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Herbal toothpaste with natural ingredients is more acceptable in public opinion than chemical-based synthetic formulations in the current oral dental care scenario due to their safety and efficacy in reducing dental caries and preventing other dental disorders to which this generation is prone. In this composition, we use aloe Vera gel, clove oil, Neem powder, pomegranate peel powder, all of which have never been used before in any research. These extracts have anti-ulcer, anti-caries, anti-bacterial, and wound-healing properties, as well as certain unique properties including anti-cancer and anti-fungal. Herbal toothpastes were evaluated to determine important physical characteristics such as pH, stability, extrudability, spreadability, foamability, and homogeneity in order to develop a more effective and stable product. The purpose of this project is to make and test herbal toothpaste. This research proves that our herbal-based toothpaste formulation with natural ingredients is as excellent as it gets in terms of performance.

The current research aims to formulate and evaluated medicated transdermal patches containing an anti-diabetic drug. A good penetration enhancer would improve drug delivery from various polymer-based transdermal patches. Transdermal patches of the matrix type are made. Using various PVP K30, MC ratios and solvent evaporation techniques. All prepared formulations were tested for weight variation, thickness, drug content, moisture content, moisture uptake, flatness, and in vitro drug release. Bath F3 was optimised formula from all formulation baths shows linear zero order release for 24 hours, with a cumulative percentage of drug diffusion of 87.35% from 4cm2 patches. It has been determined that polymer concentration. When the concentration of PVP K30 increases in the primary layer, the in – vitro diffusion rate increases, and when the concentration of PVP K30 decreases, the drug diffusion decreases. It allows for more controlled drug release from the patch.

Online education helps students from different economic and social backgrounds, places, and times by avoiding distance and cost. An essential scientific and practical question that will be studied for a long time is how well students learn. All the communication channels make it easier for students to talk to their teachers and other people. The playing field is more level, making it easier for people to talk to each other, and for everyone in the class can participate. When students think about how many online courses are available, distance education's value also increases. Budgets being reduced for the government and private sector and decreased college enrollment are favourable trends. The efficiency of online learning courses in higher education is investigated using the SEM method. According to the e learning survey for the higher education students' e-learning classes, cloud meetings are better for learning than live conversations. Students are showing more interest towards the online courses with cloud meetings if they think e-learning with cloud meetings is better.

This article presents an appraisal of the quality of groundwater in the hard Received in revised form: 15.07.2021 rock aquifer system of the Vasishta sub basin, of the Vellar River Basin. Seventy nine representative groundwater samples were collected from dug and bore wells which are intensively used for domestic and irrigational purposes. The physical parameters viz. PH, EC and TDS were estimated in the field using a portable multiparameter meter. The groundwater samples were transported to the laboratory for measuring major ionic concentrations viz, Ca, Mg, Na, K, CO3, HCO3, Cl, SO4, F and NO3. The hydrochemical data were graphically projected and spatial temporal thematic maps generated with reference to the World Health Organization (WHO) and Bureau of Indian (BIS) Standards. The peoples living in the sub basin engage in agricultural activities where the groundwater availability is sufficient. The groundwater is a major source for meeting their basic needs, such as for domestic, irrigational and industrial purposes. Good correlation is exhibited between EC and TDS Cl, SO4.Cl exhibits good correlation with Mg and Ca (0.817), (0.751) indicating leaching of secondary salts. TDS and EC showed strong correlation with Cl, SO4. Clustering groundwater samples based on their similarity is known as Q-mode type clustering method. Spatial and temporal maps of the water quality index reveal that the majority of the groundwater samples fall under the categories excellent to good.

A study was undertaken to identify in the irrigational suitability of groundwater in the cuddalore district (coastal part), Tamil Nadu, India. An entire study, 132 shallow and deep groundwater samples was gathered during Pre monsoon period (PRM) year of 2017 and post monsoon (POM) period samples collected year of 2018. Rock water interaction, silicate weathering and domestic waste are dominant sources for the water quality in the study area. The groundwater classification and irrigational suitability of groundwater were performed for both seasons. From the results of Chloro-Alkaline Indices (CAI I), and Chloro-Alkaline Indices (CAI II), during both seasons and classes, the direct ions exchange processes are predominant when compare with reverse ions exchange processes. The r

Purpose of study: This research aims to analyze the mediating effect of corporate social responsibility (CSR) image in the effect of company credibility dimensions (trustworthiness and expertise) on participation intention, in the cause–brand alliance (CBA) context. Methodology: The sample design which is used is purposive sampling with the sample criteria as the stakeholders of the University of Lampung, Indonesia. Data were collected by direct interview. Multiple regression analysis is used to test the hypotheses with 160 university’s stakeholders, using purposive sampling. Result: The results show that trustworthiness and expertise have a directly positive significant effect on CSR image. However, expertise statistically has a greater positive significant effect on consumer participation intention toward the CBA than trustworthiness. This finding is contrary to the contrast-effect theoretical framework (Dean, 2003) and balance theory (Heider, 1958). Newly finding is that CSR image considered a mediating role in the effect of trustworthiness and expertise credibility on participation intention. Implications: This implies that in the context of CBA, the company’s trustworthiness and expertise can be a more useful tool to trigger the positive CSR image in encouraging the stakeholders’ perception to buy the products and services or brand of the company implementing CSR, because CBA practices are considered as a genuine social cause, not as a promotion tool. Novelty/Originality of this study: In this study, the collected data uses the cross-sectional design and the CBA context uses CBA practices implemented by agriculture, education service, beverage industry, and a bank stated-owned enterprise.

Marketing excellence is the need of the hour in today‘s competitive scenario. Numerous companies are striving to compete by continuous implementation of effective marketing strategies for sustainable growth. The purpose of this research is to investigate the impact of Internal marketing strategies and analyse the relationship between Focus Strategy (FS), Differentiation Strategy (DS), Market Penetration Strategy (MPS) and Sales Service Support Strategy (SSS) for Competitive Advantage (CA) with respect to organised sector of Coimbatore based pump industry in TamilNadu.The result shows that, Focus Strategy, Differentiation Strategy and Sales Service Support Strategy are having strong and positive impact on Market Penetration Strategies. There is also a positive and strong impact of Market Penetration Strategy for Competitive Advantage. It was suggested to provide adequate training for sales and service persons to constantly improve on technical expertise and look for new design of service quality and to monitor on-time service which would place organized pump industry on sustainable growth in a competitive market.

Water is the most important resource to sustain to progress life on the earth. Most of the communities obtain their water recovered from groundwater. Aquifer is the geologic material that is capable of holding fresh water. Nearly 80% of water resource is used for human purposes. The chemical composition of river water is mainly depending upon many interrelated factors including geology, soil, topography, and biological process. The continuous runoff of water may cause land use changes; therefore, hydrogeochemistry of groundwater is the sum of the total character. Water quality character in some part of area is one of pollution problem comes when the concentration of the ions exceeds the acceptable limit. In this study area, nowadays the problem of environmental pollution increases day-to-day, and anthropogenic influence plays a concerned role in groundwater. The aim of the present study is to explore the physicochemical characterization of groundwater and their major ion interaction in hard rock of this study area. In this case, that is quality character of water resource especially for drinking and domestic purposes it is depend on the constituent of water. Once the concentration exceeds the permissible limit, it causes health effects. Gibbs and mixing plots were used to identify the source of major ions. The contribution of water pollution scenario can be confirmed by field studies by focusing on land use change, agriculture, and settlement activities. The relationship between variables of ions was determined through correlation analysis. A better understanding of hard rock aquifer for water quality changes as development progress by geochemical studies of groundwater is necessary.

Background: The dynamics of SARS CoV-2 transmission among urban centers in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) remains poorly understood. We aimed to estimate the seroprevalence of SARS CoV-2 antibodies in Jakarta, Indonesia – the country in Southeast Asia with the highest number of reported cases and deaths, to increase knowledge of SARS CoV-2 transmission in large urban settings in Southeast Asia. Methods: We conducted a population-based serosurvey among individuals aged one year or older across Jakarta’s six districts. A stratified multi-stage sampling design was employed. Samples were stratified by district, slum and non-slum residency, sex, and age-group. Participants were interviewed to collect information on socio-demographic characteristics, weight and height measurements, and a history of COVID-19 diagnosis and/or recent contact. Blood samples were collected and tested for IgG against three different SARS-CoV-2 antigens using the Human IgG Tetracore® FlexImmArray™ SARS-CoV-2 Human IgG test. Seroprevalence was estimated after applying sample weights and adjusting for cluster characteristics. Findings: During March 2021, 4,919 individuals were enrolled in the study. The weighted estimate of seroprevalence was 44·5% (95% CI 42·5-46·5). Seroprevalence was highest among adults 30-49 years old, with higher seroprevalence detected in women and among those with a body mass index that was overweight or obese. Respondents residing in slum areas were 1·3-fold more likely to be seropositive than non-slum residents. We estimated that 4,717,000 of Jakarta’s 10·6 million residents had prior SARS CoV-2 infection. These findings suggest that for every reported confirmed case, approximately 10 infections were undiagnosed or underreported. Interpretation: Approximately one year after the first cases of COVID-19 were confirmed, close to half of Jakarta’s residents have been infected by SARS CoV-2. Urban centers in LMICs remain the places in the world most vulnerable to SARS CoV-2 transmission, as well as its adverse health and social consequences. Funding: Provincial Government of Jakarta, CDC, Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology-National Research and Innovation Agency Declaration of Interest: All authors declare no conflict of interest. Ethical Approval: The study protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of University of Atmajaya (No 1245A/III/LPPM.PM.10.05/11/2020).

Abstract: Agriculture is one of the essential sector in because of the changing phenomenon of weather condition which is further complicated by the interaction of the vegetation with the environment. Scarcity of rainfall causes physiognomic changes can be identified by satellite images through the use of vegetation indices and landuse and land cover changes. The vegetation indices are sensitive to the rate of plant growth as well as to the amount of growth. They are sensitive to change in vegetation affected by moisture stress. Hence, scarcity can be monitored more systematically through remote sensing techniques than the ground based methods of collection of information. The capabilities of Geospatial techniques have been used to demarcate effective sites for monitoring functional characteristics of water conservation structures in the pappiredipatti watershed. In this study, land use/land covers have been used to delineate the existing recharge sites for water conservation measures. Increase of groundwater resource is proposed in the watershed by constructing runoff storage structures like as check dam, percolation tank and gabion structures. The site effective water conservation structures is determined by considering spatially varying parameters land use/land cover and natural difference vegetation index (NDVI) information of the watershed. Geospatial technique has been used to store, analyse, integrate spatial and attribute information pertaining to functional characteristics of land use and land cover within buffering distance in the area of interest of watershed. For detailed changes around recharge area assessment an attempt was made over the watershed. Crop growth area was assessed in and around under forest, barren land and dense vegetation area using temporal normalised difference vegetation index (NDVI) on 1985, 2005 and 2015. They have compared with vegetation area regions, and crop wise area growing were identified. Based on the result obtained from the study area on vegetation cover, buffered around recharge area impact was assessed by NDVI. Decrease in barren land on 2005 by identifying the NDVI threshold over predominantly sparse vegetation growing regions, crop wise area was identified. Further, the water body was estimated from NDVI data of 2005 and 2015 which have been validated for the vegetation assessment. The result of Landsat data use study indicated decrease in dense vegetation area that has leading to wide spread drought condition in the some part of the watershed.

Water is most important resource to sustain to progress life on the earth. Most of communities obtain their water recover from groundwater. Aquifer that can capable of holding fresh water. Nearly 80% of water resource used for human purposes. So water drain into the watershed of the study. The chemical composition of river eater is mainly depending upon many interrelated factor including geology, soil, topography and biological process. The continuous runoff of water may causes land use changes, therefore, hydro geochemistry of groundwater is sum of the total character. Water resource quality character is one of pollution problem comes when the concentration of the ions exceeds the acceptable limit. In this study area now a day the problem of environmental pollution increase day-to-day and anthropogenic influence paly concern role in groundwater. The aim of the present study explore the appraisal of physico-chemical characterization of groundwater water samples and their major ion interaction in hard rock of this study area. In this area that is quality character of water resource especially for drinking and domestic purposes it is depend on the constituent of water. Once, the concentration exceeds the permissible limit it causes health effect. Gibbs and missing plot were used to identify the source of major ions. The contribution of water pollution scenario can be confirmed by field studies by focusing on land use change, agriculture and settlement activities. The relationship between consider variable of ions were determined through correlation analysis. A better understanding of hard rock aquifer for water quality changes as development progress by geochemical studies of groundwater deliver is necessary.

The main objective of this study is to find out the service quality on student satisfaction towards the University libraries in Dindigul District. A review of literature was collected to find out the relationship among service quality and student satisfaction. A survey was conducted to collect the data from 308 students from the two Universities in Dindigul District. The result shows that except empathy, other service quality factors are positively related to student satisfaction. Tangibility and reliability shows the highest positive correlation with student satisfaction. Finding suggests that Librarian should focus on the service quality factors tested in this research to improve the student satisfaction.

The dataset for this article includes morphological analysis of the level to which groundwater potential of the Vasishta River, Salem and Perambalur districts of Tamil Nadu. The method for the computation of morphometric parameters using data Digital Elevation Model (DEM) of the Vasishta River, is also prepared using SRTM (Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission) 90 m resolution data Morphometric parameter linear, aerial and relief limits, such as a bifurcation ratio (Rb), Drainage density (Dd) Stream Frequency (Fs) Elongation ratio (Re), Length of overland flow (Lg), Relief ratio, ruggedness number (Rn) and Slope (sb) of Vasishta Sub Basin (VSB). The relief ratio indicates that the discharge should be considered high priority given to the following micro-watersheds numbers 9,1,15,11 and 10. This data could be very useful to help with sustainable groundwater planning in any similar basins.

Advances in high-throughput proteomic approaches have provided substantial momentum to novel disease-biomarker discovery research and have augmented the quality of clinical studies. Applications based on multiplexed microsphere suspension array technology are making strong in-roads into the clinical diagnostic/prognostic practice. Conventional proteomic approaches are designed to discover a broad set of proteins that are associated with a specific medical condition. In comparison, multiplex microsphere immunoassays use quantitative measurements of selected set(s) of specific/particular molecular markers such as cytokines, chemokines, pathway signaling or disease-specific markers for detection, metabolic disorders, cancer, and infectious agents causing human, plant and animal diseases. This article provides a foundation to the multiplexed microsphere suspension array technology, with an emphasis on the improvements in the technology, data analysis approaches, and applications to translational and clinical research with implications for personalized and precision medicine.

In recent decades, increasing population activities are a complex task throughout the world. The scarcity of water in southern India is high as compared to the global average. Progressive development of the aquifer system by artificial recharging can be considered as a tool for increasing groundwater resource. The water conservation techniques had been used for increasing groundwater storage in the hard rock. ‘This research focuses on estimation of groundwater recharges using empirical model through artificial recharge structures, which plays a major role to enhance recharge. The groundwater recharge by water table fluctuation is estimated in context of recharge structures. It is an important role as sustainable development of groundwater resources. The normal groundwater renews by an annual rainfall varied from 11 to 16%. The total recharge is estimated 173.12 ha m in which the influence by conservation recharge structures varies from 0.34 to 26.33 which indicates the groundwater storage optimal maintained in the Pappireddipatti watershed (total number of structures is 22), whereas Vaniyar sub-basin groundwater recharge is estimated 530.30 ha m (total number of structures is 138). The performance of artificial recharge structures is to reduce extra surface runoff in the watershed. The optimal performances need to maintain for continuous withdrawal of groundwater through natural and artificial recharge structures. An empirical approach is used for the assessment of the recharge from rainfall with reasonable accuracy on the periodic groundwater recharge in the hard rock aquifer. The rainfall based on Thiessen polygon method was prepared by annual fall from three-gauge station in the watershed. The effective depth of precipitation of the rainfall is 915.31 mm. Hence, the recharge rate could be increased in close to suitable recharge site in the watershed. A GIS approach was utilized to incorporate six contributing variables: lithology, land use/land cover, soil types, geomorphology, drainage, and slope. The outcome of benefits showed that around 72% of the evaluation zone is assigned as good to moderate potential groundwater recharge whereas low bring down potential groundwater energize ranges with poor potential groundwater recharge covers 38% in the area. The outcomes demonstrate that the groundwater recharge potential zone is focusing on sustainable groundwater development. Further, there is improved in water level in low recharge area to moderate recharge with respect to rainfall influence at recharge structures. It confirms the interconnection of the aquifer.

Groundwater is a major natural resource for drinking and irrigation purpose. The overexploited of groundwater is increase year by year and quality of groundwater simultaneously decreases. Groundwater quality is the main issue because water is linked with our metabolism. In order to know the groundwater pollution and controlling factors of groundwater quality in the upper Manimuktha sub basin, Vellar river, Tamil Nadu, India. Forty eight groundwater samples were collected from entire study area on January 2014 and analysed for physicochemical properties. Major ions were as abundance of Na > Ca > Mg > K, and HCO3 > Cl > SO4 > NO3 respectively. Multivariate statistical analyses display the good correlation between all the physicochemical parameters except pH and F. The dendrogram reveals cluster 3 (EC and TDS), cluster 2 (alkalinity, TH, HCO3) and cluster 1 (F, K, NO3, Ca, Mg, Na, SO4, Cl). The hydrochemical processes reveal rock-weathering interactions and ion-exchange processes play an important role in groundwater quality of the study area. The WQI indicates 50.03% of the samples fall in excellent to good for drinking in the center of the study area. Remaining samples fall poor to very poor categories, signifying northern and southern side mainly polluted. Maximum of lakes located in the northern side also indicate poor quality, because of the contamination of wastewater at or near the lakes, migrate in the groundwater. This study has shown the great combination of GIS, statistical analysis and WQI in assessing groundwater quality give a clear view for decision makers can plan better for the operation and maintenance of groundwater resources.

There is a growing trend in utilizing biological industrial wastes to produce biofuels. The dairy washed milk scum (DWMS) is one of such potential industrial waste and can be used as feedstock for the production of biodiesel. One of the inherent problems of DWMS biodiesel is its poor low temperature property. In this investigation, the influence of two bio-based cold flow improvers (CFIs) namely, ethyl acetoacetate (EAA) and ethyl levulinate (EL) was tested on low temperature properties of DWMS biodiesel. It was observed that the addition of 20% (v/v) of EAA and EL to DWMS biodiesel significantly decreased the cloud point (CP), cold filter plugging point (CFPP) and pour point (PP). The crystallization characteristics of neat biodiesel and biodiesel blended with CFIs (EAA and EL) were determined using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The viscosity, acid value and induction period, flash point of all samples were within the permissible limits of biodiesel standard (ASTM D6751-15c ) with all the blends of EAA and EL. The present work demonstrates that EAA and EL are suitable cold flow improvers for DWMS biodiesel.

In India, from the starting era of car purchasing is a hard matter in which the customer planning to buy a car has to go for detailed study how to, where to, when to and what to do before a car. It is full of personal survey of purchasing a car. A customer has to ask number of persons and their feedback to buy a car. The options are too less to decide. The customer visits numerous showrooms, take a look over car, the agent tries to influence the car he is selling. The rate of the car is also varies agent to agent. The customer felt very hard to decide which car to buy.Now online platform is a part of life from advertising, shopping with mails and information. These days users in the online have gone beyond their expectations. Social media is one of the speediest growing web applications in the twenty first century. A social network sites is a place where a user can create a profile and to build a personal network that connects him or her to other users. This study proposes how the Internet, new methods of digital advertising and social media supports the car marketing. Today the advertising has taken a new form in Internet era. The study proposes the new way of change in marketing of automakers. Also it reveals the user problems in using New Media of conserving passenger car purchasing decision.&nbsp

The electrical resistivity survey has been very successful for decades in delineating prospective groundwater zones around the world. In general, the method is used to decipher the horizontal and vertical electrical resistivity distribution of the subsurface earth’s layers. In the perspective of hydrogeology, understanding the subsurface conditions and lithological variations is quite necessary to target groundwater potential zones. One-dimensional (1D) geoelectrical resistivity survey, vertical electrical sounding (VES), was carried out in selected locations across the Nagavathi watershed, Dharmapuri district of Tamil Nadu in India. The Nagavathi watershed is positioned in an undulated terrain and is dominantly underlain by charnockite and gneissic rocks. Forty-six VES using Schlumberger’s electrode arrangement were conducted over the entire Nagavathi watershed, using an equal grid method. The field data were processed by IPI2 Windows software and different types of sounding curves were identified. The lineaments such as faults, joints, and fractures act as pathways to groundwater movement, major lineaments were identified from satellite data using ArcGIS 9.3. In the study area consisting of hard rocks, groundwater prospecting is a difficult task without proper understanding of subsurface lithology. From the VES results, geoelectric layers such as topsoil, weathered, fractured, and infinitely hard rock layers were identified and eight thematic maps involving spatial distribution of resistivities and thickness were prepared, in addition to geology, hydrogeomorphology, and lineament thematic layers. The combination of the eleven thematic layers in ArcGIS resulted in a groundwater potential map, providing the information about very good (75.799 km2), good (85.595 km2), medium (134.240 km2), poor (115.124 km2), and very poor (69.336 km2) groundwater possible zones.

In developing countries like India, adulteration in the milk consumed by the population presents stern implications as tarnishing of the same poses serious issues, such as health deterioration, corruption, and so on. There are many adulterants that are added to milk, including water, flour, starch, and even urea, in quantitative measures making it undetectable. There are many devices in the market to measure adulteration in milk but most of them are bulky, require large sample volume, and need a technical operator for working. In the recent decade, microfluidics has emerged as a huge market for biomedical research. It has paved the pathway for a quick, robust, and plug-and-play device for various applications. This paper describes a low-cost, durable, and simple optofluidic microviscometer fabricated by the stereolithography technique. The device operation is based on the linear relationship between dynamic viscosity and channel width derived from the flow of two immiscible fluids inside a channel. The principle of operation is based on the modified Hagen–Poiseuille flow equation. The working principle is the viscosity-dependent capture of the microchannel width by the fluids flowing inside the microchannel under the laminar flow based on the pressure gradient between the inlets and the outlet. In this paper, around 60 milk samples with various adulteration ratios of various adulterants ranging from 1% to 10% have been tested. A best fit curve for every adulterant was defined, and the device was found to be accurate enough to measure the entire range of adulteration ratios with a high accuracy of 0.95.

Background: Blunt injury to the abdomen is encountered more often these days due to rapid industrialization and the presence of more number of vehicles, thus leading to more number of accidents. Blunt injury to the abdomen can also occur as a result of fall from height, assault with blunt objects, sports injuries, and bomb blasts. Blunt injury abdomen is seen in increasing frequency in emergency rooms and therefore, the early diagnosis and treatment of the patient is very important. Methods: The study was carried out from July 2012 to June 2015. A total of 60 patients were studied. A thorough history and clinical examination of the patients were carried out. Then, various investigations such as Complete Blood Count (CBC), X-Rays, ultrasound of the abdomen and CT scan of the abdomen were done, in order to arrive at the diagnosis. Results: In our study, male patients were commonly affected (75%). The younger population between the age group of 21 - 30 years were predominantly affected (45%). The common mode of injury was road traffic accidents (53.3%). The organ that was found to be most commonly injured in our study was the spleen (46.6%). Conclusions: This research article shows that, blunt injury abdomen is still a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the general population. Patients that are received in the emergency department of a trauma care center should be given immediate attention and a quick and thorough evaluation of the patient must be done.

Arthropod-borne viruses (Arboviruses) constitute a serious threat to global health by causing significant mortality and morbidity. Recent years have seen the emergence of arboviruses due to climatic changes, the adaptation of mosquitoes, and other arthropods to a newer geographic area, urbanization, and increased global travel and trade. Currently, most serosurveillance programs focus on single pathogen testing that may miss the prevalent pathogen or misdiagnose due to the presence of cross-reacting antibodies from closely related arboviruses. In the wake of the 2015–2016 Zika virus outbreaks, we developed a multiplex suspension array for the detection of IgG antibodies and avidity to multiple analytes of arboviruses on the Luminex platform to overcome these limitations. We used optically coded magnetic microspheres to immobilize antigens from 10 different arboviruses, namely, Zika (ZIKV), Dengue all four serotypes (DENV 1–4), West Nile (WNV), Japanese Encephalitis (JEV), Yellow Fever (YFV), Tick-Borne Encephalitis (TBEV), and Chikungunya (CHIKV. This 18-plex assay also includes five different internal controls that assure the assay and reagent performance. Initial characterization of the platform was performed using experimentally infected primate samples collected longitudinally before and after infection with ZIKV. In this paper, we describe the results of the evaluation of this multiplex platform using over 400 well-characterized healthy and diseased state human serum and plasma samples from various commercial and collaborating resources. We conclude that this assay provides a relevant tool for efficient monitoring of population based arboviral antibodies in endemic areas and also for detection of outbreaks.

Botulism outbreak due to consumption of food contaminated with botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) is a public health emergency. The threat of bioterrorism through deliberate distribution in food sources and/or aerosolization of BoNTs raises global public health and security concerns due to the potential for high mortality and morbidity. Rapid and reliable detection methods are necessary to support clinical diagnosis and surveillance for identifying the source of contamination, performing epidemiological analysis of the outbreak, preventing and responding to botulism outbreaks. This review considers the applicability of various BoNT detection methods and examines their fitness-for-purpose in safeguarding the public health and security goals.

Mobility (transport of people and goods) is a socio-economic reality and need for which is bound to grow in the coming years. Modes of transport should be safe, economic and reasonably environmental friendly. Hydrogen could be ideal as a synthetic energy carrier for transport sector as its gravimetric energy density is very high, abundantly available in combined form on the earth and its oxidation product (water) does not contribute to greenhouse gas emissions. However, its sustainable production from renewable resources economically, on-board storage to provide desirable driving range, usage in durable energy conversion devices and development of infrastructure for its delivery remain significant challenges. In this article, recent developments in the field of production, storage, transport and delivery of hydrogen along with environmental and safety aspects of its use as an energy carrier are presented. Almost any energy source can be used to produce hydrogen. Presently, non-renewable sources dominate hydrogen production processes but the need of the hour is to develop and promote the share of renewable sources for hydrogen production to make it completely sustainable. Hydrogen may be used as fuel for almost any application, where fossil fuels are used presently and would offer immediate benefits over the conventional fuels, if produced from renewable sources. For achieving a successful "hydrogen economy" in the near future, the technical and economic challenges associated with hydrogen must be addressed quickly. Finding feasible solutions to different challenges may take some time but technological breakthrough by way of on-going efforts do promise hydrogen as the ultimate solution for meeting our future energy needs for the transport sector.

Herein, Laccase catalysed oxygen reduction reaction on polyaniline coated copper nanotube bio-cathode was studied. The copper nanotubes were grown in anodic aluminium oxide template on which conductive polymer polyaniline was electrodeposited. Laccase was covalently immobilized using a linker molecule glutraldehyde. The effective wiring of enzyme with bio-cathode was confirmed by linear sweep voltammetry, chronoamperometry and open circuit potential measurement. All electro analysis was performed in conventional three electrode system using platinum wire counter electrode and Ag/AgCl reference electrode. The bio-cathode in air saturated phosphate buffer showed maximum OCP and current of 0.59 V and 140.12 μAcm −2 respectively. Moreover, electrochemical impedance analysis confirmed decrease in charge transfer resistance with the immobilization of enzyme on CuNTs/polyaniline electrode. The bio-cathode showed reproducibility and stability over the period of examination.

The main objective of the study is to identify groundwater potential zones in the hard rocks area of the Upper Gadilam river basin in Vizhupuram district of Tamil Nadu. The study area lies between North Latitudes 11°40’ to 11° 58’ N and East Longitudes 78° 58’ to 79° 26’ 35” E. The drainage pattern in the area is dendritic to sub dendritic and at complex as trellis type. Based on drainage pattern, the study area has been divided into two watersheds viz., Gadilam watershed, and SeshaNadi watershed. The Gadilam stream is originate from MayanurGarudan spring of Garudan rock and traverses via.Pasarhill and Damal village before reaching the sedimentary contact near Thirunavalur. SeshaNadi is an ephemeral stream which is found almost to be dry throughout the year, excepting the surface water flow for few days in a year during rainy season. Hydrogeological, Geophysical studies has been carried out in the above aquifer. As a result the total groundwater abstraction has considerably gone up causing an overall decline of regional piezometric heads in this water table aquifer. With an integrated approach on using Remote Sensing and Geographical Information System (GIS). Topographic map has been used to prepare base map and generate thematic maps like geology, geomorphology, lineament and lineament density, drainage, drainage density, and slope maps has been prepared for the study area. A number of geomorphic units such as Inselberg, moderately buried pediplain, Pediment, Inselber complex, Pediplain, and Pediment Valley has been observed. A composite groundwater potential map has been generated as very high, high, medium, low and very low based on the groundwater availability in study area. The upper, middle and downstream of the basins have been identified as potential zones for groundwater exploration. The regions of lineaments and intersecting lineaments proved for groundwater potential zones. The data generated subjected to validate with field checks

A case study has been conducted to delineation of artificial recharge zones using geospatial techniques in Sarabanga sub basin Cauvery River, Tamil Nadu. The groundwater storage change from place to place and there isneed to identify recharge zones throughgeospatial technology as an important strategy for water management system.However conventional methods alone it is not an easy task to study the surface parameters of a large area to identify suitable sites for artificial recharge, since many controlling parameters must be independently derived and integrated, which involves additional cost, time and manpower. Modern remote sensing technologies have many advantages over older, conventional methods due to their synoptic coverage, improved spatial resolution, and their capabilities for multi-spectral and multi-temporal analysis. In addition, unlike conventional methods for demarcation of suitable areas for groundwater replenishment are able to take into account the diversity of factors that control groundwater recharge. Based on the GIS overlay analysis the possible combinations for recharge sites based on geology, geomorphology, lineament, lineament density, drainage density, Landuse and Landcover combinations covers an area of 915.052 Sq.kmand are suitable for various artificial recharge structures. The results show that by expanding the artificial recharge system, the recharge volume can be increased even for small flood events.

Water quality assessment is essential to ensure viable safe use of the resources for drinking, agricultural, and industrial purposes. Sixty groundwater samples were collected systematically during pre and post monsoon season in the Vaniyar watershed in the Dharmapuri district, Tamil Nadu. Understand the geochemistry of the groundwater and to assess the overall physicochemical faces in the study area. Vaniyar watershed lies between the latitudes 11°46’ N to 12°09’39” N and longitudes 78°12’27” E to 78°36’65” E and covering an area of 982.25 km 2 . Out of which plain land covers an area of 591.43 km 2 . The study area is underlain by the Archaean crystalline rocks surrounded by hills. The physical and chemical parameters of the analytical results of groundwater were compared with the standard guideline of values recommended by the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) and World Health Organization (WHO) standards for irrigational suitability, domestic usage further hydrogeochemical data have been plotted in a standard graphs such as United State Salinity Laboratory (USSL) and Wilcox's diagrams. Based on the United State Salinity Laboratory (USSL) results of C3-S1 (452.75 Km 2 ) class is good and could be used for all types of crops. Base on the Wilcox's diagrams that the groundwater near the downstream is good for irrigation and the contamination are found to be high in some places. This may be due to the rock water interactions because highly weathered rock noticed during field validation. Result reveals that 377.41 Km 2 (61.67%) areas fall in (Wilcox) Good to Permissible category and 452.75 Km 2 area falls in (USSL) C3-S1 category. Above said areas indicate that the groundwater could be used for all types of crops. According to U.S. Salinity Laboratory diagram, the majority of groundwater samples belongs to C3–S1 (High Salinity – Low SAR) category and spatially covers an area 452.75 Km 2 under “Suitable” zone. In the present study, it is evident that high salinity of groundwater persists at majority of sites. Hence, for high to very high salinity of waters, soil must be permeable with adequate drainage facilities for satisfactory crop growth.

As the fossil fuels are depleting with time, the research work in the biofuels domain is rapidly growing. The blends of biofuel can be used as automobile fuel and the existing methods to detect the blending ratio have heavy one-time test cost, need controlled environment and require experienced operators. It is well observed that fuel mixture affects lubricating properties of the fuel and thereby the engine performance. As lubricating properties are related to physical properties, developing a sensor, based on this, can provide a reliable and effective solution to detect and monitor fuel blending. This work describes the computational and the comparative experimental analysis of a microfluidic-device which performs blending studies by analyzing the interface position of the fluid occupancy in a micro-channel and its variations. The device was fabricated in acrylic using a well-established micro-fabrication technique, and is re-usable, re-calibrated and can be integrated with the existing microcontrollers of automobiles. The viscosity of the various bio-diesel blends can be used to indicate the fraction of bio-diesel in the fuel sample based on the best fit curve of the percentage of channel fraction occupied by the samples. The interface shift is because of the greater occupancy rate of a higher viscous sample in the channel. The best fit curve was determined based on an extensive testing of various oils including the hair oils, machine oils etc. of different densities to confirm the interface shifting phenomenon.