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The objective of this study is to fabricate brass matrix composites (BMCs) via friction stir processing (FSP) for enhancing the wear resistance of brass. The tungsten (W) particles ranging from 0 to 18 vol.% were reinforced in the brass (Cu-40Zn) matrix through FSP. The FSP derived exceptional homogeneous dispersion of W particles leaving no traces of agglomeration and isolation. The bonding between the interface and brass matrix was strong due to the absence of pores and undesirable compounds. Irrespective of the density gradient, FSP nullified the unfavorable effect on W dispersion in BMCs. The BMCs revealed fine-grained structures in the microstructural studies when compared to that of as-received brass, which reported an average grain size of 13 µm. Particularly, the BMC with 18 vol.% W particles showed higher reduction in the average grain size (4 µm), which was 70% less than that of as-received brass. Furthermore, the transmission electron microscopy studies recorded discontinuous dynamic recrystallization and dense dislocations with a density of 9.31 × 108/mm near the stir zone. This led to an improvement in the hardness of BMCs. The BMC with 0 vol.% of W particles reported a hardness of 142 Hv whereas the BMC with 18 vol.% W particles revealed a hardness value of 165 Hv. Moreover, there was a proportional increase in hardness concerning the increase in W particles. The presence of W particles dipped the wear rate of BMCs during sliding tests and emanated smaller wear debris than the brass matrix. The wear rate was found to be 341 × 10−5mm3/m at 0 vol.% of W particles whereas the wear rate was reduced to 185 × 10−5mm3/m at 18 vol.% of W particles. The W particles in BMCs were responsible to alter the adhesive wear into abrasive wear and upgraded the wear resistance of brass material.

Introduction:Appendicitis is most common intra abdominal condition requiring emergency surgery. The life time rate of appendicectomy is 12% for men and 25% in women, with approximately 7% of all people undergoing appendicectomy for acute appendicitis during their lifetime. Laparoscopic appendicectomy combines the advantages of treatment and diagnosis in one procedure with the least morbidity3. Patients are likely to have less post operative pain and to be discharged from hospital and return to regular activities quicker than those who underwent an open appendicectomy Methodology:Patients admitted in surgical wards, with clinical diagnosis of acute or recurrent appendicitis for a period of one year. The following parameters were observed between the two procedures. Duration of procedure ,Postoperative pain,Duration of surgery in minutes, Postoperative complications and wound infection, Post operative length of hospital stay in number of days, Resumption of diet. Results:The gold standard treatment for acute appendicitis is appendicectomy. Though open appendicectomy remains gold standard, nowadays laparoscopic appendicectomy has gained a lot of importance now. Laparoscopic appendicectomy9 is equally safe and less postoperative pain and morbidity as compared to open appendicectomy. Laparoscopic appendicectomy is a useful procedure for reducing the hospital stay, return to work early, less complications encountered. With better training now in minimal access surgery now, laparoscopy has been popular now. Conclusion:On analysing the data, we found a definite difference in outcome between open and laparoscopic appendicectomy in consecutively selected patients. The laparoscopic appendicectomy was better than the open appendicectomy with respect to pain, postoperative complications like vomiting, and wound infection rate. Postoperative recovery was good in respect with duration of hospital stay, resumption of diet. The only drawback of laparoscopic appendicectomy was with the duration of surgery. However with the above mentioned advantages outweighs the time drawback for laparoscopic appendicectomy. Overall laparoscopic appendicectomy is better than open appendicectomy in selected patients with acute or recurrent appendicitis. &nbsp

Single-point incremental forming (SPIF) was conducted on a 1-mm-thick commercially pure titanium grade 2 (Ti-G2) sheet metal in a CNC vertical milling unit. A hardened steel ball of 12 mm diameter was used as forming tool. Frustum cups were formed with varying spindle speeds between 300, 450, and 600 RPM. Other process parameters including the vertical step down and feed rate were kept as 0.2 mm and 300 mm/min, respectively. The metallurgical and mechanical properties of the formed material were investigated by cutting samples from the frustum cup walls. Electron-backscattered diffraction (EBSD) investigation revealed limited change in grain size with an increase in spindle speed. Dislocation density was measured by x-ray diffraction peak broadening analysis. The results indicate that an increase in spindle speed resulted in an increased dislocation density. The EBSD-based textural studies revealed a strong basal texture with near P and B type orientations visible at the maximum spindle speed. The tensile tests demonstrated a proportional increase in tensile strength with an increase in spindle speed along with a significant reduction in total ductility. The enhanced dislocation density and the formation of a strong basal texture were considered as the main drivers for the improvement in the tensile strength. A maximum tensile strength of nearly 550 MPa was obtained for samples extracted from the walls of the frustum cup at the maximum spindle speed of 600 RPM. This translates to an 80% enhancement of the tensile strength when compared to the base metal .

This paper deals with automatic spot welding, hemming and material handling in automotive industries. Here, hood, doors and tail gate are processed by implementation of robots. Spot welding and hemming of the panels are the two operations which decide the quality of the car body. The quality of hemming and spot welding should be highly accurate, which consumes more time if done manually. There will be quality defects if it is done manually and high rate of production cannot be achieved. The robots were selected according to the payload required and space available. In this project, all the processes were simulated using the software and the entire robot operations were also simulated in the virtual environment to check for collision, cycle time, reach and range. Finally the simulated robot work cell is implemented on the floor and the robots were programmed to do their specific tasks without any interference of humans.

Binder jet 3D printing is an emerging technology in the field of rapid prototyping which has a capability of processing a wide range of materials, including metals and ceramics. The main aim of our project is to design and fabricate gypsum prototypes based on binder jetting technology. The gypsum powder is chosen for the development of green part and Sodium silicate also called as water glass is used as a binder for the gypsum based green part. These materials are low cost, easily available materials and are utilized for developing the gypsum prototypes and hence it reduces the cost of building of binder jetting machine. This paper presents our design modifications from the existing open source binder jetting machine (Oasis 3DP) to make it efficient in terms of cost, build and performance. The modifications are introduced in the build volume, binder extrusion head, support structures and gantry mechanism. With this new design introductions in the powder 3D printing machine, we can develop intricate, complex shaped gypsum prototypes and yield high green part strength. These modifications also unlock the full potential of the binder jetting technology and allow us to vision more in utilizing different types of powder materials like sugar, metallic powder, gypsum and ceramics with suitable corresponding binder.

Dental implants have a triumph pace of 90–98%, which in clinical terms is essentially high. Implant failure may occur at earlier or later stage. In assessment of the drawn-out accomplishment of a dental implant, the reliability and the stability of the implant–abutment play a vital role. In general, the achievement of the treatment relies upon numerous factors influencing the implant, implant–abutment and abutment–prosthesis interfaces. Early implant failure occurs due to the improper mechanical stability. This study researches the stress distribution in an implant with different implant abutments with different height and angle in different loading criteria. The abutment heights are 5.50 mm, 3.50 mm and 3.60 mm respectively. The loading conditions are applied in vertical and 30˚ angle with the value of 36 N & 100 N. Cobalt chromium alloy is used which has the superior properties like high stiffness, tightly polished, wear resistant and also it is used to avoid crevice corrosion. Computational models of abutment types with different heights were modeled using CAD software and Analyzed with FEA software for finding out the total deformation, Maximum principle stress, and Maximum shear stress. Based on the structure of a dental implant system, it gives significant performance. The minimum and maximum total deformation, Maximum principle stress, and Maximum shear stress were noted in the Type 3 under 36 N vertical condition and Type 1 under 100 N under 30˚ respectively.

The stainless steel 430 grade sheet metals with three process conditions namely, continuous annealed (CA), batch annealed (BA) and cold rolled (CR) were subjected to forming limit diagram (FLD) experiment. The combined FLD and the fracture limit diagram were plotted for all three processed conditions, which resulted in higher forming limit strain and fracture limit strain values for the CA sheet metal. Further, the parameters like, strain hardening exponent (n), normal anisotropy (r) and formability parameter (nr) reported higher values for CA sheet metal, which signified better formability. Besides, the void coalescence analysis was performed after FLD experiment. Based on void coalescence analysis, the CA sheet metal exhibited higher average void size, void area with least ligament thickness and d-factor indicated its better formability before fracture. These results were consistent with the experimentally evaluated FLD, which showed higher formability for CA sheet metal. Also, the presence of recrystallized microstructure in CA sheet metal resulted in higher strain hardening capability, which resulted higher necking percentage in combined FLD and fracture limit diagram.

An investigation has been performed on the slurry erosion behavior of squeeze cast AA7150 aluminium alloy – a potential structural alloy in as cast condition. The tests were conducted at room temperature varying the service factors using quarts silica sand. The cast samples were examined for its metallurgical and mechanical factors followed by investigation on erosive wear behavior. The results showed the ductile nature of mechanism undergone and greater influence was seen with respect to the angle of impingement. The erodent flow rate also significantly affects the performance of the material. The surface morphologies of the wear tested specimens were examined using SEM for better understanding on the mechanism of failure. Severe plastic deformation is seen in all the cases as the strain energy exceeded the elastic strain rate.

The power management scheme has implemented in microgrid system. (IOT) Internet of Things with electronic microcontroller is used to overcome the electricity demand. Let the fastest growing of the electronic devices and that elements load need an entire electricity demand. The proper preposition method is also one of the possible solutions to control the energy demand by using an IOT (Internet of Things). This project describes the smart energy management system using IOT Based system consumer load management. Grid based applications integrated with EV application. Consumer based service implemented with grid applications integrated IOT system for analysis the demand of the system.

In this current research work, Al – 6 Zn – 3 Mg – 2 Cu – 0.5 Sc alloy was developed by liquid metallurgy route. Microstructure and mechanical properties of Al – 6 Zn – 3 Mg – 2 Cu – 0.5 Sc alloy were noted at different conditions. Solutionized alloy shows lower hardness than that of cast alloy, which is due to dissolution harder precipitates in the matrix. The structure of aged alloy shows dispersoids and fine precipitates as compared to as cast alloy and solutionized condition. The precipitation hardening (T6) behaviour of Al – 6 Zn – 3 Mg – 2 Cu – 0.5 Sc alloy were studied at different conditions. Al – 6 Zn – 3 Mg – 2 Cu – 0.5 Sc alloy were enhanced the mechanical properties at different conditions were reported.

Urban green space (UGS) plays a vital role in maintaining the ecological balance of a city and in ensuring healthy living of the city inhabitants. It is generally suggested that one-third of the ci...

The increasing production of red mud waste is a major threat to the environment as red mud is difficult to manage and causes serious environmental issues. Red mud wastes are rich in mineral content and the addition of such wastes as fillers in polymer composites can improve the mechanical performance. In view of this, a hybrid composite is fabricated using red mud as a filler and sisal fibre as the reinforcement in a polyester matrix. The impact of the addition of red mud on the hybrid composite density, void, tensile strength, impact strength, hardness, and water absorption behaviour was investigated. The mechanical properties of the developed hybrid composites were enhanced considerably when compared to unfilled sisal/polyester composites. The hybrid composites showed a reduction in water intake percentage; however, increasing the red mud weight percentage showed an increase in the water intake percentage. In both the mechanical and water absorption tests, an increase in the red mud percentage indicated a negative impact. Red mud percentages of 10% and 20% demonstrated good bonding with the fibre and the matrix; this was evident from the scanning electron microscopy images. The fabricated red mud filled composites were demonstrated to be a sustainable and economical solution for red mud waste management.

The evolution of microstructure and the preferred orientation during the two-step cross rolling at room (RT) and cryogenic temperatures (CTs) on Al-Mg-Sc alloy were investigated and compared with the unidirectional rolled Al-Mg-Sc alloy in this study. In addition, the effects of two-step cross rolling on tensile, forming and void coalescence behavior were analyzed. After the solution heat treatment, the two-step cross rolling was executed with an initial 25 pct reduction in the unidirectional path and the final 25 pct reduction in the transverse direction. The two-step cross-rolled (TSCR) Al-Mg-Sc alloy at CT showed a higher fraction of sub-micron grains. The TSCR Al-Mg-Sc alloy exhibited brass and copper and a strong S texture. The texture indices and in-plane anisotropy values indicated the highly anisotropic nature of the TSCR Al-Mg-Sc alloy. During tensile deformation, the TSCR Al-Mg-Sc alloy at CT exhibited a strength value of 423 MPa, whereas the TSCR Al-Mg-Sc alloy at RT revealed only 378 MPa. The TSCR Al-Mg-Sc alloy at CT exhibited inferior formability compared with the TSCR Al-Mg-Sc alloy at RT and the solution heat-treated base alloy. The formability of the TSCR Al-Mg-Sc alloy was evaluated through the combined forming and fracture limit diagram (CFFLD). The presence of higher Goss-oriented grains enhanced the fracture resistance of the TSCR Al-Mg-Sc alloy at CT. Furthermore, consistency was found between the evaluated void coalescence parameters and the CFFLD.

An energy assessment is examined in ten different cities spread across India on a 50 kWp crystalline silicon photovoltaic system comparing the performance of Fixed Rack and 1–Axis Tracking Array. Simulation is done on the photovoltaic systems. The varying methods of installation used for this study are fixed positioning and sun tracking. The software used for simulating the radiation condition is NREL PV Watts. The data is gathered from available data using appropriate conditions for all the considered cities in this paper. The output results show the study of comparison between Fixed rack and 1–Axis Tracking array based on the monthly data and yearly data. The overall potential ability of simulated PV devices for every place taken in the study with unique configuration strategies is also compared and evaluated.

Computer Aided Diagnosis (CAD) is quickly evolving, diverse field of study in medical analysis. Significant efforts have been made in recent years to develop computer-aided diagnostic applications, as failures in medical diagnosing processes can result in medical therapies that are severely deceptive. Machine learning (ML) is important in Computer Aided Diagnostic test. Object such as body-organs cannot be identified correctly after using an easy equation. Therefore, pattern recognition essentially requires training from instances. In the bio medical area, pattern detection and ML promises to improve the reliability of disease approach and detection. They also respect the dispassion of the method of decisions making. ML provides a respectable approach to make superior and automated algorithm for the study of high dimension and multi - modal bio medicals data. The relative study of various ML algorithm for the detection of various disease such as heart disease, diabetes disease is given in this survey paper. It calls focus on the collection of algorithms and techniques for ML used for disease detection and decision making processes.

Smart city / digital city is engaging in Big Data which will be utilized in monitoring and optimizing the urban systems to minimize resource consumption and maximize the quality of life. To implement the concept of “smart cities”, smart city components, design innovation and prototypes must be studied in detail which will be beneficial in understanding the features. India is moving towards becoming one of the developed nations, the source of revenue is highly dependent on public contributions, especially through the transportation sector. The population of India is majorly comprised of the middle-class income category. Their livelihood mainly depends on the regional level jobs and for commute, they prefer public transportation especially Buses. For lodging these buses that are huge in number, Bus Terminus become an integral infrastructure component. In Indian cities, the existing bus terminus appears to be poorly designed and highly congested irrespective of their sizes. Interventions of modern methodologies to improve the conditions in the existing bus terminus in various Indian cities and reconstructing them is of utmost priority for urban planners and policymakers to reach sustainable cities. The objective of adopting smart innovative solutions in Bus Terminus is to reduce pollution, congestion of traffic, improve safety, time optimization and cost reduction. Modern bus terminus must accommodate some key features such as green buildings and utilization of eco-friendly materials for construction, incorporating real-time response, installing solar panels for energy efficiency and power generation, waste segregation and recycling, the hybrid modal form of transport i.e., both traditional and electric vehicles, etc. In the present study, the attempt has been made to develop an artistic view of a “Smart Bus Terminus” prototype that can be adopted at regional and global levels. Autodesk REVIT Architecture and AutoCAD have been used to design and create 3D models; Geographical Information System tools have been adopted for the recommendation of site selection.

The captured image often suffers from rain or snow due to bad weather. To remove the rain streaks, many methods and algorithm were proposed. However, in this paper, we proposed a novel idea in the restoration part. The first step is to apply filtering techniques on the image and then comes the restoration portion where the new approach is taken that is expectation-maximization algorithm. In this method, the parameter estimation of incomplete data is done by maximum likelihood method.

The fundamental point of the investigation is to examine the water absorption qualities of highly alkaline red mud (a waste created during the production of alumina) reinforced sisal/polyester hybrid composite. Composites are fabricated at a different percentage of red mud (0, 10, 20 and 30%) utilizing the compression moulding process. Manufactured composites are inspected for water absorption qualities. Water absorption test is done using three unique waters, such as ocean water, ordinary water and distilled water. Redmud inclusion decreased the water absorption of the composites but the increment in redmud reinforcement increases the water absorption. The water absorption behavior of the composite is explored with the numerical model—Fick’s law of diffusion. The water absorption model was found to follow the Fickian behavior for each of the three water used. The composites are analyzed through Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) for understanding the surface failure and fiber damage.

Nowadays automating systems are not so important rather the importance lies in the efficiency of the automation. Efficient automation allows the system to be more productive. Water resource which is considered critical for the survival takes the main importance in this paper. This system gives us the ability to monitor water wastage easily. To automate, we need to collect the data using the flow monitoring sensors. This solves the issue by automating the detection of leak in real-time. So, the water loss can be reduced and leakage can be rectified immediately. An alert with the location of leak is sent to the respected personnel. The objective of our paper is to provide a novel solution to handle the aforementioned problem by monitoring the water flow through pipes with the help of LoRa Based Ultrasonic sensors and storing the data for analytics and sending out alerts whenever there is leak in particular segment of the pipeline.

In the design of an intelligent transport system, Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs) plays an important role, so it is considered an emerging research area. The major research area in VANET is routing. The most challenging thing is to find the appropriate routing protocols for a specified type of transmission and the continuously varying topologies, and which routing performances are more stable and consistent. A comparative study and analysis of the reactive routing protocols, Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) and Ad-Hoc on Demand Distance Vector (AODV) is presented here. Based on more than one performance metric like the end to end delay, throughput, Packet Loss Ratio (PLR), Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR), and Overhead transmission (OH), the two reactive protocol’s are compared to choose the best route in a VANET. In different scenarios, one protocol performs out the other; DSR is in the upper hand from a consolidated evaluation. It is concluded that the most preferred protocol is DSR because DSR is more consistent and stable than AODV.