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Given increasing opioid overdose mortality rates in the USA over the past 20 years, accelerating the implementation of prevention interventions found to be effective is critical. The Helping End Addiction Long-Term (HEAL) Prevention Cooperative (HPC) is a consortium of research projects funded to implement and test interventions designed to prevent the onset or escalation of opioid misuse among youth and young adults. The HPC offers a unique opportunity to synthesize and share lessons learned from participating research projects' varied implementation experiences, which can facilitate quicker integration of effective prevention interventions into practice. This protocol paper describes our hybrid approach to collecting and analyzing information about the implementation experiences of nine of the HPC research projects while they maintain their focus on assessing the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of prevention interventions. To better understand implementation within this context, we will address five research questions: (1) What were the context and approach for implementing the prevention interventions, and how was the overall implementation experience? (2) How representative of the target population are the participants who were enrolled and retained in the research projects' effectiveness trials? (3) For what purposes and how were stakeholders engaged by the research projects? (4) What are the adaptable components of the prevention interventions? And finally, (5) how might implementation of the prevention interventions vary for non-trial implementation? This work will result in intervention-specific and general practical dissemination resources that can help potential adopters and deliverers of opioid misuse prevention make adoption decisions and prepare for successful implementation.

To compare, using a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials, the risk of incisional hernia in patients undergoing single-incision laparoscopic surgery to those undergoing traditional laparoscopic surgery. MEDLINE and EMBASE databases were searched. Randomized controlled trials comparing single-incision laparoscopic surgery to traditional laparoscopic surgery and which reported incisional hernias over a minimum 6-month follow-up period were eligible. Risk of bias was assessed as outlined in the Cochrane Handbook. Pooled odds ratios were calculated using RevMan. Of 309 identified studies, 22 were included in this meta-analysis. Pooled results showed higher odds of incisional hernia following single-incision laparoscopic surgery relative to traditional laparoscopic surgery (odds ratio 2.83, 95% CI 1.34–5.98, p = 0.006, I2 = 0%). There was no difference in the odds of incisional hernias requiring surgical repair (p = 0.10). Subgroup analysis found no difference in the odds of incisional hernias based on procedure type (p = 0.69) or method of follow-up (p = 0.85). The quality of evidence was determined to be moderate. Single-incision laparoscopic surgery is associated with a threefold increase in the odds of incisional hernia compared with traditional laparoscopic surgery.

The study on Hydrogenated fat replaced with peanut butter to reduce saturated fatty acids in cookies was carried out. Cookies prepared with varied concentrations of hydrogenated fat and peanut butter (100:00, 80:20, 60:40, 40:60, 20:80 and 00:100) were analyzed to check fatty acid composition and textural characteristics. Palmitic acid, Myristic acid and Stearic acid (Saturated fatty acids) were higher in Control cookies, which level was reduced with increasing concentration of PB in different treatments. Linoleic acid and Oleic acid (Unsaturated fatty acids) were lower in control cookies, which were increased with increasing concentration of Peanut butter in different treatments. Oil stability index of experimental cookies increased up to 3.62% with increasing concentration of PB. Cookies hardness was also increased with increasing concentration of PB. Cookies with 40% PB had beneficial fatty acid composition with stable oil quality and also had a greater appreciable sensory quality by evaluation panel. Objective: Preparation of peanut butter Preparation of cookies in different ratio of vegetable fat to peanut butter Texture analysis and sensory quality Fatty acid profiling

Fruit phenolics are important dietary antioxidant and antidiabetic constituents. The fruit parts (pulp, seed, seed coat, kernel) of underutilized indigenous six black jamun landraces (Syzygium cumini L.), found in Gir forest region of India and differed in their fruit size, shape and weight, are evaluated and correlated with antidiabetic, DPPH radical scavenging and phenolic constituents. The α-amylase inhibitors propose an efficient antidiabetic strategy and the levels of postprandial hyperglycemia were lowered by restraining starch breakdown. The sequential solvent systems with ascending polarity—petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, methanol and water were performed for soxhlet extraction by hot percolation method and extractive yield was found maximum with methanolic fruit part extracts of six landraces. The methanolic extracts of fruit parts also evidenced higher antidiabetic activity and hence utilized for further characterization. Among the six landraces, pulp and kernel of BJLR-6 (very small, oblong fruits) evidenced maximum 53.8 and 98.2% inhibition of α-amylase activity, respectively. The seed attained inhibitory activity mostly contributed by the kernel fraction. The inhibition of DPPH radical scavenging activity was positively correlated with phenol constituents. An HPLC–PDA technique was used to quantify the seven individual phenolics. The seed and kernel of BJLR-6 exhibited higher individual phenolics—gallic, catechin, ellagic, ferulic acids and quercetin, whereas pulp evidenced higher with gallic acid and catechin as α-amylase inhibitors. The IC50 value indicates concentration of fruit extracts exhibiting ≥50% inhibition on porcine pancreatic α-amylase (PPA) activity. The kernel fraction of BJLR6 evidenced lowest (8.3 µg ml−1) IC50 value followed by seed (12.9 µg ml−1), seed coat (50.8 µg ml−1) and pulp (270 µg ml−1). The seed and kernel of BJLR-6 inhibited PPA at much lower concentrations than standard acarbose (24.7 µg ml−1) considering good candidates for antidiabetic herbal formulations.

The biocontrol agent Trichoderma (T. harzianum, T. viride, T. virens, T. hamantum, T. koningii, T. pseudokoningii and Trichoderma species) inhibited variably (15.32 - 88.12%) the in vitro growth of Rhizoctonia solani causing root rot in cotton. The T. koningii MTCC 796 evidenced highest (88.12%) growth inhibition of test pathogen followed by T. viride NBAII Tv23 (85.34%). Scanning electron microscopic study confirmed mycoparasitism for MTCC 796 and Tv23 which were capable of completely overgrowing on R. solani by degrading mycelia, coiling around the hyphae with hook-like structures. The antagonists T. harzianum NBAII Th1 and, T. virens NBAII Tvs12 exhibited strong antibiosis and formed 2-4 mm zone of inhibition for 70.28% and 46.62%, respectively growth inhibition of test pathogen. Mycoparasitism is a strong mode of action for biocontrol activity compared with antibiosis. The antagonists Trichoderma strains were performed for start codon targeted (SCoT) polymorphism to acquire biocontrol genes from potent antagonist. The six unique SCoT fragments amplified by genomic DNA of best mycoparasitic antagonist MTCC 796 strain are subjected to DNA sequencing resulted to confirm two functional sequences for activity related to biocontrol genes. The phylogenetic and molecular evolution of functional 824 bp of SCoT-3(920) and 776 bp of SCoT-6(806) fragments signify sequence homology with biocontrol genes endochitinase (partial cds of 203 amino acids) and novel hmgR genes (partial cds of 239 amino acids), respectively and the same were annotated and deposited in NCBI GenBank database. The hmgR gene is liable to be express hmg - CoA reductase which is a key enzyme for regulation of terpene biosynthesis and mycoparasitic strains produced triterpenes during antagonism to inhibit growth of fungal pathogen as evidenced with GC-MS profile. The biocontrol genes are found in best antagonist T. koningii MTCC 796 for mycoparasitic activity to restrain the growth of test pathogen R. solani.

The present study examines ten wheat (5 Triticum aestivum, 4 T. durum, and 1 T. diccocum) genotypes for biochemical and RAPD markers associated with NaCl based salt tolerance capacity [T0 (control), T1 (50 mM NaCl), T2 (100 mM NaCl) and T3 (150 mM NaCl)]. The highest STI was obtained with four tolerant KH-65 (81.32), KRL-213 (81.24), DDK-1025 (80.70), and HI-8498 (80.00) wheat genotypes. The free proline was positively correlated with STI, followed by free amino acids and total sugars, suggesting their roles as osmolytes to overcome the salt stress in wheat genotypes. The RAPD analysis of wheat genotypes carried out with twenty-two RAPD primers generated a total of 129 alleles out of which 90 bands were polymorphic with an average of 4.09 bands and 65.1 % polymorphism per primer. The unique and genotype specific markers were obtained by eight RAPD primers. The phylogenetic analysis of wheat genotypes showed a Jaccard similarity coefficient in the range of 0.64–0.78. Clustering pattern of wheat genotype indicated four salt tolerant genotypes (one Triticum aestivum, two T. durum, one T. diccocum) grouped into one cluster and shared minimum (64 %) similarity with each other. The most tolerant two wheat genotypes KH-65 (T. aestivum) and KRL-213 (T. durum) were grouped together and shared maximum (78 %) similarity each other. The maximum five unique bands were found to discriminate salt tolerant KRL-213 and further characterization of salinity tolerant trait in wheat genotypes.

Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is an important nutrient-rich food legume and valued for its good quality cooking oil. The fatty acid content is the major determinant of the quality of the edible oil. The oils containing higher monounsaturated fatty acid are preferred for improved shelf life and potential health benefits. Therefore, a high oleic/linoleic fatty acid ratio is the target trait in an advanced breeding program. The two mutant alleles, ahFAD2A (on linkage group a09) and ahFAD2B (on linkage group b09) control fatty acid composition for higher oleic/linoleic ratio in peanut. In the present study, marker-assisted backcrossing was employed for the introgression of two FAD2 mutant alleles from SunOleic95R into the chromosome of ICGV06100, a high oil content peanut breeding line. In the marker-assisted backcrossing-introgression lines, a 97% increase in oleic acid, and a 92% reduction in linoleic acid content was observed in comparison to the recurrent parent. Besides, the oleic/linoleic ratio was increased to 25 with respect to the recurrent parent, which was only 1.2. The most significant outcome was the stable expression of oil-content, oleic acid, linoleic acid, and palmitic acid in the marker-assisted backcrossing-introgression lines over the locations. No significant difference was observed between high oleic and normal oleic in peanuts for seedling traits except germination percentage. In addition, marker-assisted backcrossing-introgression lines exhibited higher yield and resistance to foliar fungal diseases, i.e., late leaf spot and rust.

Requirement Engineering demands a granular level of requirement specifications with key objectives, design constraints and relevant artefacts. There exist some structured approaches, but still these are not complete and do not have open formats that describe requirements of a system/project with its artefacts. This paper introduces RDS (Requirement Description Schema), an XML-based versatile specification approach for the structural representation of functional and non-functional requirements (NFR). The approach is an efficient way of managing requirement metadata and comprehensive artefacts of requirements like status, priority, version, stability, elicitation source etc. The paper comprises a case study of online examination system for validating the instances with RDS.

The potential of six fungi (three basidiomycetes biocontrol agent – Trichoderma spp. and three ascomycetes phytopathogens) were evaluated for decolorization and biodegradation of five azo dyes (Red HE7B, Reactive Violet-5, Red Black-B, Light Navy Blue HEG, Dark Navy Blue H2GP) used for textile industries. The fungi were isolated from effluent contaminated plant rhizosphere near textile dyeing industrial area and identified as Trichoderma viride, Trichoderma koningii, Trichoderma harzianum, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, and Fusarium oxysporum based on macro and micro-morphological descriptors. T. koningii was recognized as the best decolorizer based on the average decolorization rate of five azo dyes followed by A. niger. These two fungal isolates were studied further for biodegradation of textile dye effluents. Fungal biodegradation was assessed by HPLC profile and physicochemical analysis. The biological oxygen demand and chemical oxygen demand of effluents were efficiently reduced by T. koningii compared with A. niger. T. koningii JAU8 isolate was characterized by 28S rRNA gene sequence using ITS markers. Comparison of test strain against known sequences of 28S rRNA gene databases was evident 86% similarity. Molecular approach identified a new strain Hypocrea koningii (teleomorphs of anamorphic Trichoderma), untested before for bioremediation purposes, proved to have a high potential in decolorizing azo dyes.

Address for Correspondence: Dr. Bharat J. Sarvaiya, Assistant Professor, Department of Anatomy, Government Medical College, Bhavnagar, Gujarat, India. Mobile No.: +919374284950 E-Mail: dr.bharatsarvaiya@yahoo.in Introduction: The ATD angle and finger ridge count, are palmar dermatoglyphics features of an individual. During the first & second trimester of pregnancy epidermal growth occur in stages and result in an increase epidermal thickness. Epidermal ridges begin to appear in embryos at 10th week and are permanently established by 17th weeks. The types of pattern develop in palm & soles are genetically determined. They are of considerable clinical interest because they affected by certain anomalies of early development including genetic disease. Objective: There are certain genetic (Chromosomal), Non chromosomal & metabolic disease shows particular palmer dermatoglyphics features so in this study we were trying to find out the difference in dermatoglyphics features in leprosy patient and control group. Materials and Methods: The sample consists of 100 cases of leprosy in age group of 18-60 year from Bhavnagar district. The finger print and palm print were taken by using ink & pad method and Compared with Control group of 18-60 years. The dermatoglyphics parameter like ATD angle, TFRC & AFRC were studied and evaluated for statistical significance. Results and Conclusion: There was statistically significant difference was observed in ATD angle as compared with control. There was no statistically significant difference observed in TFRC & AFRC as compared with control. The dermatoglyphics features can be useful diagnostically to differentiate the leprosy patient and control group.

In this competitive era, manufacturing companies have to focus on the quality of the produced products. The quality of the product produced is affected by many influential parameters during the process. The product once produced with a lower quality then usually ends up with incurring loss in certain terms to the company. Hence, it is extremely important to know the defect causing parameters and perform defect diagnosis. Various techniques like SPC-SQC, Six-Sigma and Kaizen have been used for quality analysis. But since last few years machine learning and data mining is being used for analysis due to advancement in the field and its advantages. This paper conducts an analytical survey of various business intelligence techniques used in for defect diagnosis. The paper concludes with the analytical results as random forest performs the best in terms of performance compared to other techniques and shows the future research scope in this area. Moreover, we find that random forest has not been introduced yet in steel defect diagnosis.

Six Trichoderma strains (collected from IARI, New Delhi and MTCC, Chandigarh) were tested for their ability to inhibit soil-borne pathogen of groundnut mainly Sclerotium rolfsii (causing stem rot on groundnut). In vitro percent growth inhibition of S. rolfsii by various Trichoderma strains were recorded at 5th day after inoculation (DAI). Results obtained from the antagonism study indicated that Trichoderma viride (NBAII Tv 23) inhibited 61% growth of phytopathogenic fungi S. rolfsii followed by Trichoderma harzianum (NBAII Th1) (55% growth inhibition of pathogen). The specific activities of cell wall degrading enzymes chitinase, β-1,3 glucanase, protease and cellulase were tested during different incubation period (48, 72 and 96 h) when Trichoderma spp. grew in the presence of pathogen cell wall in synthetic media. The antagonist T. viride (NBAII Tv 23) induced higher chitinase and protease activity. The growth inhibition of pathogen during antagonism were positively correlated with coiling pattern of antagonists at 14th day after inoculation (DAI) as well as with the induction of chitinase, β-1,3 glucanase and total phenol content. However, the amount of cellulase and polygalacturonase recorded was least in these antagonists treatment. A significant positive correlation (p = 0.01) between percentage growth inhibition of test fungus and lytic enzymes (chitinase, β-1,3-glucanase and protease) in the culture medium of antagonist treatment established a relationship to inhibit growth of fungal pathogen by increasing the levels of these enzymes. Among all the tested Trichoderma strains, T. viride (NBAII Tv 23) was found to be the best strain to be used in biological control of plant pathogen S. rolfsii. Key words: Antagonism, soil-borne pathogens, lytic enzyme, Trichoderma, biocontrol agent.

The use of wireless sensor networks in agriculture is anticipated to revolutionalise its operational mechanism. Many activities like moisture deficit monitoring, crop yield estimation and soil erosion can be automated using sensors. However, we need to develop deployment strategies, routing schemes appropriate for such applications. This paper focuses on special case of irrigated agriculture in gravity and pressurised irrigation. We have formulated a deployment strategy and developed an efficient routing protocol LATHAR (Location aware Threshold Based Hierarchical and Adaptive Routing) for transmitting the data packets from sensor node to the access point. The protocol has been tested on simulation model developed in ns2 simulator and it has been found to perform best in almost all the matrices used to evaluate the performance of WSN.

The indigenous black jamun landraces (Syzygium Cumini L.), found in western Gujarat of Gir forest region (India), produced fruits with different size and shape. Fruit morphology like shape, volume, weight, length, girth were examined and black jamun categorized into six landraces viz., BJLR 1 (big fruit, > 11 g); BJLR 2 (medium to big fruit, 8–11 g); BJLR 3 (medium fruit, 6–8 g); BJLR 4 (medium to small fruit, 5–6 g); BJLR 5 (small fruit, 3–5 g) and BJLR 6 (very small fruit

Fruit phenolics are important dietary antioxidant and antidiabetic constituents. The fruit parts (pulp, seed, seed coat, kernel) of underutilized indigenous six black jamun landraces (

Groundnut varieties grown in non-infested soil (T1), pathogen (Aspergillus niger)-infested soil (T2), and seed treatment with Trichoderma viride JAU60 followed by challenge with fungal pathogen (T3), showed significant differences in percent disease incidence of collar rot in pot culture. Percent disease incidence was higher in GG-13, GG-20 (susceptible) followed by GAUG-10 (moderate), and minimum in J-11, GG-2 (tolerant varieties) in A. niger-infested pot culture at 15 days after sowing (DAS). Seed treatment (T3) of T. viride reduced approximately 51% to 58% disease incidence in different groundnut varieties. The lipid peroxidation product – malondialdehyde (MDA) – content was found to be higher in susceptible varieties grown in pathogen-infested soil (T2) and it was significantly reduced to 56% under T. viride treatment (T3) at 12 DAS. However, tolerant varieties reduced the MDA content by 60% in T3 as compared with the T2 at an earlier stage (9 DAS). The lipoxygenase (LOX) activity rose approximately 3.5-fold in tolerant varieties upon infection (T2) and groundnut seed treated with T. viride (T3) at 12 DAS. Trichoderma treatment (T3) maintained a high level of LOX compared with T2, particularly in tolerant varieties. The pathogen infection ability was positively correlated with LOX activity in tolerant and moderately tolerant varieties of T2 seedlings. MDA content was positively correlated with disease incidence in susceptible varieties followed by induction of LOX activity under T. viride JAU60 treatment (T3). T. viride JAU60 signifies induction of a LOX-related defense response to combat the collar rot disease incidence in groundnut seedlings.

Requirement Engineering (RE) is a systemic and integrated process of eliciting, elaborating, negotiating, prioritizing, specifying, validating and managing the requirements of a system. The detailed and agreed requirements are documented and specified to serve as the basis for further system development activities. The software industry has moved from traditional software development method to service oriented software development. While many researchers and practitioners have observed issues and challenges in Requirement Engineering phase specific to a software method, very little attention has been given to investigate diversity of issues and challenges of RE in different software development methods under one umbrella. This paper tries to review significant issues and challenges of RE from traditional software development method to recent service oriented software development method. The study unveils that there is a wide scope for developing new approaches and techniques in requirement engineering to resolve problems observed in various SE methods. The review discussion reveals the need of standardization and automation of RE process especially for Service oriented software development. KeywordsEngineering, RE phase, SE methods, traditional software development, service oriented software development, automation of RE

The genetic variability and relationships among 11 cowpea genotypes representing two cultivars and nine elite genotypes were analyzed using 22 random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and nine inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers. ISSR markers were more efficient than RAPD assay with regards to polymorphism detection. But the average numbers of polymorphic loci per primer and resolution power were found to be higher for RAPD than for ISSR. Also, the total number of genotype specific marker loci, Nei’s genetic diversity, Shannon’s information index, total heterozygosity, and average heterozygosity were prominent in RAPD as compared to ISSR markers. The regression test between the two Nei’s genetic diversity indices showed low regression (0.3733) between ISSR and RAPD + ISSR-based similarities but maximum (0.9823) for RAPD and RAPD + ISSR-based similarities. The RAPD- and ISSR-generated cultivar- or genotype-specific unique DNA fingerprints able to identify the most diverse genotypes. A dendrogram constructed based on RAPD and ISSR combined data indicated a very clear pattern of clustering according to the groups (cultivars and elite genotypes). The results of principal coordinate analysis were comparable to the cluster analysis. Cluster analysis showed that most diverse genotypes (GP-125 — small size with good seed quality; GP-129, GP-90L — big size with poor seed quality) were separated from moderately diverse cultivars and genotypes. The genetic closeness among GP-129 and GP-90L, JCPL-42, and JCPL-107 could be explained by the high degree of commonness in these genotypes.

The study showed significant differences in percent collar rot disease incidence in groundnut varieties grown in non-infested soil (T1), challenged with pathogen – Aspergillus niger (T2), and pathogen + Trichoderma viride 60 (T3) treatments. Total phenols revealed a significantly higher content in tolerant varieties (J-11, GG-2) of groundnut compared with moderately susceptible (GAUG-10, GG-13) and susceptible (GG-20) varieties. The phenol content accumulated at a higher rate (193%) in GG-20, followed by GG-2 (146%) and J-11 (107%) varieties during disease development stages. HPLC analysis detected six major phenolics, viz., hydroquinone, gallic, chlorogenic, ferulic, salicylic and cinnamic acids. Among six peaks, hydroquinone was found highest in GG-2 at 3 days in T3. Gallic and salicylic acids increased up to 9 days, while ferulic acid continued to induce up to 15 days in tolerant varieties (J-11, GG-2) of Trichoderma-treated (T3) seedlings. A correlation study indicated that Trichoderma treatment induced five phenolics – except gallic acid – with a higher level of significance in a susceptible variety to reduce disease incidence compared with tolerant varieties. Results demonstrate the T. viride 60 mediated systemic induction of phenolics for biologic control and their probable role in protecting groundnut against A. niger infection.

Start codon-targeted (SCoT) markers were used for characterization and genetic comparison analysis among 20 mango cultivars (15 indigenous and 5 popular) with respect to fruit quality. Out of 80 SCoT markers used, 19 were able to amplify. These primers produced total 117 loci across 20 cultivars, of which 96 (79.57 %) were polymorphic with an average of 5.05 polymorphic fragments per primer. Out of 19, 17 SCoT primers produced 34 cultivar-specific DNA finger prints. These were 25 unique fragments for identification of 15 indigenous cultivars and 9 fragments for the identification of five popular cultivars. The three SCoT primers—40, 45, and 51 are most informative in identifying mango cultivars as they possess the higher primer index values. The 20 mango cultivars were clustered into two major groups based on the SCoT data analysis with UPGMA. Three indigenous cultivars—Khodi, Amrutiyo, and Kaju and one popular—Dasheri out grouped from other 16 cultivars and shared only minimum similarity (11 %). In clustering pattern, indigenous cultivars—Kaju and Amrutiyo grouped together and shared 37 % similarity with higher boot strapping values (63 %). Clustering pattern is corresponding well with their physical and/or biochemical properties of fruits. The results of principal coordinates analysis (PCoA) analysis were comparable to the cluster analysis. The first three most informative PC components explained 56.61 % of the total variation. In PCoA, three indigenous cultivars—Jamrukhiyo, Chappaniyo, and Sopari appears to be distinct from other 12 indigenous, which be different in fruit size, sugars, ascorbic acids, and carotenoids content. Similarly, popular cultivars—Jamadar and Kesar were also discrete from Alphonso, Dasheri, and Neelum in PCoA. The results demonstrate that the SCoT marker system is useful for cultivar identification and genetic diversity analysis of mango cultivars based on their biological traits.

Industries today need to stay ahead in competition by servicing and satisfying customer's needs. Quality of the produced products to match as per customer demands is the key goal for a product manufacturing company. A product produced with variation in characteristics, than the anticipated are called as defect. In the mild steel coil manufacturing plants, large amount of data is generated with the help of many sensors deployed to measure different parameters which can be used for defect diagnosis of the coils produced. In case of mild steel coil, deviation of the final cooling temperature of the coil from desired temperature produces defective coils. The paper presents machine learning approach and the methodology for cooling temperature deviation defect diagnosis that consists of four phases namely data structuring, association identification, statistical derivation and classification. We also provide comparative results obtained with various data mining algorithms like decision trees, neural networks, SVM, ensemble techniques (boosting and random forest) in terms of performance parameters and prove that random forest outperforms rest of the techniques by achieving an accuracy of 95%.

The genetic variability and relationships among 20 Mangifera indica genotypes representing 15 endangered and 5 cultivars, obtained from Indian Gir forest region, were analyzed using 10 random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and 21 inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers. RAPD markers were more efficient than the ISSR assay with regards to polymorphism detection. Also, the average numbers of polymorphic loci per primer, average polymorphic information content (PIC) and primer index (PI) values were more for RAPD than for ISSR. But, total number of genotype specific marker loci, Nei’s genetic diversity (h), Shannon’s information index (I), total heterozygosity (Ht), average heterozygosity (Hs) and mean coefficient of gene differentiation (Gst) were more for ISSR as compared to RAPD markers. The regression test between the two Nei’s genetic diversity indexes showed low regression between RAPD and ISSR based similarities but maximum for RAPD and RAPD + ISSR based similarities. The pattern of clustering of genotypes within groups was not similar when RAPD and ISSR derived dendrogram were compared. Thus, both the markers were equally important for genetic diversity analysis in M. indica.

The 2006 American Heart Association guidelines for management of patients with atrial fibrillation state “For patients with no identifiable thrombus in the left atrium (LA) or left atrial appendage (LAA), cardioversion (CV) is reasonable immediately after anticoagulation with unfractionated heparin. Thereafter, continuation of oral anticoagulation is reasonable for an anticoagulation period of at least 4 weeks”. For patients with thrombus identified by transesophageal echocardiography, guidelines recommend therapeutic oral anticoagulation for 3 weeks prior to and 4 weeks after elective cardioversion. Patients with spontaneous echo contrast (SEC) identified by TEE have a high risk of thromboembolic events,1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 however, the guidelines do not address whether patients with SEC without thrombus can be safely cardioverted. This paper reviews the literature describing the pathogenesis of SEC, how it is detected, and whether elective cardioversion is safe. On the basis of our review, we believe that the risk of cardioembolic stroke after cardioversion of a patient with SEC is low, regardless of anticoagulation. The safe conclusion is that patients with SEC on TEE should receive therapeutic anticoagulation prior to cardioversion if possible and early cardioversion is not contraindicated. Copyright © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Quality of the steel coil manufactured in a steel plant is influenced by several parameters during the manufacturing process. Coiling temperature deviation defect is one of the major issues. This defect causes steels metallurgical properties to diverge in the final product. In order to find the cause of this defect, various parameter values sensed by sensors are stored in database. Many approaches exist to analyze these data in order to find the cause of the defect. This paper presents a novel model HACDC (Hybrid Associative Classification with Distance Correlation) to analyze causality for coiling temperature deviation. Due to the combination of association rule, distance correlation and ensemble techniques we achieve an accuracy of 95 % which is quite better than other approaches. Moreover, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first implementation of random forest algorithm in analyzing steel coil defects.

Cumin seeds are used as a spice for their distinctive flavor and aroma. Cumin seeds contain numerous phytochemicals that are known to have antioxidant, carminative and anti-flatulent properties, and are also an excellent source of dietary fibre. Cumin requires a moderately cool and dry climate for its growth, with a temperature between 25 and 30 °C. cumin grows best on well drained sandy loam to loamy soils with a pH range of 6.8–8.3. The yield of cumin is affected by lack of superior varieties, scientific crop production technology and vulnerability to diseases like wilt, blight and powdery mildew incited by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cumini, Alternaria burnsii and Erysiphe polygoni, respectively. In these diseases, wilt is most common, results in yield losses up to 35 % in cumin. Fusarium oxysporum is a causative agent of wilt disease in a wide range of economically important crops. Fusarium species is well distributed across many geographical regions and substrates, and also widely distributed in soils, plants, and air. Temperature in different climatic regions also affects the species distribution and virulence.

Volume of digitized Information is growing drastically on web, digital libraries and other archives. Demand for searching a relevant document or data of specific time period over large amount of data has also increased. Therefore, Time dimension has its own importance in any information domain. Despite of the importance of temporal data available in the document, current search engines and searching techniques provide limited search facilities using date of timestamp or document publication date. Existing retrieval models do not take advantage of temporal expressions embedded into a document. This paper describes our framework to exploit temporal expressions in documents in order to add value to the existing information retrieval systems by providing searches like “before elections 2014,” “after Diwali,” etc., and retrieve relevant documents satisfying temporal expression search criteria.

For data migration, management, restructuring, and reorganizing operations, there is a growing demand of XML schema matching techniques. Most of the XML schemas are heterogeneous as they are independently designed by schema designers for individual customer requirements. Schema matching becomes a difficult task when schemas are large and hence there is a need for automated and accurate XML schema matching solutions to ease the process of mapping and migration. Considerable research has been done for XML schema matching automation. However, fully-automated solution is yet to be achieved. This paper makes an attempt in the direction by presenting an automated tool to match heterogeneous XML schemas with better results as compared to a standard tool COMA++.

In today’s era, a large amount of digitized information is generated every day. Retrieving information about a specific time period is one of the demands of information retrieval system. Such time-related information can be helpful to add time dimensions in existing information processing and information retrieval systems. In this paper, we represent INDTime, a rule-based system that is aimed to recognize and normalize temporal expressions present within the text document. It is designed to automatically annotate temporal expressions as per TIMEX3 annotation standard. The system has been evaluated on three datasets, one of them is WIKIWAR dataset and the other two are manually annotated datasets. We achieved an average precision of 94.15 %, recall of 92.55 %, and f-measure of 91.37 % on three datasets for recognizing temporal expressions and average precision of 90.95 %, recall of 92.55 %, and f-measure of 91.37 % for normalization.

The study was conducted to examine the antioxidant enzymes induced by Trichoderma viride JAU60 as initial defense response during invasion of rot pathogen Aspergillus niger Van Tieghem in five groundnut varieties under pot culture. Seed treatment of T. viride JAU60 reduced 51-58% collar rot disease incidence in different groundnut varieties under pathogen infected soil culture. The activities of the antioxidant enzymes, viz., superoxide dismutase (SOD, EC 1.15.1.1), guaiacol peroxidase (GPX, EC 1.11.1.7) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX, EC 1.11.1.11), elevated in response to pathogen infection, in higher rate by tolerant varieties (J-11 and GG-2) compared with susceptible (GAUG-10, GG-13, GG-20) and further induced by T. viride treatment. Trichoderma treatment remarkably increased the 2.3 fold SOD, 5 fold GPX and 2.5 fold APX activities during disease development in tolerant varieties and the same was found about 1.2, 1.5 and 2.0 folds, respectively, in susceptible varieties. Overall, T. viride JAU60 treated seedlings (T3) witnessed higher activities of SOD (1.5 fold), GPX (3.25 fold) and APX (1.25 fold) than pathogen treatment (T2) possibly suggest the induction of antioxidant defense response by Trichoderma bio-controller to combat oxidative burst produced by invading pathogen.

Thirty cotton genotypes (5 Gossypium arboreum and 25 Gossypium hirsutum) were analyzed for biochemical characters related to drought tolerance. Genotypes, JDRL-1, JDRL-2, JDRL-3, JDRL-4, JDRL-5 (G. arboreum) and JDRL-6 (G. hirsutum) were found to be highly drought tolerant based on relative water content (RWC) under stress condition. However, JDSL-24 (G. hirsutum) was recorded highly drought susceptible. Among biochemical parameters, soluble proteins correlated positively against drought tolerance (RWC) followed by proline and glycine betaine content. Leaf soluble proteins (15.35 mg×g−1fr.wt.), proline content (0.20 mg×g−1fr.wt.) and glycine betaine content (9.64 mg×g−1fr.wt.) was recorded highest in drought tolerant genotype JDRL-1 while free amino acids (0.470 mg×g−1fr.wt.) were elevated in JDRL-3. Total 20 RAPD primers were used to generate 198 bands in which 188 bands were polymorphic with an average of 9.4 bands per primer and total six RAPD primers [CPA-11(2738, 672, 376), OPA-2(502), OPE-08(4375, 3724, 488), OPM-06(407), OPO-09(2726, 2102) and OPZ-15(2211, 1124, 276)] amplified shared unique fragments between all five highly drought tolerantG. arboreum and two tolerant G. hirsutum genotypes JDRL-6 and JDRL-15. Dendrogram constructed from the RAPD data showed that JDRL-4 genotype of cotton was the most diversified genotype observed having separate position in cluster-II. The leaf osmolytes glycine betaine, soluble proteins, free amino acid and free proline were the effective biochemical markers to screen the cotton genotypes suitable for drought condition.

The study examine induction of defense enzymes involved in phenylpropanoid pathway and accumulation of pathogenesis related proteins in rot pathogen (Aspergillus niger Van Tieghem) challenged groundnut seedlings in response to Trichoderma viride JAU60. Seeds of five groundnut varieties differing in collar rot susceptibility were sown under non-infested, pathogen infested and pathogen+T. viride JAU60 seed treatment. Collar rot disease evident between 31.0% (J-11, GG-2) and 67.4% (GG-20) in different groundnut varieties under pathogen infested which was significantly reduced from 58.1% (J-11, GG-2) to 51.6% (GG-20) by Trichoderma treatment. The specific activities of polyphenol oxidase (EC 1.14.18.1) and β-1,3 glucanase (EC 3.2.1.6) elevated 3.5 and 2.3-fold, respectively, at 3 days; phenylalanine ammonia lyase (EC 4.3.1.5) evident 1.6-fold higher at 6 days; and chitinase (EC 3.2.1.14) sustained 2.3-2.8 folds up to 9 days in Trichoderma treated+pathogen infested seedlings of tolerant varieties (J-11, GG-2) compared with moderate and susceptible (GAUG-10, GG-13, GG-20). T. viride JAU60 induces defense enzymes in a different way for tolerant and susceptible varieties to combat the disease. This study indicates the synergism activation of defense enzymes under the pathogenic conditions or induced resistance by T. viride JAU60 in a different groundnut varieties susceptible to collar rot disease.

Cell formation, machine layout and cell layout problems in cellular manufacturing system are NP-Complete optimization problems. Good cell formation & layout design in cellular manufacturing system is achieved by finding optimum or near-optimum solutions of these problems, which substantially reduces manufacturing cost and time. Many approaches have been advocated by researchers to obtain better cell formation & layout design. An attempt has been done in this paper to review such approaches based on heuristics, meta-heuristics, hybrid methods and exact solution methods developed by past researchers to solve these problems. The main objective of this review paper is to find out the effective and efficient approaches by comparing them based on performance criteria, their benefits and drawbacks in solving cellular manufacturing system problems and find out future research scope in this area.

This pictorial review discusses the imaging findings in acute pancreatic injury and its delayed complications. These findings are related to key decisions in surgical management. Emphasis is placed on the difficulty of acute diagnosis using CT and the pivotal role of endoscopic retrograde pancreatography (ERP) in the definition of ductal anatomy with delayed diagnosis.

The c-myc gene has been implicated in multiple cellular processes including proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. In addition to the full-length c-Myc 1 and 2 proteins, we have found that human, murine, and avian cells express smaller c-Myc proteins arising from translational initiation at conserved downstream AUG codons. These c-Myc short (c-Myc S) proteins lack most of the N-terminal transactivation domain but retain the C-terminal protein dimerization and DNA binding domains. As with full-length c-Myc proteins, the c-Myc S proteins appear to be localized to the nucleus, are relatively unstable, and are phosphorylated. Significant levels of c-Myc S, often approaching the levels of full-length c-Myc, are transiently observed during the rapid growth phase of several different types of cells. Optimization of the upstream initiation codons resulted in greatly reduced synthesis of the c-Myc S proteins, suggesting that a "leaky scanning" mechanism leads to the translation of these proteins. In some hematopoietic tumor cell lines having altered c-myc genes, the c-Myc S proteins are constitutively expressed at levels equivalent to that of full-length c-Myc. As predicted, the c-Myc S proteins are unable to activate transcription and inhibited transactivation by full-length c-Myc proteins, suggesting a dominant-negative inhibitory function. While these transcriptional inhibitors would not be expected to function as full-length c-Myc, the occurrence of tumors which express constitutive high levels of c-Myc S and their transient synthesis during rapid cell growth suggest that these proteins do not interfere with the growth-promoting functions of full-length c-Myc.