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The variants of efficiency of strategic development of competitive relations in the production and external trading areas of business are assessed in the world steel market and its segments. Reasonability of the developed proposals is demonstrated for scheduling the business activities of metallurgical manufacturers in modern economic environment.

The laws of formation of the financial sphere in competitive environment and the results of economic activity of the leading Russian banks and metallurgical holdings are analyzed. A positive trend in the development of their production and economic activity after the 2008–2009 global crisis has been determined. This finding allows us to positively evaluate the prospects of further improvement of the economic situation in the Russian and global markets of financial services and in the metallurgical segment of Russian economy.

A high volatility of the indices characterizing economic relations under the conditions of relative steady production in the recent years has been detected by analyzing the economic and production activities of Russian and Austrian metallurgical corporations. The prospects of development of the Russian–Austrian business cooperation on the global steel market are positively evaluated.

The influence of export–import operations on the steelmaking production and the consumption of steel products in the world after the 2009 global financial crisis is estimated. Export is shown to prevail over import in terms of the rolled products in CIS, Asia and the world market, and export operations with first-stage cast steel products are most popular on the CIS market. The European market is characterized by a lower concentration of contractors participating in international export–import operations in comparison with the world steel market and its regional segments. The possibilities of expansion and intensification of metal trading on the world market are analyzed using the concept of bifurcation points for the distribution of a product on a market and information about this product.

The effectiveness functions of pure and mixed strategies are used to estimate the commercial attractiveness, the competitive incentives, and the development of operation activities of the leading Russian metallurgical and banking corporations. Positive dynamics and favorable possibility of their development at the present day period of economic recession and application of restriction sanctions to Russian economy are noted.

the results of assessing the impact of macroeconomic factors that reflect production and foreign trade activities on the world steel market in the XXI century are presented. It is established that production and market-oriented consumer operations prevail over export-import operations in the development of the market. This is promising for the global economy.

The prospects of development of the steelmaking in the world and Russia are estimated using information in the period 2009–2017. Recommendations on predicting crisis phenomena on the world and Russian steel markets are given in short-, medium-, and long-term time periods. The situation on the first processing world market of steelmaking is shown to be rather stable, and sharp changes in the business activity of steel market players on the regional level are possible.

The prospects of development of the enterprise are analyzed using the information on its industrial and economic activity in 2009–2016; this time period is characteristic of the crisis and postcrisis stages in the world and Russian economics. The technical-and-economic indices that reflect the most important aspects of the enterprise activity are estimated. The long-term measures taken by the management and the staff allow them to develop business dynamically in strategic perspective.

We discuss the prospects of development of the complex approach to the design of high-density, structurally homogeneous hard materials produced from granules obtained on plasma-centrifugal atomization installations with formation of molten baths from the melts in rotating crucibles with skull. The analyzed technology and equipment prove to be promising and commercially attractive for the production of granules intended for manufacturing monolithic composite materials. Granular compositions obtained from spherical particles by using known methods of compaction or layer-by-layer synthesis can be in demand in the domestic industry.

The problems of the production of a so-called casting rod blank made of a refractory casting alloy in the vacuum induction furnaces of AO Metallurgical Plant Electrostal are considered. A unique technology of casting and subsequent treatment of as-cast rod blanks made of refractory alloys is developed, tested, and optimized. As a result of the developed and performed measures for the production of metal products in the Consarc furnace, the ingot-to-product yield increases by 15% as compared to metal casting in an ISV-1.0 furnace. As a result, we have widened the range of cast alloy grades and are going to cast metals for the manufacture of blanks of other sizes and ranges of alloy an steel grades.

On the basis of comparison of the influence of the stock exchange factors on the pricing of nonferrous metals for medium term with similar results for short term, it has been established that the main attention should be paid to the changes in the pricing environment on the metal market as a function of the prices of exchange traded metals. The situation on the market of energy carriers (hydrocarbons) and the European, American, and Asian stock exchanges can be based on parity and even significantly influence the variation of the metal prices. In the medium term, constructive development of metal trade should be reasonably promoted by changing the elasticity of supply with regard to prices for exchange traded metals and by applying the stock exchange factors that positively influence the pricing on commodity and stock markets.

The comparative characteristics of highly sensitive photodetectors for modern lidar systems, like self-driving vehicles and autonomous systems for collision avoidance, sensors for aircraft and marine vessels, atmospheric lidar sensing systems, topographic mapping tools are considered. Estimates of the basic parameters of photodetectors such as sensitivity threshold, dynamic range, time and amplitude resolution, as well as the effect of background light on sensitivity were made for the new-type experimental detector HD-SiPM (high-density silicon photomultiplier) and compared with the APD module and commercial SiPM devices, optimized for ToF LiDAR application. Comparison results show that the HDSiPM looks promising for application in various ToF LiDAR systems.

The paper considers problems to define the primary source of raw material for metallurgical production in the Bronze Age in the IV-II centuries BC on the steppe Sic-Urals area. The data of field, experimental, and geochemical analytical researches for 2016-2020 are used. The summary indicating the relation between the initial ore protolith and sulfide and silicious-carbonate oxidized ores dated by the end of the Permian period is formulated. Radiocarbon dates of bearing monuments of mining archaeology are given.

The open trade on the world market is estimated using information of one-day exchange prices of nonferrous and precious metals, oil, reduced crude, and gasoline and the main world stock indices in the time period from January 1, 2009 to December 31, 2015. It is found that the short-term changes in the prices of nonferrous metals are determined by the prices on the metal market. The changes in the prices of energy carriers and the stock trade on the stock market weakly influence the pricing of nonferrous and precious metals. The prices of metals depend on the situation during trade on commodity exchanges, and the stock market indirectly influences the exchange prices of metals through changes in the share prices of the companies that produce copper, aluminum, and zinc.

The laws of formation of price clusters are revealed upon statistical processing of the data on changing the quotation prices of nonferrous and precious metals, oil, black oil, gasoline, and natural gas in the postcrisis period from January 1, 2009 to November 1, 2013. It is found that the metal prices entering in the price cluster of nonferrous metals most strongly affect the formation of the nonferrous metal price and that the prices of precious metals and energy carriers correct the exchange price of the metal to some extent but do not determine its formation. Equations are derived to calculate the prices. The results of calculation by these equations agree well with the real nonferrous metal prices in the near future.

This article focuses on mortality in children under 5 years in the United States of homicides. Infanticide has become one of the most common crimes against the person in the United States during the second half of XX - beginning of XXI centuries. This fact contributed to the problem of violent crime against children has been actively developed in American criminology. The following article is devoted to mortality from homicides among children under the age of 5 years old in the United States of America. Statistical reports of the Federal Bureau of Investigation during the period of 1980-2013 have been used as an empirical base for research. Carried out a critical analysis of a wide range of research of American specialists in various branches of science (criminologists, sociologists, psychiatrists, physicians), devoted to the problems of infanticide in the United States. The basic parameters of infanticide, the dynamics and characteristics of this type of crime. Revealed a rather complicated dynamics of infanticide in the United States for a designated length of chronological period’s ups and downs in the development of this type of crime. Victimization characteristics of children died of homicides as per sex, age and race have been presented. It is found that among American children under the age of 5 years, the greatest risk of becoming a victim of premeditated murder was in children under the age of 1 year. Generalized characteristics of criminals having committed infanticide during this period of time as per sex, kinship of the victim, means used to murder have been revealed. This study found that during the period under review the chronological development of the United States of persons detained by the police for the murder of a child under the age of 5 years, which is numerically dominated by men. These statistics can be traced in all age groups of persons who have committed infanticide in the United States in the 1980-2013 periods. Analysis of statistical sources provided the following social characteristics of mothers who killed their own children: the vast majority come from poor families, are relatively young, lonely, or experienced acute tensions with parents in the period before the birth of the child. The authors have analyzed foreign scientific literature, dealing with motivation and socio-psychological characteristics of mothers who killed their babies and presented some separate guidelines on the prevention of this type of crime. They also analyzed the features of infanticide prevention in the United States, aimed at authorities’ activity in crime reducing throughout the country, and identified positive aspects of criminological experience of American experts and the possibility to use it to study the problems and improve the system of infanticide prevention in Russia.

Copper isotope ratios are determined by MC-ICP-MS in a number of Cis-Urals copper sandstones and products of their processing. Malachite crusts are characterized by positive δ65Cu (+1.33‰÷+1.96‰) whereas the sludge with flux additives and experimental glassy slag have the lowest negative δ65Cu values (-4.87‰÷-4.32‰). δ65Cu = −0.54‰ is found for copper ingot obtained during the experimental smelting. Copper matte and sludge have negative δ65Cu values ranging from -2.33 to -2.61‰.

The new-type silicon photomultiplier with high density of cells (HD-SiPM) was developed by DEPHAN for the task of analog detecting of short light pulses. In this work we have tested and compared with known references its responsivity, amplitude and time resolution by short laser pulses (442 nm) in a wide range of signal intensities. The results demonstrate, that the new detector could be interesting for Hi-Res Medical Imaging and other pulse detecting applications in nuclear science, especially those requiring combination of sensitivity, high speed and dynamic range from a small-area detector or an array element.

In this paper, we analyze the influence of the crosstalk level and the dynamic range on the basic characteristics of a silicon solid-state photomultiplier and demonstrate their importance for detecting of optical signals with backlight illumination, in particular, for LIDAR application. Experimental results obtained in the study of threshold and fluctuation parameters of detectors with different levels of crosstalk and dynamic range are presented. It is shown that the detector design combining a high dynamic range with a small crosstalk gives a noticeable advantage in such applications.

The dynamics completed suicides in the UK over the years 1981-2011. Discusses the distribution of suicides by sex, age. The geographical distribution of suicide mortality of the UK population by region.

A technique is proposed to estimate developed Russian and foreign rare-earth metal (REM) deposits with allowance for the world market prices of the products containing REM compounds and a change in the expected rental income, which can be used as a specific economic preference index for making strategic decisions regarding the development of REM deposits. The results of estimation these deposits using this technique are presented. Positive dynamics is noted in changing the investment made in the development of deposits as a function of the expected rental income in this business.

The development of the modern rare-earth business is analyzed, and the possibilities of using a mathematical description of the prospects of this business on the basis of nonlinear evolution equations are estimated. The well-known methods of describing the life cycle of the economic activity of a commercial company in the closed multisector model of market economics is used to determine the boundaries of changing the average labor productivity during the diversification of business on operating Russian enterprises that produce a wide range of products and are intended to manufacture new types of high-technology rare-earth metal products.

The possibility of formation of a Russian holding company for the production of rare-earth metal articles under conditions of its increasing demand on the world market is considered. It is reasonable to ensure stable business operation on the market under conditions of state-private partnership after the fraction of soled products is determined and supported by the competitive advantages of Russian products.

Discussions about the border between Europe and Asia have been active over many hundreds of years. The geopolitical changes of the late 20th century in the post-Soviet space prompt us to reconsider this issue. The authors of the article published below analyze the long evolution of ideas about the Europe-Asia border and propose a modern point of view on this problem, revealing a natural geographic boundary between the two continents.

Certain competitive advantages of a manufacturer on a goods market can be provided if one creates conditions for bifurcation development of an innovation process in metallurgical business under conditions of market uncertainty of a demand for goods of a specified consumer quality and determines the technical-and-economic versions of stable operation of a production system for performing orders of metal product consumers.

This paper gives a brief review of some studies of acoustooptic methods for measuring sound velocity in solids performed at the Department of Acoustoelectronics and Acoustooptics of the Institute of Semiconductor Physics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Science.

The paper discusses the evaluation of venture investment projects in pulverized coal injection into blast furnaces.

Powdered samples of complex oxides-potassium niobates with a layered structure were prepared via high-temperature synthesis followed by grinding. The action spectra of photoinduced processes on potassium niobates with different phase compositions in aqueous and aquo-organic systems were determined. It was shown that the evolution of oxygen was due to its photodesorption and occurred upon illumination with light at an energy near the edge of intrinsic niobate absorption. The formation of hydrogen in aqueous systems is due to the photocatalytic dehydrogenation of trace organic compounds adsorbed on potassium niobate, rather than to the photodecomposition of water. The quantum efficiency of the photocatalytic dehydrogenation increased by an order of magnitude when hydrogen-containing organic compounds were added to the reaction mixture.

The physicochemical properties of nanoporous carbon materials (TUMaNs) prepared by the carbonization of porous phenol-formaldehyde resin were studied. According to high-resolution electron microscopic data, these materials are nanographites composed of 5-to 10-μm globules, which form chaotically arranged microblocks 3–4 graphene layers in thickness. The materials have a developed system of 1.5-to 3.0-nm micropores and a specific surface area of 450–700 m2/g. According to X-ray diffraction analysis, the samples consisted of strongly disordered graphite with uniquely large interlayer distances of 0.375–0.390 nm. The sorption properties of TUMaN toward hydrogen and light hydrocarbons were studied. The amount of absorbed hydrogen was higher than analogous values for materials with comparable or even larger specific surface areas. With respect to the sorption of light hydrocarbons, the properties of TUMaN were similar to those of silica and alumina. Nickel supported on TUMaN exhibited an unusually high activity and selectivity in butadiene hydrogenation to butenes. Palladium on TUMaN was highly effective in the hydrofining of ethylene for the removal of acetylene impurities.

Some results on planar diode structure creation by the method of a plasma-immersion ion implantation is presented in this paper. Obtained leakage current ~ 1 uA/cm2 at reverse voltage – 1 V. The cryogenic plasmochemical silicon etching process is developed, able to form the structured silicon layer with system of deep holes with high aspect ratio.

Evaporation of metallic silver was performed in Ar, N 2 and He using the ELV-6 electron accelerator. The obtained ultra-dispersed powders with a particle size of 70–80 nm were investigated by XRD, HREM and UV–Vis spectroscopy. The structure of Ag(Ar) powder was shown to differ substantially from that of Ag(N 2 ) by the presence of small oxide-like species of 10–20 nm on the particle surface. Catalytic activity of the powders in the reaction of ethylene epoxidation was also studied.

The phase changes in the Y2O3–Ta2O5 and La2O3–Ta2O5 systems during mechanical activation and subsequent heat treatment are investigated. Y2O3 and Ta2O5 are shown to react during mechanical activation to form Y3TaO7 . Calcination of activated mixtures leads to the formation of YTaO4 and LaTaO4 . The observed processes are interpreted in terms of transformations of the fluorite structure. A new method is proposed for the synthesis of rare-earth tantalates for applications in diagnostic x-ray contrast media. The method has a number of important advantages over the conventional ceramic route.

The syntheses of triisopropyl borate and other boric acid esters under conditions of mechanochemical activation with the use of zeolite catalysts were found to be highly efficient. The proposed method exhibits the following advantages over known methods: short synthesis times, low energy consumption, higher yields of target products, and the absence of byproducts. The mechanism of the catalytic esterification of boric acid under conditions of mechanochemical activation is discussed.

The elastic properties of beryllium-lantanum hexaaluminate, BeLaAl11O19 (sp. gr. P63/mmc), a new crystal from the family of hexagonal aluminates, have been studied. The velocities of elastic-wave propagation in the crystals are measured by a new acoustooptic interference method. The values of all the independent components of elastic-constant tensor are determined and used to calculate a number of dynamic parameters of the crystal such as the Young’s and shear moduli, the modulus of volume elasticity, Poisson’s ratio as well as the Debye temperature and specific heat. The data obtained are compared with the same parameters for the well-known magnesium-lantanum hexaaluminate MgLaAl11O19 laser crystals. It is shown that the dynamic properties of the BeLaAl11O19 crystal are close to those of MgLaAl11O19 and are a promising matrix for designing new laser media.