Search

Context: Like many other African countries, medicinal plants are widely used in Guinea to manage hypertension, which is a highly prevalent health problem. Aims: To identify the plants used in the traditional management of hypertension in Guinea. Methods: From May to November 2018, three hundred and forty-nine Traditional Health Practitioners (THPs) respondents, including 244 traditional healers and 105 herbalists, were contacted. Through semi-structured interviews, ethnobotanical information on medicinal plants were collected. Voucher specimens were authenticated by the department of Botany of the IRDPMAG and deposited in the Herbarium of this Institute. Results: Among the traditional anti-hypertensive recipes, a total of 97 plant species from 85 genera belonging to 43 families have been identified. Combretum micranthum, Hymenocardia acida, Anacardium occidentale, Spondias mombin and Alchornea cordifolia were the most frequently cited. The traditional recipes included one plant species (23 recipes), a combination of two species (18 recipes) or more (47 recipes). Conclusions: A large number of medicinal plants are used for the management of arterial hypertension in Guinea. Further biological and phytochemical investigations are needed to validate the traditional uses of these plants.

In order to evaluate the nutritional characteristics of an ornamental plant called Phaseolus cocccinus L., some samples were collected in order to evaluate the nutritional value such as proteins, lipids, some minerals and vitamins. The physico-chemical analyzes carried out used standard methods. The results show that the carbohydrate and lipid contents are very low, they are respectively 1.76% and 2.4%. The protein content is almost similar to common bean (23.34%). The energy value is 110kcal/100g and the dietary fiber content is 9.3g/100g of DM, much lower than the recommended nutritional intake. The protein content is almost similar to common bean (23.34%). The energy value is 110kcal/100g and the dietary fiber content is 9.3g/100g of DM, much lower than the recommended nutritional intake. The highest mineral content is potassium (880.03g/100g DM) and the lowest content is sulfur (0.17mg/100g DM). The iron content is 43.66mg/100g of DM The contents of β-carotenes and vitamin C are low, they are respectively 3% and 9.3%. The consumption and popularization of Phaseolus cocccinus L. among populations could be envisaged to ensure availability throughout the year to ensure food security and thus contribute to the fight against malnutrition.

The production of soybean is gaining more attention in West Africa. In light of projected changes in climate, there is a need to assess the potential impacts on yield productivity and variability among farmers. An evaluated GROPGRO module of the Decision Support System for Agro-technological Transfer (DSSAT) was used to simulate soybean productivity under both historical (1980–2009) and projected climate scenarios from multiple general circulation models (GCMs) under two representative concentration pathways (RCPs): 4.5 and 8.5. Agronomic data from 90 farms, as well as multiple soil profile data, were also used for the impact assessment. Climate change leads to a reduction (3% to 13.5% across GCMs and RCPs) in the productivity of soybean in Northern Ghana. However, elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide has the potential to offset the negative impact, resulting in increased (14.8% to 31.3% across GCMs and RCPs) productivity. The impact of climate change on yield varied widely amongst farms (with relative standard deviation (RSD) ranging between 17% and 35%) and across years (RSD of between 10% and 15%). Diversity in management practices, as well as differences in soils, explained the heterogeneity in impact among farms. Variability among farms was higher than that among years. The strategic management of cultural practices provides an option to enhance the resilience of soybean productivity among smallholders.

Since the early 2000s, digital soil maps have been successfully used for various applications, including precision agriculture, environmental assessments and land use management. Globally, however, there are large disparities in the availability of soil data on which digital soil mapping (DSM) models can be fitted. Several studies attempted to transfer a DSM model fitted from an area with a well-developed soil database to map the soil in areas with low sampling density. This usually is a challenging task because two areas have hardly ever the same soil-forming factors in two different regions of the world. In this study, we aim to determine whether finding homosoils (i.e., locations sharing similar soil-forming factors) can help transferring soil information by means of a DSM model extrapolation. We hypothesize that within areas in the world considered as homosoils, one can leverage on areas with high sampling density and fit a DSM model, which can then be extrapolated geographically to an area with little or no data. We collected publicly available soil data for clay, silt, sand, organic carbon (OC), pH and total nitrogen (N) within our study area in Mali, West Africa and its homosoils. We fitted a regression tree model between the soil properties and environmental covariates of the homosoils, and applied this model to our study area in Mali. Several calibration and validation strategies were explored. We also compared our approach with existing maps made at a global and a continental scale. We concluded that geographic model extrapolation within homosoils was possible, but that model accuracy dramatically improved when local data were included in the calibration dataset. The maps produced from models fitted with data from homosoils were more accurate than existing products for this study area, for three (silt, sand, pH) out of six soil properties. This study would be relevant to areas with very little or no soil data to carry critical soils and environmental risk assessments at a regional level.

Background and objective: In recent years, carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales (CPE) resistance to antibiotics has dramatically increased leading to limitations of their treatment options. In the present study, we investigated the occurrence of carbapenemase-producing Escherichia coli and Salmonella in rural Burkina Faso.Materials and methods: Salmonella isolates were serotyped according to the Kauffman White scheme. Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli (DEC) strains was identified using 16-plex Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), whereas antibiotic susceptibility was realized using the disk diffusion method. Furthermore, multiplex PCR assays were carried out using oligonucleotides to detect the presence of genes of the blaKPC, blaVIM, blaIMP, blaTEM, blaSHV, blaOXA and blaCTX-M types in all E. coli and Salmonella strains.Results: The study highlighted high resistance rates of the identified bacteria to common antibiotics. Likewise, two strains of E. coli were imipenem resistant with carbapenemase-encoding genes. The genes detected were Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase (KPC), Verona integrin-encoded metallo-β-lactamase (VIM) and Imipenemase (IMP-2) reaching a rate of 40% each in E. coli strains. However, no Salmonella carbapenemases blaKPC, blaVIM or blaIMP were detected.Conclusion: This study showed that for a real-time infection control and prompt application of antimicrobial chemotherapy, characterization of carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales in patients is crucial.Keywords: Antibiotics, Carbapenemase-Producing Enterobacterales, children, Burkina Faso

Bioenergy recovery from cashew nut shells was investigated throughout using efficient inoculums source and appropriate pretreatment. Physicochemical characteristics of shells and inoculums including pH, volatile fatty acid (VFA, total solid, volatile solid, ash were determined using standard methods. Total anaerobes and methanogenic archaea from inocula were determined by MPP method. Wastewater (WW), sludge from bioreactor (SBR), bovine dung (BD) and mixed inoculums (MIX) were used to evaluate inoculums source in batch system. Biochemical methane potential of pretreated shells was evaluated. Biogas was measurement by liquid displacement. CH4 and CO2 were performed by GC. MIX and WW showed high concentration of methanogenic bacteria (2.3 102 CFU/mL). Best biomethane levels 70.38% with yields of 55.52 L biogas. (Kg VS)-1 was observed with old shells inoculated by MIX. Low productivity was noted with thermal and biological treatment of old and fresh shells, 11.20 and 0.02 L CH4. (Kg VS)-1, respectively. Inoculums source has significant effect on biogas production. Mixed inoculums exhibited significantly high yields of biomethane. Thermo-biological pretreatment seems to be not appropriate for a better biomethane production. Combination of thermochemical and biological pretreatment could be necessary for best biomethane production yield.

Obesity and excess weight are on the rise in developing countries, which is a source of legitimate concern on the part of the institutions responsible for the health of populations. Overweight and obesity are the fifth most common risk factor for death worldwide, killing at least 2.8 million people each year. In view of the importance of the subject and the lack of sufficient data in our context, it seemed appropriate to us to carry out this preliminary work in Burkina Faso on a population of subjects followed in consultation with Nutrition and Dietetics. The general objective of our work, of a descriptive cross-sectional type, was to describe the epidemiological, clinical, biological and therapeutic aspects of obesity in a population of consultants, black Africans over a period of one year. The study concerned three (03) private care establishments (clinics) in the city of Ouagadougou in which a Nutrition and Dietetics consultation was available. This was a descriptive cross-sectional study which concerned 64 patients followed in nutrition and dietetics consultations from January 2 to December 31, 2012. The material of the study is represented by the analysis of the files of 64 patients followed in consultation of Nutrition and Dietetics in three (03) medical clinics. The most affected age groups were 30 to 40 years (19 cases) and 40 to 50 years (18 cases); 53 women (82.8%) and 11 men (17.2%), i.e. a sex ratio of 4.82. Among our patients, 12 people were overweight (18.75%), 23 had moderate type I obesity (35.94%), 15 severe type III (23.44%) and 14 had type III obesity massive (21.87%). Android-like obesity was predominant in 53 people (82.81%). Among our patients 16 (25%) presented with dyslipidemia, 49 (76.56%) had eating disorders. The most common cloudy snacking was observed in 33 people (67.35%). In terms of evolution and therapy, 31 people (48.44%) followed the diet at term; the others had either abandoned or discontinued treatment, namely therapeutic changes in lifestyles. A total of 51.56% were lost to follow-up. The mean duration of follow-up was 2.7 months. In sum, obesity mostly affects young adults (30 to 40 years old) and females, with a predominance of type I obesity (moderate). Android-type obesity was predominant in both sexes. Preventive actions are needed for citizens of Ouagadougou.

La présente étude est une contribution à l’établissement des caractéristiques et de la typologie des systèmes d’élevage de la poule locale dans les 3 zones agro écologique du Burkina Faso. Des informations ont été collectées sur 251 éleveurs de poules locales à travers une enquête de type transversale dans les 3 zones agro-écologiques, du Burkina Faso. Les résultats indiquent que l’élevage des poules locales est pratiqué principalement par des autochtones (84,91%) et des hommes (70,26%) dans un système extensif (63,83%). Les enquêtés sont pour la plupart des adultes (66,38%), sont mariés (92,41%), n’ont reçu aucune formation technique (45,69%) et pratiquent l’agriculture comme activité principale (67,93%). Les petits éleveurs de poules locales (effectif inférieur ou égal à 25 têtes) sont les plus nombreux (40,56%). Les enquêtés disposent majoritairement de poulaillers/abris (76,37%), utilisent des mangeoires (58,65%), des abreuvoirs (73%) et distribuent principalement des céréales à leurs poules. Les maladies aviaires sont la première cause de mortalités dans les effectifs visités (89,22%), malgré que presque la quasi-totalité des éleveurs (98,77%) administrent des traitements sanitaires à leurs poules. L’âge de la maturité sexuelle chez les poules mâles est en moyenne de 5,46±0,12 mois et de 5,49±0,10 mois chez les femelles, avec une différence statistiquement significative pour ce paramètre, au seuil de p

Tomato is a vegetable/fruit highly consumed all other the world. This study was to assess the effect of some postharvest processing such as thermal treatment, microwave, ultrasound and ultrasound combined with heat treatment on some physicochemical characteristics as well as nutrients content of tomato pulp during storage at room temperature. Results showed that the pulp samples submitted to ultrasonic and microwave treatments gave an increase in water content (95.65 to 96.75%) and total acidity (0.70 to 1.16% citric acid equivalent) and a decrease in pH (4.02 to 3.59) and brix degree (4.93 to 4.02% Brix) during the first 15 days of storage. Ultrasound treatment associated with heat treatment did not affect the physicochemical characteristics of tomato pulp and the β-carotene, but slightly reduced the total phenolic content during the first 15 days of storage (723.98 to 659.66 mg GAE/100 g DM). A significant increase in the total phenolic content (647.33 to 832.78 mg GAE/100 g DM) and β-carotene (10.77 to 12.90 mg GAE/100 g DM) was observed during storage of pulp samples treated with ultrasound and microwaves. This study showed that the ultrasound treatment associated with heat treatment can be recommended to processors for nutrients preservation during storage. Key words: Tomato pulp, s-carotene, total phenolic, physicochemical characteristics, ultrasound, heat.

Introduction Around 90% of all undiagnosed people with haemophilia (PWH) live in developing countries. In Mali, in sub-Saharan Africa, nearly 90% of potential PWH are not identified. We initiated a two-year study involving an integrated programme of training and awareness-raising with the aim of improving diagnosis and access to care for PWH, based on partnership with those who regularly interact with them. Methodology Our training programme focused on four regions of Mali and the district of Bamako, and included three types of health professionals from different districts and hospitals: medical doctor, nurse and laboratory technician. We also targeted traditional healers, who continue to be strongly involved in local healthcare, and provided training sessions for patients and their families on the symptoms, diagnosis, treatment and complications of haemophilia. A complementary programme of awareness-raising, including the national media, ran alongside the training sessions. Results Overall, the programme involved 495 participants: 213 health care professionals, 24 patients, 79 parents of patients, 126 traditional healers, and 53 media workers. A direct result was development of collaboration between these groups in identifying haemophilia, and the transfer of four patients from a traditional healer's office to hospital for diagnosis and treatment. The number of diagnosed PWH increased from 42 in 2016 to 126 in 2017. Conclusion The integrated haemophilia educational programme, which took into account the nature of the local environment and involved all relevant stakeholders, showed that taking a collaborative approach is a successful strategy for improving diagnosis and care for PWH in Mali. This approach could be relevant in other developing countries.

Biomethane potential production from cashew nut hulls, an agricultural waste, was carried out using old and fresh hulls as substrates. Samples were taken from old hulls (around 8 years old) and fresh hulls produced in cashew scale transformation units at Bobo Dioulasso/Burkina Faso. Physicochemical parameters showed that cashew hulls can be a good candidate for anaerobic digestion. But high acidity, total phenols and lignin tenor could be a constraint for anaerobic bacteria. Theoretical biochemical methane potential showed high value of 666.937 CH4 L. (Kg VS)-1 and 526.206 CH4 L. (Kg VS)-1 for crushed fresh and powdered old hulls, respectively. Experimental biochemical methane potential showed significantly low potential of 1.982 CH4 L. (Kg VM)-1 and 46.840 CH4 L. (Kg VM)-1 for fresh and hold hulls, respectively. Pretreatment for optimization, chemical composition and co-digestion system must be expected for a better anaerobic digestion performance.

La région de Tombouctou est l'une des régions du Mali les plus affectées par l'insécurité alimentaire et la malnutrition. C'est dans ce contexte que la présente étude portant sur les facteurs influençant la consommation et la diversité alimentaire des ménages de la région de Tombouctou en février 2018 a été initiée. Il s'agissait d'une analyse secondaire des données de l'Enquête Nationale de Sécurité alimentaire et la nutrition (ENSAN) de février 2018 du Mali pour la région de Tombouctou. La méthodologie de base utilisée était le sondage en grappe à deux degrés. L'analyse des données a été effectuée sur (SPSS) version 21. Des tests de khi-carré de Pearson et de régression logistique ont été réalisés avec un niveau de confiance de 95%. Notre étude avait concerné 113514 ménages à 91% ruraux et 99,2% résidents. La plupart des chefs de ménages (CM) étaient des hommes (85,2%) et mariés (86,1%).Plus de deux quarts des chefs de ménage (40,2%) n'avait aucun niveau d'instruction. Le score de consommation alimentaire (SCA) des ménages était acceptable dans 78,1% et celui de la diversité alimentaire (SDA) dans 75,1%. Seul le statut du ménage et le statut quintile de richesse moyen n'avaient pas de lien statistique avec la consommation alimentaire. La diversité alimentaire n'avait pas de lien statistique avec le quintile de richesse. Notre étude a montré que la consommation alimentaire avait un lien statistique avec toutes les caractéristiques sociodémographiques excepté le statut du ménage et la classe moyenne du quintile de richesse tandis que la diversité alimentaire avait un lien statistique avec toutes les caractéristiques sociodémographiques hors mis le statut du ménage et le quintile de richesse.

Introduction Le faible poids de naissance (FPN) est un indicateur important de la santé infantile en raison de son poids à la morbidité et mortalité infantiles. Objectif Etudier les facteurs de risque et les complications néonatales précoces de faible poids à la naissance. Méthode Nous avons mené une étude cas-témoins dans le district de santé de Douentza de janvier 2015 à décembre 2016, Pour chaque cas du couple mère- enfant, un contrôle du couple mère-enfant et de l'enfant de poids normal a été sélectionné. Les données ont été saisies sur EpiData 3.1 et analysées sur SPSS 20. Des régressions logistiques simples et multiples ont été utilisées et des cotes pour mesurer la force de l'association. Résultat La prévalence de l'insuffisance pondérale à la naissance (FPN) était de 9,2%. Dans l'analyse univariée, Plusieurs variables ont été associés à l'insuffisance pondérale à la naissance avec un OR≥2. Dans l'analyse multivariée, seules les variables comme la faible dose de SEP (p = 0,005) et de déficit en HU (p = 0,0001) étaient associées au FPN. Conclusion Une étude prospective s'avère nécessaire pour mieux élucider les autres facteurs de risque et les mécanismes par lesquels les différents facteurs sont liés.

Essential oils are natural substances which can be used as natural conservators for foods. The present work aimed to evaluate biological properties of essential oil of Hyptis suaveolens and its effect on shelf-life of beef. The extraction was carried out by hydro-distillation. Antioxidant activity was determined by method of DPPH and FRAP. Antimicrobial activity was determined by the microdilution and agar diffusion methods. The sensitivity of eleven pathogen microbial strains was tested. The conservation test of ground meat using essential oil was carried out by monitoring the evolution of the microbial groups. Result showed that extraction yield of essential oil was 0.21% (m/v). The DPPH assay gave IC50 of 16.367 ± 0.0739 µL and was confirmed by the FRAP assay. The essential oil from H. suaveolens showed inhibitory activity on microbial strains. Biopreservation assay revealed a significant decrease of microbial charge during conservation time. Thus essential oil was successful in vitro and its activity on prolonging shelf-life of beef was found to be 7 days. The results of the present study demonstrated the possibility of essential oil from H. suaveolens to be used as natural conservator for food industry. Key words: Hyptis suaveolens, essential oil, biopreservation, biological properties, meat.

Acetic acid bacteria are known for their ability to oxidize ethanol to acetic acid. This study investigated to identify dominant strain acetic acid bacteria involving in fermented juice of mango and capable to produce Vinegar, total of 4 bacteria (CRSBAN-BVA1, CRSBAN-BVK1, CRSBAN-BVK2, CRSBAN-BVI1) bacteria strains were preselected ¶for the analyses. The strains were examined with biochemical, physiological and phenotypical methods such as Gram die, catalase and oxidase test, ethanol oxidation to acetic acid, and over to CO2 and H2O and also metabolism of carbohydrate was tested, for their affiliation to the genera of acetic acid bacteria. Subsequently, genotypic identification was conducted by sequencing the gene coding for 16S rRNA of one targeted strain and phylogenetic analysis was realized throughout 16S rRNA sequences. The results showed that one of the isolated strain (CRSBAN-BVA1) present 99. 90% of similarity in the sequence 16S rRNA region with Acetobacter tropicalis. It demonstrated that bacterial diversity in the mango vinegar is dominated by A. tropicalis. Therefore this strain is potentially useful for its utilization as a starter in vinegar production. Key words: Fermented juice, acetic acid bacteria, 16S rRNA gene sequence, Acetobacter tropicalis.

Introduction : L'utilisation des produits locaux est fortement préconisée dans la lutte contre la malnutrition. Le but de cette étude était de contribuer à la valorisation des produits locaux dans la lutte contre la malnutrition aigüe modérée dans la région de Koulikoro. Matériel et Méthodes : Cette étude s'est déroulée du 1er Novembre 2017 au 31 Mars 2018 dans un village du cercle de Koulikoro. Une étude a été conduite auprès de 12 enfants atteints de malnutrition modère vivants dans les villages à proximité du Centre de Sante Communautaire (CSCOM) de Tienfala. Elle était basée sur un test de dégustation et d'appréciation de trois formules de bouillies par ces enfants. Ces formules étaient à base de niébé, maïs, sorgho et de soja. Cette dégustation devrait permettre d'identifier la formule la plus appréciée qui pourrait être utilisée comme aliment pour lutter contre la malnutrition des enfants. Résultats : La prévalence moyenne de la malnutrition aigüe globale était de 1,3%. Les cercles les plus touchés étaient Dioïla, Kolokani, Banamba et Nara avec des prévalences moyennes respectives de 2,2 ; 1,9 ; 1,8 et 1,1%. Trois formules alimentaires de bouillies à base de farines enrichies de produits locaux ont été utilisées. Leurs valeurs énergétiques étaient de 1055,7 kcal ; 1063,9 kcal et 1013,1 kcal. Elles ont été acceptées et appréciées par les enfants lors de la séance de dégustation avec une préférence pour la première formule. Conclusion : La présente étude a consisté à déterminer l'état nutritionnel des enfants de 6-59 mois et proposer des formules d'aliments de haute valeur nutritionnelle à base des produits locaux.

Avian hepatitis E virus (aHEV), clinically important in poultry industry, can cause death and reduce egg production of chickens, resulting in significant economic losses in the poultry industry. However, little is known about this aHEV infection in Burkina Faso. This study presents the results of distribution and characterization of aHEV in domestic and wild birds without clinical disease. In total 173 birds liver samples were collected from four Burkina Faso provinces, between February 2015 and June 2016. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) with aHEV specific degenerate primers was used to screen the presence of aHEV. RNA of aHEV was detected in 29 (16.8%) liver samples. Of these, the prevalence was diverse in different species of birds; the most frequent level was 35.3% in Numida meleagris, respectively followed by 23.5% in Gallus gallus domesticus, 13.3% in Streptopelia turtur, 13.3% in Columba livia, 6.7% in Anas platyrhynchos and 3.3% in Pternistis natalensis. The present study firstly revealed the prevalence of HEV infection in six species of birds in Burkina. It is therefore important to conduct further research on the impact on poultry mortality and egg production in our country. Key words: Avian hepatitis E virus, zoonosis, birds, prevalence, Burkina Faso.

Tomato fruit enormously consumed in Burkina Faso is a source of health risk due to its quality. The plant of tomato cultivated in most the industrially polluted area as Ouagadougou, accumulates significant quantities of heavy metals and microorganisms and could be dangerous for consumption. The present study was conducted to investigate heavy metal and microbial contamination in soils wastewater and vegetables (tomato fruit) and to evaluate the possible health risks associated with the consumption of vegetables. Total concentrations of As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Se and Zn were determined using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Transfer factor (TF), daily intake of metals (DIM) and health risk index (HRI) were also calculated. Microbial quality was analyzed for the presence of foodborne pathogens. The pH involved from 6.50 ± 0.1 to 9.40 ± 0.12 respectively for Boulmiougou and Kossodo. The mean metal concentrations indicated that soils were strongly polluted followed by wastewater and vegetable. The range of the mean values (in mg · kg-1) exhibited by As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Se and Zn in tomato fruit was 17.80 ± 0.32, 2.71 ± 0.02, 11.57 ± 0.2, 203.41 ± 1.20, 15.13 ± 0.30, 53.18 ± 0.20, 38.56 ± 0.10, 109.13 ± 0.25 concerning samples of Boulmiougou and 3.47 ± 0.15, 2.78 ± 0.01, 22.11 ± 0.1, 242.85 ± 2.10, 14.86 ± 0.10, 132.19 ± 1.50, 33.23 ± 0.15, 146.43 ± 1.12 for Kossodo. Microbial count was below to acceptable limits for vegetable, but underlined the presence of spoiler and foodborne pathogens. However, the daily intake of metals (DIM) and the health risk index (HRI) values were found to be under to the prescribed maximum tolerable.

Red onion bulb is a vegetable containing micronutrients with antioxidant properties. However, certain factors can have an impact on the content of these compounds. The present research evaluate the effects of parameters such as cultural practices, storage conditions and culinary practices, on the antioxidants content of red onion bulb of some varieties grown in Burkina Faso. The identification of the factors was carried out through field surveys, and their effects on the antioxidants content were assessed and appreciated through especially specific related bibliographic and laboratory test data. The results showed that84.78% of farmers use chemical fertilizers and all of them use chemical pesticides on onion crop. They don’t use premises or equipment suitable for storage. About dishes,7.61% of cooks, peel, cut and wash onion bulb before steam cooking, boiling water cooking or oil frying them at high temperature during 30 minutes to 3 hours. Some cooks use to braise onion bulb scales as ingredients for different dishes such as barbecue. Only 02,72% of cooks grind the onion bulbs with a pestle, before using the crushed as such on barbecue, or slow cooking it in different sauces. Research results show that these culinary practices contribute declining significantly the final intake of antioxidant for the consumer's body.

Rabile is a ferment of dolo, a traditional sorghum beer of Burkina Faso and it is harvested at the end of dolo fermentation process. It is a significant source of proteins and it is used like a condiment and food seasoning by some communities. The present study characterized and identified the yeasts isolated from Rabile. A total of 70 samples were collected from 7 localities of Burkina Faso with dolo sellers according to the ethnic groups. The aerobic mesophilic flora count from Rabile varied from 8.34 ± 0.72 to 10.07 ± 0.51 log10 CFU·g-1 and yeast varied from 7.24 to 8.28 log10 UFC·g-1. Based on morphological, cultural, sexual and biochemical (carbon and nitrogen assimilation) profiles, 50 yeast strains were identified and found to belong to 4 genera and 7 species. Saccharomyces cerevisiae was found as most predominant yeasts species of yeast in of Rabile with 64 %, Rhodotorula muciloginosa, (8%), Candida pseudorhangii (6%), Candida heliconiae (12%), Candida utilis (4%), Shizosaccharomyces pombe (4%) and Sporobolomyces odoratus (2%). This activity has been carried out in the Laboratory of Biotechnology for Food and Nutritional Sciences, University Ouaga I Pr Josph KY-ZERBO, Burkina Faso, and it was done from June to October 2018.

Environmental pollution can have detrimental effects on crop yield and its consumers. The current study was designed to investigate the potential human health risks associated with the consumption of lettuce crop contaminated with toxic heavy metals and microbiological status. Irrigated water, soil and lettuce were analyzed by AAS technics for heavy metals including Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn. Transfer factor (TF), daily intake of metals (DIM) and health risk index (HRI) were also calculated. Microbial analysis was carried out for the presence foodborne pathogens. The results showed that the heavy metals contents were higher in the soil than wastewater and the vegetables. Heavy metals ranged (mg·Kg-1) for Cd (1.27 to 2.93), Cr (7.28 to 7.38), Cu (0.91 to 1.70), Mn (0.29 to 6.60), Ni (1.74 to 2.16), Pb (1.32 to 1.69), Zn (3.08 to 3.79); and were higher than the WHO maximum limit permissible (ML) in vegetables. HRI < 1 indicates minimal risk. TF values designated an enhanced bio-contamination. Microbial numeration revealed the presence of spoiler and pathogenic microorganisms. The lettuce tested was not safe for human use, especially for direct consumption by human beings.

HupZ is an expected heme degrading enzyme in the heme acquisition and utilization pathway in Group A Streptococcus. The isolated HupZ protein containing a C-terminal V5-His6 tag exhibits a weak heme degradation activity. Here, we revisited and characterized the HupZ-V5-His6 protein via biochemical, mutagenesis, protein quaternary structure, UV&ndash, vis, EPR, and resonance Raman spectroscopies. The results show that the ferric heme-protein complex did not display an expected ferric EPR signal and that heme binding to HupZ triggered the formation of higher oligomeric states. We found that heme binding to HupZ was an O2-dependent process. The single histidine residue in the HupZ sequence, His111, did not bind to the ferric heme, nor was it involved with the weak heme-degradation activity. Our results do not favor the heme oxygenase assignment because of the slow binding of heme and the newly discovered association of the weak heme degradation activity with the His6-tag. Altogether, the data suggest that the protein binds heme by its His6-tag, resulting in a heme-induced higher-order oligomeric structure and heme stacking. This work emphasizes the importance of considering exogenous tags when interpreting experimental observations during the study of heme utilization proteins.

Biogas is a bioenergy produced from organic or all types of biological degradable wastes and could make it possible to limit energy dependence. Sludge is the best alternative substrate for biogas production at a community-level biogas plant. The literature shows that co-digestion can increase the efficiency of sludge anaerobic digestion. This research, thus, focused on (i) determining the conditions of optimal biogas production in the co-digestion of primary sludge (PS) and bovine dung (BD), (ii) evaluating the impact of leachate from organic waste and cellulose on biogas production. Primary sludge was collected in Bacau town wastewater treatment plant in Romania. The sampling of municipal solid waste was carried out in Ouagadougou pre-collect centers (Burkina Faso). Batch tests were conducted in glass bottles through anaerobic digestion (1 L). The following parameters were monitored during the digestion process: pH, volatile fatty acid (VFA), volatile solids (VS) and biogas production. Primary sludge, bovine dung and leachate showed 50.51%, 72.41% and 70.48% of volatile solids content, respectively. Sludge showed good stability, unlike the other two substrates, such as bovine dung and leachate, with VFA to alkalinity ratio 0.54. Leachate from organic waste had high values of VFA to alkalinity ratio > 3600. Co-digestion could make it possible to raise the levels of organic matter and improve microbial growth and the stability of anaerobic biomass. The best biogas production yield of 152.43 mL/g VS was obtained with a combination of 30% bovine dung and 70% primary sludge at 45 °C, with a 21.57% reduction in organic matter. An improvement in biogas productivity was effective with the addition of leachate, which could be used as an additive element during anaerobic digestion.

Background The emergence and spread of multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacteria (MDR) has become a major public health concern worldwide. This resistance is caused by enzymes-mediated genes (i.e., extended spectrum beta-lactamases) that are common in certain Enterobacterioceae species. However, the distribution of these genes is poorly documented in Burkina Faso. This study aims to determine the prevalence and distribution of the resistant genes coding for broad spectrum beta-lactamases and quinolones in rural Burkina Faso. Methods Multiplex PCR assays were carried out to detect ESBL-encoding genes, including blaOXA, blaTEM, blaCTX-M, blaSHV. The assays also assessed the presence of quinolone resistance gene namely qnrA, qnrB and qnrS in the quinolone-resistance DEC and Salmonella strains. Results The Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamases (ESBL) resistance phenotype was reported in all the E. coli isolates (5/5). Cross-resistance phenotype to quinolones (CRQ) was shown by one Salmonella strain (1/9) and three E. coli (3/5). Cross-resistance phenotypes to fluoroquinolones (CRFQ) were harboured by one Salmonella (1/9) and carbapenemase phenotypes were detected in two E. coli strains (2/5). Whilst the blaOXA genes were detected in 100% (5/5) of E. coli isolates and in 33.33% (3/9) Salmonella isolates. One strain of E. coli (1/5) harbored the blaCTX−M gene and the qnrB gene simultaneously. Conclusions This study identified β-lactam (bla) and quinolone resistance (qnr) genes in multidrug-resistant E. coli and Salmonella spp. in rural Burkina Faso. Our finding which highlighted the enterobacteriaceae strains resistance to β-lactams and quinolones are of high interest for adequate management of antimicrobial resistant genes outbreak in Burkina Faso.

Background and importance Drugs shortages are becoming a public health issue. Public hospitals are meant to buy drugs through purchasing groups which give relevant data on shortages. Aim and objectives Data from two hospitals of different sizes and from different purchasing groups were compared to build a regional view of shortages. Material and methods A 4 years retrospective study was carried out using data from a university hospital (3000 beds), from its purchasing group and from a public neighbouring hospital (1800 beds) of another purchasing group. Different indicators were calculated: unavailability profile (shortage; quota—quantitative or qualitative— limitation of delivery and issues), median duration and availability rate of an alternative drug. Data were then compared between the purchasing group and the university hospital, and between the hospitals, using the Student’s t test. Results Between the purchasing group and the university hospital, there were significant differences for each indicator (p Conclusion and relevance The significant differences regarding the unavailability profile may be due to the lack of common definitions on shortages. The behaviour of the manufacturers regarding the size of the hospital might be another reason as the mediation duration was different between the hospitals. Quotas were two times longer than regular shortages, but they put more strain on teams and led to the consideration of the ethical aspects of the dispensation. References and/or acknowledgements No conflict of interest.

Background and importance Drugs shortages are becoming more important. It is necessary to gather specific data in order to mitigate the effects. Aim and objectives Data from a national purchasing group were analysed to build a national view of shortages and their evolution regarding therapeutic area. Material and methods A 4 year retrospective study (1 June 2014 to 31 May 2018) was undertaken using data from a national purchasing group and consolidated with data from an adherent hospital. Different indicators were calculated using the anatomic, therapeutic and chemical (ATC) classification: unavailability profiles (shortage; quota—quantitative or qualitative—limitation of delivery; and issues), number of recurrences, median durations and unavailability rates (number of shortages divided by number of drugs available in an ATC class). Results Each ATC class was studied (1305 drugs); 5 had the most impact (table 1). A peak occurred in 2017 for all classes, except V class. In J class, there was a lack of penicillin combinations (seven drugs) in the first quarter of 2017, and at the end of the quarter there were shortages of third generation cephalosporins. Conclusion and relevance All classes were affected. Rippling effects in J class may be assumed regarding the evolution of drug shortages. That may lead to worse consequences, such as antibiotic resistance or disruptions to patient care. References and/or acknowledgements No conflict of interest.

The microbial activity estimated by respirometry test method made it possible to measure the quantity of CO2 produced per day, from four soils polluted at different degrees by hydrocarbons. These samples have been wet to 2/3 of their maximal capacity of retention and incubated at 30°C for 30 days. The quantity of CO2 released and measured shows a high value (83.97 mg/100 g of soils against 36.05 mg/100 g of soils) in soils highly polluted by hydrocarbons treated without cow dung. We get higher values (148.98 mg/100 g of polluted soils against 66.52 mg/100 g of not contaminated soils) when the cow dung is used as a ferment. The total aerobic mesophilic flora in the samples of soils has been counted on the nutritive agar. The result is that the total aerobic mesophilic flora varied from 1×104 Colony Forming Unit (CFU) to 50 × 104 CFU before treatment and from 5×104 CFU to 420×104 CFU after 30 days of treatment. During the treatment of the soils, the bacteria and molds microflora increases with time while yeasts disappear progressively. Key words: Respirometry, microorganisms, contaminated soils, hydrocarbons.

The study was conducted to determine whether likely global climatic uncertainty in the future will pose substantive risk to small-scale vegetable producers in Africa, and to consider whether climate change threatens the development and sustainability of improved vegetable horticultural systems in Africa. Annual average air temperature and rainfall totals were assessed over the period 1975-2014 or, where possible, for rainfall for longer periods approaching 100 years; the trends in these data sets were determined through linear regression techniques. Predictions of the likely values of annual average air temperatures in the next 25, 50, 75 and 100 years were made. Considerable variability in trends is reported ranging from extremely fast warming in Tunis, Tunisia contrasting with slight cooling in Bamako, Mali. Annual variability in rainfall was substantive but there were no long-term trends of consequence, even when considered over the last 100 years. Consequently, the sustainability of vegetable production will be threatened mostly by changes in pest (e.g., weeds, insects, fungi, bacteria and viruses) damage to crops in small-scale production systems. A call is made for national governments to give these issues enhanced priority in the distribution of future research and capacity-building resources, as most of these production stressors are under-researched and evident solutions to such problems are not currently available.

West Africa countries have a rich culture and tradition in food technology by preparing those foods because the skill is transmitted from generation to generation and some are specific to ethnic group. Even the household level of these traditional foods and their informal marketing, they play key roles in the culture, economy, and food security of West Africa countries. The predominant microbial species in African indigenous fermented food such those coming from West Africa Countries are lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and are used for different applications in the food and biotechnology industries nowadays. Akamu is popular uncontrolled cereal fermented gruel or porridge and infant weaning food among the Igbo-speaking people of Nigeria. Several West Africa researchers have proved that LAB isolated from fermented food are able to produce bacteriocins, but up to date, few bacteriocins were characterized and properly named.

Objective Resistance to antibiotics most especially third generation cephalosporins has assumed a worrisome dimension globally. Genes conferring these resistance which are mediated by enzymes known as extended spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) are now wide spread among several Enterobacteriaceae species. However there is paucity of data regarding the distribution of these genes in Burkina Faso. Hence this prospective study aims to determine the prevalence and distribution of ESBL encoding genes in ESBL producing Enterobacteriaceae strains isolated from clinical samples of patients attending the three major hospitals in Ouagadougou Burkina Faso. Results ESBL-encoding genes were assayed in 187 ESBL producing Enterobacteriaceae strains. Among these isolates, the prevalence of ESBL-producing strains with blaTEM, blaSHV and blaCTX-M genes were 26.2% (49/187), 5.9% (11/187) and 40.1% (75/187) respectively. The association of ESBL encoding genes with health centers was statistically significant (p = 0.0209). Approximately 39.6% of E. coli harbored CTX-M and Klebsiella spp. 5.9%. This study demonstrates the dissemination of TEM, SHV and CTX-M genes in ESBL producing Enterobacteriaceae strains in Ouagadougou. Continuous spread of these bacteria poses great public health risk, thus increased surveillance and regulation of antibiotics use is imperative in Burkina Faso.