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Estimating a 3D shape from 2D images is a classic computer vision problem. Shape from focus is a commonly used method for this purpose. With shape from focus, 3D depth is estimated using a so-called focus measure operator. Pixel focus follows a Gaussian-like distribution in which the location of the peak is an indicator of the 3D depth. Locating the peak in this distribution is complicated due to noise coming from various sources. We investigate the accuracy of some existing algorithms and introduce a new algorithm based on phase correlation. Phase correlation is a powerful method for finding correlations between signals, especially in a noisy environment. The accuracy and robustness to noise of the proposed method are tested and proven by applying it to synthetic data as well as measurements of a calibration target. The proposed method is over 30% more accurate than comparable methods, yet requires more computational effort.

The Multi Ion Reflection Apparatus for Collinear Laser Spectroscopy (MIRACLS) seeks to extend the reach of high-resolution collinear laser spectroscopy (CLS) to more exotic radionuclides. In this novel technique, ion bunches of short-lived radioisotopes are trapped between two electrostatic mirrors of a Multi-Reflection Time-of-Flight (MR-ToF) device at 30-keV kinetic energy. The same ion bunch can be probed by a spectroscopy laser for thousands of times compared to a single probing in the traditional CLS measurement scheme. Thus, the experimental sensitivity is increased by more than one to two orders of magnitude. Extensive simulations are presented, demonstrating the feasibility of high-resolution collinear laser spectroscopy (CLS) in the newly envisioned MR-ToF apparatus operating at ion energies of 30 keV. Once the mechanical design and operational parameters are optimized for the requirements of CLS, the spectral line is neither significantly broadened nor distorted by the combination of CLS and MR-ToF operation. According to the simulations, the storage efficiency and the ion–laser overlap are suitable for laser excitation of the majority of the trapped ions. In summary, >90% injection and storage efficiency, >75% ion–laser overlap and a line width approaching the natural line width of the transition of interest are reached in the simulation.

PUMA, antiProton Unstable Matter Annihilation, is a nuclear-physics experiment at CERN aiming at probing the surface properties of stable and rare isotopes by use of low-energy antiprotons. Low-energy antiprotons offer a very unique sensitivity to the neutron and proton densities at the annihilation site, i.e. in the tail of the nuclear density. Today, no facility provides a collider of low-energy radioactive ions and low-energy antiprotons: while not being a collider experiment, PUMA aims at transporting one billion antiprotons from ELENA, the Extra-Low-ENergy Antiproton ring, to ISOLDE, the rare-isotope beam facility of CERN. PUMA will enable the capture of low-energy antiprotons by short-lived nuclei and the measurement of the emitted radiations. In this way, PUMA will give access to the so-far largely unexplored isospin composition of the nuclear-radial-density tail of radioactive nuclei. The motivations, concept and current status of the PUMA experiment are presented.

A new automated control system is developed for the In-Gas Laser Ionization and Spectroscopy (IGLIS) laboratory at KU Leuven. The IGLIS Control System is capable of stabilizing a narrowband single-mode tunable diode laser with a standard deviation of 1.14 MHz. Furthermore, the system controls and synchronizes all data acquisition for multiple techniques from resonant laser spectroscopy in gas cell or in gas jet to atomic Planar-Laser Induced Fluorescence (PLIF) spectroscopy of copper atoms seeded in a supersonic gas jet. The IGLIS Control System is validated by measuring the hyperfine splitting parameters of the ground state transition at 327 nm in 63Cu. A new automated control system is developed for the In-Gas Laser Ionization and Spectroscopy (IGLIS) laboratory at KU Leuven. The IGLIS Control System is capable of stabilizing a narrowband single-mode tunable diode laser with a standard deviation of 1.14 MHz. Furthermore, the system controls and synchronizes all data acquisition for multiple techniques from resonant laser spectroscopy in gas cell or in gas jet to atomic Planar-Laser Induced Fluorescence (PLIF) spectroscopy of copper atoms seeded in a supersonic gas jet. The IGLIS Control System is validated by measuring the hyperfine splitting parameters of the ground state transition at 327 nm in 63Cu. ispartof: Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms vol:463 pages:297-301 ispartof: location:SWITZERLAND, CERN, Geneva status: published

© 2019 Elsevier B.V. Radio-frequency (RF) ion guides, also known as Linear Paul Traps, are powerful devices to efficiently transport ion beams from high to low pressure regions while keeping good ion optical properties. A set of ion guides comprising three different RF quadrupole (RFQ) structures has been designed using ion-trajectory simulations to improve the performance of the In-Gas Laser Ionizations and Spectroscopy (IGLIS) technique currently under development at KU Leuven. Results of the commissioning tests for the total transport efficiency and transient time through the ion guides as well as the longitudinal energy spread and transverse emittance are found to be in agreement with ion trajectory simulations considering a realistic ion-atom interaction potential. ispartof: Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms vol:463 pages:148-153 ispartof: location:SWITZERLAND, CERN, Geneva status: published

The yield of 18 ion beams of radioactive gold nuclei produced in the thick uranium target at ISOLDE (CERN) by 1.4-GeV protons was measured. The production-efficiency dependence on the half-life (efficiency curve) was derived using the in-target production calculations by the FLUKA-CERN code. The irregularities in the efficiency curve for long-lived high-spin gold isomers (Aum) were found. Three release models were tested for the efficiency-curve description.

Combining laser spectroscopy in a Versatile Arc Discharge and Laser Ion Source, with Penning-trap mass spectrometry at the CERN-ISOLDE facility, this work reports on mean-square charge radii of neutron-rich mercury isotopes across the $N = 126$ shell closure, the electromagnetic moments of $^{207}$Hg and more precise mass values of $^{206-208}$Hg. The odd-even staggering (OES) of the mean square charge radii and the kink at $N = 126$ are analyzed within the framework of covariant density functional theory (CDFT), with comparisons between different functionals to investigate the dependence of the results on the underlying single-particle structure. The observed features are defined predominantly in the particle-hole channel in CDFT, since both are present in the calculations without pairing. However, the magnitude of the kink is still affected by the occupation of the $1i_{11/2}$ and $2g_{9/2}$ orbitals with a dependence on the relative energies as well as pairing., 20 pages, 12 figures, Phys. Rev. C in press

The changes in the mean-square charge radius (relative to 209Bi), magnetic dipole, and electric quadrupole moments of 187,188,189,191Bi were measured using the in-source resonance-ionization spectroscopy technique at ISOLDE (CERN). A large staggering in radii was found in 187,188,189Big, manifested by a sharp radius increase for the ground state of 188Bi relative to the neighboring 187,189Big. A large isomer shift was also observed for 188Bim. Both effects happen at the same neutron number, N=105, where the shape staggering and a similar isomer shift were observed in the mercury isotopes. Experimental results are reproduced by mean-field calculations where the ground or isomeric states were identified by the blocked quasiparticle configuration compatible with the observed spin, parity, and magnetic moment. ispartof: Physical Review Letters vol:127 issue:9 ispartof: location:United States status: published

A study of the laser-ionized and mass-separated neutron-deficient isotopes Au 176 , 177 , 179 was performed using the Resonance Ionization Laser Ion Source and the Windmill detection setup at ISOLDE, CERN. New and improved data on complex fine-structure α decays of the three isotopes were deduced, providing insight into the low-lying levels in the daughter nuclei Ir 172 , 173 , 175 . New information on the properties of β -decay daughter products Pt 177 , 179 was also obtained. From the first in-source laser spectroscopy measurements of the hyperfine structure in the atomic 267.6-nm transition of Au 176 , the nuclear magnetic moments for both high- and low-spin α -decaying states were deduced. Together with the values determined from the additivity relations, they were used to propose the most probable spins and configurations for both states. The α -decay branching ratios were determined as b α ( Au ls 176 ) = 58 ( 5 ) % and b α ( Au hs 176 ) = 29 ( 5 ) % .

The mean-square charge radii of $^{207,208}$Hg ($Z=80, N=127,128$) have been studied for the first time and those of $^{202,203,206}$Hg ($N=122,123,126$) remeasured by the application of in-source resonance-ionization laser spectroscopy at ISOLDE (CERN). The characteristic \textit{kink} in the charge radii at the $N=126$ neutron shell closure has been revealed, providing the first information on its behavior below the $Z=82$ proton shell closure. A theoretical analysis has been performed within relativistic Hartree-Bogoliubov and non-relativistic Hartree-Fock-Bogoliubov approaches, considering both the new mercury results and existing lead data. Contrary to previous interpretations, it is demonstrated that both the kink at $N=126$ and the odd-even staggering (OES) in its vicinity can be described predominately at the mean-field level, and that pairing does not need to play a crucial role in their origin. A new OES mechanism is suggested, related to the staggering in the occupation of the different neutron orbitals in odd- and even-$A$ nuclei, facilitated by particle-vibration coupling for odd-$A$ nuclei.

Collinear laser spectroscopy (CLS) has been performed in a multi-reflection time-of-flight (MR-ToF) device operated in single-pass mode, i.e., without confining the ions in the ion trap. While our Multi Ion Reflection Apparatus for Collinear Laser Spectroscopy (MIRACLS) aims to increase the CLS sensitivity by storing ions in the MR-ToF device, the present work characterises conventional single-passage CLS as a preparatory step for the upcoming comparison with MIRACLS’ multi-pass mode. To this end, the isotope shift in the 3 s 2 S 1 / 2 → 3 p 2 P 3 / 2 transition (D2 line) between ions of the magnesium isotopes 24Mg and 26Mg has been measured under varying experimental conditions. Our result agrees with the precise literature value. Associated studies of systematic uncertainties demonstrate a measurement accuracy of better than 20 MHz in this new apparatus. This value will serve as the reference for analogous studies to be performed in the MIRACLS approach in which ions are trapped in the MR-ToF device for thousands of revolutions and probed by the spectroscopy laser during each passage.

Collinear laser spectroscopy measurements were performed on $^{69,71,73}$Ge isotopes ($Z = 32$) at ISOLDE-CERN. The hyperfine structure of the $4s^2 4p^2 \, ^3P_1 \rightarrow 4s^2 4p 5s \, ^3P_1^o$ transition of the germanium atom was probed with laser light of 269 nm, produced by combining the frequency-mixing and frequency-doubling techniques. The hyperfine fields for both atomic levels were calculated using state-of-the-art atomic relativistic Fock-space coupled-cluster calculations. A new $^{73}$Ge quadrupole moment was determined from these calculations and previously measured precision hyperfine parameters, yielding $Q_{\rm s}$ = $-$0.198(4) b, in excellent agreement with the literature value from molecular calculations. The moments of $^{69}$Ge have been revised: $\mu$ = +0.920(5) $\mu_{N}$ and $Q_{\rm s}$= +0.114(8) b, and those of $^{71}$Ge have been confirmed. The experimental moments around $N = 40$ are interpreted with large-scale shell-model calculations using the JUN45 interaction, revealing rather mixed wave function configurations, although their $g$-factors are lying close to the effective single-particle values. Through a comparison with neighboring isotones, the structural change from the single-particle nature of nickel to deformation in germanium is further investigated around $N = 40$.

A study of the ground states of the laser-ionized and mass-separated odd-odd isotopes 180,182Au was performed using the Resonance Ionization Laser Ion Source, Windmill detection setup and ISOLTRAP Multi-Reflection Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometer at ISOLDE, CERN. A complex fine-structure α-decay pattern of 180Au was deduced, providing insight into the low-lying levels in the daughter nucleus 176Ir. An α-decay branching ratio of bα(180Au)=0.58(10)% and a half-life of T1/2=7.2(5) s have also been derived, allowing for the calculation of the reduced α-decay widths and determining the degree of hindrance of respective α-decay branches. From complementary first in-source laser spectroscopy measurements of the hyperfine structure in atomic transitions of 180,182Au, the nuclear magnetic moments of μ(180Au)=−0.83(9)μN and μ(182Au)=1.66(9)μN were extracted with an inclusion of a correction for the hyperfine anomaly. Based on the observed hyperfine structure patterns, and on the comparison of the measured and calculated μ values, a preferred ground-state spin and parity Iπ(180Augs)=(1+) is proposed, and the earlier assignment of Iπ(182Augs)=(2+) is confirmed. For 180Au, the most probable proton-neutron Nilsson configuration of π3/2−[532]⊗ν5/2−[512] suggests the same proton state as in the heavier deformed odd-odd nuclei 182,184Au.

Hyperfine-structure constants for the 6s2S1/2 and 6p2P1/2 atomic states of the Iπ=11/2− gold isomers Aum177,191,193,195 have been measured at CERN-ISOLDE, using the in-source laser resonance-ionization spectroscopy technique. From the measured hyperfine constants the differences between hyperfine anomalies for these atomic states have been deduced. These differential hyperfine anomaly values have been used to determine the 6s-state hyperfine anomaly relative to the stable Au197 with advanced atomic calculations. Magnetic dipole moments for the gold isomers in question have been deduced, taking into account the corresponding relative hyperfine-anomaly values. It has been shown that the commonly used prescription for the extraction of the magnetic moment values for the gold isotopes should be reconsidered. The magnetic moments calculated by this prescription have been reevaluated by properly accounting for the hyperfine anomaly, which is as large as 10% for several gold isotopes.

A comprehensive study of the isotope 178Au has been made at the CERN-ISOLDE facility, using resonance laser ionization. Two long-lived states in 178Au were identified—a low-spin ground state and a high-spin isomer—each of which were produced as pure beams. Using the ISOLTRAP precision Penning trap, the excitation energy of the isomeric state in 178Au was determined to be E∗=189(14)keV. The α-decay fine structure patterns of the two states were studied using the Windmill decay station, providing information on the low-lying states in the daughter nucleus 174Ir. Nuclear spin assignments of I(178Aug)=(2,3) and I(178Aum)=(7,8) are made based on the observed β-decay feeding and hyperfine structure intensity patterns. These spin assignments are used for fitting the hyperfine structures of the two states from which values for the magnetic dipole moments are extracted. The extracted moments are compared with calculations using additivity relations to establish the most probable configurations for 178Aug,m.

Collinear laser spectroscopy (CLS) has been combined with the multi-reflection time-of-flight (MR-ToF) technique. To this end, a photodetection system has been implemented at the drift region of a MR-ToF apparatus and a laser beam has been sent along the path of the ions that are stored between the two ion-optical mirrors. The main goal of the present proof-of-principle (PoP) experiments, is the confirmation of the expected increase in sensitivity compared to conventional fluorescence-based CLS due to the repeated probing of the trapped ion bunches. The novel method will be used for the precise measurement of nuclear ground- and isomeric-state properties of exotic nuclei with low production yields at radioactive ion-beam facilities. A significant sensitivity improvement of CLS is expected, depending on the half-life and mass of the nuclide of interest. The status of the PoP setup and future improvements are discussed. Collinear laser spectroscopy (CLS) has been combined with the multi-reflection time-of-flight (MR-ToF) technique. To this end, a photodetection system has been implemented at the drift region of a MR-ToF apparatus and a laser beam has been sent along the path of the ions that are stored between the two ion-optical mirrors. The main goal of the present proof-of-principle (PoP) experiments, is the confirmation of the expected increase in sensitivity compared to conventional fluorescence-based CLS due to the repeated probing of the trapped ion bunches. The novel method will be used for the precise measurement of nuclear ground- and isomeric-state properties of exotic nuclei with low production yields at radioactive ion-beam facilities. A significant sensitivity improvement of CLS is expected, depending on the half-life and mass of the nuclide of interest. The status of the PoP setup and future improvements are discussed.

Hyperfine-structure parameters and isotope shifts for the 795-nm atomic transitions in $^{217,218,219}$At have been measured at CERN-ISOLDE, using the in-source resonance-ionization spectroscopy technique. Magnetic dipole and electric quadrupole moments, and changes in the nuclear mean-square charge radii, have been deduced. A large inverse odd-even staggering in radii, which may be associated with the presence of octupole collectivity, has been observed. Namely, the radius of the odd-odd isotope $^{218}$At has been found to be larger than the average of its even-$N$ neighbors, $^{217,219}$At. The discrepancy between the additivity-rule prediction and experimental data for the magnetic moment of $^{218}$At also supports the possible presence of octupole collectivity in the considered nuclei.

In the development towards the Multi Ion Reflection Apparatus for Collinear Laser Spectroscopy (MIRACLS), an optical detection region for the observation of fluorescent light is added to an electrostatic ion beam trap (EIBT). In addition to its use for highly sensitive collinear laser spectroscopy, this fluorescence detection is introduced as a diagnostics tool for the study of the ion dynamics inside an EIBT. First measurements of collision-induced fluorescence in an EIBT demonstrate the technique’s diagnostics power by tracking the evolution of an ion bunch’s temporal width over its storage time inside the ion trap. Thereby, the time-focus point of the ion bunch can be determined and the influence of space-charge effects in the EIBT can be investigated. Good qualitative agreement is obtained between the measured trend of temporal widths and the simulations of the ions’ trajectories in the trap. Particularly, the observation of self-bunching on the ion-bunch structure for many simultaneously stored ions is reproduced.

Neutron-deficient Hg177-185 isotopes were studied using in-source laser resonance-ionization spectroscopy at the CERN-ISOLDE radioactive ion-beam facility in an experiment combining different detection methods tailored to the studied isotopes. These include either α-decay tagging or multireflection time-of-flight gating for isotope identification. The endpoint of the odd-even nuclear shape staggering in mercury was observed directly by measuring for the first time the isotope shifts and hyperfine structures of Hg177-180. Changes in the mean-square charge radii for all mentioned isotopes, magnetic dipole, and electric quadrupole moments of the odd-A isotopes and arguments in favor of I=7/2 spin assignment for Hg177,179 were deduced. Experimental results are compared with density functional theory (DFT) and Monte Carlo shell model (MCSM) calculations. DFT calculations using Skyrme parametrizations predict a jump in the charge radius around the neutron N=104 midshell, with an odd-even staggering pattern related to the coexistence of nearly degenerate oblate and prolate minima. This near-degeneracy is highly sensitive to many aspects of the effective interaction, a fact that renders perfect agreement with experiments out of reach for current functionals. Despite this inherent difficulty, the SLy5s1 and a modified UNEDF1SO parametrization predict a qualitatively correct staggering that is off by two neutron numbers. MCSM calculations of states with the experimental spins and parities show good agreement for both electromagnetic moments and the observed charge radii. A clear mechanism for the origin of shape staggering within this context is identified: A substantial change in occupancy of the proton πh9/2 and neutron νi13/2 orbitals., SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published

For nearly four decades Collinear Laser Spectroscopy (CLS) has been employed to determine ground-state properties of short-lived radionuclides. To extend its reach to the most exotic radionuclides with very low production yields, the novel Multi Ion Reflection Apparatus for CLS (MIRACLS) is currently under development at ISOLDE/CERN. In this setup, 30-keV ion bunches will be trapped between two electrostatic mirrors of a multi-reflection time-of-flight (MR-ToF) device such that the laser beam will probe the ions during each revolution. Thus, the observation time will be extended and the experimental sensitivity will be increased significantly while maintaining the high resolution of conventional CLS. A proof-of-principle experiment is currently being performed to demonstrate the potential of CLS within a low-energy MR-ToF device. Its first experimental results benchmark the validity of ion-optical simulations from the CLS perspective, which will also be applied to MIRACLS’ 30-keV apparatus.

For the first time, the laser resonance photo-ionization technique has been applied inside a FEBIAD-type ion source at an ISOL facility. This was achieved by combining the ISOLDE RILIS with the ISOLDE variant of the FEBIAD ion source (the VADIS) in a series of off-line and on-line tests at CERN. The immediate appli- cations of these developments include the coupling of the RILIS with molten targets at ISOLDE and the introduction of two new modes of FEBIAD operation: an element selective RILIS mode and a RILIS + VADIS mode for increased efficiency compared to VADIS mode operation alone. This functionality has been demonstrated off-line for gallium and barium and on-line for mercury and cadmium. Following this work, the RILIS mode of operation was successfully applied on-line for the study of nuclear ground state and isomer properties of mercury isotopes by in-source resonance ionization laser spectroscopy. The results from the first studies of the new operational modes, of what has been termed the Versatile Arc Discharge and Laser Ion Source (VADLIS), are presented and possible directions for future developments are outlined. publisher: Elsevier articletitle: Blurring the boundaries between ion sources: The application of the RILIS inside a FEBIAD type ion source at ISOLDE journaltitle: Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms articlelink: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nimb.2016.03.005 content_type: article copyright: © 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. ispartof: Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research B vol:376 pages:39-45 ispartof: location:Grand Rapids: MI status: published

The in-gas laser ionization and spectroscopy (IGLIS) technique is used to produce and to investigate short-lived radioactive isotopes at on-line ion beam facilities. In this technique, the nuclear reaction products recoiling out of a thin target are thermalized and neutralized in a high-pressure noble gas, resonantly ionized by the laser beams in a two-step process, and then extracted from the ion source to be finally accelerated and mass separated. Resonant ionization of radioactive species in the supersonic gas jet ensures very high spectral resolution because of essential reduction of broadening mechanisms. To obtain the maximum efficiency and the best spectral resolution, properties of the supersonic jet and the laser beams must be optimized. To perform these studies a new off-line IGLIS laboratory, including a new high-repetition-rate laser system and a dedicated off-line mass separator, has been commissioned. In this article, the specifications of the different components necessary to achieve optimum conditions in laser-spectroscopy studies of radioactive beams using IGLIS are discussed and the results of simulations are presented. publisher: Elsevier articletitle: A new in-gas-laser ionization and spectroscopy laboratory for off-line studies at KU Leuven journaltitle: Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms articlelink: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nimb.2016.02.040 content_type: article copyright: © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. ispartof: pages:345-352 ispartof: Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research B vol:376 pages:345-352 ispartof: location:Grand Rapids: MI status: published

To study exotic nuclides at the borders of stability with laser ionization and spectroscopy techniques, highest efficiencies in combination with a high spectral resolution are required. These usually opposing requirements are reconciled by applying the in-gas-laser ionization and spectroscopy (IGLIS) technique in the supersonic gas jet produced by a de Laval nozzle installed at the exit of the stopping gas cell. Carrying out laser ionization in the low-temperature and low density supersonic gas jet eliminates pressure broadening, which will significantly improve the spectral resolution. This article presents the required modifications at the Leuven Isotope Separator On-Line (LISOL) facility that are needed for the first on-line studies of in-gas-jet laser spectroscopy. Different geometries for the gas outlet and extraction ion guides have been tested for their performance regarding the acceptance of laser ionized species as well as for their differential pumping capacities. The specifications and performance of the temporarily installed high repetition rate laser system, including a narrow bandwidth injection-locked Ti:sapphire laser, are discussed and first preliminary results on neutron-deficient actinium isotopes are presented indicating the high capability of this novel technique. publisher: Elsevier articletitle: Developments towards in-gas-jet laser spectroscopy studies of actinium isotopes at LISOL journaltitle: Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms articlelink: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nimb.2015.12.014 content_type: article copyright: © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. ispartof: pages:382-387 ispartof: Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research B vol:376 pages:382-387 ispartof: location:Grand Rapids: MI status: published

The Multi-Ion Reflection Apparatus for Collinear Laser Spectroscopy (MIRACLS), currently under development at ISOLDE/CERN, aims to combine the high resolution of fluorescence-based collinear laser spectroscopy (CLS) with a high sensitivity. This will be achieved by confining 30-keV ion bunches in a Multi-Reflection Time-of-Flight (MR-ToF) device which allows laser spectroscopic probing for several thousand times. An MR-ToF setup operating at ∼ 1.5 keV beam energy has been adapted for a proof-of-principle experiment. Thus, efforts had to be undertaken to reduce the laser stray light as the leading source of background of this apparatus, not originally designed for CLS. These measures enabled CLS of $^{24,26}$Mg$^+$ ions in single-path mode, i.e. without ion trapping, which is the reference point to gauge the gain in sensitivity of the MIRACLS technique.

In rare cases, the removal of a single proton (Z) or neutron (N) from an atomic nucleus leads to a dramatic shape change. These instances are crucial for understanding the components of the nuclear interactions that drive deformation. The mercury isotopes (Z = 80) are a striking example1,2: their close neighbours, the lead isotopes (Z = 82), are spherical and steadily shrink with decreasing N. The even-mass (A = N + Z) mercury isotopes follow this trend. The odd-mass mercury isotopes 181,183,185Hg, however, exhibit noticeably larger charge radii. Due to the experimental difficulties of probing extremely neutron-deficient systems, and the computational complexity of modelling such heavy nuclides, the microscopic origin of this unique shape staggering has remained unclear. Here, by applying resonance ionization spectroscopy, mass spectrometry and nuclear spectroscopy as far as 177Hg, we determine 181Hg as the shape-staggering endpoint. By combining our experimental measurements with Monte Carlo shell model calculations, we conclude that this phenomenon results from the interplay between monopole and quadrupole interactions driving a quantum phase transition, for which we identify the participating orbitals. Although shape staggering in the mercury isotopes is a unique and localized feature in the nuclear chart, it nicely illustrates the concurrence of single-particle and collective degrees of freedom at play in atomic nuclei. In rare cases, the removal of a single proton (Z) or neutron (N) from an atomic nucleus leads to a dramatic shape change. These instances are crucial for understanding the components of the nuclear interactions that drive deformation. The mercury isotopes (Z = 80) are a striking example1,2: their close neighbours, the lead isotopes (Z = 82), are spherical and steadily shrink with decreasing N. The even-mass (A = N + Z) mercury isotopes follow this trend. The odd-mass mercury isotopes 181,183,185Hg, however, exhibit noticeably larger charge radii. Due to the experimental difficulties of probing extremely neutron-deficient systems, and the computational complexity of modelling such heavy nuclides, the microscopic origin of this unique shape staggering has remained unclear. Here, by applying resonance ionization spectroscopy, mass spectrometry and nuclear spectroscopy as far as 177Hg, we determine 181Hg as the shape-staggering endpoint. By combining our experimental measurements with Monte Carlo shell model calculations, we conclude that this phenomenon results from the interplay between monopole and quadrupole interactions driving a quantum phase transition, for which we identify the participating orbitals. Although shape staggering in the mercury isotopes is a unique and localized feature in the nuclear chart, it nicely illustrates the concurrence of single-particle and collective degrees of freedom at play in atomic nuclei. ispartof: Nature Physics vol:14 issue:12 status: published

The first accurate measurements of the α-decay branching ratio and half-life of the I π = 1 / 2 + ground state in 181Tl have been made, along with the first determination of the magnetic moments and I = 1 / 2 spin assignments of the ground states in 177,179Au. The results are discussed within the complementary systematics of the reduced α-decay widths and nuclear g factors of low-lying, I π = 1 / 2 + states in the neutron-deficient lead region. The findings shed light on the unexpected hindrance of the 1 / 2 + → 1 / 2 + , 181Tl → g 177 Aug α decay, which is explained by a mixing of π 3 s 1 / 2 and π 2 d 3 / 2 configurations in 177Aug, whilst 181Tlg remains a near-pure π 3 s 1 / 2 . This conclusion is inferred from the g factor of 177Aug which has an intermediate value between those of π 3 s 1 / 2 and π 2 d 3 / 2 states. A similar mixed configuration is proposed for the I π = 1 / 2 + ground state of 179Au. This mixing may provide evidence for triaxial shapes in the ground states in these nuclei.

© 2018 authors. Published by the American Physical Society. Published by the American Physical Society under the terms of the »https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/» Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. Further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the published article's title, journal citation, and DOI. The method of laser spectroscopy in supersonic gas jets was proposed for high-resolution and high-efficiency in-gas laser ionization and spectroscopy studies of short-lived nuclei. The flow properties of such supersonic gas jets have been characterized under off-line conditions. Planar laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy of seeded copper atoms has been applied to nonintrusively measure velocity, temperature, and relative density profiles of gas jets formed by different de Laval nozzles. For validation, planar laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy was applied on supersonic free jets with well-known flow parameters. The performance of the in-gas-jet laser spectroscopy method is determined by the achievable spectral resolution, which requires an optimization and a precise manufacturing of the nozzle inner contour as well as a pressure matching of the background medium at the nozzle exit. Our studies now enable a thorough understanding and quantification of these requirements and a determination of the final performance of the in-gas-jet method. Additionally, a comparison between the experimental results and the numerical calculations was performed for the temperature, velocity, and Mach number profiles of underexpanded and quasiuniform jets formed by a de Laval nozzle. ispartof: Physical Review X vol:8 issue:4 pages:041008-041008 status: published

For the analysis of low-statistics counting experiments, a traditional nonlinear least squares minimization routine may not always provide correct parameter and uncertainty estimates due to the assumptions inherent in the algorithm(s). In response to this, a user-friendly Python package (SATLAS) was written to provide an easy interface between the data and a variety of minimization algorithms which are suited for analyzinglow, as well as high, statistics data. The advantage of this package is that it allows the user to define their own model function and then compare different minimization routines to determine the optimal parameter values and their respective (correlated) errors. Experimental validation of the different approaches in the package is done through analysis of hyperfine structure data of $^{203}$Fr gathered by the CRIS experiment at ISOLDE, CERN. For the analysis of low-statistics counting experiments, a traditional nonlinear least squares minimization routine may not always provide correct parameter and uncertainty estimates due to the assumptions inherent in the algorithm(s). In response to this, a user-friendly Python package (SATLAS) was written to provide an easy interface between the data and a variety of minimization algorithms which are suited for analyzinglow, as well as high, statistics data. The advantage of this package is that it allows the user to define their own model function and then compare different minimization routines to determine the optimal parameter values and their respective (correlated) errors. Experimental validation of the different approaches in the package is done through analysis of hyperfine structure data of 203 Fr gathered by the CRIS experiment at ISOLDE, CERN.

The in-gas laser ionization and spectroscopy (IGLIS) techniquewas applied on the $^{212–215}$Ac isotopes, produced at the Leuven Isotope Separator On-Line (LISOL) facility by using the in-gas-cell and the in-gas-jet methods. The first application under on-line conditions of the in-gas-jet laser spectroscopy method showed a superior performance in terms of selectivity, spectral resolution, and efficiency in comparison with the in-gas-cell method. Following the analysis of both experiments, the magnetic-dipole moments for the $^{212–215}$Ac isotopes, electric-quadrupole moments and nuclear spins for the $^{214,215}$Ac isotopes are presented and discussed. A good agreement is obtained with large-scale nuclear shell-model calculations by using a $^{208}$Pb core. The in-gas laser ionization and spectroscopy (IGLIS) technique was applied on the Ac212–215 isotopes, produced at the Leuven Isotope Separator On-Line (LISOL) facility by using the in-gas-cell and the in-gas-jet methods. The first application under on-line conditions of the in-gas-jet laser spectroscopy method showed a superior performance in terms of selectivity, spectral resolution, and efficiency in comparison with the in-gas-cell method. Following the analysis of both experiments, the magnetic-dipole moments for the Ac212–215 isotopes, electric-quadrupole moments and nuclear spins for the Ac214,215 isotopes are presented and discussed. A good agreement is obtained with large-scale nuclear shell-model calculations by using a Pb208 core.

A nuclear-decay spectroscopy study of the neutron-deficient isotope $^{196}\mathrm{At}$ is reported where an isotopically pure beam was produced using the selective Resonance Ionization Laser Ion Source and On-Line Isotope Mass Separator (CERN). The fine-structure $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ decay of $^{196}\mathrm{At}$ allowed the low-energy excited states in the daughter nucleus $^{192}\mathrm{Bi}$ to be investigated. A $\ensuremath{\beta}$-delayed fission study of $^{196}\mathrm{At}$ was also performed. A mixture of symmetric and asymmetric fission-fragment mass distributions of the daughter isotope $^{196}\mathrm{Po}$ (populated by $\ensuremath{\beta}$ decay of $^{196}\mathrm{At}$) was deduced based on the measured fission-fragment energies. A $\ensuremath{\beta}\text{DF}$ probability ${P}_{\ensuremath{\beta}\mathrm{DF}}(^{196}\mathrm{At})=9(1)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}5}$ was determined.

Low-energy β-delayed fission of 194,196At and 200,202Fr was studied in detail at the mass separator ISOLDE at CERN. The fission-fragment mass distributions of daughter nuclei 194,196Po and 202Rn indicate a triple-humped structure, marking the transition between asymmetric fission of 178,180Hg and symmetric fission in the light Ra-Rn nuclei. Comparison with the macroscopic-microscopic finite-range liquid-drop model and the self-consistent approach employing the Gogny D1S energy density functional yields discrepancies. This demonstrates once more the need for dynamical fission calculations, because for both models the potential-energy surfaces lack pronounced structures, in contrast to those for the actinide region. ispartof: Physical Review C, Nuclear Physics vol:90 issue:4 pages:1-6 status: published

At the CERN ISOLDE facility, long isotope chains of many elements are produced by proton-induced reactions in target materials such as uranium carbide. The Resonance Ionization Laser Ion Source (RILIS) is an efficient and selective means of ionizing the reaction products to produce an ion beam of a chosen isotope. Coupling the RILIS with modern ion detection techniques enables highly sensitive studies of nuclear properties (spins, electromagnetic moments and charge radii) along an isotope chain, provided that the isotope shifts and hyperfine structure splitting of the atomic transitions can be resolved. At ISOLDE the campaign to measure the systematics of isotopes in the lead region (Pb, Bi, Tl and Po) has been extended to include the gold and astatine isotope chains. Several developments were specifically required for the feasibility of the most recent measurements: new ionization schemes (Po, At); a remote controlled narrow line-width mode of operation for the RILIS Ti:sapphire laser (At, Au, Po); isobar free ionization using the Laser Ion Source Trap, LIST (Po); isobar selective particle identification using the multi-reflection time-of-flight mass separator (MR-ToF MS) of ISOLTRAP (Au, At). These are summarized as part of an overview of the current status of the in-source resonance ionization spectroscopy setup at ISOLDE.

Hyperfine-structure parameters and isotope shift of the 9/2$^−$ isomeric state in $^{187}$Au relative to $^{197}$Au for the 267.6-nm atomic transition have been measured for the first time using the in-source resonance-ionization spectroscopy technique. The magnetic dipole moment and change in the mean-square charge radius for this 9/2$^−$ isomer have been deduced. The observed large isomer shift relative to the 1/2$^+$ ground state in $^{187}$Au confirms the occurrence of the shape coexistence in $^{187}$Au proposed earlier from the analysis of the nuclear spectroscopic data and particle plus triaxial rotor calculations. The analysis of the magnetic moment supports the previously proposed 9/2$^−$, 1/2$^−$[541] assignment at moderate prolate deformation for $^{187}$Au$^m$.