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Introduction: The complex physiological and psychological responses to regular exercise are yet to be fully elucidated. Exercise strongly modulates the immune system, inducing a plethora of dynamic responses involving the innate immune cell function and inflammatory processes that contribute to both potential health benefits and harmful side effects. Indeed, the relationship between physical exercise, stress, immunity, and metabolism serves as a paramount model of neuroimmunoendocrine interaction. Thus, the objective of this study was to conduct a comprehensive analysis of both systemic and local immunophysiological responses together with behavioral responses to a protocol of anxiety-inducing exercise. Material and methods: C57BL/6J mice were randomly allocated into sedentary or exercised groups, where the anxiety-inducing exercise protocol was based on a 14-day consecutive program of swimming in water at 38 °C. Anxiety-like behavior was corroborated through the elevated plus maze test. Systemic biomarkers of the stress response were assessed using ELISA technique and the expression of systemic inflammatory cytokines with Bio-Plex system. Phagocytic/microbicide activity, the expression of M1/M2 phenotype markers (CD11c, iNOS, CD206, ARG-1) and cytokines of the inflammatory response (MCP-1, IL-8, IL-6, TNF-α, TGF-β, IL-10) of peritoneal macrophages were determined via flow cytometry. Adipose tissue macrophage infiltration was studied through fluorescence immunohistochemistry. Results: Anxiety-like behavior, elevated circulating glucose concentrations, systemic stress and inflammatory responses, together with increased oxidative stress and inflammatory profile of peritoneal macrophages, and macrophage infiltration in white adipose tissue were observed in exercised animals. Conclusions: A protocol of exercise that induces anxiety is associated with a neuroimmunoendocrine dysregulation affecting the feedback between the inflammatory and the stress responses, together with detrimental metabolic effects in glucose modulation. Systemic inflammatory alterations are accompanied by detrimental inflammatory responses in tissue macrophage populations. Altogether, these results show that exercise associated with anxiety, stress, pro-inflammatory responses, and hyperglycaemia represents a model of ‘dangerous exercise’.

Anaerobic digestion is a well-established technology for the sustainable production of biogas. However, to be used as a substitute for natural gas or as vehicle fuel, it is necessary to remove carbon dioxide (CO2) and other contaminants from biogas that can compromise the useful life of combustion engines. Upgraded biogas is known as biomethane (>95% methane content). This work reviews the different technologies used for upgrading biogas, emphasizing microalgae–nanoparticle systems, representing a more sustainable and environmentally friendly system. Parameters affecting these systems performance are discussed, and the trends and areas of opportunity for subsequent work are evaluated through a bibliometric analysis.

Introduction Koro, also known in Cantonese as Shook Yang, which literally translates to “shrinking penis”, has its roots in a cultural belief that a mythological figure would steal the penis of his victims. Predominantly reported in Southeast Asia, it involves an acute fear of genital retraction, often accompanied by the belief that this retraction may lead to death. Over the last two centuries, Koro has undergone several attempts to establish its definition and classification, without a true consensus having been reached. Objectives This study aims to explore the cultural nuances surrounding Koro and reflect on the various conceptualizations that modulated its definition and nosological classification, from Ancient China until the present. Methods A non-systematic literature review with the keywords “koro” and “culture” was conducted. Results Koro was only introduced to the Western world during colonial expansion, drawing the attention of several psychiatrists who, in Asian territory, reported numerous cases in natives, making the very first attempts at a nosological classification, whether as an anxiety neurosis, or as an obsessive-compulsive disorder. The literature reveals significant cultural variations in the manifestation of Koro, challenging the traditional psychiatric understanding rooted in Western diagnostic categories. Cultural factors, including societal beliefs, religious practices, and regional variations, emerged as influential contributors to the prevalence and presentation of Koro. Additionally, the study identified instances of Koro evolving in response to cultural shifts and globalization, emphasizing the dynamic nature of this syndrome. Conclusions This review underscores the need for a comprehensive understanding of Koro that acknowledges its diverse conceptualizations across cultures. Its occurrence, not only in multiple parts of the world, but also in close relation with various comorbidities, has contributed to the dissolution of its primary identity as a culture-bound syndrome, turning Koro into a moving target. Disclosure of Interest None Declared

Resumen: Introducción: Las patologías de los tendones peroneos son una causa importante de dolor en la región lateral del tobillo. Se ha propuesto en la literatura que la implantación baja del vientre muscular del peroneo corto ocupa más espacio en el surco retromaleolar y podría causar laxitud del retináculo superior asociándose a luxación de los tendones, tenosinovitis y/o roturas. El objetivo del estudio es caracterizar la población con implantación baja del vientre muscular del peroneo corto y estudiar la asociación entre la implantación baja del vientre muscular del peroneo corto visualizado en la resonancia magnética y la luxación de los tendones peroneos. Métodos: Se desarrolló un estudio de casos y controles con una muestra de 103 pacientes. Los casos fueron pacientes con luxación de los tendones peroneos e implantación baja del vientre muscular del peroneo corto y los controles pacientes con luxación de los tendones peroneos e implantación normal del vientre muscular del peroneo corto. Resultados: La prevalencia de luxación clínica de los tendones peroneos en pacientes con implantación baja del vientre muscular del peroneo corto fue de 7,64%, y la prevalencia de luxación clínica de los tendones peroneos en pacientes con implantación normal del vientre muscular del peroneo corto fue de 8,88%. El OR fue de 0,85 (IC 0,09-7,44, p = 0,88). Discusión: Nuestros hallazgos sugieren que no hay una relación estadísticamente significativa entre la implantación baja del vientre muscular del peroneo corto y la luxación clínica de los tendones peroneos. Abstract: Introduction: Peroneal tendon pathologies are an important cause of pain in the lateral aspect of the ankle. It has been proposed in the literature that low lying peroneus brevis muscle belly occupies more space in the retromalleolar groove and could cause laxity of the superior retinaculum which would promote tendon dislocation, tenosynovitis or ruptures. The objective of the study is to characterize the population with low lying peroneus brevis muscle belly and determine the association between the low lying peroneus brevis muscle belly found on magnetic resonance imaging and clinical peroneal tendon dislocation. Methods: A case-control study was developed with a sample of 103 patients. The cases were patients with low lying peroneus brevis muscle belly and peroneal dislocation and the controls were patients with normal implantation of the peroneus brevis muscle and peroneal tendon dislocation. Results: The prevalence of clinical peroneal dislocation in patients with low implantation of the peroneal brevis muscle belly was 7.64%, and the prevalence of clinical peroneal dislocation in patients with normal implantation of the peroneus brevis muscle belly was 8.88%. The OR was 0.85 (CI 0.09–7.44, P = 0.88). Discussion: Our findings indicate that there is no statistically significant relationship between low lying peroneus brevis muscle belly and clinical dislocation of the peroneal tendons.

We present the second and final release of optical spectroscopy of Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) obtained during the first and second phases of the Carnegie Supernova Project (CSP-I and CSP-II). The newly released data consist of 148 spectra of 30 SNe Ia observed in the course of CSP-I and 234 spectra of 127 SNe Ia obtained during CSP-II. We also present 216 optical spectra of 46 historical SNe Ia, including 53 spectra of 30 SNe Ia observed by the Calán/Tololo Supernova Survey. We combine these observations with previously published CSP data and publicly available spectra to compile a large sample of measurements of spectroscopic parameters at maximum light, consisting of pseudo-equivalent widths and expansion velocities of selected features for 232 CSP and historical SNe Ia (including more than 1000 spectra). Finally, we review some of the strongest correlations between spectroscopic and photometric properties of SNe Ia. Specifically, we define two samples: one consisting of SNe Ia discovered by targeted searches (most of them CSP-I objects) and the other composed of SNe Ia discovered by untargeted searches, which includes most of the CSP-II objects. The analyzed correlations are similar for both samples. We find a larger incidence of SNe Ia belonging to the cool and broad-line Branch subtypes among the events discovered by targeted searches, shallow-silicon SNe Ia are present with similar frequencies in both samples, while core normal SNe Ia are more frequent in untargeted searches.

Introduction: Peroneal tendon pathologies are an important cause of pain in the lateral aspect of the ankle. It has been proposed in the literature that low lying peroneus brevis muscle belly occupies more space in the retromalleolar groove and could cause laxity of the superior retinaculum which would promote tendon dislocation, tenosynovitis or ruptures. The objective of the study is to characterise the population with low lying peroneus brevis muscle belly and determine the association between the low lying peroneus brevis muscle belly found on magnetic resonance imaging and clinical peroneal tendon dislocation. Methods: A case–control study was developed with a sample of 103 patients. The cases were patients with low lying peroneus brevis muscle belly and peroneal dislocation and the controls were patients with normal implantation of the peroneus brevis muscle and peroneal tendon dislocation. Results: The prevalence of clinical peroneal dislocation in patients with low implantation of the peroneal brevis muscle belly was 7.64%, and the prevalence of clinical peroneal dislocation in patients with normal implantation of the peroneus brevis muscle belly was 8.88%. The OR was 0.85 (CI 0.09–7.44, p = 0.88). Discussion: Our findings indicate that there is no statistically significant relationship between low lying peroneus brevis muscle belly and clinical dislocation of the peroneal tendons. Resumen: Introducción: Las patologías de los tendones peroneos son una causa importante de dolor en la región lateral del tobillo. Se ha propuesto en la literatura que la implantación baja del vientre muscular del peroneo corto ocupa más espacio en el surco retromaleolar y podría causar laxitud del retináculo superior asociándose a luxación de los tendones, tenosinovitis y/o roturas. El objetivo del estudio es caracterizar la población con implantación baja del vientre muscular del peroneo corto y estudiar la asociación entre la implantación baja del vientre muscular del peroneo corto visualizado en la resonancia magnética y la luxación de los tendones peroneos. Métodos: Se desarrolló un estudio de casos y controles con una muestra de 103 pacientes. Los casos fueron pacientes con luxación de los tendones peroneos e implantación baja del vientre muscular del peroneo corto y los controles pacientes con luxación de los tendones peroneos e implantación normal del vientre muscular del peroneo corto. Resultados: La prevalencia de luxación clínica de los tendones peroneos en pacientes con implantación baja del vientre muscular del peroneo corto fue de 7,64%, y la prevalencia de luxación clínica de los tendones peroneos en pacientes con implantación normal del vientre muscular del peroneo corto fue de 8,88%. El OR fue de 0,85 (IC 0,09-7,44, p = 0,88). Discusión: Nuestros hallazgos sugieren que no existe una relación estadísticamente significativa entre la implantación baja del vientre muscular del peroneo corto y la luxación clínica de los tendones peroneos.

Abstract Background Optimal infant and young child feeding practices (IYCFP) reduce childhood stunting and are associated with additional health benefits. In Tanzania, IYCFP are far from optimal where 32% of children under the age of 5 years are stunted. The purpose of this study was to examine whether behavior change communication focused on reducing child undernutrition was associated with improved IYCFP in Tanzania. Methods A cross-sectional survey was administered to approximately 10,000 households with children under the age of 2 at baseline and endline. Bivariate analyses and logistic regression was used to examine the relationship between exposure to behavior change communication and timely initiation of breastfeeding, exclusive breastfeeding, continued breastfeeding at one year, timely complementary feeding (CF), minimum meal frequency (MMF), minimum dietary diversity (MDD), and minimum acceptable diet (MAD). Results Mothers who heard a radio spot about IYCFP were more likely than mothers who had not heard a radio spot about IYCFP to begin complementary foods at six months. Their children were also more likely to achieve MMF, MDD, and MAD with odds ratios of 2.227 (p = 0.0061), 1.222 (p = 0.0454), 1.618 (p =

Introduction: Dementia is a chronic, degenerative disease with a strong impact on families and health systems. The instruments currently in use for measuring cognitive impairment have different psychometric characteristics in terms of application time, cut-off point, reliability, and validity. The objective of this review is to describe the characteristics of the validated, Spanish-language versions of the Mini-Cog, Clock-Drawing Test, and Mini–Mental State Examination scales for cognitive impairment screening. Development: We performed a three-stage literature search of articles published on Medline since 1953. We selected articles on validated, Spanish-language versions of the scales that included data on reliability, validity, sensitivity, and specificity. Conclusions: The 3 screening tools assessed in this article provide support for primary care professionals. Timely identification of mild cognitive impairment and dementia is crucial for the prognosis of these patients. Resumen: Introducción: La demencia es una enfermedad crónica degenerativa de alto impacto para las familias y los sistemas de salud. Los instrumentos de medición del deterioro cognitivo que se utilizan actualmente tienen características psicométricas diferentes en cuanto a tiempo de aplicación, punto de corte, confiabilidad y validez. El objetivo de la presente revisión fue describir las características de las escalas Mini Cog, Prueba del Reloj y Mini Mental para tamizaje de deterioro cognitivo validadas al idioma español. Desarrollo: La búsqueda bibliográfica se realizó en tres etapas mediante la base de datos Medline a partir del año 1953. Se realizó una selección de publicaciones validadas al español que incluyeran la confiabilidad, validez, sensibilidad y especificidad de las escalas. Conclusiones: Las tres herramientas de tamizaje descritas en este artículo proporcionan un apoyo para el personal de salud. La detección oportuna es crucial para el pronóstico de las personas que viven con deterioro cognitivo leve o demencia.

Introduction With the increasing push to legalize cannabis in Western nations, there is a need to gauge the potential impact of this policy change on vulnerable populations, such as those with mental illness, including schizophrenia, mood and anxiety disorders. Objectives Understand the effects of cannabis in people with mental illness and the impact of policies legalizing cannabis in societies. Methods Literature review performed on PubMed and Google Scholar databases, using the keywords “cannabis”, “mental health”, “psychiatry”. Results Cannabis use is a modifiable risk factor for the development and exacerbation of mental illness. The strongest evidence of risk is for the development of a psychotic disorder, associated with early and consistent use in youth and young adults. Cannabis-related mental health adverse events precipitating Emergency Department (ED) or Emergency Medical Services presentations can include anxiety, suicidal thoughts, psychotic or attenuated psychotic symptoms, and can account for 25–30% of cannabis-related ED visits. Up to 50% of patients with cannabis-related psychotic symptoms presenting to the ED requiring hospitalization will go on to develop schizophrenia. With the legalization of cannabis in various jurisdiction and the subsequent emerging focus of research in this area, our understanding of who (e.g., age groups and risk factors) are presenting with cannabis-related adverse mental health events in an emergency situation is starting to become clearer. Conclusions There’s a need to provide a reconciliation of the addiction vulnerability and allostatic hypotheses to explain addiction comorbidity in mentally ill cannabis users, as well as to further aid in developing a rational framework for assessment and treatment of problematic cannabis use in these patients. Disclosure of Interest None Declared

Introduction Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by social and communication deficits and restricted and repetitive or stereotyped behaviours. The prevalence of ASD has been thought to be higher in men, which may reflect aspects of the own aetiology of the disorder. Still, it may also be associated with misdiagnosis or missed diagnosis of females with autism due to specific phenotypic traits. Objectives To explore the differences between sex/gender in autism’s clinical presentation. Methods Non-systematic literature review using the most relevant papers found on PubMed and Google Scholar using the following keywords: “autism spectrum disorder”, “gender differences”, and “autistic women”. Results Autistic women seem to have a “camouflage” phenomenon, characterized by a high level of functioning, less unusual play or restricted interests, better socio-emotional reciprocity and coping behaviours. Therefore, women with ASD commonly have an anteriority of multiple diagnoses, which delays their access to the support and care they need. Conclusions Professionals must be aware of the sex/gender clinical differences to prevent the misdiagnosis or missed diagnosis of females with autism. Moreover, the current clinical criteria used to diagnose ASD may underserve the female population and deserve to be reviewed. Disclosure of Interest None Declared

Introduction Research on life stress in bipolar disorder largely fails to account for the possibility of a dynamic relationship between psychosocial stress and episode initiation. The kindling hypothesis states that over the course of recurrent affective disorders, there is a weakening temporal relationship between major life stress and episode initiation that could reflect either a progressive sensitization or progressive autonomy to life stress. Objectives To explore the concept of the Kindling model applied to bipolar disorder and to present a clinical case of a bipolar patient whose latter mood episodes were caused by adverse life events. Methods We performed a non-systematic literature review using the most relevant papers found on the database PubMed with the keywords “kindling effect”, “allostatic load”, “bipolar disorder” and “prevention”. Description of the clinical case report. Results The phenomenon of kindling was first discovered by Goddard in 1967 who described it in epilepsy. Later, Post applied it to the bipolar disorder, arguing that the initial episodes of both unipolar and bipolar affective disorders are often precipitated by psychosocial stressors, but after multiple recurrences, not only do precipitated episodes continue to occur, but so do spontaneous ones as well. We present the case report of a 62 years old woman, divorced, diagnosed with type 1 bipolar disorder since she was 20 years old. She always have had poor adherence to her medication and follow-up with Psychiatry consultation, with a non-containing sociofamily environment that does not promote clinical stability. Over the time, her admissions on the Psychiatry ward were more frequent and precipitated by adverse life events, mainly caused by the deteriorated relationship with her children. Conclusions The kindling model clarifies aspects of the longitudinal course of episode development, recurrence, and progression to spontaneity, as well as further conceptual and theoretical rationales for intervention in order to prevent illness progression. Disclosure of Interest None Declared

Introduction Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a clinical syndrome whose hallmarks are excessive, anxiety-evoking thoughts and compulsive behaviours that are generally recognized as unreasonable, but which cause significant distress and impairment. OCD may also occur in the context of other neuropsychiatric disorders, most commonly other anxiety and mood disorders. The question remains as to whether these combinations of disorders should be regarded as independent, cooccurring disorders or as different manifestations of an incompletely understood constellation of OCD spectrum disorders with a common aetiology. Objectives To review critically whether there is a robust basis for the concept of an obsessive–compulsive (OC) spectrum of disorders, and if so, which disorders should be included. Methods Literature review performed on PubMed and Google Scholar databases, using the keywords “obsessive–compulsive disorder”, “obsessive–compulsive spectrum”, “body dysmorphic disorder”, “hypochondriasis”, “trichotillomania”, “psychiatry”. Results Obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) itself is a heterogeneous condition or group of conditions, and this needs to be appreciated in any articulation of a ‘spectrum’ of OC disorders. The basis for ‘membership’ of the spectrum is inconsistent and varied, with varying level of support for inclusion in the putative spectrum. Conclusions A more fruitful approach may be to consider behaviours and dimensions in OCD and OC spectrum disorders, and that this should be encompassed in further developments of the OC spectrum model. Disclosure of Interest None Declared

Abstract Aria is a plant hosting a $${350}\,\hbox {m}$$ 350 m cryogenic isotopic distillation column, the tallest ever built, which is being installed in a mine shaft at Carbosulcis S.p.A., Nuraxi-Figus (SU), Italy. Aria is one of the pillars of the argon dark-matter search experimental program, lead by the Global Argon Dark Matter Collaboration. It was designed to reduce the isotopic abundance of $${^{39}\hbox {Ar}}$$ 39 Ar in argon extracted from underground sources, called Underground Argon (UAr), which is used for dark-matter searches. Indeed, $${^{39}\hbox {Ar}}$$ 39 Ar is a $$\beta $$ β -emitter of cosmogenic origin, whose activity poses background and pile-up concerns in the detectors. In this paper, we discuss the requirements, design, construction, tests, and projected performance of the plant for the isotopic cryogenic distillation of argon. We also present the successful results of the isotopic cryogenic distillation of nitrogen with a prototype plant.

Resumen: Introducción y objetivo: El dolor abdominal en niños es causa frecuente de consulta en el servicio de urgencias. Un grupo importante se compone de pacientes con estreñimiento crónico y coproestasis. La radiografía simple de abdomen es muy utilizada para el diagnóstico y para descartar necesidad de tratamiento quirúrgico. El presente trabajo explora la asociación de la intensidad del dolor y el grado de coproestasis. Material y métodos: Estudio transversal analítico en el que se realizó la comparación entre 2 escalas radiográficas para asociar el grado de coproestasis observado con la intensidad del dolor abdominal en pacientes que acuden al servicio de urgencias en un periodo de 7 meses. El análisis se realizó con 2 escalas radiográficas distintas utilizadas por dos observadores diferentes con el fin de comprobar si ambas son reproducibles. Para determinar el grado de concordancia interobservador se utilizó el coeficiente Kappa, y la prueba estadística empleada para la asociación entre el dolor abdominal y el grado de coproestasis fue el coeficiente de correlación de Spearman. Resultados: Se obtuvo una asociación significativa entre la intensidad del dolor y el grado radiográfico de coproestasis (p

In Colombia earthen buildings, mostly adobe, makes up 80% of the national monumental heritage and historic urban centres. Moreover, vernacular earthen techniques have been largely used for dwellings in rural villages, small towns or informal settlements and represent, nowadays, a huge architectural and cultural heritage of the country. Due the brittle behaviour and low ductility of the building material, characterized by both low tensile and bending strength, earth constructions show high seismic vulnerability; nevertheless, though Colombian earthquake hazard level is considered very high, current national seismic building regulations do not include any reference to earthen architecture. Seismic failure mechanisms most frequently occurring to masonry architecture, as adobe buildings rehabilitation techniques and seismic behaviour improvement practices, have been widely published. This paper aims to investigate possible causes associated to failure mechanisms due to common adobe building practices in Colombia and intervention strategies, to be eventually implemented in order to reduce risks. The paper focuses on strategies and technologies for seismic retrofitting, while evaluating their effectiveness and feasibility through ‘sustainability’ indicators, based on literature quantitative and qualitative data, and strictly related to rural Colombian economic, social and environmental conditions, where available resources are scarce and labour often not qualified.

Introduction and aim: Abdominal pain in children is a frequent cause of emergency room consultation. An important group of those patients presents with chronic constipation and fecal impaction. Plain abdominal x-ray is widely used for making a diagnosis and ruling out the need for surgical treatment. The present study examined the association between pain intensity and fecal impaction grade. Materials and methods: An analytic cross-sectional study was conducted that compared two radiographic scales to determine the association between the grade of fecal impaction observed and abdominal pain intensity in patients that sought medical attention at an emergency service within a 7-month period. The analysis was carried out by two different observers, utilizing two different radiographic scales to confirm their reproducibility. The degree of interobserver agreement was measured using the Kappa coefficient and the association between abdominal pain and fecal impaction grade was measured through the Spearman correlation coefficient. Results: There was a significant association between pain intensity and the radiographic grade of fecal impaction (p

This research work describes the manufacturing and characterization of novel engineering materials consisted of fully bio-based blends of polyamide 1010 (PA1010) with 20 wt% of polylactide (PLA). Four different compatibilizers were used to enhance the miscibility and the performance of the biopolymer blends. Two multi-functionalized vegetable oils (maleinized linseed oil (MLO) and epoxidized linseed oil (ELO)) and two petroleum-derived glycidyl-based additives (epoxy styrene-acrylic oligomer (ESAO) and styrene-glycidyl methacrylate copolymer (PS-GMA)) were tested during melt compounding. The resultant biopolymer blends were processed by either cast film extrusion or injection molding to obtain films and pieces, respectively. Thin films with an average thickness of 50–60 µm and thick pieces of 4 mm were obtained, and their mechanical, morphological, thermal, thermomechanical, barrier and, optical properties were characterized. Although all four compatibilizers successfully provided compatibilization to the blends, the chemically modified vegetable oils, that is, MLO and ELO yielded the injection-molded pieces with the most balanced mechanical properties in terms of strength and toughness. Besides, the resultant films showed very low oxygen transmission rate values, thus broadening the potential of these biopolymer blends for the food packaging industry.

The evolution of white dwarfs is essentially a gravothermal process of cooling in which the basic ingredients for predicting their evolution are well identified, although not always well understood. There are two independent ways to test the cooling rate. One is the luminosity function of the white dwarf population, and another is the secular drift of the period of pulsation of those individuals that experience variations. Both scenarios are sensitive to the cooling or heating time scales, for which reason, the inclusion of any additional source or sink of energy will modify these properties and will allow to set bounds to these perturbations. These studies also require complete and statistical significant samples for which current large data surveys are providing an unprecedented wealth of information. In this paper we review how these techniques are applied to several cases like the secular drift of the Newton gravitational constant, neutrino magnetic moments, axions and weakly interacting massive particles (WIMPS).

Currently, the obtention of nano-structures based on III-V materials is expensive. This calls for novel and inexpensive nanostructure manufacturing approaches. In this work we report on the manufacture of a nanostructures consisting of alternating layers of In and GaAs on a Si substrate by magnetron sputtering. Furthermore, we characterized the produced nanostructures using secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS), X-ray diffraction analysis, and Raman spectroscopy. SIMS revealed variation in the concentration of In atoms across In/GaAs/ In interphases, and X-ray diffraction revealed planes corresponding to phases associated with GaAs and InAs due to In interfacial diffusion across GaAs layers. Finally, in order to study the composition and cristal quality of the manufactures nanostaructures, Raman spectra were taken using laser excitation lines of 452 nm, 532 nm, and 562 nm at different points across the nanostructures. This allowed to determine the transverse and longitudinal optical modes of GaAs and InAs, characteristic of a two-mode behavior. An acoustic longitudinal vibrational mode LA(Γ) of GaAs and an acoustic longitudinal mode activated by disorder (DALA) were observed. These resulted from the substitution of Ga atoms for In atoms in high concentrations due to the generation of Ga(VGa) and/or As(VAs) vacancies. This set of analyses show that magnetron sputtering can be a viable and relatively low-cost technique to obtain this type of semiconductors.

The hydrogeochemical characterization and water-rock interaction processes in the subbasins of Santa Catarina and Ocampo-Paraíso in the Zona Media of San Luis Potosí have allowed identifying the types of groundwater. The results of the chemical analysis and the regional geological study show the possible rock-water interaction mechanisms. These results indicate that the composition of the groundwater in each of these basins reflects the dissolution of the carbonate and magnesium minerals of the carbonate rocks of Cretaceous age (El Abra Formation), by rainwater, and of the groundwater through a granular medium with a strong influence of the material of volcanic origin. The Ca-HCO3, Ca-Mg-HCO3, water type are modified during the groundwater flow by incorporation of Na+ and SO42- ions. The San Nicolás (subbasin III) has covered by fluvial deposits in a climatic conditions of semiarid regions. The hydrogeochemical analysis of major ions, lithium and bromine allowed identifying that the extracted water from the region is a product of mixing process, involving three endmembers (ternary mixture). The first, Santa Catarina (C1), has the lowest concentrations of bromine and lithium and its recharge occur in the highest altitude land in the region, towards the Sierra de Álvarez. The second end member (C2), displays high values of bromine, low in lithium and originates towards the Ocampo Paraíso Valley. The third end member (C3), has low bromine concentrations, high in lithium, and comes from San Nicolás Tolentino area. The mixing percentages indicate that C1 contributes 50%, C2 gives 31% and C3 adds 19% water to the system. doi: https://doi.org/10.22201/igeof.00167169p.2019.58.4.2056

The net rate of freshwater input to the Arctic Ocean has been calculated in the past by two methods: directly, as the sum of precipitation, evaporation and runoff, an approach hindered by sparsity of measurements, and by the ice and ocean budget method, where the net surface freshwater flux within a defined boundary is calculated from the rate of dilution of salinity, comparing ocean inflows with ice and ocean outflows. Here a third method is introduced, the geochemical method, as a modification of the budget method. A standard approach uses geochemical tracers (salinity, oxygen isotopes, inorganic nutrients) to compute “source fractions” that quantify a water parcel's constituent proportions of seawater, freshwater of meteoric origin, and either sea ice melt or brine (from the freezing-out of sea ice). The geochemical method combines the source fractions with the boundary velocity field of the budget method to quantify the net flux derived from each source. Here it is shown that the geochemical method generates an Arctic Ocean surface freshwater flux, which is also the meteoric source flux, of 200±44 mSv (1 Sv=106 m3 s−1), statistically indistinguishable from the budget method's 187±44 mSv, so that two different approaches to surface freshwater flux calculation are reconciled. The freshwater export rate of sea ice (40±14 mSv) is similar to the brine export flux, due to the “freshwater deficit” left by the freezing-out of sea ice (60±50 mSv). Inorganic nutrients are used to define Atlantic and Pacific seawater categories, and the results show significant non-conservation, whereby Atlantic seawater is effectively “converted” into Pacific seawater. This is hypothesized to be a consequence of denitrification within the Arctic Ocean, a process likely becoming more important with seasonal sea ice retreat. While inorganic nutrients may now be delivering ambiguous results on seawater origins, they may prove useful to quantify the Arctic Ocean's net denitrification rate. End point degeneracy is also discussed: multiple property definitions that lie along the same “mixing line” generate confused results.

Introduction Psychedelics - including LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide), psilocybin, DMT (N, N-dimethyltryptamine), ayahuasca and mescaline - have an ancient history across various civilizations. In 1950, after LSD’s discovery by Hofmann, psychedelics enjoyed a short-lived relationship with psychiatry, before prohibitive legislature emerging in response to the recreational use in the mid-1960s. However, the last decade has witnessed a renewed scientific interest in psychedelics - a phenomenon referred to as the ‘Psychedelic Renaissance’. Objectives Review the pharmacology of psychedelic drugs and the latest evidence of its therapeutic potentials in anxiety, mood and addictive disorders. Methods Literature review performed on PubMed and Google Scholar databases, using the keywords “psychedelics”, “hallucinogens”, “d-lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)”, “psilocybin”, “ayahuasca”, “mescaline”, “DMT (N,N-dimethyltryptamine)”. Results The psychedelics or “classic hallucinogens” can be subdivided into three sub-classes: the plant-derived tryptamines (psilocybin and ibogaine) and phenethylamines (mescaline), and the semisynthetic ergolines (LSD). The therapeutic potentials are mediated by an agonist action on 5-HT2A receptors expressed in frontal and paralimbic structures involved in mood and emotion regulation, introspection, interoception and self-consciousness. Stimulation of 5-HT2ARincreases the glutamatergic tone and neuroplasticity and is accompanied by reduced amygdala activity, reducing anxiety. Experimental, open-label, and RCTs showed anxiolytic, antidepressive, and antiaddictive effects with psychedelics. As examples, psilocybin and LSD reduced anxiety and depression in cancer patients and symptoms of alcohol and tobacco dependence, and ayahuasca reduced depression in treatment-resistant depression. Conclusions Despite the promising effects of psychedelics on anxiety, depression and addiction, the evidence is still preliminary, waiting for long-term studies with bigger samples. Conflict of interest No significant relationships.

Introduction Suicide is an intriguing act of the human being. The reasons behind the violation of an instinct for survival is far from being understood. Besides, the emergence of assisted dying is raising even more questions about the concept of rational suicide, defined as a well-thought-out decision to die by whom is mentally competent. Objectives Understand the concept of rational suicide, in parallel with suicide, by exploring the views on this debate over the years and elucidating the relationship with mental disorders, mental capacity and patient’s rights. Methods Literature review performed on PubMed and Google Scholar databases, using the keywords “rational suicide”, “assisted death”, “suicide”, “phenomenology”, “mental capacity” and “responsibility for life”. Results The theological condemnations of suicide – as sin or crime – were put aside with psychiatric development in the last century. Durkheim was the first important precursor of the contemporary view - suicide is a form of mental illness (psychosis or depression) not compatible with rational deliberation. With the increasingly open debate on assisted dying, this vision is being tested by cases of terminally ill patients subjected to experiences that many wouldn’t choose to tolerate. Moral right to self-determination and needless suffering are examples of arguments in favor of rational suicide. Conclusions The need for an open discussion about rational suicide is raising, specifically in relation to psychiatric disorders, mainly to resolve the conflict between the duty of care of psychiatrists and the autonomy of patients. Disclosure No significant relationships.

Introduction Insight is a complex and multidimensional phenomenon. Metacognition, awareness of illness or anosognosia are some of the terms used to designate this feature of the mental state exam. Objectives To attempt to explore the evolution of the concept of insight as a psychiatric symptom over the years and to bring up some up-to-date features on this theme. Methods Literature review, using the most relevant papers, with the keywords “psychiatric insight”, “awareness of illness”, “metacognition” and “phenomenology”. Results The term ‘insight’ has been described since 1896 when Kraepelin had noticed that patients with dementia praecox were unaware of their condition. Nowadays, it is recognized in several psychiatric disorders, with different meanings in each one. Overall, insight in psychiatry involves an attempt to see one’s thinking and behaviour ‘objectively’ and comparing it to some representation of mental health. Impaired insight has been linked to poor treatment compliance and outcomes, overall symptom severity, higher relapse, lower self-esteem, and impaired psychosocial functioning. White matter and connectivity problems may be related to poorer insight, as well as impaired frontal lobe functioning. In psychotic disorders, lack of insight is a primary symptom with poorer outcomes. Regarding affective disorders, the lower the mood the better the insight. Neuroimaging has been correlating insight with the inferior frontal gyrus, anterior insula, inferior parietal lobule, and ventromedial prefrontal cortex. In everyday practice, there are scales used to assess insight. Conclusions Inferences about patients’ insight are important to evaluate severity of illness, suicidal risk, compliance, and response to treatment.

Introduction Nowadays, ‘Acute and transient psychotic disorders’ in ICD-10 and ‘Brief psychotic disorders’ in DSM-5 are both classifications of the same clinical entity. Over the years, several concepts have been formulated to define the same syndrome. Objectives To explore the historical evolution of brief psychotic disorders and relate them to current nosologies. Methods Literature review, using the most relevant papers, with the keywords “brief psychosis”, “bouffée délirante”, “cycloid psychosis”, “psychogenic psychosis”, “atypical psychosis” and “holodysphrenia”. Results Initially, in 1896, Kahlbaum coined the term ‘dysphrenia’, a group of severe form of psychosis that remitted without showing the typical sequence of disease states and without leaving a lasting alteration. Later, Kraepelin included this kind of disorder in manic depressive illness, which he first named as ‘periodic delirium’ and then as ‘delirious mania’. Magnan, in the pre-Kraepelinian era, created the term ‘bouffée délirante’, a sudden onset of delusional ideas with rapid evolution and intense symptomatology with complete remission usually followed after a short time. Later on, Henry Ey grabbed this entity and renewed it, contrasting it to the defined concept of schizophrenia. Other psychiatric schools have proposed numerous designations: ‘cycloid psychosis’ by Kleist from the German school, ‘psychogenic psychosis’ by Wimmer of the Scandinavian school and ‘holodysphrenias’ by Barahona-Fernandes from the Portuguese school. Cultural variants are also observed, as ‘amok’ seen in Malaysia or ‘shinbyung’ in Korea. Conclusions The intensity and polymorphism of brief psychosis present a clinical challenge. The historical evolution may be helpful on recognizing this entity in current clinical practice.

Introduction: Glioblastoma is the most common primary brain tumour. Despite advances in treatment, its prognosis remains dismal, with a mean survival time of about 14 months. Many articles have addressed direct costs, those associated with the diagnosis and treatment of the disease. Indirect costs, those associated with loss of productivity due to the disease, have seldom been described. Material and method: We conducted a retrospective study in patients diagnosed with glioblastoma at Hospital Universitario Donostia between January 1, 2010 and December 31, 2013. We collected demographics, data regarding the treatment received, and survival times. We calculated the indirect costs with the human capital approach, adjusting the mean salaries of comparable individuals by sex and age and obtaining mortality data for the general population from the Spanish National Statistics Institute. Past salaries were updated to 2015 euros according to the annual inflation rate and we applied a discount of 3.5% compounded yearly to future salaries. Results: We reviewed the records of 99 patients: 46 women (mean age 63.53) and 53 men (mean age 59.94); 29 patients underwent a biopsy and the remaining 70 underwent excisional surgery. Mean survival was 18.092 months for the whole series. The total indirect cost for the series was €11 080 762 (2015). Mean indirect cost per patient was €111 926 (2015). Discussion: Although glioblastoma is a relatively uncommon type of tumour, accounting for only 4% of all cancers, its poor prognosis and potential sequelae generate disproportionately large morbidity and mortality rates which translate to high indirect costs. Clinicians should be aware of the societal impact of glioblastoma and indirect costs should be taken into account when cost effectiveness studies are performed to better illustrate the overall consequences of this disease. Resumen: Introducción: El glioblastoma es el tumor cerebral más frecuente. A pesar de los avances en su tratamiento, el pronóstico sigue siendo pobre, con una supervivencia media en torno a los 14 meses. Los costes directos, aquellos asociados al diagnóstico y el tratamiento de la enfermedad, han sido descritos ampliamente. Los costes indirectos, aquellos derivados de la pérdida de productividad debido a la enfermedad, han sido descritos en escasas ocasiones. Material y método: Realizamos un estudio retrospectivo, incluyendo a los pacientes diagnosticados entre el 1 de enero del 2010 y el 31 de diciembre del 2013 de glioblastoma en el Hospital Universitario Donostia. Recogimos datos demográficos, relativos al tratamiento ofertado y la supervivencia. Calculamos los costes indirectos a través del método del capital humano, obteniendo datos de sujetos comparables según sexo y edad, y de mortalidad de la población general a través del Instituto Nacional de Estadística. Los salarios pasados fueron actualizados a euros de 2015 según la tasa de inflación interanual y los salarios futuros fueron descontados en un 3,5% anual en forma de interés compuesto. Resultados: Revisamos a 99 pacientes, 46 mujeres (edad media 63,53 años) y 53 hombres (edad media 59,94 años). En 29 pacientes se realizó una biopsia y en los 70 restantes se realizó una cirugía resectiva. La supervivencia global media fue de 18,092 meses. Los costes indirectos totales fueron de 11.080.762 € (2015). El coste indirecto medio por paciente fue de 111.926 € (2015). Discusión: A pesar de que el glioblastoma es un tipo relativamente poco frecuente de tumor, que supone el 4% de todos los tipos de cáncer, su mal pronóstico y sus posibles secuelas generan una mortalidad y morbilidad desproporcionadamente altas. Esto se traduce en unos costes indirectos muy elevados. El clínico debe ser consciente del impacto del glioblastoma en la sociedad y los costes indirectos deben ser tenidos en cuenta en los estudios de coste-efectividad para conocer las consecuencias globales de esta enfermedad. Keywords: Costs, Glioblastoma, Radiotherapy, Chemotherapy, Prognosis, Survival, Palabras clave: Costes, Glioblastoma, Radioterapia, Quimioterapia, Pronóstico, Supervivencia

Resumen: Introducción: El glioblastoma es el tumor cerebral más frecuente. A pesar de los avances en su tratamiento, el pronóstico sigue siendo pobre, con una supervivencia media en torno a los 14 meses. Los costes directos, aquellos asociados al diagnóstico y el tratamiento de la enfermedad, han sido descritos ampliamente. Los costes indirectos, aquellos derivados de la pérdida de productividad debido a la enfermedad, han sido descritos en escasas ocasiones. Material y método: Realizamos un estudio retrospectivo, incluyendo a los pacientes diagnosticados entre el 1 de enero del 2010 y el 31 de diciembre del 2013 de glioblastoma en el Hospital Universitario Donostia. Recogimos datos demográficos, relativos al tratamiento ofertado y la supervivencia. Calculamos los costes indirectos a través del método del capital humano, obteniendo datos de sujetos comparables según sexo y edad, y de mortalidad de la población general a través del Instituto Nacional de Estadística. Los salarios pasados fueron actualizados a euros de 2015 según la tasa de inflación interanual y los salarios futuros fueron descontados en un 3,5% anual en forma de interés compuesto. Resultados: Revisamos a 99 pacientes, 46 mujeres (edad media 63,53 años) y 53 hombres (edad media 59,94 años). En 29 pacientes se realizó una biopsia y en los 70 restantes se realizó una cirugía resectiva. La supervivencia global media fue de 18,092 meses. Los costes indirectos totales fueron de 11.080.762 € (2015). El coste indirecto medio por paciente fue de 111.926 € (2015). Discusión: A pesar de que el glioblastoma es un tipo relativamente poco frecuente de tumor, que supone el 4% de todos los tipos de cáncer, su mal pronóstico y sus posibles secuelas generan una mortalidad y morbilidad desproporcionadamente altas. Esto se traduce en unos costes indirectos muy elevados. El clínico debe ser consciente del impacto del glioblastoma en la sociedad y los costes indirectos deben ser tenidos en cuenta en los estudios de coste-efectividad para conocer las consecuencias globales de esta enfermedad. Abstract: Introduction: Glioblastoma is the most common primary brain tumour. Despite advances in treatment, its prognosis remains dismal, with a mean survival time of about 14 months. Many articles have addressed direct costs, those associated with the diagnosis and treatment of the disease. Indirect costs, those associated with loss of productivity due to the disease, have seldom been described. Material and method: We conducted a retrospective study in patients diagnosed with glioblastoma at Hospital Universitario Donostia between January 1, 2010 and December 31, 2013. We collected demographics, data regarding the treatment received, and survival times. We calculated the indirect costs with the human capital approach, adjusting the mean salaries of comparable individuals by sex and age and obtaining mortality data for the general population from the Spanish National Statistics Institute. Past salaries were updated to 2015 euros according to the annual inflation rate and we applied a discount of 3.5% compounded yearly to future salaries. Results: We reviewed the records of 99 patients: 46 women (mean age 63.53) and 53 men (mean age 59.94); 29 patients underwent a biopsy and the remaining 70 underwent excisional surgery. Mean survival was 18.092 months for the whole series. The total indirect cost for the series was €11 080 762 (2015). Mean indirect cost per patient was €111 926 (2015). Discussion: Although glioblastoma is a relatively uncommon type of tumour, accounting for only 4% of all cancers, its poor prognosis and potential sequelae generate disproportionately large morbidity and mortality rates which translate to high indirect costs. Clinicians should be aware of the societal impact of glioblastoma and indirect costs should be taken into account when cost effectiveness studies are performed to better illustrate the overall consequences of this disease. Palabras clave: Costes, Glioblastoma, Radioterapia, Quimioterapia, Pronóstico, Supervivencia, Keywords: Costs, Glioblastoma, Radiotherapy, Chemotherapy, Prognosis, Survival

The allelopathic effect studied in many cultures has currently generated great expectations that displayed a natural and environmentally friendly tool for weed management using bioherbicides. The objective of this work was to assess allelopathic influence of residues of S. trilobata on the germination and growth of weeds, as well as their relation with some crops and effects on soil properties. Results show that residues from S. trilobata have inhibited the germination of weeds (31.6 - 72%), increasingly with the applied dose. All residue doses of this specie have inhibited dicotyledonous germination, but only maximum concentration has affected monocotyledons. The residues did not affect onion germination, but stimulated it in radish and tomato, while the dose applied at 50% produced tomato stimulation and inhibition of cabbage. The effects of residues on hypocotyl growth in different crops showed changes in species response. For onion, the three doses had negative effects on the growth of hypocotyl, while tomato was stimulated. For radish, the growth was hindered by any dose applied, and were only different (50 and 100%) compared to control. For cabbage, only hypocotyl length was stimulated, when maximum dose (100%) was applied. For the radicle growth, in onion and radish no differences were found compared to control. While the tomato radicle growth was inhibited, in cabbage, all doses encouraged the elongation of the radicle. The dry mass of weed was affected by increased dose of residue (0.49 - 8.8 g m-2), however the soil microflora was stimulated, while the population of Azotobacter spp. was not affect. Some soil properties were affected, the level of organic material, Na+ and electrical conductivity were increased, while pH (H2O) decreased a bit, however it remained basic.

Objetivo: Describir los efectos de la restricción moderada del sueño en las regiones cerebrales involucradas en los procesos de inhibición cognitiva, función motora y fluidez fonológica, utilizando imágenes por resonancia magnética funcional (RMf). Materiales y métodos: Se estableció una condición de sueño habitual y otra de restricción moderada en 12 estudiantes diestros de pre y posgrado de Medicina, de entre 20 y 40 años. En ambos estados se utilizó la prueba psicológica de atención d2 e imágenes de RMf con paradigmas de función motora, fluencia fonológica y atención del tipo inhibición de la función ejecutiva Stroop. La restricción moderada de sueño fue de al menos el 63% con respecto al sueño habitual. Resultados: Se encontraron diferencias significativas en la activación cerebral con RMf para la función motora (p

Background: Sarcoidosis is a multisystemic disorder of unknown etiology. Its diagnosis is based on compatible clinical and radiological features and supported by histological demonstration of epithelioid cell noncaseating granulomas with exclusion of other causes. Endobronchial ultrasound combined with transbronchial needle aspiration (EBUS-TBNA) has been proposed as a valuable tool in obtaining suitable tissue sample.The aim of this study was to evaluate the contribution of EBUS-TBNA to the diagnosis of stages I and II thoracic sarcoidosis in a community-based hospital. Methods: A prospective study was conducted in patients with suspected stages I and II pulmonary sarcoidosis, based on clinical and radiological data, who were being followed in our Interstitial Lung Disorders Outpatient Clinic or sent from other hospitals to our Respiratory Endoscopy Unit for diagnostic procedures. All suitable and fit patients underwent EBUS-TBNA between March 2010 and June 2013.We assessed demographic characteristics, radiological stages, cytological/histological examination and diagnostic techniques performed. Results: In the period considered 39 patients underwent EBUS-TBNA for suspected stages I and II thoracic sarcoidosis and adequate samples were obtained in 38 (97.4%). Within this population, 33 (84.6%) patients had a definite diagnosis of sarcoidosis, of which 31 patients (93.9%) were confirmed to have epithelioid noncaseating granulomas by EBUS-TBNA. Four patients were submitted to surgical procedures (three to mediastinoscopy and one to open surgical lung biopsy).Data analysis allowed to calculate a sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and diagnostic accuracy of 93.9%, 100%, 100%, 75.0% and 94.8%, respectively. No complications were observed. Conclusions: EBUS-TBNA is a valuable tool in the diagnostic workup of patients with suspected stages I and II thoracic sarcoidosis providing a substantial number of pathological confirmations and with few complications. Its high diagnostic accuracy precludes the need for more invasive procedures such as surgical biopsy. Resumo: Antecedentes: A Sarcoidose é uma doença multissistémica de etiologia desconhecida. O seu diagnóstico baseia-se em características clínicas e radiológicas compatíveis e é apoiado pela demonstração histológica de granulomas epitelióides não caseosos, com a exclusão de outras causas. A ecoendoscopia brônquica combinada com a punção aspirativa transbrônquica (EBUS-TBNA) foi proposta como uma ferramenta valiosa na obtenção de amostras de tecido adequadas.O objectivo deste estudo foi avaliar o contributo da EBUS-TBNA para o diagnóstico de sarcoidose torácica de estádio I e II num hospital central. Metodologia: Foi realizado um estudo prospectivo em doentes com suspeita de sarcoidose torácica de estádio I e II, com base em dados clínicos e radiológicos, que estavam a ser seguidos na nossa Clínica Ambulatória de Doenças Pulmonares Intersticiais, ou foram enviados de outros hospitais para a nossa Unidade de Endoscopia Respiratória, para os procedimentos de diagnóstico. Todos os doentes adequados e aptos foram submetidos a EBUS-TBNA, entre Março de 2010 e Junho de 2013.Avaliámos as características demográficas, os estádios radiológicos, exames citológicos/histológicos e técnicas de diagnóstico usados. Resultados: No período referido anteriormente, 39 doentes foram submetidos a EBUS-TBNA para a suspeita de sarcoidose torácica de estádio I e II, e foram obtidas amostras adequadas em 38 deles (97,4%). Nesta população, 33 (84,6%) doentes receberam um diagnóstico definitivo de sarcoidose, dos quais 31 doentes (93,9%) foram confirmados como tendo granulomas epitelioides não caseosos, pela EBUS-TBNA. Quatro doentes foram submetidos a procedimentos cirúrgicos (três a mediastinoscopia e outro a biopsia pulmonar cirúrgica aberta).A análise dos dados permitiu calcular uma sensibilidade, especificidade, valor preditivo positivo, valor preditivo negativo e acuidade diagnóstica de 93,9%, 100%, 100%, 75,0% e 94,8%, respectivamente. Não foram observadas complicações. Conclusões: A EBUS-TBNA é uma ferramenta valiosa na abordagem diagnóstica dos doentes com suspeita de sarcoidose torácica de estádio I e II, proporcionando um número importante de confirmações patológicas e com poucas complicações. A sua elevada acuidade diagnóstica exclui a necessidade de procedimentos mais invasivos como uma biópsia cirúrgica. Keywords: Diagnosis, Endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration, Sarcoidosis, Palavras-chave: Diagnóstico, Punção aspirativa transbrônquica guiada por ecoendoscopia brônquica linear, Sarcoidose

We provide a data set assemblage of directly observed and derived fluxes of sedimenting material (total mass, POC, PON, bSiO2, CaCO3, PIC and lithogenic/terrigenous fluxes) obtained using sediment traps. This data assemblage contains over 5900 data points distributed across the Atlantic, from the Arctic Ocean to the Southern Ocean. Data from the Mediterranean Sea are also included. Data were compiled from a variety of sources: data repositories (e.g. BCO-DMO, PANGAEA®), time-series sites (e.g. BATS, CARIACO), published scientific papers and data provided by the originating principal investigators (PIs). All sources are specified within the combined data set. Data from the World Ocean Atlas 2009 were extracted to coincide with flux data to provide additional environmental information where available. Specifically, contemporaneous data were extracted for temperature, salinity, oxygen (concentration, AOU and percentage saturation), nitrate, phosphate and silicate. Data show a broad range of flux estimates, with marked differences between ocean domains. Data also reveal important differences in the contribution that a given variable provides to the total mass flux, which is relevant towards understanding the factors that control the strength of the biological carbon pump. This data set has been submitted to the data repository PANGAEA® (http://www.pangaea.de), who have made it available under doi:10.1594/PANGAEA.807946.

A general pattern in water mass distribution and potential shelf–basin exchange is revealed at the Laptev Sea continental slope based on hydrochemical and stable oxygen isotope data from the summers 2005–2009. Despite considerable interannual variations, a frontal system can be inferred between shelf, continental slope and central Eurasian Basin waters in the upper 100 m of the water column along the continental slope. Net sea-ice melt is consistently found at the continental slope. However, the sea-ice meltwater signal is independent from the local retreat of the ice cover and appears to be advected from upwind locations. In addition to the along-slope frontal system at the continental shelf break, a strong gradient is identified on the Laptev Sea shelf between 122° E and 126° E with an eastward increase of riverine and sea-ice related brine water contents. These waters cross the shelf break at ~ 140° E and feed the low-salinity halocline water (LSHW, salinity S < 33) in the upper 50 m of the water column. High silicate concentrations in Laptev Sea bottom waters may lead to speculation about a link to the local silicate maximum found within the salinity range of ~ 33 to 34.5, typical for the Lower Halocline Water (LHW) at the continental slope. However brine signatures and nutrient ratios from the central Laptev Sea differ from those observed at the continental slope. Thus a significant contribution of Laptev Sea bottom waters to the LHW at the continental slope can be excluded. The silicate maximum within the LHW at the continental slope may be formed locally or at the outer Laptev Sea shelf. Similar to the advection of the sea-ice melt signal along the Laptev Sea continental slope, the nutrient signal at 50–70 m water depth within the LHW might also be fed by advection parallel to the slope. Thus, our analyses suggest that advective processes from upstream locations play a significant role in the halocline formation in the northern Laptev Sea.

Introduction: The prognosis of epilepsy is basically determined by its aetiology. Early onset of seizures is generally associated with poor progress. Material and methods: We review our experience in epilepsy with children born after 1 January 1997 and who had their first seizure between 1 and 3 months of age before January 2008. Results: Eighteen cases diagnosed with epilepsy and a first seizure between 1 and 3 months of age were included. One case was within the Dravet syndrome spectrum with the c829 T>G c277G heterozygous mutation of the SCN1A gene. Four were cryptogenic epilepsies and thirteen were asymptomatic: 2 were inborn errors of metabolism (biotinidase deficiency with a response to biotin and Leigh's syndrome); 2 were of infectious origin and the remaining nine prenatal encephalopathy. Nine (50%) currently have a severe psychomotor delay and 2 died. The cryptogenic cases had a relatively poor progress. Conclusions: Our experience corroborates the poor prognosis associated with early onset, between 1 and 3 months, of epileptic seizures. Given the wide aetiological range and the poor prognosis in the absence of specific treatment, an appropriate diagnostic-therapeutic strategy is required to avoid diagnostic uncertainties and can identify potentially treatable cases, such as some inborn errors of metabolism. In this age group, the protocol for convulsions of unknown cause must be the same as that for neonatal convulsions, including treatment with a vitamin cocktail, after collecting biological samples. Resumen: Introducción: El pronóstico de la epilepsia está determinado fundamentalmente por la etiología; se asocia en general peor evolución con comienzo precoz de las crisis. Material y métodos: Se revisa nuestra experiencia en epilepsia en niños nacidos después del 1-1-1997 y que presentaron la primera crisis antes de enero de 2008 a los 1–3 meses de edad. Resultados: Se incluyen 18 casos con el diagnóstico de epilepsia y primera crisis entre 1 y 3 meses de edad. Un caso corresponde al espectro de síndrome de Dravet con la mutación en heterocigosis c829 T>G c277G del gen SCN1A. Cuatro son epilepsias criptogénicas y 13, sintomáticas: 2 errores congénitos del metabolismo (deficiencia de biotinidasa con respuesta a biotina y síndrome de Leigh), 2 de etiología infecciosa y los 9 restantes, encefalopatías prenatales; 9 (50%) tienen un grave retraso psicomotor en la actualidad y 2 fallecieron. En comparación, los casos criptogénicos tuvieron peor evolución. Conclusiones: Nuestra experiencia corrobora el mal pronóstico asociado al inicio precoz, entre 1 y 3 meses, de las crisis epilépticas. Dado el amplio abanico etiológico y el pronóstico sombrío, en ausencia de tratamiento específico, es obligada una adecuada estrategia diagnóstico-terapéutica que evite incertidumbres diagnósticas e identifique casos potencialmente tratables como algunos errores congénitos del metabolismo. En este grupo de edad el protocolo de convulsiones de causa no aclarada debe ser el mismo que el de las convulsiones neonatales, incluido el tratamiento con cóctel vitamínico, tras la recogida de muestras biológicas. Keywords: Biotinidase deficiency, Epilepsy, Cryptogenic epilepsy, Symptomatic epilepsy, Inborn error of metabolism, Infancy, Psychomotor delay, Dravet's syndrome, Palabras clave: Déficit de biotinidasa, Epilepsia, Epilepsias criptogénicas, Epilepsias sintomáticas, Error congénito del metabolismo, Lactante, Retraso psicomotor, Síndrome de Dravet

Resumen: Introducción: El pronóstico de la epilepsia está determinado fundamentalmente por la etiología; se asocia en general peor evolución con comienzo precoz de las crisis. Material y métodos: Se revisa nuestra experiencia en epilepsia en niños nacidos después del 1-1-1997 y que presentaron la primera crisis antes de enero de 2008 a los 1-3 meses de edad. Resultados: Se incluyen 18 casos con el diagnóstico de epilepsia y primera crisis entre 1 y 3 meses de edad. Un caso corresponde al espectro de síndrome de Dravet con la mutación en heterocigosis c829 T>G c277G del gen SCN1A. Cuatro son epilepsias criptogénicas y 13, sintomáticas: 2 errores congénitos del metabolismo (deficiencia de biotinidasa con respuesta a biotina y síndrome de Leigh), 2 de etiología infecciosa y los 9 restantes, encefalopatías prenatales; 9 (50%) tienen un grave retraso psicomotor en la actualidad y 2 fallecieron. En comparación, los casos criptogénicos tuvieron peor evolución. Conclusiones: Nuestra experiencia corrobora el mal pronóstico asociado al inicio precoz, entre 1 y 3 meses, de las crisis epilépticas. Dado el amplio abanico etiológico y el pronóstico sombrío, en ausencia de tratamiento específico, es obligada una adecuada estrategia diagnóstico-terapéutica que evite incertidumbres diagnósticas e identifique casos potencialmente tratables como algunos errores congénitos del metabolismo. En este grupo de edad el protocolo de convulsiones de causa no aclarada debe ser el mismo que el de las convulsiones neonatales, incluido el tratamiento con cóctel vitamínico, tras la recogida de muestras biológicas. Abstract: Introduction: The prognosis of epilepsy is basically determined by its aetiology. Early onset of seizures is generally associated with poor progress. Material and methods: We review our experience in epilepsy with children born after 1 January 1997 and who had their first seizure between 1 and 3 months of age before January 2008. Results: Eighteen cases diagnosed with epilepsy and a first seizure between 1 and 3 months of age were included. One case was within the Dravet syndrome spectrum with the c829 T>G c277G heterozygous mutation of the SCN1A gene. Four were cryptogenic epilepsies and thirteen were asymptomatic: 2 were inborn errors of metabolism (biotinidase deficiency with a response to biotin and Leigh's syndrome); 2 were of infectious origin and the remaining nine prenatal encephalopathy. Nine (50%) currently have a severe psychomotor delay and 2 died. The cryptogenic cases had a relatively poor progress. Conclusions: Our experience corroborates the poor prognosis associated with early onset, between 1 and 3 months, of epileptic seizures. Given the wide aetiological range and the poor prognosis in the absence of specific treatment, an appropriate diagnostic-therapeutic strategy is required to avoid diagnostic uncertainties and can identify potentially treatable cases, such as some inborn errors of metabolism. In this age group, the protocol for convulsions of unknown cause must be the same as that for neonatal convulsions, including treatment with a vitamin cocktail, after collecting biological samples. Palabras clave: Déficit de biotinidasa, Epilepsia, Epilepsias criptogénicas, Epilepsias sintomáticas, Error congénito del metabolismo, Lactante, Retraso psicomotor, Síndrome de Dravet, Keywords: Biotinidase deficiency, Epilepsy, Cryptogenic epilepsy, Symptomatic epilepsy, Inborn error of metabolism, Infancy, Psychomotor delay, Dravet's syndrome

Resumen: El problema del seguimiento de trayectoria en robots manipuladores ha sido abordado aplicando una gran variedad de controladores, desde estructuras sencillas basadas en PD hasta otras más complejas basadas en controladores adaptativos y robustos. Estas últimas técnicas presentan inconvenientes como la presunción de ciertas cotas en los términos de la ecuación dinámica del robot o la no inclusión de las ligaduras del sistema en el algoritmo de control. En el presente trabajo se hace una revisión de las técnicas clásicas de control de manipuladores y se introduce un conjunto de técnicas novedosas de control robusto y de control predictivo, con las que se evitan los problemas comentados. En particular se describe un controlador con una acción robusta autoadaptativa, necesaria para evitar los errores en la cancelación de términos no lineales de la dinámica del robot. Este esquema es mejorado mediante técnicas predictivas que permiten la inclusión de las ligaduras de movimiento del robot en el algoritmo de control. Se incluyen resultados reales y en simulación en un robot PUMA-560 de Unimation que prueban la bondad de dichos controladores. Palabras clave: Manipuladores robot, Control Robusto, Control Adaptativo, Control Autoadaptativo, Control Predictivo, Implementación, Tareas en tiempo real

RESUMO: O Sarcoma da Artéria Pulmonar é um tumor raro, apresentando-se com sinais e sintomas inespecíficos, simulando por vezes o Tromboembolismo Pulmonar (TEP), o que torna o seu diagnóstico difícil e tardio.A este propósito os autores apresentam um caso de um homem de 59 anos, ex-fumador, internado por dispneia de esforço, toracalgia e sintomas gerais.Portador de uma radiografia e TAC torácicas, ambas evidenciando imagens sugestivas de Trombose da Artéria Pulmonar Direita.Analiticamente e antes de qualquer terapêutica: Inibidor Lúpico â e anticardiolipina IgM +.Presumido diagnóstico inicial de TEP crónico em doente com provável Síndroma de Hipercoaguabilidade, iniciou terapêutica hipocoagulante, com melhoria.Reinternado 2 meses após alta por agravamento clínico e radiológico. Proposto e aceite para Tromboendarterectomia Pulmonar, sob circulação extracorporal e paragem cardiocirculatória em hipotermia profunda (18 ºC). Durante a cirurgia constatou-se a presença de «mega-artérias pulmonares» preenchidas por massa trombosada que se estendia à s ramificações arteriais segmentares. Após a exérese dessa massa houve necessidade de realizar Pneumectomia direita por hemorragia progressiva incontrolável.Veio a falecer ao 7.º dia de pós-operatório, por ARDS em pulmão único.Resultado Anatomopatológico: Sarcoma da Artéria Pulmonar com Metastização Pulmonar e Pleural.REV PORT PNEUMOL IX (1): 41-51 ABSTRACT: Primary Pulmonary Artery Sarcoma is a rare entity, which shares some clinical features with Thromboembolic Pulmonary Disease (TEPD), complicating differential diagnosis.The authors report a Clinical Case of a Primary Pulmonary Artery Sarcoma in a 59 years old man, admitted with a history of dyspnoea on exertion, chest pain and general symptoms. Chest X-ray, Computed Tomography Scan, Angiographies and Magnetic Resonance Imaging suggested TEPD.Blood Analysis performed before anticoagulation therapy: Lupus Anticoagulant - and Ig M Anticardiolipin+.Our presumptive initial diagnosis was TEPD in a patient with a hypercoagulable state.Intravenous heparin was started, with some clinical improvement but 2 months later he was readmitted, due to clinical and radiological deterioration. Pulmonary Thromboendarterectomy was considered but a right pneumonectomy was necessary because of bleeding. He died of ARDS in a single lung in the 7 th day after surgery. Pathology revealed pulmonary artery sarcoma with pulmonary and pleural metastases.REV PORT PNEUMOL IX (1): 41-51 Palavras-chave: Sarcoma da Artéria Pulmonar, Tumores Vasculares, Key-words: Pulmonary Artery Sarcoma, Vascular Tumour

A three-dimensional, non-linear, baroclinic model is described and tested for the first time to study the residual circulation and the thermohaline distribution of the Ría de Vigo (NW Spain) at short time scales and under different wind stress regimes. Two markedly different realistic scenarios were chosen: northerly upwelling-favourable winds and southerly downwelling-favourable winds. The numerical experiments carried out indicate that the hydrodynamic regime of the Ría de Vigo is mostly a consequence of wind events. As could be expected, moderately strong North winds reinforce the normal (positive) Ría circulation, while winds blowing from the South, when sufficiently strong, reverse the typical circulation pattern and reduce the characteristic outgoing velocities and the flushing time inside the Ría. The temperature and salinity fields generated by the model in both situations were compared with observations and found to be in qualitatively good agreement, supporting the 3D velocity field distribution.

We present the galactic radiation map at 2300 MHz, produced with the data taken during the Colombian expedition of the GEM radiotelescope. The dependence of the galactic radiation spectral index with the galactic latitude is found over the sky band observable from Villa de Leyva (Boyacá) and is used to build a galactic radiation map at 53 GHz by scaling the Haslam 408 MHz map. This 53 GHz map along with the COBE one at the same frequency are used to estímate the cosmic quadrupole as well as the galactic one. Finally we obtain an observational upper limit to a posible angular rotation velocity of the universe and the orientation of the rotation axis.

Foi avaliada a ocorrência de grãos gessados em grãos de arroz de três genótipos de arroz irrigado, em diferentes ambientes, proporcionados pela realização de semeaduras durante a época recomendada. Os experimentos foram realizados durante o ano agrícola de 1988/89 no campo experimental do Departamento de Agricultura da Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz" (ESALQ/USP). Utilizou-se os cultivares IAC-4440, PESAGRO-104 e a linhagem CNA-3771, realizando-se quatro semeaduras, entre 04/10 a 09/12/88, período correspondente à época recomendada para o Estado de São Paulo. A avaliação de grãos gessados foi feita em arroz beneficiado utilizando-se 100 grãos, retirados ao acaso, da amostra de grãos inteiros, que foi colhida com teor de água em torno de 20%. Constatou-se que há diferenças entre genótipos quanto ao gessamento de grãos. A linhagem CNA-3771 apresenta índice de grãos gessados acima do tolerado em programas de fitomelhoramento.The objetive of the research was to evaluate grain chalkness in three rice cultivars, under different conditions of climate and different sowing times. The experiment was carried out during the growing season of 1988/89, at the experimental field of the Departament of Agriculture of the Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, ESALQ/USP. The three paddy rice cultivars used were: IAC-4440, PESAGRO-104 and CNA-3771, sowed four times during the recommended sowing time for the São Paulo region, i.e. from 10/04 to 12/09/1988. The white center and the white belly of rice grams were estimated in 100 grams samples, harvested at 20% moisture content. It was conclued that there are differences in grain chalkness among the genotipes. CNA-3771 presented a higher index of white center grains than the established index by selection programs.

La identificación de un error innato del metabolismo (EIM) en el recién nacido requiere de unarápida sospecha clínica por parte del pediatra y posterior puesta en marcha de una adecuada metodología diagnóstica. Entre estas urgencias neonatales se deben considerar la producida porla enfermedad de orina con olor a jarabe de arce y la aciduria metilmalónica. Estos (EIM) se debena deficiencias en las enzimas o coenzimas que intervienen en el catabolismo de los aminoácidos:La MSUD es el resultado de la deficiencia en el catabolismo de los aminoácidos de cadenaramificada leucina isoleucina, valina y se produce un aumento de estos a.a. y de sus cetácidos ensangre y en orina. En la aciduria metilmalónica se altera el catabolismo de la isoleucina, valinametionina treonina, colesterol y se produce acumulación del ácido metilmalónico.

Background The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by the SARS-CoV-2, can be effectively managed with diagnostic tools such as RT-qPCR. However, it can produce false-negative results due to viral mutations and RNA secondary structures from the target gene sequence. Methods With High Performance Computing, the complete SARS-CoV-2 genome was obtained from the GenBank/GISAID to generate consensus sequences to design primers/probes for RT-qPCR. ORF8 gene was selected, meanwhile, E and N and RNAse P were according to CDC protocol. Nasopharyngeal swab samples were collected from patients diagnosed with SARS-CoV-2. Total RNA was purified according MagMAX kit, it was used in single, and multiplex RT-qPCR. To avoid templated secondary structures, compensate nucleotide proportions and improve Ct values, a solution composed of tetraethylammonium chloride and dimethyl sulfoxide and other with corresponding to dNTPs proportions in accordance SARS-CoV-2 genome were included. Sensitivity and specificity according to Ct values were determined with the Caret package in R software. Results 126,576 SARS-CoV-2 genomes from January to December 2020 comprised a database. From this, a region near of 5′ ORF8 gene showed three stem-loops was used for primers/FAM-probe. 49 samples were obtained, from them, 22 were positive to gene selected regions. Interestingly, samples from October to November 2020 were positive for all regions, however, in January 2021 different results were observed in ORF8. An improvement in Ct with the adjuvant solutions was determined in all samples with others SARS-CoV-2 primers/probes, for both single and multiplex RT-qPCR. The inclusion of the denaturing solution in single RT-qPCR increased its sensitivity with respect to the commercial method, while in multiplex the opposite was generated. Conclusions Including adjuvant solutions to prevent the formation of RNA secondary structures and the adjustment of the nucleotide ratios of SARS-CoV-2 improved single and multiplex RT-qPCR for viral identification, demonstrating its potential application in health public.

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