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Funding Acknowledgements Type of funding sources: None. Background Phase mapping using software of ExTRa Mapping is a new tool to clarify the localization of rotor in atrial fibrillation (AF), but the spatial distribution of rotor in right atrium (RA) and the effect of ablation is not clear compared with left atrium (LA). Purpose This study sought to investigate the spatial distribution of rotor in RA and the safety and effectiveness of RA rotor ablation after pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) in patients with persistent AF. Methods ExTRa mapping with a 20-polar Reflexion catheter in RA was performed in 2nd or 3rd ablation for recurrent AF after PVI in 16 patients with persistent AF (including 4 patients with long standing >1 year AF, 15 men, mean age 67±7.7years old, mean LAD 42±5.4mm, mean EF 57±11%). Rotor was defined as NPAs (non-passively activated areas) in which the percentage of the non-passively activated period in the recording time of 5 seconds is over 50%. RA was divided into 5 areas of crista terminalis (CT), septum (Sept), free wall of RA appendage (fRAA), septal side of RAA (sRAA), behind aorta (Ao), and distribution of NPAs was investigated. RA minimal ablation to NPAs was performed to avoid sinus node and phrenic nerve. The outcomes of AF recurrence were analyzed. Results NPAs in RA were observed in 15 of 16 cases, and 67% of cases in CT, 75% in Sept, 80% in fRAA, 20% in sRAA, and 43% in Ao. RA minimal ablation was performed in 21 NPAs in 8 patients to avoid sinus node and phrenic nerve. In a mean follow-up of 307±204 days, freedom from any atrial tachyarrhythmias without antiarrhythmic drugs was achieved in 9 of 16 patients (56%). In 4 (80%) of 5 patients in whom more than 75% area of NPAs were eliminated, sinus rhythm was maintained. There was no serious complication. Conclusion Rotor in RA existed relatively frequently in septum, fRAA and CT. RA rotor ablation was safe and could be a new strategy after PVI for persistent AF.

Background Gender-affirming pelvic surgery (GAPS) can be associated with significant postoperative pelvic pain. Given the lack of available peripheral nerve blocks to the perineum, intrathecal morphine (ITM) injection could offer a potent analgesic modality for this patient population. No prior studies to date have been performed examining the analgesic effects of intrathecal morphine for these patients. Methods This retrospective case-control study aims to understand the postoperative analgesic effects of intrathecal morphine for these patients with a historical comparison group of patients who did not receive intrathecal morphine. Results Fourteen patients presented for gender-affirming pelvic surgery over an eight-month period at a single institution and were offered intrathecal morphine for postoperative analgesia. Their analgesic results were compared to a similar historical group of 13 patients who were not offered or declined intrathecal morphine. Conclusions Intrathecal morphine injection is a potent analgesic modality for patients presenting for gender-affirming pelvic surgery.

The crystal configuration dependence of thallium-doped caesium iodide (CsI(Tl)) scintillation detectors was analysed on an ambient dose equivalent (H*(10)). H*(10) were systematically calculated in various crystal conditions for aspect ratios and sizes in a virtual environment contaminated by radionuclides to investigate directional characteristics by comparing the H*(10)s with the typical irradiation geometries in anterior–posterior (AP), lateral (LAT), rotational (ROT) and isotropic (ISO). The simulation revealed that H*(10) obviously changes according to the crystal configuration and cuboidal CsI(Tl) scintillation detectors with specific aspect ratios could be applied to environmental dose rate measurement without further changes in the calibration procedure.

The construction and expansion of roads cause significant impacts on the environment. The main potential impacts to biotic environment are vegetation suppression, reduction of the amount and composition of animal distribution due to forest fragmentation and increasing risks of animal (domestic and wildlife) vehicle collisions. The objective of this work was to establish a relationship between the different spatial patterns in wildlife-vehicle crash, by using spatial analysis and machine learning tools. Self-Organizing Maps (SOM), an artificial neural network (ANN), was selected to reorganize the multi-dimensional data according to the similarity between them. The results of the spatial pattern analysis were important to perceive that the point data pattern varies from an animal type to another. The events occur spatially clustered and are not uniformly distributed along the highway. SOM was able to analyze the relationship between multiple variables, linear and non-linear, such as ecological data, and established distinct spatial patterns per each animal type. In the studied area, most of the wildlife was run over very close to forest area and water bodies, and not so close to sugarcane fields, forestry and built environment. A considerable part of the wildlife-vehicle collisions occurred in areas with diverse landscape.

The aim of this investigation is improvement of the performance of Darrieus-type hydraulic turbines operated in an open channel. Since the output power is very small in such a utilization of small hydropower, it is important to get more power for the cost reduction. In our previous experimental investigation, the performance of turbine runner installed near the side wall of the channel was better than that installed at the center of the channel. In order to enhance the output power, a flat guide was installed upstream of the runner on the opposite side of the side wall. In the present study, we parametrically investigate the effects of flow guiding angle and installation position of the guide on the turbine performance. Two-dimensional unsteady CFD simulations are carried out to qualitatively understand the flow mechanism leading to the better performance of turbine. As a result, it is found that the turbine performance can be significantly enhanced by the appropriately placed flow guide. This enhancement is found to be achieved by the improvement of turbine efficiency and the increase of the input power.

Oregano essential oil has long been known for its health-promoting benefits. Here, we report its activity against viral replication. Oregano oil was found to specifically inhibit lentiviruses, such as human and simian immunodeficiency viruses (HIV and SIV), irrespective of virus tropism, but not hepatitis C virus, adenovirus 5 (ADV5), Zika virus, and influenza (H1N1) virus. Oregano oil’s most abundant components, carvacrol and its isomer, thymol, were shown to block virus-target cell fusion while not perturbing other stages of the virus life cycle. We detected changes in virus particle density, suggesting that cholesterol depletion from the HIV-1 envelope membrane reduces virus entry. Furthermore, infection was rescued by adding exogenous cholesterol. The evolution of viral resistance to carvacrol supported this mechanism of action with the identification of mutations in the viral gp41 fusion protein that counteracted cholesterol depletion. In addition, resistance to carvacrol emerged later than typically observed for other clinically used drugs, strengthening its antiviral potential. Structure-activity relationship studies revealed key motifs of carvacrol and thymol required for HIV neutralization and identified previously unknown active analogs. Carvacrol was also shown to additively cooperate with antiretroviral therapy. In sum, oregano oil and improved carvacrol and thymol analogs could be considered to supplement current HIV therapeutics. IMPORTANCE Oregano essential oil has multiple benefits in traditional medicine, cosmetics, and food industries. Carvacrol and its analog, thymol, are well-described components of oregano oil. Here, we show that these compounds inhibit HIV-target cell fusion independently of viral tropism. Our results suggest that carvacrol and thymol alter the cholesterol content of the viral membrane, blocking HIV-1 entry into the target cell. Resistance to carvacrol has selected for viruses with mutations in the viral envelope glycoprotein, gp41. This protein is known for its interaction with cholesterol present in membrane lipid rafts. Together, these results demonstrate the potential of therapies targeting the viral envelope membrane, and oregano oil is a safe supplement to antiretrovirals, potentially delaying disease progression and resistance development.

The cubic Kondo lattice ${\mathrm{YbCo}}_{2}{\mathrm{Zn}}_{20}$ is one of the heaviest known Fermi liquids. We have measured the low-temperature electrical resistivity $\ensuremath{\rho}(T)$, magnetic susceptibility $\ensuremath{\chi}(T)$, and heat capacity $C(T)$ in single crystals of $\mathrm{Yb}{({\mathrm{Co}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Ni}}_{x})}_{2}{\mathrm{Zn}}_{20}$ ($x\ensuremath{\le}0.126$) and $\mathrm{Yb}{({\mathrm{Co}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Fe}}_{y})}_{2}{\mathrm{Zn}}_{20}$ ($y\ensuremath{\le}0.07$). While pure ${\mathrm{YbCo}}_{2}{\mathrm{Zn}}_{20}$ displays maxima in $\ensuremath{\rho}(T)$ and $\ensuremath{\chi}(T)$, ascribed to an enhanced crystal electric field (CEF) degeneracy, the maxima are suppressed by small amounts ($\ensuremath{\approx}6$ at.%) of substitutions of the Co atoms. This goes along with a suppression of superheavy Fermi liquid behavior as manifested in the divergence of $C/T$. We ascribe the observations to local distortions at the Yb site due to the chemical disorder in the environment, rather than to a chemical pressure effect. This fragileness to the local distortion indicates that superheavy Fermion behavior in ${\mathrm{YbCo}}_{2}{\mathrm{Zn}}_{20}$ is closely linked to an enhanced CEF degeneracy.

Context. Realistic synthetic observations of theoretical source models are essential for our understanding of real observational data. In using synthetic data, one can verify the extent to which source parameters can be recovered and evaluate how various data corruption effects can be calibrated. These studies are the most important when proposing observations of new sources, in the characterization of the capabilities of new or upgraded instruments, and when verifying model-based theoretical predictions in a direct comparison with observational data. Aims. We present the SYnthetic Measurement creator for long Baseline Arrays (SYMBA), a novel synthetic data generation pipeline for Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) observations. SYMBA takes into account several realistic atmospheric, instrumental, and calibration effects. Methods. We used SYMBA to create synthetic observations for the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT), a millimetre VLBI array, which has recently captured the first image of a black hole shadow. After testing SYMBA with simple source and corruption models, we study the importance of including all corruption and calibration effects, compared to the addition of thermal noise only. Using synthetic data based on two example general relativistic magnetohydrodynamics (GRMHD) model images of M 87, we performed case studies to assess the image quality that can be obtained with the current and future EHT array for different weather conditions. Results. Our synthetic observations show that the effects of atmospheric and instrumental corruptions on the measured visibilities are significant. Despite these effects, we demonstrate how the overall structure of our GRMHD source models can be recovered robustly with the EHT2017 array after performing calibration steps, which include fringe fitting, a priori amplitude and network calibration, and self-calibration. With the planned addition of new stations to the EHT array in the coming years, images could be reconstructed with higher angular resolution and dynamic range. In our case study, these improvements allowed for a distinction between a thermal and a non-thermal GRMHD model based on salient features in reconstructed images. © 2020 ESO., This work is supported by the ERC Synergy Grant "BlackHoleCam: Imaging the Event Horizon of Black Holes" (Grant 610058). I. Natarajan and R. Deane are grateful for the support from the New Scientific Frontiers with Precision Radio Interferometry Fellowship awarded by the South African Radio Astronomy Observatory (SARAO), which is a facility of the National Research Foundation (NRF), an agency of the Department of Science and Technology (DST) of South Africa. The authors of the present paper further thank the following organizations and programmes: the Academy of Finland (projects 274477, 284495, 312496); the Advanced European Network of E-infrastructures for Astronomy with the SKA (AENEAS) project, supported by the European Commission Framework Programme Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation action under grant agreement 731016; the Alexander von Humboldt Stiftung; the Black Hole Initiative at Harvard University, through a grant (60477) from the John Templeton Foundation; the China Scholarship Council; Comision Nacional de Investigacio Cientifica y Tecnologica (CONICYT, Chile, via PIA ACT172033, Fondecyt 1171506, BASAL AFB-170002, ALMAconicyt 31140007); Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia (CONACYT, Mexico, projects 104497, 275201, 279006, 281692); the Delaney Family via the Delaney Family John A. Wheeler Chair at Perimeter Institute; Direccion General de Asuntos del Personal Academico-Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico (DGAPA-UNAM, project IN112417); the Generalitat Valenciana postdoctoral grant APOSTD/2018/177; the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation (grants GBMF-3561, GBMF-5278); the Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN) sezione di Napoli, iniziative specifiche TEONGRAV; the GenT Program (Generalitat Valenciana) under project CIDEGENT/2018/021; the International Max Planck Research School for Astronomy and Astrophysics at the Universities of Bonn and Cologne; the Jansky Fellowship program of the National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO); the Japanese Government (Monbukagakusho: MEXT) Scholarship; the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) Grant-in-Aid for JSPS Research Fellowship (JP17J08829); the Key Research Program of Frontier Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS, grants QYZDJ-SSW-SLH057, QYZDJ-SSW-SYS008); the Leverhulme Trust Early Career Research Fellowship; the Max-Planck-Gesellschaft (MPG); the Max Planck Partner Group of the MPG and the CAS; the MEXT/JSPS KAKENHI (grants 18KK0090, JP18K13594, JP18K03656, JP18H03721, 18K03709, 18H01245, 25120007); the MIT International Science and Technology Initiatives (MISTI) Funds; the Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST) of Taiwan (105-2112-M-001-025-MY3, 106-2112-M-001-011, 106-2119-M-001027, 107-2119-M-001-017, 107-2119-M-001-020, and 107-2119-M-110-005); the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA, Fermi Guest Investigator grant 80NSSC17K0649); NASA through the NASA Hubble Fellowship grant #HST-HF2-51431.001-A awarded by the Space Telescope Science Institute, which is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc. , for NASA, under contract NAS5-26555; the National Institute of Natural Sciences (NINS) of Japan; the National Key Research and Development Program of China (grant 2016YFA0400704, 2016YFA0400702); the National Science Foundation (NSF, grants AST-0096454, AST-0352953, AST-0521233, AST-0705062, AST-0905844, AST-0922984, AST-1126433, AST-1140030, DGE-1144085, AST-1207704, AST-1207730, AST-1207752, MRI-1228509, OPP-1248097, AST-1310896, AST-1312651, AST-1337663, AST-1440254, AST-1555365, AST-1715061, AST-1615796, AST-1716327, OISE-1743747, AST-1816420); the Natural Science Foundation of China (grants 11573051, 11633006, 11650110427, 10625314, 11721303, 11725312, 11933007); the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC, including a Discovery Grant and the NSERC Alexander Graham Bell Canada Graduate Scholarships-Doctoral Program); the National Youth Thousand Talents Program of China; the National Research Foundation of Korea (the Global PhD Fellowship Grant: grants NRF-2015H1A2A1033752, 2015-R1D1A1A01056807, the Korea Research Fellowship Program: NRF-2015H1D3A1066561); the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO) VICI award (grant 639.043.513) and Spinoza Prize SPI 78-409; the New Scientific Frontiers with Precision Radio Interferometry Fellowship awarded by the South African Radio Astronomy Observatory (SARAO), which is a facility of the National Research Foundation (NRF), an agency of the Department of Science and Technology (DST) of South Africa; the Onsala Space Observatory (OSO) national infrastructure, for the provisioning of its facilities/observational support (OSO receives funding through the Swedish Research Council under grant 2017-00648) the Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics (research at Perimeter Institute is supported by the Government of Canada through the Department of Innovation, Science and Economic Development and by the Province of Ontario through the Ministry of Research, Innovation and Science); the Princeton/Flatiron Postdoctoral Prize Fellowship; the Russian Science Foundation (grant 17-12-01029); the Spanish Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad (grants AYA2015-63939-C21-P, AYA2016-80889-P); the State Agency for Research of the Spanish MCIU through the "Center of Excellence Severo Ochoa" award for the Instituto de Astrofisica de Andalucia (SEV-2017-0709); the Toray Science Foundation; the US Department of Energy (USDOE) through the Los Alamos National Laboratory (operated by Triad National Security, LLC, for the National Nuclear Security Administration of the USDOE (Contract 89233218CNA000001)); the Italian Ministero dell'Istruzione Universita e Ricerca through the grant Progetti Premiali 2012-iALMA (CUP C52I13000140001); the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 730562 RadioNet; ALMA North America Development Fund; the Academia Sinica; Chandra TM6-17006X. This work used the Extreme Science and Engineering Discovery Environment (XSEDE), supported by NSF grant ACI-1548562, and CyVerse, supported by NSF grants DBI-0735191, DBI-1265383, and DBI1743442. XSEDE Stampede2 resource at TACC was allocated through TGAST170024 and TG-AST080026N. XSEDE JetStream resource at PTI and TACC was allocated through AST170028. The simulations were performed in part on the SuperMUC cluster at the LRZ in Garching, on the LOEWE cluster in CSC in Frankfurt, and on the HazelHen cluster at the HLRS in Stuttgart. This research was enabled in part by support provided by Compute Ontario (http://computeontario.ca), Calcul Quebec (http://www. calculquebec.ca) and Compute Canada (http://www.computecanada.ca).We thank the sta ff at the participating observatories, correlation centers, and institutions for their enthusiastic support. This paper makes use of the following ALMA data: ADS/JAO.ALMA#2017.1.00841.V. ALMA is a partnership of the European Southern Observatory (ESO; Europe, representing its member states), NSF, and National Institutes of Natural Sciences of Japan, together with National Research Council (Canada), Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST; Taiwan), Academia Sinica Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics (ASIAA; Taiwan), and Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute (KASI; Republic of Korea), in cooperation with the Republic of Chile. The Joint ALMA Observatory is operated by ESO, Associated Universities, Inc. (AUI)/NRAO, and the National Astronomical Observatory of Japan (NAOJ). The NRAO is a facility of the NSF operated under cooperative agreement by AUI. APEX is a collaboration between the Max-Planck-Institut fur Radioastronomie (Germany), ESO, and the Onsala Space Observatory (Sweden). The SMA is a joint project between the SAO and ASIAA and is funded by the Smithsonian Institution and the Academia Sinica. The JCMT is operated by the East Asian Observatory on behalf of the NAOJ, ASIAA, and KASI, as well as the Ministry of Finance of China, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and the National Key R&D Program (No. 2017YFA0402700) of China. Additional funding support for the JCMT is provided by the Science and Technologies Facility Council (UK) and participating universities in the UK and Canada. The LMT is a project operated by the Instituto Nacional de Astrofisica, Optica, y Electronica (Mexico) and the University of Massachusetts at Amherst (USA). The IRAM 30m telescope on Pico Veleta, Spain is operated by IRAM and supported by CNRS (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, France), MPG (Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Germany) and IGN (Instituto Geografico Nacional, Spain). The SMT is operated by the Arizona Radio Observatory, a part of the Steward Observatory of the University of Arizona, with financial support of operations from the State of Arizona and financial support for instrumentation development from the NSF. The SPT is supported by the National Science Foundation through grant PLR-1248097. Partial support is also provided by the NSF Physics Frontier Center grant PHY-1125897 to the Kavli Institute of Cosmological Physics at the University of Chicago, the Kavli Foundation and the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation grant GBMF 947. The SPT hydrogen maser was provided on loan from the GLT, courtesy of ASIAA. The EHTC has received generous donations of FPGA chips from Xilinx Inc., under the Xilinx University Program. The EHTC has benefited from technology shared under open-source license by the Collaboration for Astronomy Signal Processing and Electronics Research (CASPER). The EHT project is grateful to T4Science and Microsemi for their assistance with Hydrogen Masers. This research has made use of NASA's Astrophysics Data System. We gratefully acknowledge the support provided by the extended staff of the ALMA, both from the inception of the ALMA Phasing Project through the observational campaigns of 2017 and 2018. We would like to thank A. Deller and W. Brisken for EHT-specific support with the use of DiFX. We acknowledge the significance that Maunakea, where the SMA and JCMT EHT stations are located, has for the indigenous Hawaiian people. The software presented in this work makes use of the Numpy (van derWalt et al. 2011), Scipy (Jones et al. 2001), Astropy (Astropy Collaboration 2013, 2018) libraries and the KERN software bundle (Molenaar & Smirnov 2018).

The aim of this investigation is to develop a nano-hydro turbine that can effectively utilize the wasted hydraulic energy in infrastructure such as agricultural and industrial canals and irrigation waterways. Up to this time, the utilization of such a small hydropower has not progressed owing to economic reasons. Therefore, we focus on the Savonius type, which has the advantages of low manufacturing cost and excellent maintainability because of its simple structure. Conventionally, the Savonius type has been developed and researched as a vertical axis wind turbine. In order to effectively utilize the water surface flow, which is particular to open channels, we place the turbine runner perpendicular to the water flow and horizontally on the channel bottom. In the present study, we experimentally investigated the effect of the parameters for the turbine installation and its operation, namely distance between a runner and the water surface and the rotation direction of the runner, on the performance at each water level. As a result, it was found that the suitable installation depth differs depending on the rotation direction of the turbine.

Dissolved gas in water is known as one of the factors which affect cavitation. The present study focuses on the effect of dissolved gas on cavitation around a hydrofoil, more specifically on the hysteresis of cavitation and surface pressure of the hydrofoil. The pressure measurement on a hydrofoil of Clark Y-11.7% was carried out under various dissolved gas conditions. Pressure in the test section was reduced stepwise from an atmospheric pressure to that in a super-cavitation condition, then was increased stepwise to the atmospheric pressure condition. Amount of dissolved oxygen (DO) was used as a parameter representing the degree of air content, and three DO conditions were set at low DO: under 30%, middle DO: around 50%, and high DO: over 70% of saturation under atmospheric pressure. Also, two angles of attack, 8 and 20 degrees were selected. Although there is no significant difference of the surface pressure and its hysteresis at the angle of attack of 8 degrees, dissolved gas seems to affect the behavior of cavitation. At the angle of attack of 20 degrees, it was found that the appearance of cavity was changed by DO conditions, and it would affect surface pressure of the foil. Under high DO condition, when the cavity oscillated with large amplitude, dissolved gas seemed to enhance the growth of the cavity, and the cavity tended to grow as covering the suction surface of the foil; it would make the time-averaged surface pressure of high DO condition lower than that of the other DO condition.

We synthesized a new ternary stannide CePd 3 Sn 2 and determined its crystal structure from single crystal x-ray diffraction. This compound crystallizes in the orthorhombic structure with space group Pnma (No.62). One-dimensional chains of the shortest Ce-Ce contacts at 0.47663(1) nm run along the b axis. Both specific heat C and susceptibility χ of polycrystalline samples show a pronounced peak at T N = 0.6 K indicating an antiferromagnetic order. An obvious tail in C ( T ) appears in the temperature range from T N up to 3 K where the magnetic entropy S m reaches Rln2. Meanwhile, the electrical resistivity ρ exhibits an upward curvature without showing any sign of Kondo scattering. The unusual behaviors of C ( T ) and ρ ( T ) above T N are attributed to antiferromagnetic short-range correlations in the Ce-Ce chain.

We have employed a magnetic field angle as a tuning parameter in a comprehensive measurement of the specific heat, magnetocaloric effect, and magnetization for the quasi-kagome Kondo lattice CeRhSn, which is considered to exhibit zero-field quantum criticality driven by geometrical frustration. By constructing the field-angle-resolved landscape of the entropy, we unexpectedly revealed that the non-Fermi-liquid nature survives up to a metamagnetic crossover field of roughly 3 T in the very narrow field-orientation range, close to the direction parallel to the quasi-kagome plane. We propose that spin fluctuations along the hexagonal $c$ axis are the dominant driving force for the non-Fermi-liquid behavior because it is strongly suppressed by a magnetic-field component along the $c$ axis. The multidimensional entropy landscape, which directly reflects the degeneracy of ground states, opens a new route for uncovering the nature of exotic phases in anisotropic systems., Comment: 6 pages, 5 figures, 1 table (main text) + 9 pages, 6 figures (Supplemental Material)

The Ce atoms in CeIrSn form a quasikagome lattice in the hexagonal $c$ plane. Our single-crystal x-ray diffraction analysis has confirmed the absence of superstructure in the ZrNiAl-type structure. Motivated by the recent observation of quantum critical behaviors in the isostructural and isoelectronic compound CeRhSn, we have studied low-temperature properties of single-crystalline samples of CeIrSn by measuring the electrical resistivity, magnetic susceptibility $\ensuremath{\chi}$, magnetization $M$, and specific heat $C$ down to 0.05 K. Our study does not show evidence of a long-range magnetic ordering down to the lowest temperature. The $\ensuremath{\chi}(T)$ data show an Ising character, ${\ensuremath{\chi}}_{c}\ensuremath{\gg}{\ensuremath{\chi}}_{a}$, and power-law behaviors at low temperatures: ${\ensuremath{\chi}}_{c}\ensuremath{\propto}{T}^{\ensuremath{-}0.8}$ and ${\ensuremath{\chi}}_{a}\ensuremath{\propto}{T}^{\ensuremath{-}0.6}$. When external field $B$ is applied along the $a$ axis, both $M(B)$ and $C(B)/T$ exhibit metamagnetic anomalies at 5.5 T, which resemble those observed in CeRhSn at 3.5 T. We attribute the metamagnetic crossover under in-plane magnetic fields to the alleviation of magnetic frustration inherent in the quasikagome Ising Kondo lattice.

Additional file 1: Table 1S. Published Components of Kudzu from China. Figure 1S. Cytotoxicity of the cells used. Figure 2S. Activity of Kudzuâ s vehicles (glycerol and Ethanol) and ARVs in acute infection of HeLa-CD4-LTR-LacZ cells with an X4 tropic virus. Figure 3S. Kudzu does not alter CD4, CXCR4 and CCR5 cell membrane expression. Table 2S. Table of primers/probes used.

CeRhSn with a quasikagome lattice of Ce atoms in the hexagonal $c$ plane has been expected to be in close vicinity to a zero-field quantum criticality derived from magnetic frustration. We have studied how the ground state changes with substitution of Pd for Rh in $\mathrm{CeR}{\mathrm{h}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}\mathrm{P}{\mathrm{d}}_{x}\mathrm{Sn}$ $(x\ensuremath{\le}0.75)$ by measuring the specific heat $C$, magnetic susceptibilities ${\ensuremath{\chi}}_{\mathrm{dc}}$ and ${\ensuremath{\chi}}_{\mathrm{ac}}$, magnetization $M$, electrical resistivity \ensuremath{\rho}, and magnetoresistance. For $x=0$, the field dependence of ${\ensuremath{\chi}}_{\mathrm{ac}}$ at $T=0.03\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$ shows a peak at $B\ensuremath{\parallel}a=3.5\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\mathrm{T}$, confirming the spin-flop crossover in the field applied along the hard axis. The temperature dependence of ${\ensuremath{\chi}}_{\mathrm{ac}}$ shows a broad maximum at 0.1 K whereas $C/T$ continues to increase down to 0.08 K. For $x\ensuremath{\geqq}0.1,\ensuremath{\rho}(T)$ is dominated by incoherent Kondo scattering and both $C/T$ and ${\ensuremath{\chi}}_{\mathrm{ac}}(T)$ exhibit peaks, indicating the development of an antiferromagnetic order. The ordering temperature rises to 2.5 K as $x$ is increased to 0.75. Our results indicate that the ground state in the quasikagome Kondo lattice $\mathrm{CeR}{\mathrm{h}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}\mathrm{P}{\mathrm{d}}_{x}\mathrm{Sn}$ leaves the quantum critical point at $x=0$ with increasing $x$ as a consequence of suppression of both the magnetic frustration and Kondo effect.

The effect of a thrips-non-transmissible Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) on insect–host interactions between thrips and Arabidopsis thaliana was analysed. A wild-type TSWV virulent isolate and a TSWV isolate that induces mild symptoms on inoculated plants (TSWV-Mo) were used in this study, and TSWV-Mo isolate was obtained by single local lesion isolation using Petunia x hybrid after several passages on Nicotiana rustica plants. In transmission test, although wild-type TSWV (TSWV-wt) was transmitted by two thrips species (transmission ratio; Frankliniella occidentalis, 25%; Thrips tabaci, 10%; and T. palmi, 0%), none of the thrips transmitted TSWV-Mo. Feeding damage by F. occidentalis in A. thaliana plants was more extensive on TSWV-wt-infected plants than on TSWV-Mo-infected plants, despite comparable preference. Among the markers of plant defences, salicylic acid-regulated genes were upregulated threefold to sixfold by TSWV-wt or TSWV-Mo infection. In contrast, jasmonate-regulated genes and jasmonate/ethylene-regulated genes were not affected by the infections. Pull assays showed that adjacent TSWV-Mo-infected plants were preferred over uninfected plants. In conclusion, our results showed that the transmissibility by thrips of TSWV is not related to preference of vector thrips and suggested that TSWV-Mo-infected plants may be used as attractants for behaviour control of thrips.

The longitudinal resistance Rxx around the Landau level filling factor ν = 2/3 quantum Hall state (QHS) is transformed to the huge longitudinal resistance state (HLRS) by a dynamic nuclear spin pol...

The study aim was to examine whether concomitant atrial fibrillation (AF) surgery at the time of mitral valve surgery in the elderly results in increased operative mortality (OM).Medicare beneficiaries aged ≥65 years undergoing primary mitral valve repair or replacement between 2004 and 2006 were included. The cohort was divided into three groups: Group 1, AF- (n = 2,705); group 2, AF+AF surgery- (n = 2,119), and group 3, AF+AF surgery+ (n = 1,832). The primary outcomes were OM and long-term survival. A secondary outcome was the association between hospital annual mitral procedure volume and OM.The unadjusted OM was 6.4% for group 1 (AF-), 10.3% for group 2 (AF+AF surgery-), and 7.1% for group 3 (AF+AF surgery+) (p = 0.0001). Adjusted OM for AF+AF surgery+ patients was not significantly different from that of AF- patients (OR 1.16, 95% CI 0.90-1.48), or from AF+AF surgery patients (OR 0.83, 95% CI 0.66-1.06). When comparisons were adjusted for differences in baseline characteristics, AF+AF surgery- patients were more likely to experience long-term mortality than AF- patients (HR 1.30, 95% CI 1.17-1.45), as well as AF+AF surgery+ patients (HR 1.17, 95% CI 1.05-1.31). An annual average mitral procedure volume ≤40 was independently predictive of OM (OR 1.42, 95% CI 1.13-1.78). The effect of institutional volume on mortality was strongest in those who received AF surgery (AF+AF surgery+) (HR 1.75, 95% CI 1.15-2.65), compared to those who did not undergo surgery (AF+AF surgery-) (OR 1.20, 95% CI 0.86-1.67).Elderly patients undergoing mitral valve surgery do not appear to have an increased mortality when clinical judgment favored the performance of concomitant AF surgery.

We investigate the huge longitudinal resistance (HLR) at which the magnetoresistance of the $\ensuremath{\nu}=\frac{2}{3}$ fractional quantum Hall state (QHS) is increased with dynamic nuclear spin polarization. We measure the magnetoresistance temperature dependence in the resistively saturated HLR by increasing the temperature of the sample rapidly in order to prevent relaxation of the nuclear spin polarization. The obtained results indicate that the magnetoresistance decreases as the temperature increases. The Hall resistance in the HLR is also measured and found to exhibit a plateau close to a quantized value. We discuss the negative magnetoresistance temperature dependence with a stripe-shaped domain state deformed by the nuclear spin polarization.

Pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV) in the soil can be detected by double antibody sandwich enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (DAS-ELISA) (Ikegashira et al., 2004) with great sensitivity. A PMMoV-disease risk assessment system, based on DAS-ELISA measurements of the virus in field soils, was developed to obtain a better understanding of PMMoV-contamination levels in pepper fields. When the DAS-ELISA was used on soils collected from five locations in the field, the greatest value correlated significantly with the incidence of PMMoV disease. To estimate the threshold of disease incidence in consecutive cultivations, we used DAS-ELISA for soils collected from 72 pepper fields after cultivation. The viruliferous soils had an absorbance over 0.1 in the DAS-ELISA, correlating with the disease incidence during the next cultivation, whereas most of the nonviruliferous soils were below this value. Taken together, our results showed that measuring the virus in soils from pepper fields using the DAS-ELISA system, just before cultivation, is useful for assessing the risk of disease from PMMoV.

ウダイカンバの資源保続を目的として，山火事後に成立した二次林0.27haを2001年10月に皆伐し，バックホウを用いてA層やA0層をある程度残すようにしながら地はぎ処理を行った。ウダイカンバ実生の発生密度は2002～2004年までは20～30本/m2程度であったが，2005年に大きく増加して約120本/m2となった。クマイザサの平均被度は2005年の時点でも8％にとどまり，ウダイカンバの更新阻害要因にはなっていなかった．したがって，本研究で用いた手法は，ウダイカンバ実生の発生定着に有効であると考えられた。

Pressure-sensitive paint (PSP) technique has been widely used in aerodynamic measurements. A PSP is a global optical sensor, which consists of a luminophore and binding material. The luminophore gives a luminescence related to an oxygen concentration known as oxygen quenching. In an aerodynamic measurement, the oxygen concentration is related to a partial pressure of oxygen and a static pressure, thus the luminescent signal can be related to a static pressure [1]. The PSP measurement system consists of a PSP coated model, an image acquisition unit, and an image processing unit (Fig. 1). For the image acquisition, an illumination source and a photo-detector are required. To separate the illumination and PSP emission detected by a photo-detector, appropriate band-pass filters are placed in front of the illumination and photo-detector. The image processing unit includes the calibration and computation. The calibration relates the luminescent signal to pressures and temperatures. Based on these calibrations, luminescent images are converted to a pressure map.

Non-inductive plasma current start-up, ramp-up and sustainment by waves in the lower hybrid wave (LHW) frequency range at 200 MHz were investigated on the TST-2 spherical tokamak (R0 ≤ 0.38 m, a ≤ 0.25 m, Bt0 ≤ 0.3T, Ip ≤ 0.14 MA). Experimental results obtained using three types of antenna were compared. Both the highest plasma current (Ip = 18 kA) and the highest current drive figure of merit ηCD≡n¯eIpR0/PRF=1.4×1017 A/W/m2 were achieved using the capacitively-coupled combline (CCC) antenna, designed to excite the LHW with a sharp and highly directional wavenumber spectrum. For Ip greater than about 5 kA, high energy electrons accelerated by the LHW become the dominant carrier of plasma current. The low value of ηCD observed so far are believed to be caused by a rapid loss of energetic electrons and parasitic losses of the LHW energy in the plasma periphery. ηCD is expected to improve by an order of magnitude by increasing the plasma current to improve energetic electron confinement. In addition, edge po...

A Perfluoropolyether (PFPE) based ferrofluid was characterized. The finished ferrofluid had the magnetization and viscosity values of 450 G and 9625 cP respectively at 27°C. It was found to have low volatility, long life, and stability under combined high temperature and magnetic field. These properties qualify the material for use in bakeable magnetic fluid seals for clean UHV environments. A novel method was used to measure the vapor pressure of the ferrofluid as a function of time and temperature. The room temperature vapor pressure of the subject ferrofluid was measured as 3×10−10 mmHg after 1 h of exposure to high vacuum. It decayed to 3×10−11 mmHg after 5 h and 3×10−12 mmHg after 450 h.

Background: Flat and depressed colorectal tumours are common in Japan but are very rare or non-existent in Western countries. Aims: To study the occurrence of flat colorectal tumours in a southern Swedish population. Methods: In this prospective study, 371 consecutive European patients were examined by high resolution video colonoscopy combined with chromoendoscopy. The nature of the lesions was determined by histopathological examination. Results: A total of 973 tumours were found; 907 (93.2%) were protruding and 66 (6.8%) were flat or depressed. Of the flat/depressed tumours, five (7.7%) were early adenocarcinomas infiltrating the submucosa. Eleven carcinomas (1.2%) were found among protruding tumours. High grade dysplasia was observed in 18% (n=11) of flat/depressed adenomas in contrast with 7.3% (n=65) of protruding adenomas, and occurred in smaller flat/depressed tumours compared with protruding ones (mean diameter 8 mm v 23 mm, respectively). Furthermore, high grade dysplasia was significantly more common in flat elevated tumours with central depression or in depressed adenomas (35.7%; 5/14) than in flat elevated adenomas (12.8%; 6/47). Conclusion: Flat and depressed tumours exist in a Western population. Future studies should address whether or not chromoendoscopy with video colonoscopy is necessary in the search for flat colorectal neoplasms.

The size distributions of 38Cl and 39Cl aerosols formed from the irradiation of argon gas containing di-octyl phthalate (DOP) aerosols by 65 MeV quasi-monoenergetic neutrons were measured to study the formation mechanism of radioactive aerosols in high-energy radiation fields. Both the number size distribution and the activity-weighted size distribution were measured using an electrical low-pressure impactor. It was found that the 38Cl and 39Cl aerosols are formed by attachment of the radioactive atoms generated by the neutron-induced reaction to the DOP aerosol particles.

Background and study aims The degree of accuracy of gastroscopy for the detection of gastric cancer is poorly understood. The aim of this retrospective study was to determine the accuracy of gastroscopy by using cancer registry records. Patients and methods Gastroscopic examinations (n = 37094) conducted between 1984 and 1989 were studied by linking them with hospital-based and population-based (Fukui Prefecture, Japan) cancer registry records between 1984 and 1992. False-negative gastroscopies that had been carried out within the three years preceding the diagnosis of gastric cancer were identified. Results The numbers of true-positive, false-positive, and false-negative examinations carried out were 659, six and 155, respectively. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value were 81.0%, 100.0%, 99.1%, and 99.6%, respectively. The overall diagnostic accuracy of gastroscopy was 99.6%. There was little difference in sensitivity results between the patient groups with regard to reason for referral, type of endoscope used, experience of endoscopist, or location of gastric cancer. The percentage of tumours representing early gastric cancer, identified after false-negative gastroscopy, was lower for those situated in the cardia or gastric body than for those in the angular notch or the antrum. Conclusions The accuracy of gastroscopy in the detection of gastric cancer is satisfactory, but false-negative results are sometimes obtained. We emphasize the importance of repeated endoscopic examination for the detection of gastric cancer.

Gaseous TCE (Trichloroethylene) was decomposed by 185 nm wavelength UV (ultraviolet) lamps and studies were made on the correlation between the residence time and the decomposition percentage, among others. A single UV lamp test reactor was used for the first series of tests. Gaseous TCE was able to be decomposed 100% within a very short residence time. However, the gas following the TCE decomposition contained, besides theoretical final products (hydrogen chloride and carbon dioxide), numerous by-products. Many of these by-products were able to be detoxicated by a sodium hydroxide solution. Increasing of the residence time yielded almost 100% CO2 (carbon dioxide) in terms of carbon balance. Identical tests were also done using a multi-UV lamp test reactor, but as there were differences between it and a single UV lamp version (e.g., reactor volume, number of lamps, and lamp wattage) the decomposition performance (CO2 generation percentage) was evaluated using the electric energy per TCE unit [J/g...

At the spin transition point of $\nu=2/3$ quantum Hall states, nuclear spins in a two-dimensional electron gas are polarized by an electric current. Using GaAs/AlGaAs double-quantum-well samples, we first observed the spatial diffusion of nuclear spin polarization between the two layers when the nuclear spin polarization is current-induced in one layer. By numerical simulation, we estimated the diffusion constant of the nuclear spin polarization to be $15 \pm 7$\,nm$^2$/s.

A new type of traveling wave antenna which excites the lower hybrid wave directly was developed. This antenna is similar to the inductively-coupled combline antenna in that only the first element of the antenna array is excited externally, and subsequent elements are excited passively by mutual coupling between adjacent elements. The main difference is that whereas the inductively-coupled combline antenna makes use of mutual inductance, the presently proposed antenna makes use of mutual capacitance. The radiating elements are located at the voltage maximum, and the electric field induced in the plasma is in the toroidal direction rather than the poloidal direction, matching the polarization of the lower hybrid wave. Optimization studies were carried out to obtain a band-pass characteristic centered around 200 MHz, and a unidirectional wavenumber spectrum with the parallel index of refraction corresponding to approximately 5. Plasma current ramp-up to 2 kA has been achieved on the TST-2 spherical tokamak w...

Lower hybrid current drive experiments were performed on the TST-2 spherical tokamak (R = 0.38 m, a = 0.25 m, Bt = 0.3 T, Ip = 0.1 MA). A waveguide array antenna consisting of four dielectric (alumina, er = 10.0) loaded waveguides was used. The coupling characteristics were investigated over a wide range of input power (0.1 W - 40 kW). The reflection coefficient of this antenna increased when the input power exceeded approximately 1 kW. This result was compared with a numerical simulation based on the finite element method (FEM). The ponderomotive effect was calculated for the wave field calculated by COMSOL [1]. This calculation also showed variation of the reflection coefficient with the input power. Non-inductive plasma current start-up to 10 kA was demonstrated using 40 kW of lower hybrid wave (LHW) power. The current drive figure of merit (ηCD = IpneR/PRF) of this antenna was higher than that obtained using the combline antenna, which is designed to excite a travelling fast wave. The best current dri...

We present short cavity erbium/ytterbium fiber lasers that are passively mode-locked with a saturable Bragg reflector. The lasers produce sub-500-fs pulses at fundamental cavity repetition rates as high as 300 MHz. Stable passive harmonic operation increases the repetition rate to 2.0 GHz. The mode-locking mechanism in both the normal and anomalous group velocity dispersion regimes is investigated using complete analytical and numerical models and direct comparison with the experimental results. A simple technique for accurately measuring the total cavity dispersion is presented.

Clonal selection in the thymus occurs mostly in the CD4+ CD8+ (double positive; DP) stage. Within DP thymocytes, cells in the CD3low subset are believed to be involved in clonal selection, and this subset is generally considered as a homogeneous population. T-cell antigen-receptor (TCR) signals on DP thymocytes are known to (i) down-regulate recombination activating gene (RAG) expression; and (ii) up-regulate the expression of T-cell function-associated molecules, including the cell surface glycoprotein CD5. The present study examined the expression of RAG and CD5 molecules among the subpopulations of normal adult DP thymocytes. DP thymocytes were fractionated according to their cell surface expression levels of TCR-CD3 complex into CD3dim, CD3lo, CD3med, and CD3hi cells, since TCR expression is known to increase during thymocyte maturation. Down-regulation of RAG mRNA was located between the CD3low and CD3med DP populations. However, within the DP CD3low subpopulation, we found that CD5 varies from low to high expression levels. Upon fractionation of DP CD3low thymocytes into CD5low and CD5high subsets, we were able to detect down-regulation of RAG transcripts within the CD3low subpopulation. Thus, by the criteria of CD5 surface expression and RAG mRNA expression levels, DP CD3low thymocytes can be considered a heterogeneous thymocyte subpopulation.

We report a patient with secondary systemic amyloidosis complicating arthropathic psoriasis. At autopsy amyloidosis was observed in the spleen, kidneys, liver, gastrointestinal tract, lung, heart, pancreas, adrenal glands, thyroid and gall-bladder in addition to the skin by histological, histochemical and ultrastructural studies. The amyloid deposits in these organs were of amyloid A protein type. Secondary systemic amyloidosis is associated with previous chronic inflammatory or infectious conditions.'. 2 Amyloidosis should be considered in patients with longstanding severe psoriasis, especially arthropathic psoriasis. 3-12 We describe a patient with arthropathic psoriasis who developed amyloidosis with fatal outcome.

We discuss mode-locking of low-gain solid-state lasers using a semiconductor saturable Bragg reflector structure. This recently developed low-loss mode-locking device consists of a single quantum well which acts as a saturable absorber incorporated into a high-reflectivity Bragg mirror. Highly stable mode-locking in solid-state lasers results from an ultrafast transient reflectivity in the device that is caused by saturation of the excitonic absorption in near-resonant conditions.

Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) is a more potent immunosuppressive drug than azathioprine or mizoribine in combination with cyclosporine (CsA) and steroids. Recently, basiliximab (BA), an interleukin-2 receptor antagonist, has become available in Japan. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of an extremely low CsA dose immunosuppressive protocol with MMF versus MMF plus BA after renal transplantation (RTx). Patients. Between September 2001 and March 2003, we performed 79 RTx with CsA-based immunosuppression, including nine from cadavers and 70 from living donors with 15 ABO-incompatible RTx. Immunosuppression consisted of methylprednisolone (MP), CsA and MMF (group 1; n = 24) versus added BA during the induction phase (group 2; n = 55). In group 2, MP was withdrawn on postoperative day 14. Supplementary MP, muromonab-CD3, or gusperimus was administered if rejection was suspected clinically or diagnosed by biopsy. Results. The incidence of biopsy-proven acute rejection (AR) was significantly higher among group 1 than group 2 patients (P

We investigated the interlayer diffusion of nuclear spin polarization (NSP) by using the phase transition point of quantum Hall states at a Landau level filling factor of ν ν 2/3 in a double quantum well sample. When the NSP is current-pumped in one layer, the magnetoresistance in the other layer is enhanced after a delay of 150 s and the raising speed of this layer is lower than that of the pumped layer. The delay and lower value of the raising speed are explained by the diffusion of NSP.

We investigate the electron spin degree of freedom at the imbalanced density bilayer ν = 1 quantum Hall states using the resistively detected nuclear-spin-lattice relaxation rate 1/T1. Our measurements reveal a continuous change in 1/T1 for σ = 1 to 0, suggesting that the balanced density ν = 1 state also exhibits electron-spin fluctuations. Moreover, the value of 1/T1 in the back layer (the layer from which electrons are transferred to the front layer) increases at intermediate density imbalance states. This indicates that the low-energy electron-spin mode, similar to a mode observed in Skyrmion crystals, might extend across the two layers.