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A novel and alternate field-wide well integrity management system is presented that uses historical wireline acquired well integrity data along with relevant static and dynamic data to generate visually interactive and customizable well integrity maps, reports, and plots that could facilitate field development planning and reduce surveillance and well intervention efforts and costs. The initial system has been designed using two commonly acquired types of well integrity data, namely corrosion and cement evaluation data. However, the proposed solution can be extended to incorporate any type of cased hole or open-hole data. The key components of this novel system are a centralized database for all related data, customizable corrosion and cement quality maps, field characterization maps, candidate ranking lists, and a centralized repository for all historical processed logs and reports. To ensure the accuracy of the data visualization and data analytics, all the acquired wireline logs are first quality-checked, processed, and interpreted on a processing and interpretation platform such as Techlog (SLB software). The results are then organized and stored on an Oil Field Manager (OFM, SENSIA Software) compatible database such as Microsoft (MS) Access. Finally, the results are pushed to a visualization platform, such as OFM for subsequent data visualization and analytics. This management system aims to address the challenges associated with well integrity data. This data comes from many sources, uses different technologies, is acquired by different vendors, and as a result is stored in different formats. This makes it cumbersome for operators to extract actionable information from this data efficiently and accurately. The deployment of the proposed management system provides operators with a high-level view of the present well integrity status of the field, contains information on the well integrity history of the field, as well as has the potential to predict future well integrity related issues. Integration of relevant static and dynamic data also facilitates a deeper understanding of the field-wide well integrity by facilitating correlations between different well-level parameters. Based on all the data inputs and subsequent outputs, a candidate ranking system is generated which ranks the wells based on the prevalence and seriousness of well integrity issues, thereby alerting operators to take appropriate action. A future use-case of these maps is linkage with dynamic databases, which will enable continuous data flow through surface sensors and gauges. This will provide operators with a live, integrated snapshot of the production and well integrity performance of their assets. This novel well integrity management system is conceptualized to shift operators' focus from data gathering to data analytics by leveraging and integrating multiple sources of massive data and providing operators with a high-level snapshot of the well integrity status of the entire field. This system is envisioned to improve efficiency, optimize workovers, and greatly reduce the carbon footprint associated with well intervention operations. Eventually, through enhanced data analytics, operators can exercise greater control over the well integrity of their fields.

The paper presents a complicated case of coalescence of yield zones between two internal cracks out of four collinear straight cracks weakened an infinite isotropic plate. Two solutions are presented for the case of opening and closing of multiple cracks under general yielding conditions. Using these two solutions and the principle of superposition, we found the analytical expressions for load-bearing capacity of the plate using complex variable method. A numerical study has been carried out to investigate the behavior of yield zone length concerning remotely applied stresses at the boundary of the plate and the impact of two outer cracks on the propagation of inner cracks due to coalesced yield zones. Results obtained are reported graphically.

ObjectiveThis study aimed to evaluate the long-term hearing outcomes in stapedotomy surgery using skeeter oto-drill and to assess safety in difficult situations.MethodA retrospective study was conducted with 944 patients who underwent 1007 stapedotomy procedures over 16 years, performed by a single surgeon using a trans-canal approach and a self-retaining ear canal retractor. Hearing thresholds were calculated over four frequencies. Air–bone conduction hearing thresholds were obtained at 1, 5 and 10 years post-operatively and compared to the pre-operative records.ResultsOut of 1007 operated ears with one year follow up, 98.61 per cent of cases showed a negligible air–bone gap of equal to or less than 5 dB, 1.19 per cent of cases showed an air–bone gap equal to or more than 5 dB but less than 10 dB, and only 0.2 per cent of cases showed an air–bone gap of more than 10 dB.ConclusionIn this study, using skeeter drill with a 0.6 mm diamond burr to make the fenestra was constant in all the cases and one of the safest techniques, showing persistent long-term hearing results.

Solution for a normally loaded infinite isotropic plate containing five cracks with coalesced yield zones is obtained using a complex variable method. Influence of coalesced yield zones on the load bearing capability of the infinite plate is analyzed. Analytical expressions for stress intensity factors, displacement components and crack opening displacement (COD) are obtained. Numerical study is carried out to determine the yield zone length, applied load ratio and COD. The numerical results are reported graphically between some important parameters.

The intensity and frequency of extreme precipitation events are of great concern for water resources over the Indian Himalayas, where climate change is rapidly progressive. The long-term trends of ...

The present study is based on the numerical findings of the deformation due to thermal shock in orthotropic-thermoelastic material in time domain. On view of this a three-phase-lag model for homogeneous thermally conducting orthotropic material subjected to a thermal source has been studied. For solving this mathematical model in space domain, we have applied finite element method for that we have used eight/nine nodded isoparametric elements. Further, the converted ordinary differential equations have been solved in time domain by (a) backward finite difference method and (b) Laplace transform method. For better understanding, a comparative study between these two methods has been made for final results (in the form of displacement components, temperature field and stresses). For numerical validation of the present model, We are giving comparative study in between three-phase-lag model with well established two-phase-lag model and comparison has been shown here by 2D and 3D figures.

A reproducible, sensitive, and cost-effective spectrofluorimetric method has been developed for the quantification of azelastine hydrochloride in its bulk and nasal formulations. The stability-indicating potential of the method was assessed by recovery studies in the forced degraded solutions of the drug. The method was validated in accordance with the ICH guidelines with respect to linearity, accuracy, precision, limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantification (LOQ), and robustness. Excellent linearity was noted in the concentration range 2.0–40.0 μg/mL with a correlation coefficient (R2) of 0.9961. The limits of detection and quantitation for the proposed method were found to be 0.1598 μg/mL and 0.4845 μg/mL respectively. Excellent recovery of the drug was obtained from the proposed method in the nasal spray formulation of the drug (96.5, 0.66% RSD). The stability-indicating potential of the method was assessed from recovery studies of the drug from various forced-degraded samples spiked with known drug concentrations. The studies indicated a high rate of degradation in alkaline, oxidative, and photolytic stress degraded solutions.

The study reports diversity in nitrifying microbial enrichments from low (0·5-5‰) and high (18-35‰) saline ecosystems. Microbial community profiling of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and nitrite-oxidizing bacteria (NOB) enrichments was analysed by sequencing 16S rRNA and was processed using Mothur pipeline. The α-diversity indices showed the richness of nitrifying bacterial consortia from the high saline environment and were clustering based on the source of the sample. AOB and NOB enrichments from both the environments showed diverse lineages of phyla distributed in both groups with 38 and 34 phyla from low saline and 53 and 40 phyla in high saline sources, respectively. At class level, α- and γ-proteobacteria were found to be more dominant in both the enrichments. AOBs and NOBs in enrichments from low saline environments were dominated by Nitrosomonadaceae, Gallionellaceae (Nitrotoga sp.) and Ectothiorhodospiraceae and Nitrospira, respectively. Though Chromatiaceae were present in both AOB and NOB enrichments, Nitrosoglobus and Nitrosococcus dominated the AOBs while NOBs were dominated by uncultured genera, whereas Rhizobiales were found in both the enrichments. AOBs and NOBs in enrichments from high saline environments were dominated by Nitrospira-like AOBs, Nitrosomonas and Nitrosococcus genera, whereas ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) group included Nitrosopumilus and Nitrososphaera genera comprising and Nitrospirae, respectively. The majority of the genera obtained in both the salinities were found to be either uncultured or unclassified groups. Results of the study suggest that the AOB and NOB consortia have unique and diverse microbes in each of the enrichments, capable of functioning in aquaculture systems practised at different salinities (0-60 ppt).

Flow cytometry analysis was carried out to detect the progression of apoptosis in haemocytes of WSSV infected Penaeus vannamei at different time-points (1.5 hpi, 18 hpi and 56 hpi). Apoptosis in haemocytes was found to increase with time of infectivity from 5.06 to 69.63%. Quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) was used for the expression analysis of four apoptosis-related genes such as Death-associated protein 1, caspase-5, translationally controlled tumor protein, and cathepsin D. The evidence of apoptosis in haemocytes of P. vannamei was established as shown by significant increase in the percentage of late apoptotic cells due to WSSV infection in shrimp. The present study gives an insight to the apoptosis rate in a WSSV infected shrimp during the course of infection and the role of apoptosis related genes.

Splitting of the genus Penaeus sensu lato into six new genera based on morphological features alone has been controversial in penaeid shrimp taxonomy. Several studies focused on building phylogenetic relations among the genera of Penaeus sensu lato. However, they lack in utilizing full mitochondrial DNA genome of shrimp representing all the six controversial genera. For the first time, the present study targeted the testing of all the six genera of Penaeus sensu lato for phylogenetic relations utilizing complete mitochondrial genome sequence. In addition, the study reports for the first time about the complete mitochondrial DNA genome sequence of Fenneropenaeus indicus, an important candidate species in aquaculture and fisheries, and utilized it for phylogenomics. The maximum likelihood and Bayesian approaches were deployed to generate and comprehend the phylogenetic relationship among the shrimp in the suborder, Dendrobranchiata. The phylogenetic relations established with limited taxon sampling considered in the study pointed to the monophyly of Penaeus sensu lato and suggested collapsing of the new genera to a single genus. Further, trends in mitogenome‐wide estimates of average amino acid identity in the order Decapoda and the genus Penaeus sensu lato supported restoration of the old genus, Penaeus, rather promoting the creation of new genera., The maximum likelihood and Bayesian phylogenetic inferences based on complete mitochondrial DNA genome sequences supported monophyly of the genus, Penaeus sensu lato. The mitogenome‐based similarity metrics estimated for between‐genera within a family and also for between‐species within a genus in the order Decapoda corroborated phylogenetic inferences drawn for Penaeus sensu lato.

Shrimp aquaculture over the years has made tremendous progress. The application of modern biotechnological tools, including next-generation sequencing (NGS) techniques, has revolutionized the genom...

Karakoram mountains range in north-western part of Himalayas is about 500 km in length and hosts some of the world’s highest peaks and longest glaciers. It is characterized by steep slopes and polar climate. Snowfall and avalanches are observed almost throughout the year. Many lives have been lost in the past in these mountains due to avalanches. This study focuses on avalanche hazard mitigation work undertaken in eastern part of Karakoram mountains, a complex of glaciers including Siachen and other connected glaciers on the eastern side of Saltoro Ridge. From the forecasting point of view, the snowpack on the slopes of Karakoram mountains almost always has unstable layers and hence continual avalanche threat exists. The structural mitigation measures are infeasible due to steep, unstable and glaciated terrain. The method of slope stabilization by preventive triggering of small avalanches holds promise but necessary infrastructure is difficult to install and maintain. Consequently, the effective avalanche hazard mitigation in the area is a challenging task. The paper describes the general terrain, climatological and avalanche characteristics of the area. Further, it elaborates the infrastructure set up, various tools and products developed to assist the avalanche practitioners in organizing safe camping and movements in the area particularly the snow-meteorological observatory network, weather modelling products, avalanche forecasting models, terrain visualization tools, hazard mapping and risk analysis, and experiences of preventive triggering of avalanches.

Maximum numerical weather prediction models have their own inherent biases and these biases have high impact on accuracy of weather forecast. Hence, bias correction is an essential part of any study for any model output datasets. The current study uses a weather research and forecasting (WRF) model, simulated daily precipitation of winter season (December to February: DJF) for the period of 2010–2011 to 2016–2017 (7 years) for the bias correction and validated against observed precipitation of Snow and Avalanche Study Establishment (SASE), India. For the first time, three different methods, i.e., empirical quantile mapping (QM), linear scaling (LS), and regression (REG) have been studied for the bias correction over the Northwest Himalaya region. In order to identify the best method out of these three, four statistical measurements, i.e., skill score (SS) and its decompositions, bias in percentage, root mean square errors (RMSE), and percentile values have been examined. Based on the analysis of SS and RMSE, it is worth to note that the QM method is found to be most suitable method for the December and February forecast of WRF model, whereas the LS approach is most suitable for the January forecast. Comparison based on Taylor’s diagram and percentiles via boxplot shows that the quantile mapping approach is most advisable for bias correction to the model simulated precipitation dataset over Northwest Himalaya region.

The accurate predictions of extreme precipitation/snowfall events are very helpful in identifying the severe avalanche/landslide prone hazard areas in advance over high mountainous regions. The Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF) version 3.9 has been used to investigate the performance of Four-Dimensional Variational data assimilation (4D-Var) on Three-Dimensional Variational data assimilation (3D-Var) by considering two extreme snowfall events (23–26 January 2017 and 05–08 February 2019) over the Western Himalaya (WH). The result shows that the 4D-Var performed better than the 3D-Var for both the events by analyzing domain-averaged error and sensitivity parameter analysis. The initial state model variable’s domain-averaged error analysis revealed that 4D-Var has great potential to improve the initial conditions than the 3D-Var from lower to the upper atmosphere. Sensitivity parameter analysis also supports 4D-Var has more sensitive than the 3D-var especially in the lower and upper atmosphere by changing temperature and moisture fields along with winds circulations. From statistical skill scores analysis, 4D-Var performed well to reproduce the extreme snowfall events than the 3D-Var over WH.

Dynamical and Statistical models are operationally used by Snow and Avalanche Study Establishment (SASE) for winter precipitation forecasting over the Northwest Himalayas (NWH). In this paper, a statistical regression model developed for seasonal (December–April) precipitation forecast over Northwest Himalaya is discussed. After carrying out the analysis of various atmospheric parameters that affect the winter precipitation over the NWH two parameters are selected such as North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and Outgoing Long wave Radiation (OLR) over specific areas of North Atlantic Ocean for the development of statistical regression model. A set of 27 years (1990–1991 to 2016–2017) of observed precipitation data and parameters (NAO and OLR) are utilized. Out of 27 years of data, first 20 years (1990–1991 to 2009–2010) are used for the development of regression model and remaining 7 years (2010–2011 to 2016–2017) are used for the validation purpose. Precipitation over NWH mainly associated with Western Disturbances (WDs) and the results of the present study reveal that NAO during SON has negative relationship with WDs and also with the winter precipitation over same region. Quantitative validation of the multiple regression model, result shows good Skill Score and RMSE-observations standard deviation ratio (RSR) which is 0.79 and 0.45 respectively and BIAS − 0.92.

Background Little is known about the outcomes of liver cirrhosis patients with severe aortic stenosis (AS) who undergo transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR). Methods We undertook a retrospective analysis of consecutive patients with severe symptomatic AS who underwent transfemoral-TAVR with Sapien-3 valve at our Clinic between April 2015 and December 2018, yielding 32 patients with liver cirrhosis on imaging including ultrasound and/or computed tomography. Their baseline characteristics, procedural and long-term outcomes after TAVR with the non-cirrhotic group were compared, along with their management strategies as per the hepatology team. Results Among 1028 patients, 32 were assigned to the cirrhosis, and 996 were assigned to the non-cirrhosis (control) group. Compared with the control group cirrhotic patients were slightly younger in age (74.5 vs 81.2 years), had a slightly higher BMI (31.3 vs 29.3), and had a higher incidence of prior history of myocardial infarction (38% vs 33%). Baseline variables including the history of smoking, hypertension, diabetes, and atrial fibrillation were comparable in both groups. Among cirrhotic patients (n=32), the most common etiologies were non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) (37.5%), Alcoholism (18.75%), and Hepatitis C (12.5%). The mean MELD-NA score was 11.8 and 67% of patients were Child PUGH Class A and 33% were Child PUGH Class B and all patients had a Child PUGH score of ≥5. 53% of patients (n=17) in the cirrhosis group were evaluated by Hepatology and 12.5% (n=4) were evaluated for a liver transplant but only 1 patient had a liver transplant post-TAVR. Compared with the control group cirrhotic patients had similar 1-year mortality (12% vs 12%, p=1), had a lower rate of 30-day new pacemaker post tavr (6% vs 9% p=0.85), had a higher rate of 1-year readmission for heart failure (12% vs 5% p=0.12) and similar 1-year major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular event (MACCE) rate (15% vs 14% p=0.98) Conclusion Patients with severe AS undergoing TAVR with concomitant liver cirrhosis demonstrate comparable outcomes compared with their non- cirrhotic counterparts. NASH followed by alcoholic cirrhosis was found to be most common etiology. Funding Acknowledgement Type of funding sources: None. Figure 1Figure 2

The prevalence of bacterial diseases and the application of probiotics to prevent them is a common practice in shrimp aquaculture. A wide range of bacterial species/strains is utilized in probiotic formulations, with proven beneficial effects. However, knowledge of their role in inhibiting the growth of a specific pathogen is restricted. In this study, we employed constraint-based genome-scale metabolic modeling approach to screen and identify the beneficial bacteria capable of limiting the growth of V. harveyi, a common pathogen in shrimp culture. Genome-scale models were built for 194 species (including strains from the genera Bacillus, Lactobacillus, and Lactococcus and the pathogenic strain V. harveyi) to explore the metabolic potential of these strains under different nutrient conditions in a consortium. In silico-based phenotypic analysis on 193 paired models predicted six candidate strains with growth enhancement and pathogen suppression. Growth simulations reveal that mannitol and glucoronate environments mediate parasitic interactions in a pairwise community. Furthermore, in a mannitol environment, the shortlisted six strains were purely metabolite consumers without donating metabolites to V. harveyi. The production of acetate by the screened species in a paired community suggests the natural metabolic end product’s role in limiting pathogen survival. Our study employing in silico approach successfully predicted three novel candidate strains for probiotic applications, namely, Bacillus sp 1 (identified as B. licheniformis in this study), Bacillus weihaiensis Alg07, and Lactobacillus lindneri TMW 1.1993. The study is the first to apply genomic-scale metabolic models for aquaculture applications to detect bacterial species limiting Vibrio harveyi growth.