID-19 scientific publications were included in this systematic analysis. We found that fever (87.0%), cough (65.9%) and malaise/tiredness (35%) were the most common symptoms of COvida-19. However, COVID-19 clinical signs and symptoms were not necessarily obvious. The transmission of COVID-19 in comparison to SARS was more specific. The rate of death of COVID-19 was 2,7% and the pathological characteristics of COVID-19 are very similar to ARDS. There are also discussions on the latest epidemiological changes, clinical manifestations, auxiliary examination and COVID-19 pathological characteristics.

This study reports the development of a fast and facile route for the synthesis of novel TiO2-CeO2 nanocomposite film using sol-gel spin coating method with the mixture of commercial CeO2, titanium-iso-propoxide (TTIP) and aqueous ammonia. Solutions of TTIP in ethanol were mixed with CeO2 nanoparticles to form a mixed sol-gel. The sol containing TiO2-CeO2 was coated over the glass substrate and the resulting nanocomposite thin film were characterized in terms of phase and surface morphology by XRD, TEM, SEM and FT-IR. Conventional methods of the synthesis of CeO2–TiO2 nanocomposite require a long time, and TiO2 is rarely found as a coated material. In contrast, the sol-gel spin coating method was able to synthesize CeO2–TiO2 sol within a very short time. The particle size of the TiO2–CeO2 nano-composite film was found to be 23 nm. The Uric acid biosensor was fabricated by immobilizing mixed enzyme [urease (Urs) and glutamate dehydrogenase (GLDH)] on this nano-composite film showed a response time of 10 s, sensitivity as 0.9016 µAcm−2 mM−1 and detection limit of 0.165 mM. The value of Michaelis–Menten constant (Km) estimated using Line weaver–Burke plot as 4.8 mM which indicates the high affinity of uricase towards its analyte (uric acid). The enhanced sensitivity and linear range of the nanobiocomposite film obtained by cyclic voltammetry measurements suggested that the mixed enzyme and TiO2-CeO2 composite material has novel characteristics for uric acid determination in the human blood for the application of arthritis diseases.

In this paper, a cascade control strategy is adapted to control the glycaemic level for post-operative patients in the presence of hypertension. The perioperative strain and sudden pressure distinction may lead to hyperglycemia and osmotic diuresis along with hyperinsulinemia. Also, the recent medical diagnostics show that diabetes and blood pressure occur together, and these two have substantial overlap in its disease mechanism, also there is a need to monitor both the parameters simultaneously and control the glucose level in an optimal manner. The overall control, (cascade) control strategy can be considered with two different types of loops, an inner loop that provides the amount of disturbance created by hypertension and regulates the variance of insulin level in shots of variation. The advisory control algorithms incorporate the cascade methodology along with expert knowledge to treat this disease by using the Fuzzy logic controllers (Mamdani-type) to regulate the proper insulin infusion. The outer loop aims to manage the inner loop parameter variation and control the optimal infusion to the patients. The extensive cascade simulations are demonstrated, and the projected control scenario provides a better outcome and possibly attain better glycaemic control for diabetic cum hypersensitive patients.

The main purpose of this study to increase the optimal conditions for biogas yield from anaerobic digestion of agricultural waste (Rice Straw) using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) and Artificial Neural Network (ANN). In the development of predictive models temperature, pH, substrate concentration and agitation time are conceived as model variables. The experimental results show that the liner model terms of temperature, substrate concentration and pH, agitation time have significance of interactive effects (p

A numerical model of an amperometric-enzymatic uric acid biosensor for a non-relentless condition has been developed. This model depends on the arrangement of nonlinear reaction diffusion equations for Michaelis-Menten formalism that depicts the concentrations of substrate and product. The new rough scientific articulations for the concentration of substrate (uricase enzyme) and product and the corresponding current response have been derived for all estimations of parameters utilizing the new perturbation technique. The non-dimensional numerical model of the amperometric biosensor can be effectively used to examine the responses. Moreover, the relative impact of these parameters is chosen by the Damkohler number and the impact of current density on this number likewise contemplated. All the analytical results are compared with simulation results using MATLAB program and the numerical outcomes concur with fitting hypotheses. Notwithstanding, strikingly the model likewise proposed that the choice of substrate and product for uric acid biosensor for the application of kidney disease and GOUT arthritis diseases. Keywords: GOUT arthritis, Amperometric, Uric acid, Damkohler number, Diffusion equations

The title radical (1) is generated in the gas-phase by collisional neutralization of carbonyl-protonated oxolan-3-one. A 1.5% fraction of 1 does not dissociate and is detected following reionization as survivor ions. The major dissociation of 1 (approximately 56%) occurs as loss of the hydroxyl H atom forming oxolan-3-one (2). The competing ring cleavages by O[bond]C-2 and C-4[bond]C-5 bond dissociations combined account for approximately 42% of dissociation and result in the formation of formaldehyde and 2-hydroxyallyl radical. Additional ring-cleavage dissociations of 1 resulting in the formation of C(2)H(3)O and C(2)H(4)O cannot be explained as occurring competitively on the doublet ground (X) electronic state of 1, but are energetically accessible from the A and higher electronic states accessed by vertical electron transfer. Exothermic protonation of 2 also produces 3-oxo-(1H)-oxolanium cation (3(+)) which upon collisional neutralization gives hypervalent 3-oxo-(1H)-oxolanium radical (3). The latter dissociates spontaneously by ring opening and expulsion of hydroxy radical. Experiment and calculations suggest that carbohydrate radicals incorporating the 3-hydroxyoxolan-3-yl motif will prefer ring-cleavage dissociations at low internal energies or upon photoexcitation by absorbing light at approximately 590 and approximately 400 nm.

Collisional neutralization of several isomeric C(4)H(7)O(2) cations is used to generate radicals that share some structural features with transient species that are thought to be produced by radiolysis of 2-deoxyribose. The title 2-hydroxyoxolan-2-yl radical (1) undergoes nearly complete dissociation when produced by femtosecond electron transfer from thermal organic electron donors dimethyl disulfide and N,N-dimethylaniline in the gas phase. Product analysis, isotope labeling ((2)H and (18)O), and potential energy surface mapping by ab initio calculations at the G2(MP2) and B3-PMP2 levels of theory and in combination with Rice-Ramsperger-Kassel-Marcus (RRKM) kinetic calculations are used to assign the major and some minor pathways for 1 dissociations. The major (approximately 90%) pathway is initiated by cleavage of the ring C-5[bond]O bond in 1 and proceeds to form ethylene and *CH(2)COOH as main products, whereas loss of a hydrogen atom forms 4-hexenoic acid as a minor product. Loss of the OH hydrogen atom forming butyrolactone (2, approximately 9%) and cleavage of the C-3[bond]C-4 bonds (<1%) in 1 are other minor pathways. The major source of excitation in 1 is by Franck-Condon effects that cause substantial differences between the adiabatic and vertical ionization of 1 (5.40 and 6.89 eV, respectively) and vertical recombination in the precursor ion 1(+) (4.46 eV). (+)NR(+) mass spectra distinguish radical 1 from isomeric radicals 2-oxo-(1H)oxolanium (3), 1,3-dioxan-2-yl (9), and 1,3-dioxan-4-yl (10) that were generated separately from their corresponding ion precursors.

The oxidation of the sulfhydryl group in cysteine to sulfenic acid, sulfinic acid, and sulfonic acid in proteins is important in a number of enzymatic processes. In this study we examined the fragmentation of four peptides containing cysteine, cysteine sulfinic acid (Cys-SO(2)H), and cysteine sulfonic acid (Cys-SO(3)H) in an ion-trap mass spectrometer. Our results show that the presence of a Cys-SO(2)H in a peptide leads to preferential cleavage of the amide bond at the C-terminal side of the oxidized cysteine residue. The results are important for the determination of the site of the cysteine oxidation and might be useful for the sequencing of cysteine-containing peptides.

2-Hydroxyoxol-2-ene (C(5)-1), the enol tautomer of gamma-butyrolactone, was generated in the gas phase as the first representative of the hitherto elusive class of lactone enols and shown by neutralization-reionization mass spectrometry to be remarkably stable as an isolated species. Ab initio calculations by QCISD(T)/6-311+G(3df,2p) provided the enthalpies of formation, proton affinities, and gas-phase basicities for gaseous lactone enols with four- (C(4)-1), five- (C(5)-1), and six-membered rings (C(6)-1). The acid-base properties of C(4)-C(6) lactones and enols and reference carboxylic acid enols CH(2)=C(OH)(2) (3) and CH(2)=C(OH)OCH(3) (4) were also calculated in aqueous solution. The C(4)-C(6) lactone enols show gas-phase proton affinities in the range of 933-944 kJ mol(-)(1) and acidities in the range of 1401-1458 kJ mol(-)(1). In aqueous solution, the lactone enols are 15-20 orders of magnitude more acidic than the corresponding lactones, with enol pK(a) values increasing from 5.6 (C(4)-1) to 14.5 (C(6)-1). Lactone enols are moderately weak bases in water with pK(BH) in the range of 3.9-8.1, whereas the lactones are extremely weak bases of pK(BH) in the range of -10.5 to -17.4. The acid-base properties of lactone enols point to their high reactivity in protic solvents and explain why no lactone enols have been detected thus far in solution studies.

2-Aminoimidazolone and 5-formyluracil are major one-electron photooxidation products of guanine and thymine in oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs). Herein we report the HPLC isolation and tandem mass spectrometric characterization of ODNs carrying those types of base modifications. Collision-activated dissociation (CAD) of the deprotonated ODN ions leads to cleavages of the 3' C-O bond adjacent to the modification site, which provides enough information for locating the sites of modification. The cleavage 3' to 5-formyl-2'-deoxyuridine is in contrast to the observation that there is no cleavage 3' to an unmodified thymidine under similar conditions. In addition we observed that at high charge states, the loss of 5-formyluracil as an anion and the resulting strand cleavage is predominant over cleavages at other sites.

Pyrimidine glycols, or 5,6-dihydroxy-5,6-dihydropyrimidines, are primary lesions in DNA induced by reactive oxygen species. In this article, we report the preparation and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) characterization of the two cis diastereomers of the glycol lesions of 2'-deoxyuridine, 5-methyl-2'-deoxycytidine, and thymidine. Our results show that collisional activation of the [M + Na]+ ions of all the three pairs of cis isomers and that of the [M + H]+ ions of the 2'-deoxyuridine glycols and 5-methyl-2'-deoxycytidine glycols give a facile loss of a water molecule. Interestingly, the water loss occurs more readily for the 6S isomer than for the 6R isomer. Likewise, product ion spectra of the [M - H]- ions of the two cis isomers of the 2'-deoxyuridine glycols and thymidine glycols show more facile loss of water for the 6S isomer than for the 6R isomer. MS/MS acquired at different collisional energies gave similar results, which establishes the reproducibility of spectra.

The cation-radical of 2-hydroxyoxol-2-ene (1(+*)) represents the first lactone enol ion whose structure and gas-phase ion chemistry have been studied by experiment and theory. Ion 1(+*) was generated by the McLafferty rearrangement in ionized 2-acetylbutane-4-lactone and characterized by accurate mass measurements, isotope labeling, metastable ion and collisionally activated dissociation (CAD) spectra. Metastable 1(+*) undergoes competitive losses of H-4 and CO that show interesting deuterium and (13)C isotope effects. The elimination of CO from metastable 1(+*) shows a bimodal distribution of kinetic energy release and produces (*)CH(2)CH(2)CHdbond;OH(+) (14(+*)) and CH(3)CHdbond;CHOH(+*) (15(+*)) in ratios which are subject to deuterium isotope effects. Ab initio calculations at the G2(MP2) level of theory show that 1(+*) is 105 kJ mol(-1) more stable than its oxo form, [butane-4-lactone](+*)(2(+*)). The elimination of CO from 1(+*) involves multiple isomerizations by hydrogen migrations and proceeds through ion-molecule complexes of CO with 14(+*) and 15(+*). In addition, CO is calculated to catalyze an exothermic isomerization 14(+*) --> 15(+*) in the ion-molecule complexes. Multiple consecutive hydrogen migrations in metastable 1(+*), as modeled by RRKM calculations on the G2(MP2) potential energy surface, explain the unusual deuterium kinetic isotope effects on the CO elimination., (Copyright 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.)

The bicoordinated dihydroxyphosphenium ion P(OH)2+ (1+) was generated specifically by charge-exchange dissociative ionization of triethylphosphite and its connectivity was confirmed by collision induced dissociation and neutralization-reionization mass spectra. The major dissociation of 1+ forming PO+ ions at m/z 47 involved another isomer, O=P-OH2+ (2+), for which the optimized geometry showed a long P-OH2 bond. Dissociative 70-eV electron ionization of diethyl phosphite produced mostly 1+ together with a less stable isomer, HP(O)OH+ (3+). Ion 2+ is possibly co-formed with 1+ upon dissociative 70-eV electron ionization of methylphosphonic acid. Neutralization-reionization of 1+ confirmed that P(OH)2* (1) was a stable species. Dissociations of neutral 1, as identified by variable-time measurements, involved rate-determining isomerization to 2 followed by fast loss of water. A competitive loss of H occurs from long-lived excited states of 1 produced by vertical electron transfer. The A and B states undergo rate-determining internal conversion to vibrationally highly excited ground state that loses an H atom via two competing mechanisms. The first of these is the direct cleavage of one of the O-H bonds in 1. The other is an isomerization to 3 followed by cleavage of the P-H bond to form O=P-OH as a stable product. The relative, dissociation, and transition state energies for the ions and neutrals were studied by ab initio and density functional theory calculations up to the QCISD(T)/6-311+G(3df,2p) and CCSD(T)/aug-cc-pVTZ levels of theory. RRKM calculations were performed to investigate unimolecular dissociation kinetics of 1. Excited state geometries and energies were investigated by a combination of configuration interaction singles and time-dependent density functional theory calculations.